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492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14370; hybrids: 47
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
492.8560 Genus Benkara Adans.; Fam. Pl. [Adanson] 2: 85 (1763)
Distribution: Tropical Asia to S-China
Species listed in database: 19
= Fagerlindia Tirveng.; Nordic J. Bot. 3(4): 458 (1983)
= Griffithia Wight & Arn.; Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. [Wight & Arnott] 399 (1834)
species :
Benkara armigera (K.Schum.) Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(4): 298 (2008)
Distribution: Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia
41 CBD LAO THA VIE 42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Fagerlindia armigera (K.Schum.) Tirveng.; Nordic J. Bot. 3(4): 458 (1983)
= Oxyceros parvulus (Ridl.) T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 45: 339 (1970)
= Randia armigera K.Schum.; Bot. Tidsskr. 24: 332 (1902)
= Randia fasciculata var. velutina Pierre ex Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 226 (1923)
= Randia hirsuta Ridl.; J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10: 110 (1920)
= Randia parvula Ridl.; J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10: 94 (1920)
= Randia pilosa Craib; Fl. Siam 2: 110 (1932), Craib in Kew Bull. 286 (1932), descr. ampl.
species :
Benkara depauperata (Drake) Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(4): 298 (2008)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian); Vietnam
36 CHI 41 VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Canthium spinosissimum Merr.; Lingnan Sci. J. 11: 56 (1932)
= Fagerlindia depauperata (Drake) Tirveng.; Nordic J. Bot. 3(4): 458 (1983)
= Randia depauperata Drake; J. Bot. [Morot] 9: 217 (1895)
species :
Benkara emanuelssoniana (Ridsdale) Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(4): 298 (2008)
Distribution: Palawan
42 PLW
Synonyms: hidden
= Fagerlindia emanuelssoniana Ridsdale; Blumea 31(1): 243 (1985)
species :
Benkara esculenta (Lour.) Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(4): 298 (2008)
Distribution: Vietnam
41 VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Fagerlindia esculenta (Lour.) Tirveng.; Nordic J. Bot. 3: 458 (1983)
= Genipa esculenta Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 149 (1790)
= Randia esculenta (Lour.) Merr.; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 24: 366 (1935)
species :
Benkara evenosa (Hutch.) Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(4): 298 (2008)
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Oxyceros evenosa (Hutch.) T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 45: 339 (1970)
= Randia evenosa Hutch.; Pl. Wilson. [Sargent] 3: 3: 400 (1916)
species :
Benkara fasciculata (Roxb.) Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(4): 298 (2008)
Distribution: Nepal; Bhutan; India (Bihar, Odisha, Sikkim, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Taninthayi); Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu, Penang, Perak, Pahang, Melaka, Johor); Philippines
40 BAN BHU IND NEP 41 CBD MYA VIE 42 MLY PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Fagerlindia fasciculata (Roxb.) Tirveng.; Nordic J. Bot. 3(4): 458 (1983)
= Gardenia fasciculata (Roxb.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 4(2), Cur. Post.: 84 (1827)
= Gardenia rigida (Wall.) Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 138 (1825), nom. illeg.
= Menestoria rigida (Wall.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 390 (1830)
= Oxyceros fasciculatus (Roxb.) T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 45: 340 (1970)
= Posoqueria fasciculata Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 568 (1824), et Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 1: 717 (1832)
= Posoqueria rigida Wall.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 570 (1824)
= Randia fasciculata (Roxb.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 386 (1830)
= Randia fasciculata var. indica Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 227 (1923)
= Randia malabarica Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 8255 (1847), nomen
= Randia rigida (Wall.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 386 (1830)
= Randia triflora Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 138 (1825)
= Solena fasciculata (Roxb.) D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 1: 800 (1839)
= Solena rigida D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 1: 800 (1839)
= Solena triflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 1: 800 (1839)
= Ucriana rigida (Wall.) D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 1: 798 (1839)
= Webera fasciculata (Roxb.) Kurz; Forest Fl. Burma 2: 49 (1877)
species :
Benkara forrestii (J.Anthony) Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(4): 299 (2008)
Distribution: China (Yunnan); Thailand
36 CHI 41 THA
Synonyms: hidden
= Randia forrestii J.Anthony; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 204 (1934)
= Randia plumbea Craib; Fl. Siam 2: 111 (1932), Craib in Kew Bull. 287 (1932), descr. ampl.
species :
Benkara griffithii (Hook.f.) Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(4): 299 (2008)
Distribution: China (Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan); NE-India (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland); Myanmar (Sagaing); Laos
36 CHI 40 IND 41 LAO MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Fagerlindia griffithii (Hook.f.) Deb & M.G.Gangop.; Nelumbo 54: 267 (2012)
= Oxyceros griffithii (Hook.f.) W.C.Chen; Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 71(1): 346 (1999)
= Randia griffithii Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 112 (1880)
= Tarenna borii C.E.C.Fisch.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1940: 34 (1940)
species :
Benkara hainanensis (Merr.) C.M.Taylor; Fl. China 19: 80 (2011)
Distribution: China (Hainan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Randia hainanensis Merr.; Lingnan Sci. J. 11: 58 (1932)
species :
Benkara hoaensis (Pierre ex Pit.) Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(4): 299 (2008)
Distribution: Laos; Vietnam
41 LAO VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Oxyceros hoaensis (Pierre ex Pit.) Tirveng.; Nordic J. Bot. 3(4): 466 (1983)
= Oxyceros hoaensis (Pierre ex Pit.) Tirveng. ex Ruhsam; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 157(1): 123 (2008)
= Randia hoaensis Pierre ex Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 235 (1923)
species :
Benkara malabarica (Lam.) Tirveng.; Taxon 32(3): 440 (1983)
Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; +Bangladesh; ?Thailand
40 BAN IND SRL
Synonyms: hidden
= Benkara galia Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 98 (1838), nom. superfl.
= Benkara pandacaki (J.F.Gmel.) M.R.Almeida; Fl. Maharashtra 3A: 3 (2001)
= Canthium recurvum Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 8284 (1847), nomen
= Catunaregam malabarica (Lam.) Sivar. [Fl.Calicut 131 (1982)]
= Gardenia fragrans Roxb.; Pl. Coromandel 2: 19, t. 137 (1800)
= Gardenia pandacakai J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13bis: 434 (1791)
= Griffithia fragrans (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.; Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. [Wight & Arnott] 400 (1834)
= Oxyceros malabaricus (Lam.) Tirveng.; Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci. 14: 4 (1981)
= Posoqueria fragrans (Roxb.) J.Koenig ex Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 567 (1824)
= Randia fragrans (Roxb.) Bedd.; Fl. Sylv. S. India 32 (1871)
= Randia malabarica Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 3: 25 (1789)
= Stylocoryna malabarica DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 377 (1830), nom. superfl.
= Stylocoryna pandaki DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 377 (1830), nom. superfl.
= Stylocoryna rheedei Kostel.; Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 2: 576 (1833), nom. superfl.
= Xeromphis malabarica (Lam.) D.C.S.Raju; Excurs. Fl. Simachalam Hills 13 (1966)
species :
Benkara microcarpa (Bartl. ex DC.) Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(4): 299 (2008)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon, Golo, Mindanao)
42 PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Fagerlindia microcarpa (Bartl. ex DC.) Ridsdale; Blumea 31: 243 (1985)
= Gardenia microcarpa Bartl. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 384 (1830)
= Randia cumingiana S.Vidal; Phan. Cuming. Philipp. 179 (1885)
= Randia microcarpa (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr.; Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 3: 527 (1923), nom. superfl.
= Randia ticaensis Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 5: 245 (1910)
species :
Benkara miquelii (Koord. & Valeton) Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(4): 299 (2008)
Distribution: Jawa
42 JAW
Synonyms: hidden
= Randia miquelii Koord. & Valeton; Exkurs.-Fl. Java 3: 256 (1912), in clavi.
species :
Benkara ovoidea (Pierre ex Pit.) Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(4): 299 (2008)
Distribution: Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam
41 CBD LAO THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Randia elliptica E.T.Geddes; Fl. Siam 2: 100 (1932)
= Randia ligustrifolia E.T.Geddes; Fl. Siam 2: 102 (1932)
= Randia ovoidea Pierre ex Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 236 (1923)
= Randia ovoidea var. parvifolia Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 237 (1923)
species :
Benkara parviflora (King & Gamble) Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(4): 299 (2008)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia
42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Randia fasciculata var. parviflora King & Gamble; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 72: 212 (1903)
= Fagerlindia fasciculata var. parviflora (King & Gamble) K.M.Wong; Malayan Nat. J. 38: 31 (1984)
species :
Benkara pierrei (Pit.) Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(4): 299 (2008)
Distribution: Thailand; Vietnam
41 THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Randia celastroidea Craib; Fl. Siam 2: 99 (1932), Craib in Kew Bull. 282 (1932), descr. ampl.
= Randia pierrei Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 237 (1923)
species :
Benkara rectispina (Merr.) Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(4): 299 (2008)
Distribution: China (Hainan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Oxyceros rectispina (Merr.) T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 45: 340 (1970)
= Randia rectispina Merr.; Lingnan Sci. J. 14: 60 (1935)
species :
Benkara scandens (Thunb.) Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(4): 300 (2008)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan); Vietnam; Philippines
36 CHI 41 VIE 42 PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Fagerlindia scandens (Thunb.) Tirveng.; Nordic J. Bot. 3(4): 458 (1983)
= Gardenia scandens Thunb.; Gardenia [Thunberg] 17, t. 2, f. 5 (1780)
= Plectronia levinei Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 15: 257 (1919)
= Randia accedens Hance; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 5, 5: 218 (1866)
= Randia scandens (Thunb.) Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 3: 26 (1789)
species :
Benkara sinensis (Lour.) Ridsdale; Reinwardtia 12(4): 300 (2008)
Distribution: China (Hongkong, Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian); Japan; Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; Thailand; Laos; Vietnam
36 CHI 38 JAP NNS TAI 41 LAO THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Aidia sinensis (Lour.) Masam.; Sci. Rep. Kanazawa Univ., Biol. 4: 85 (1955)
= Fagerlindia sinensis (Lour.) Tirveng.; Nordic J. Bot. 3(4): 458 (1983)
= Gardenia chinensis Carey ex Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 379 (1845)
= Gardenia sinensis (Lour.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 762 (1824)
= Oxyceros sinensis Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 1: 151 (1790)
= Randia chinensis DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 388 (1830), pro syn.
= Randia crassispina E.T.Geddes; Fl. Siam 2: 100 (1932), Craib in Kew Bull. 283 (1932), descr. ampl.
= Randia fasciculata var. multiflora Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 226 (1923)
= Randia parvula var. mollis Craib; Fl. Siam 2: 109 (1932)
= Randia sinensis (Lour.) Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 248 (1819)
= Randia stenantha Drake; J. Bot. [Morot] 9: 219 (1895)
= Randia stenantha var. tomentosa Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 238 (1923)
= Solena sinensis (Lour.) D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 1: 800 (1839)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life