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342.0000 Family Euphorbiaceae A.Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 384 (1789), nom. cons. (s. str.)
210 genera, ca. 6700 spp.
Species listed in database: 6532; hybrids: 56
= Acalyphaceae A.Juss. ex Menge; Cat. Pl. Grudent. Gedan. 172 (1839)
= Bertyaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 190 (1858)
= Cheilosaceae Doweld; Tent. Syst. Pl. Vasc.: xxxi (2001)
= Crotonaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 258 (1858)
= Hippomanaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 244 (1858)
= Mercurialaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 237 (1820)
= Ricinaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 547 (1820)
= Ricinocarpaceae Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 224 (1954)
= Tithymalaceae Vent.; Tabl. Règn. Vég. 3: 483 (1799)
= Tragiaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 111 (1838)
= Trewiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 174 (1836)
342.2304 Genus Astraea Klotzsch; Arch. Naturgesch. (Berlin) 7: 194 (1841)
Distribution: mostly Brazil, 1 Paraguay, 1 widespread New World
Species listed in database: 13
species :
Astraea cincta (Müll.Arg.) Caruzo & Cordeiro; Hoehnea 34: 573 (2008)
Distribution: WC-Brazil (Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (São Paulo); Bolivia (Santa Cruz); Paraguay (Caaguazu, Canindeyu, Paraguari, San Pedro)
83 BOL 84 BRA 85 PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Astraea aureomarginata (Chodat & Hassl.) P.E.Berry; Darwiniana 45(2): 238 (2007)
= Astraea hauthalii (Kuntze) P.E.Berry; Darwiniana 45(2): 238 (2007)
= Croton aureomarginatus Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 496 (1905)
= Croton cinctus Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 235 (1873)
= Croton hauthalii (Kuntze) K.Schum.; Just´s Bot. Jahresber. 26(1): 348 (1900)
= Croton rumicifolius Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 496 (1905)
= Oxydectes cincta (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 613 (1891)
= Oxydectes hauthalii Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 289 (1891)
species :
Astraea comosa (Müll.Arg.) B.W.van Ee; Willdenowia 41(1): 17 (2011)
Distribution: SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Astraea tomentosa Klotzsch; Arch. Naturgesch. (Berlin) 7(1): 194 (1841), nomen
= Croton comosus Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 667 (1866)
= Croton comosus var. major Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 667 (1866)
= Croton comosus var. minor Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 667 (1866)
= Croton digitifolius Baill.; Adansonia 4: 340 (1864), nomen
= Oxydectes comosa (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 611 (1891)
species :
Astraea digitata (Müll.Arg.) O.L.M.Silva & Cordeiro; Phytotaxa 317(4): 297 (2017)
Distribution: Brazil (Bahia, Pernambuco)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Croton digitatus Salzm. ex Schltdl.; Linnaea 19: 240 (1847)
= Croton lobatus var. digitatus Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 668 (1866)
species :
Astraea gracilis (Müll.Arg.) O.L.M.Silva & Cordeiro; Phytotaxa 317(4): 299 (2017)
Distribution: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Croton lobatus lusus gracilis Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 668 (1866)
= Croton lobatus var. gracilis (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 238 (1873)
species :
Astraea jatropha (Müll.Arg.) B.W.van Ee; Willdenowia 41(1): 17 (2011)
Distribution: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Croton jatropha Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 667 (1866)
= Oxydectes jatropha (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 612 (1891)
species :
Astraea lobatum (L.) Klotzsch; Arch. Naturgesch. (Berlin) 7: 194 (1841)
Name: Lobed croton, Frailecillo cimarron (Cuba), Gombo francaise, Mouzambe blanc (Lesser Antilles), Croton lobulado (Puerto Rico)
Distribution: Guinea-Bissau [I]; Guinea [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; Togo [I]; Benin [I]; Cameroon [I]; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo] [I]; Central African Republic [I]; S-Chad [I]; Sudan [I]; Ethiopia [I]; Yemen [I] (Tihama [I], W-Yemen [I]); India [I] (Maharashtra [I], Tripura [I]); Bangladesh [I]; USA (Florida); Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán); Belize; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Bahamas; Cuba; Cayman Isl.; Hispaniola (Dominican Republic, Haiti); Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (Guana, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola); Anguilla; St. Martin/St. Maarten; St. Barthélémy; Saba; St. Eustatius; Antigua; Redonda; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Marie-Galante; Dominica; St. Lucia; St. Vincent; Grenada; Barbados; Tobago; Trinidad; Aruba; Bonaire; Curacao; Colombia (Atlántico, Bolívar, Córdoba, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Santander, Valle); Isla Margarita; Venezuela (Anzoátegui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcón, Guárico, Lara, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Yaracuy, Zulia); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Santa Cruz, Tarija); N-Brazil (Roraima, Amapá, Pará, Amazonas, Tocantins, Acre, Rondônia); NE-Brazil (Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia, Alagoas, Sergipe); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás, Brasilia Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Guaira, Paraguari, Pres. Hayes); Uruguay (Artigas, Paysandú, Rio Negro, Salto, Soriano, Tacuarembó); Argentina (Córdoba, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, Misiones, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán)
22 ben bkn gnb gui tog 23 bio caf cmn 24 cha eth sud 35 yem 40 ban ind 78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ COS HON NIC 81 ABA AGU ARU BAH BBD BON CAY CUB CUR DOM GDL GRE HIS MTS PUE SAB SBA STE STL STM STV TRT VEN VIR 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL ECU PER 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR URU
Synonyms: hidden
= Astraea palmata Klotzsch; Arch. Naturgesch. (Berlin) 7(1): 194 (1841), nomen
= Astraea seemannii Klotzsch; Bot. Voy. Herald [Seemann] 103 (1853)
= Croton courtetii Beille; Mém. Soc. Bot. France 8: 71 (1908)
= Croton decorsei Beille; Mém. Soc. Bot. France 8: 72 (1908)
= Croton leiocarpus Bartl.; Index Sem. (Göttingen) (1855) 3, Linnaea 28: 358 (1856)
= Croton lobatus f. crispus Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 669 (1866)
= Croton lobatus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 1005 (1753)
= Croton lobatus var. intermedius Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 669 (1866)
= Croton lobatus var. palmatus Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 668 (1866)
= Croton lobatus var. seemannii (Klotzsch) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 669 (1866)
= Croton lobatus var. sericeus Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 239 (1873)
= Croton mocinoi Radcl.-Sm. & Govaerts; Kew Bull. 52: 188 (1997)
= Croton trilobatus Sessé & Moc.; Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 222 (1894), nom. illeg.
= Oxydectes lobata (L.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 612-14 (1891)
species :
Astraea macroura (Mart. ex Colla) P.L.R.Moraes, De Smedt & Guglielmone; Harvard Pap. Bot. 19(1): 145 (2014)
Distribution: NE-Brazil (Ceará, Bahia); SE-Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Astraea divaricatum (Müll.Arg.) Klotzsch; Arch. Naturgesch. (Berlin) 7: 194 (1841)
= Astraea diversifolia Klotzsch; Arch. Naturgesch. (Berlin) 7(1): 194 (1841), nomen
= Astraea glandulifera Klotzsch ex Wawra; Bot. Ergebn. Reise Maximilian [Wawra] 31 (1866)
= Astraea klotzschii Didr.; Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn, Ser. 1, 8: 137 (1857)
= Astraea prunifolia Klotzsch; Arch. Naturgesch. (Berlin) 7(1): 194 (1841), nomen
= Croton astraeatus Baill. ex Govaerts; World Checkl. Seed Pl. 3(2b): 1401 (1999)
= Croton klotzschii (Didr.) Baill.; Adansonia 4: 346 (1863 publ. 1864)
= Croton klotzschii (Didr.) Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 34: 136 (1865), isonym
= Croton klotzschii f. divaricatus Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 34: 136 (1865)
= Croton klotzschii f. major Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 241 (1873), nom. illeg.
= Croton klotzschii f. minor Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 241 (1873)
= Croton klotzschii f. prunifolius Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 670 (1866)
= Croton klotzschii var. intermedius Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 241 (1873)
= Croton klotzschii var. latifolius Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 34: 136 (1865), nom. illeg.
= Croton klotzschii var. oblongifolius Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 34: 136 (1865)
= Croton macrourus Mart. ex Colla; Herb. Pedem. 5: 110 (1836)
species :
Astraea manihot (Müll.Arg.) O.L.M.Silva & Cordeiro; Phytotaxa 317(4): 299 (2017)
Distribution: SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Santa Catarina)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Croton lobatus var. manihot Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 668 (1866)
= Croton manihot Baill.; Adansonia 4: 341 (1864), nom. inval.
species :
Astraea paulina Didr.; Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn, Ser. 1, 8: 138 (1857)
Distribution: Brazil (Bahia, Ceará, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Goiás)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Astraea comantha (S.Moore) Caruzo; Phytotaxa 159(2): 127 (2014)
= Astraea douradensis (Steyerm.) Caruzo; Phytotaxa 159(2): 127 (2014)
= Astraea gardneri (Müll.Arg.) Caruzo; Phytotaxa 159(2): 127 (2014)
= Croton comanthus S.Moore; Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot., Ser. 2, 4: 460 (1895)
= Croton douradensis Steyerm.; Contr. Sci. Mus. Nat. Hist. Los Angeles 21: 4 (1958)
= Croton gardneri Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 34: 135 (1865 publ. 1866)
= Croton gardneri var. cordatus Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 34: 135 (1865)
= Croton lobatus var. paulinus (Didr.) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 667 (1866)
= Croton paulinus (Didr.) Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 236 (1873)
= Oxydectes gardneri (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 611 (1891)
= Oxydectes paulina (Didr.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 613 (1891)
species :
Astraea praetervisa (Müll.Arg.) P.E.Berry; Amer. J. Bot. 92(9): 1532 (2005)
Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Croton praetervisus Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 240 (1873)
= Oxydectes praetervisa (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 613 (1891)
species :
Astraea subcomosa (Müll.Arg.) Caruzo; Phytotaxa 159(2): 127 (2014)
Distribution: Brazil (Goiás)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Croton gardneri var. lanceolatus Müll.Arg.; Linnaea 34: 135 (1865)
= Croton subcomosus Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 234 (1873)
= Oxydectes subcomosa (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 613 (1891)
species :
Astraea surinamensis (Miq.) O.L.M.Silva & Cordeiro; Phytotaxa 404(4): 133 (2019)
Distribution: Panama; Colombia; Venezuela; Guyana; Surinam; Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador; Peru; Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Bahia, Rondônia, etc.)
80 PAN 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 ECU PER 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Cnidoscolus surinamensis Miq.; Linnaea 18: 749 (1844)
species :
Astraea trilobata (Forssk.) O.L.M.Silva & Cordeiro; Phytotaxa 404(4): 133 (2019)
Distribution: Mauritania [I]; Senegal [I]; Gambia [I]; Guinea-Bissau [I]; Guinea [I]; Sierra Leone [I]; Liberia [I]; Ivory Coast [I]; Ghana [I]; Togo [I]; Benin [I]; Niger [I]; Nigeria [I]; Cameroon [I]; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo] [I]; Central African Republic [I]; Chad [I]; Sudan [I]; Ethiopia [I]; Eritrea [I]; Saudi Arabia [I]; Yemen [I]; Ecuador; Peru
22 ben gam gha gnb gui ivo lbr mtn nga ngr sen sie tog 23 bio caf cmn 24 cha eri eth sud 35 sau yem 83 ECU PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Croton lobatus var. riparius (Kunth) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 668 (1866)
= Croton perrottetianus Baill.; Recueil Observ. Bot. 1: 67 (1860)
= Croton riparius Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 90 (1817)
= Croton trilobatus Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 163 (1775)
= Schradera scandens Willd.; Gött. J. Naturwiss. 1(1): 3 (1797)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life