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Ver. 19.2
April 17th, 2024

469.0000 Family Acanthaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl.: 102 (1789) (´Acanthi´), nom. cons.
ca. 192 genera, ca. 5500 spp. Phylogeny: Manzitto-Tripp et al. 2022
Species listed in database: 5454
= Avicenniaceae Miq.; Lehm., Pl. Preiss. 1: 353 (1845), nom. cons.
= Justiciaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 60 (1838)
= Mendonciaceae Bremek.; Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., ser. C, 56: 540 (1954)
= Meyeniaceae Sreem.; Phytologia 37: 412 (1977)
= Nelsoniaceae (Nees) Sreem.; Phytologia 37: 412 (1977)
= Thunbergiaceae Lilja; Skånes Fl., ed. 2: 979 (1870)
469.2001 Genus Avicennia L.; Sp. Pl. 1: 110 (1753)
Distribution: mangroves of Old World tropics and subtropics. Species circumscription is disputed.
Species listed in database: 8
= Bontia L.; Loefl., Iter. Hisp. 193 (1758), nom. illeg.
= Halodendrum Thouars; Gen. Nov. Madagascar. 8 (1806)
= Hilairanthus Tiegh.; J. Bot. (Morot) 12: 357, 358 (1898)
= Racka J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat. ed. 13[bis].: 245 (1791)
= Sceura Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt. Arabia. 37 (1775)
= Upata Adans.; Fam. 2: 201 (1763)
species :
Avicennia alba Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 821 (1826)
Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarata, ?Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Sumatra; Borneo; Sulawesi; Philippines; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl.; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch.; Solomon Isl.; Australia (Northern Territory)
40 BAN IND 41 MYA THA VIE 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY NWG PHI SUL SUM 43 BIS SOL 50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Avicennia alba var. latifolia Moldenke; Phytologia 1: 410 (1940)
= Avicennia marina var. alba (Blume) Bakh.; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg sér. 3, 3: 103 (1921)
= Avicennia officinalis var. alba (Blume) C.B.Clarke; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 604 (1885)
species :
Avicennia balanophora Stapf & Moldenke; Phytologia 1: 409 (1940)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland)
50 AUS
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Avicennia bicolor Standl.; J. Washington Acad. Sci. 13: 354 (1923)
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas); El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia (Chocó, Valle)
79 MEX 80 COS ELS HON NIC PAN 82 CLM
Synonyms: hidden
= Avicennia tonduzii Moldenke; Phytologia 1: 273 (1938)
= Hilairanthus bicolor (Standl.) Cornejo; Harvard Pap. Bot. 25(2): 233 (2020)
species :
Avicennia germinans (L.) L.; Sp. Pl., ed. 3, 2: 891 (1764)
Name: Black Mangrove, Limewood
Distribution: Mauritania; Senegal; Gambia; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Mali; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; São Tomé; Gabon; Equatorial Guinea; Congo [Brazzaville]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Angola; USA (Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas); Bermuda; Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Bahamas (Abaco, Andros, Cat, Crooked, Drunkenmans, Easter, Exuma, Fortune, Frozen, Grand Bahama, Great Abaco, Great Exuma, Great Guana, Great Harbour, Gun, Hummingbird, Inagua, Long, Mariguana, New Providence, North Bimini, Salt, Ship Channel, South Bimini, South East, Tonay, Wells); Turks and Caicos Isl.; Cuba (incl. Isla de la Juventud); Cayman Isl. (Grand Cayman, Little Cayman); Jamaica; Hispaniola (Dominican Republic, Haiti); Puerto Rico (incl. Culebra Isl., Ratones Isl., Vieques Isl.); Virgin Isl. (Buck, Jost Van Dyke, St. Croix, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda); Anguilla; St. Martin/St. Maarten; St. Barthélémy; St. Kitts; Antigua; Barbuda; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Martinique; Grenadines; St. Vincent; Grenada; Tobago; Trinidad; Bonaire; Curacao; Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Chocó, La Guajira, Magdalena, Nariño, San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, Sucre, Valle); Venezuela (Anzoategui, Aragua, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Sucre, Yaracuy, Zulia); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador (El Oro, Guayas, Manabi); Galapagos (Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Amapa, Pará); NE-Brazil (Maranhao, Ceara, Bahia); SE-Brazil (Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná)
22 BEN GAM GHA GNB GUI IVO LBR MLI MTN NGA SEN SIE TOG 23 BIO CMN CON EQG GAB SAO ZAI 26 ANG 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 ABA AGU BAH BER BON CAY CUB CUR GDL GRE HIS JAM MAR MTS PUE SBA STK STM STV TRT VIR 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR SWC VEN 83 ECU GAL 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Avicennia africana Beauverd; Fl. Oware 1: 80 (1806)
= Avicennia elliptica Thunb.; Pl. Bras. Dec. 3: 37 (1821)
= Avicennia elliptica var. martii Moldenke; Phytologia 30: 15 (1975)
= Avicennia floridana Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 65: 64 (1918), nom. illeg.
= Avicennia floridana Raf.; Atl. J. 148 (1832)
= Avicennia germinans f. aberrans Moldenke; Phytologia 47(3): 222 (1980)
= Avicennia germinans f. brasiliensis Moldenke; Phytologia 47(3): 222 (1980)
= Avicennia germinans f. venezuelensis Moldenke; Phytologia 47(3): 222 (1980)
= Avicennia germinans var. cumanensis (Kunth) Moldenke; Phytologia 30(1): 15 (1975)
= Avicennia germinans var. guayaquilensis (Kunth) Moldenke; Phytologia 29(2): 75 (1974)
= Avicennia lamarckiana C.Presl; Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Ser. 5, 3:99 (1845)
= Avicennia meyeri Miq.; Linnaea 18: 262 (1844)
= Avicennia nitida Jacq.; Enum. Pl. Carib. 25 (1760)
= Avicennia nitida Sessé & Moc.; Fl. Mexic. 2: 142 (1894), nom. illeg.
= Avicennia nitida var. trinitensis Moldenke; Phytologia 1: 96 (1934)
= Avicennia oblongifolia Nutt. ex Chapm.; Fl. S. U. St. 310 (1860)
= Avicennia officinalis var. lanceolata Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 502 (1891)
= Avicennia officinalis var. nitida Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 502 (1891)
= Avicennia tomentosa Jacq.; Enum. Pl. Carib. 25 (1760)
= Avicennia tomentosa var. campechensis Jacq.; Enum. Syst. Pl.: 25 (1760)
= Avicennia tomentosa var. cumanensis Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 229 (1817)
= Avicennia tomentosa var. guayaquilensis Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 230 (1817)
= Bontia germinans L.; Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 1122 (1759)
= Hilairanthus germinans (L.) Cornejo; Harvard Pap. Bot. 25(2): 233 (2020)
= Hilairanthus nitidus (Jacq.) Tiegh.; J. Bot. (Morot) 12: 358 (1898)
= Hilairanthus tomentosus (Jacq.) Tiegh.; J. Bot. (Morot) 12: 358 (1898)
species :
Avicennia integra N.C.Duke; Austral. Syst. Bot. 1(2): 178 (1988)
Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory)
50 AUS
species :
Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Acad. Wiss- Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 71: 435 (1907)
subspecies :
subsp. marina
Name: White Mangrove
Distribution: Egypt (SE-Egypt); Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Djibouti; Somalia; Soqotra; Kenya; Tanzania (incl. Pemba Isl.); Zanzibar; Mozambique; South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Madagascar; Comores (Aldabra, Cosmoledo, Euphrates, Grande Comore, Mayotte, Menai, Moustiques, South, West, Wizard); Mozambique Channel Isl. [Iles Éparses] (Ile Europa); Aldabra (Aldabra Isl., Cosmoledo Isl., Astove Isl.); Seychelles (Astove, Cousin, Mahe, Praslin); Iran (S-Iran); Israel (Rift Valley); Sinai peninsula (S-Sinai); Saudi Arabia (NE-Saudi Arabia, N-Saudi Arabia, Hejaz, Asir); Bahrain; Qatar; Oman (Dhofar, Mascat & Oman); Yemen (coastal Hadhramaut, Tihama); China (Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Hongkong); Ryukyu Isl. (Iriomote-jima, Ishigakijima); Taiwan; Pakistan (Sind, Baluchistan); India (Andhra Pradesh, Diu & Daman, Goa, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives]; ?Maldives; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (North Andamans, Middle Andamans, South Andamans, Little Andaman Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl., North Nicobars, Central Nicobars, Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar; Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Malacca, Pahan, Penang, Perak, Selangor, Singapore, Trengganu, Wellesley Isl., Lumut Isl.); Sumatra (incl. Krakatoa, Bangka, Belitung, Buton); Borneo (incl. Natuna Isl., Kalimantan, Sabah, Sarawak); Sulawesi; Philippines (widespread); Java (incl. Bawean, Natuna, Kangean); Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, Timor, Wetar, Sumbawa); Moluccas (Ambon, Halmaheira, Tanimbar, Seram, Obi, Santari, Taliabu, Ternate); Solomon Isl. (Bougainville); Solomon Isl. (Bougainville); Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria); New Caledonia; Vanuatu; Palau (Babeldaob, Koror); Guam; Fed. States of Micronesia (Yap); Galapagos [I]
20 EGY 24 DJI ERI ETH SOC SOM SUD 25 KEN TAN 26 MOZ 27 SAF 29 ALD COM MCI MDG SEY 34 IRN ISR SIN 35 BAR OMA QAT SAU YEM 36 CHI 38 NNS TAI 40 BAN IND LDV PAK SRL 41 AND CBD MYA NCB THA VIE 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY MOL PHI SNG SUL SUM 43 SOL 50 AUS 60 NWC VAN 62 GUM MIC PLU 83 gal
Conservation Status: critically endangered (Singapore)
Synonyms: hidden
= Avicennia intermedia Griff.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 6 (1846)
= Avicennia marina f. angustata Moldenke; Phytologia 34(1): 18 (1976)
= Avicennia marina f. intermedia (Griff.) Moldenke; Phytologia 50: 310 (1982)
= Avicennia marina f. pumila S.Dutta, Chakral & H.Rodrigues; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 42: 32 (2018 publ. 2019)
= Avicennia marina var. acutissima Moldenke; Phytologia 1: 411 (1940)
= Avicennia marina var. anomala Moldenke; Phytologia 1: 411 (1940)
= Avicennia marina var. intermedia (Griff.) Bakh.; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 3, 3: 104 (1921)
= Avicennia sphaerocarpa Stapf ex Ridl.; J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10: 151 (1920)
= Avicennia spicata Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 502 (1891)
= Avicennia tomentosa var. arabica Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. 4: 133 (1845)
= Sceura marina Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 37 (1775)
variant :
var. rumphiana (Hallier f.) Bakh.; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 3 (1921) 104, 213, t. 19
Distribution: Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Langkawi, Penang, Selangor); Singapore; Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak); Sulawesi; Palawan (Busuanga); Philippines (Jolo, Leyte, Luzon, Marinduque, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panay); Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumba); Moluccas (Ambon, Buru, Seram, Halmaheira, Little Seram, Morotai, Ternate); New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)
41 VIE 42 BOR LSI MLY MOL NWG PHI PLW SNG SUL
Synonyms: hidden
= Avicennia lanata Ridl.; J. Fed. Mal. States Mus. 10: 151 (1920), et Fl. Mal. Penins. 2: 641 (1923)
= Avicennia rumphiana Hallier f. [Meded.Rijks-Herb.37: 89 (1918)]
subspecies :
subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett; Telopea 5(4): 628 (1994)
Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland); Lord Howe Isl.; New Zealand
50 AUS LHI 51 NZL
Synonyms: hidden
= Avicennia marina var. australasica (Walp.) Moldenke; Phytologia 7: 231 (1960)
= Avicennia marina var. resinifera (G.Forst.) Bakh.; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 3 (1921) 104, 210, t. 16
= Avicennia resinifera G.Forst.; Pl. Escul. 72 (1786)
= Avicennia tomentosa var. australasica Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. 4: 133 (1845)
subspecies :
subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everett; Telopea 5(4): 629 (1994)
Name: Gray mangrove
Distribution: Sumatra (incl. Belitung); Sulawesi; Philippines (Mindanao); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Timor, Wetar); Moluccas (Ambon, Tanimbar); New Guinea (Papua New Guinea, Irian Jaya, Kraka, Uramu, Louisiade Arch.); Bismarck Arch. (New Britain, Manus Isl., New Ireland); Solomon Isl.; Solomon Isl. (Malaita); Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia); Lord Howe Isl.; New Zealand (North, Pollen, Rangitoto); New Caledonia; USA [I] (California [I])
42 JAW LSI MOL NWG PHI SUL SUM 43 BIS SOL 50 AUS LHI 51 NZL 60 NWC 76 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Avicennia eucalyptifolia (Valeton) Zipp. ex Moldenke; Phytologia 7: 162 (1960)
= Avicennia marina var. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) N.C.Duke; Austral. Syst. Bot. 4(2): 315 (1991)
= Avicennia mindanaensis Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8: 2868 (1915)
= Avicennia officinalis var. eucalyptifolia Valeton; Bull. Dép. Agric. Indes Néerl. 10: 53 (1907)
species :
Avicennia officinalis L.; Sp. Pl. 110 (1753)
Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Sumatra; Borneo; Sulawesi; Philippines; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales)
40 BAN IND 41 CBD MYA THA VIE 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY MOL NWG PHI SUL SUM 50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Avicennia obovata Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 189 (1854)
= Avicennia oepata Buch.-Ham.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17: 221 (1835)
= Avicennia officinalis f. flaviflora Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 249 (1898)
= Avicennia officinalis f. tomentosa Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 249 (1898)
= Avicennia officinalis var. acuminata Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 562 (1928)
= Halodendrum thouarsii Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 3: 485 (1818)
= Racka ovata Roem. & Schult.; Syst. 3: 207 (1818)
= Racka torrida J.F.Gmel.; Syst. 245 (1791)
species :
Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke; Lilloa 4: 336 (1939)
Distribution: Martinique; St. Lucia; Grenada; Barbados; Trinidad; Venezuela (Delta Amacuro); Guyana; Surinam; N-Brazil (Pará); NE-Brazil (Maranhao, Ceara); SE-Brazil (Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina)
81 BBD GRE MAR STL TRT 82 GUY SUR VEN 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Avicennia schaueriana f. candicans Moldenke; Phytologia 35(1): 13 (1976)
= Avicennia schaueriana f. glabrescens Moldenke; Phytologia 34(5): 485 (1976)
= Avicennia tomentosa Schauer; Prodr. [A. DC.] 11: 699 (1847), nom. illeg., non Jacq.
= Hilairanthus schauerianus (Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke) Cornejo; Harvard Pap. Bot. 25(2): 233 (2020)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 19.2 (April 17th, 2024)

Covering 354,696 accepted species,
8,644 hybrids, 47,758 accepted infraspecific taxa and 996,379 synonyms,
in total 1,407,477* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,290 pictures of 15,532 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life