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465.0000 Family Apiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 21 (1836), nom. cons., nom. alt.
ca. 460 - 480 genera, ca. 3900 spp. Phylogeny still partially incomplete, taken from recent partial revisions (Downie et al. etc.), and Clarkson et al. (2021) who do cover only 290 genera. Genus circumscriptions mostly following Kubitzki (ed., 2018)
Species listed in database: 3899; hybrids: 17
= Actinotaceae Konstant. & Melikyan; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 90: 1763 (2005)
= Ammiaceae Bercht. & C.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 259 (1820)
= Angelicaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 29 (1820)
= Bupleuraceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 258 (1820)
= Caucalidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 259 (1820)
= Coriandraceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 773, 783, 1093, 1128 (1835)
= Daucaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 183 (1820)
= Eryngiaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 259 (1820)
= Ferulaceae Sacc.; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 4: 214 (1872)
= Imperatoriaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 328 (1820)
= Lagoeciaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 259 (1820)
= Mackinlayaceae Doweld; Tent. Syst. Pl. Vasc.: lii (2001)
= Pastinacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 457 (1820)
= Pimpinellaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 258 (1820)
= Saniculaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 259 (1820)
= Scandicaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 259 (1820)
= Selinaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 259 (1820)
= Sileraceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 259 (1820)
= Smyrniaceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 773, 1093, 1128 (1835)
= Umbelliferae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 218 (1789), nom. cons.
465.8910 Genus Carum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 263 (1753)
Distribution: Europe (1) to Caucasus and Asia Minor. Molecular investigations see Zakharova et al. 2012. Several species still listed here need transfer into other genera and tribus
Species listed in database: 16
= Bulbocastanum Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 249 (1866)
= Karos Nieuwl. & Lunell; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 485 (1916)
species :
Carum appuanum (Viv.) Grande; Bull. Orto Bot. Regia Univ. Napoli 4: 166 (1914)
subspecies :
subsp. appuanum
Distribution: NW-Italy
13 ITA
Remarks: belongs in a separate genus in Pyramidoptereae following Zakharova et al. 2012 and Koch et al. 2017
Synonyms: hidden
= Apium rigidulum (W.D.J.Koch) Caruel; Fl. Ital. [Parlatore] 8: 434 (1889)
= Bunium rigidulum (Viv.) Caruel; Prodr. Fl. Tosc. 272 (1860)
= Carum rigidulum (Viv.) W.D.J.Koch ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 115 (1830)
= Carum rigidum Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 301 (1841)
= Cnidium athoum Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 363 (1843)
= Cnidium atropurpureum Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 6: 418 (1820)
= Laserpitium lobelii Vill.; Prosp. Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 24 (1779)
= Ligusticum apiifolium Desf.; Tabl. École Bot., ed. 2: 144 (1815)
= Ligusticum cicutifolium Vill.; Hist. Pl. Dauphiné [Villars] 2: 612 (1787)
= Meum nutans Moench; Methodus [Moench] 86 (1794)
= Meum rigidulum Bertol.; Fl. Ital. [Bertoloni] 3: 314 (1838)
= Selinum appianum Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 1: 309 (1805), orth. var.
= Selinum appuanum Viv.; Elench. Pl. [Viviani] 32 (1802)
= Selinum peregrinum Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. [Willdenow] 1: 306 (1809)
= Selinum rigidulum Viv.; Ann. Bot. (Genoa) 1: 164 (1802), nom. illeg.
= Seseli pimpinelloides L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 259 (1753)
subspecies :
subsp. bulgaricum (Hartvig) Bechi & Garbari; Fl. Medit. 4: 215 (1994)
Distribution: North Macedonia; Bulgaria; N-Greece (close to border)
13 BUL GRC NMA
Synonyms: hidden
= Carum rigidulum subsp. bulgaricum Hartvig; Mountain Fl. Greece [Strid] 1: 698 (1986)
subspecies :
subsp. palmatum (Hartvig) Bechi & Garbari; Fl. Medit. 4: 215 (1994)
Distribution: Greece (rare N-Greece and N-Peloponnisos)
13 GRC
Synonyms: hidden
= Carum rigidulum subsp. palmatum Hartvig; Mountain Fl. Greece [Strid] 1: 699 (1986)
species :
Carum asinorum Litard. & Maire; Arch. Sci. Maroc. 2 (Contr. Étude Fl. Grand Atlas) 4 (1930), et Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 26: 18 (1931)
Distribution: Morocco (High Atlas)
20 MOR
species :
Carum buriaticum Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 17: 713 (1844)
Distribution: Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk); China (Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Henan, Hunan, Sichuan); Tibet; Mongolia
30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI TIB 37 MON
Remarks: belongs in a separate genus in Pyramidoptereae following Zakharova et al. 2012 and Koch et al. 2017
Synonyms: hidden
= Bunium buriaticum (Turcz.) Drude; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] III, 8: 194 (1898)
= Carum angustissimum Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 20: 311 (1945)
= Carum buriaticum f. angustissimum (Kitag.) R.H.Shan & F.T.Pu; Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 55(2): 28 (1985)
= Carum curvatum C.B.Clarke ex H.Wolff; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 27: 183, 187 (1929)
= Carum furcatum H.Wolff; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 27(734-740): 187-188 (1929)
= Carum inodorum Siev.; Neueste Nord. Beytr. Phys. Geogr. Erd- Völkerbeschreib. 3: 229 (1796), nomen
= Carum pseudoburiaticum H.Wolff; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 27(741-750): 302-303 (1930)
= Pimpinella curvata C.B.Clarke ex H.Wolff; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 27: 183 (1929), pro syn.
variant :
var. helanense L.Q.Zhao & Y.Z.Zhao; Fl. Intramongol., ed. 3, 3: 406 (2020)
Distribution: China (Nei Mongol)
36 CHI
species :
Carum carvi L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 263 (1753)
Name: Wiesen-Kümmel (DE), Caraway (EN)
Distribution: Iceland [I]; Svalbard [I]; Faeroe Isl. [I]; England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, +Scotland, +Orkney Isl., Shetland Isl.); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I], Northern Ireland [I]); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, +Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl.; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Romania; Bulgaria; S-European Russia; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; NW-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Primorye, Sakhalin); Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia); Iraq (NW-Iraq); Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Badakshan, Wakhan, Baghlan, Bamyan, Ghazni, Kabul, Kunar / Nuristan, Wardak, Paktia / Khost, Parwan); Lebanon (coastal W-Lebanon); Syria; China (Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan); Tibet; Mongolia; Pakistan (Karakorum, Astor, Gilgit, Baltistan, Chitral, Hazara); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Dras, Nubra, Ladakh, Zanskar); Bangladesh; Myanmar [I]; Vietnam; Java [I]; Greenland [I]; Canada [I] (Alberta [I], British Columbia [I], Manitoba [I], New Brunswick [I], Newfoundland [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Prince Edward Isl. [I], Québec [I], Saskatchewan [I]); St. Pierre et Miquelon [I]; USA [I] (Colorado [I], Connecticut [I], District of Columbia [I], Iowa [I], Idaho [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Kentucky [I], Louisiana [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Missouri [I], Montana [I], North Carolina [I], North Dakota [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New Mexico [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], South Dakota [I], Tennessee [I], Utah [I], Virginia [I], Vermont [I], Washington State [I], Wisconsin [I], West Virginia [I], Wyoming [I]); Honduras [I]; South Georgia Isl. [I]
10 DEN FIN for GRB ice ire NOR sva SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO CIS FRA SPA 13 BIH BUL CRO ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT MLD RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 AFG IRN IRQ LEB SYR TUR 36 CHI TIB 37 MON 40 BAN BHU IND NEP PAK 41 mya VIE 42 jaw 70 gnl 71 cdn 72 cdn spm 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa 80 hon 91 sge
Synonyms: hidden
= Aegopodium carum Wibel; Prim. Fl. Werth. [Wibel] 199 (1799), nom. illeg.
= Apium carvi (L.) Crantz; Stirp. Austr. Fasc. 3: 110 (1767)
= Bunium carvi (L.) M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 211 (1808)
= Carum aromaticum Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 168 (1796), nom. illeg.
= Carum carvi f. alpinum (Schur) Thell.; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 1184 (1926)
= Carum carvi f. coarctatum (Tinant) Thell.; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 1184 (1926)
= Carum carvi f. demissum Murr; Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 10: 40 (1904)
= Carum carvi f. gracile (Lindl.) H.Wolff; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.228, Heft 90b (Umbellif.-Apioideae part): 148 (1927)
= Carum carvi f. intermedium (Rouy & E.G.Camus) Thell.; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 1184 (1926)
= Carum carvi f. latisectum Thell.; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 1184 (1926)
= Carum carvi f. nanum (DC.) Thell.; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 1184 (1926)
= Carum carvi f. pterochlaenum (DC.) Thell.; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 1184 (1926)
= Carum carvi f. rhodochranthum A.H.Moore; Rhodora 11: 178 (1909)
= Carum carvi f. rubriflorum H.Wolff; Acta Horti Gothob. 2: 306 (1926)
= Carum carvi f. vulgare (Alef.) Thell.; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 1184 (1926)
= Carum carvi subsp. rosellum (Woronow) Vorosch.; Florist. Issl. Razn. Raionakh S.S.S.R. [A.K.Skvortsov] 184 (1985)
= Carum carvi var. gracile (Lindl.) H.Wolff; Acta Horti Gothob. 2: 306 (1926)
= Carum carvi var. intermedium Rouy & E.G.Camus; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 7: 357 (1901)
= Carum carvi var. pterochlaenum Alef.; Landw. Fl. 154 (1866)
= Carum carvi var. pterochlaenum DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 115 (1830)
= Carum carvi var. roseum Trautv.
= Carum decussatum Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 37 (1782), opus utique oppr.
= Carum gracile Lindl.; Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 232 (1835)
= Carum officinale Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 515 (1821)
= Carum polyphyllum Boiss. & Balansa; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 2: 881 (1872)
= Carum rosellum Woronow; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 218 (1933)
= Carum velenovskyi Rohlena; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vĕstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk., Tř. Mat.-Přír.) 1903: 34 (1903)
= Carvi careum Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 2: 352 (1900)
= Falcaria carvifolia C.A.Mey.; Beitr. Pflanzenk. Russ. Reiches 1: 14 (1844)
= Foeniculum carvi (L.) Link; Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 284 (1821)
= Karos carvi (L.) Nieuwl. & Lunell; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 485 (1916)
= Lagoecia cuminoides Soy.-Will.; Phytologist 1: 254 (1841) non L.
= Ligusticum alatum var. pauciradiatum Parsa; Kew Bull. [3]: 200 (1948)
= Ligusticum carvi (L.) Roth; Tent. Fl. Germ. 1: 124 (1788)
= Pimpinella carvi (L.) Jess.; Deut. Excurs.-Fl. 191 (1879)
= Pimpinella involucrata Jan ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 123 (1830), nom. inval.
= Selinum carvi (L.) E.H.L.Krause; Deutschl. Fl. [Sturm], ed. 2, 12: 47 (1904)
= Seseli carum Scop.; Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 2: 215 (1771)
= Seseli carvi (L.) DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 4: 285 (1805)
= Seseli carvi (L.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 6: 414 (1820)
= Seseli carvi var. coarctatum Tinant; Fl. Luxemb. 145 (1836)
= Seseli carvi var. patulum Tinant; Fl. Luxemb. 145 (1836), nom. inval.
= Sium carum F.H.Wigg.; Prim. Fl. Holsat. [Wiggers] 24 (1780), nom. illeg.
= Sium carvi (L.) Bernh.; Syst. Verz. Pfl. Erfurt [Bernhardi] 173 (1800)
species :
Carum caucasicum (M.Bieb.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 2: 880 (1872)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); Turkey (NE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan)
33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN IRQ TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Carum humile Boiss. & Balansa; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 2: 881 (1872)
= Laserpitium caucasicum M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 222 (1808)
species :
Carum graecum Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 6: 58 (1846)
subspecies :
subsp. graecum
Distribution: North Macedonia; Bulgaria; Greece (mountains of mainland except NE)
13 BUL GRC NMA
Remarks: belongs in a separate genus in Pyramidoptereae following Zakharova et al. 2012 and Koch et al. 2017
Synonyms: hidden
= Athamanta verticillata Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 1: 188 (1806)
= Libanotis verticillata (Sm.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 151 (1830)
= Meum graecum (Boiss. & Heldr.) Boiss. & Heldr.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 2: 881 (1872)
= Seseli angustum F.K.Mey.; Haussknechtia Beih. 15: 109 (2011) (fide Pils 2016)
= Seseli verticillatum (Sm.) Rchb.f.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 21: 37 (1863), nom. illeg.
subspecies :
subsp. serpentinicum Hartvig; Mountain Fl. Greece [Strid] 1: 700 (1986)
Distribution: Serbia; Kosovo; ?S-Albania; Greece (mountains of NW)
13 GRC KOS SRB
species :
Carum heldreichii Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3(2): 78 (1856)
Distribution: Greece (mountains of C-Greece, one record N-Peloponnisos)
13 GRC
Remarks: belongs in a separate genus in Pyramidoptereae following Zakharova et al. 2012 and Koch et al. 2017
Synonyms: hidden
= Apium heldreichii (Boiss.) Calest.; Webbia 1: 176 (1905)
= Carum meoides subsp. heldreichii (Boiss.) Maire & Petitm.; Étud. Pl. Vasc. Grèce 98 (1908)
= Chamaesciadium heldreichii Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 2: 78 (1856), pro syn.
species :
Carum iminouakense Quézel; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 44: 200 (1953)
Distribution: Morocco (High Atlas)
20 MOR
species :
Carum jahandiezii Litard. & Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 16: 72 (1925)
Distribution: Morocco (Middle Atlas)
20 MOR
species :
Carum lacuum Emb.; Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 15: 209 (1935)
Distribution: Morocco (High Atlas)
20 MOR
species :
Carum leucocoleon Boiss. & A.Huet; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 2: 80 (1856)
Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia)
34 TUR
species :
Carum meifolium (M.Bieb.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 2: 880 (1872)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia)
33 AZE GEO NCS 34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Carum armenum Boiss.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 3, 1: 137 (1844)
= Carum armenum var. divergens Boiss. & A.Huet; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 2: 80 (1856)
= Carum divergens Boiss. & A.Huet; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 2: 80 (1856), nom. inval.
= Carum grossheimii Schischk.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 33: 315 (1948)
= Carum meifolium var. divergens (Boiss. & A.Huet) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 2: 880 (1872)
= Carum meifolium var. rhodanthum Troickij
= Cnidium meifolium M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 213 (1819)
species :
Carum meoides (Griseb.) Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 1: 678 (1901)
Distribution: Italy; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Greece (mountains of NW, C and N-Peloponnisos)
13 ALB GRC ITA KOS NMA SRB
Remarks: belongs in a separate genus in Pyramidoptereae following Zakharova et al. 2012 and Koch et al. 2017
Synonyms: hidden
= Apium meoides (Griseb.) Calest.; Webbia 1: 176 (1905)
= Apium rupestre (Boiss. & Heldr.) Calest.; Webbia 1: 176 (1905)
= Carum adamovicii Halácsy; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 56: 211 (1906)
= Carum macedonicum Quézel & Contandr.
= Carum rupestre Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 2: 79 (1856)
= Chamaesciadium gracile Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 2: 79 (1856)
= Silaus meoides Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 362 (1843)
= Sison proliferum Brocchi ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 116 (1830), nom. inval.
species :
Carum porphyrocoleon (Freyn & Sint.) Woronow; Sched. Herb. Fl. Cauc. 11: no. 523 (1931)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey (NE-Anatolia)
33 GEO NCS 34 TUR
Remarks: belongs according to molecular data in a separate genus near Fuernrohria
Synonyms: hidden
= Carum leucocoleon var. porphyrocoleon Freyn & Sint.; Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 304 (1895)
species :
Carum proliferum Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 14: 146 (1923)
Distribution: Morocco (High Atlas)
20 MOR
species :
Carum rupicola Hartvig & Strid; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 108: 302, f. 1 (1987)
Distribution: Turkey (SSW-Anatolia)
34 TUR
Remarks: belongs in a separate genus in Pyramidoptereae following Zakharova et al. 2012 and Koch et al. 2017
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.10 (Oct. 12th, 2025)

Covering 357,450 accepted species,
8,806 hybrids, 48,075 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,004,944 synonyms,
in total 1,419,285* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

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