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492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14370; hybrids: 47
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
492.8911 Genus Coptosperma Hook.f.; Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2: 86 (1873)
Distribution: Tropical and S-Africa, Indian Ocean, Arabia (1)
Species listed in database: 19
= Enterospermum Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 92 (1877)
= Zygoon Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 113 (1877)
= Santalina Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 843 (1890)
species :
Coptosperma bernierianum (Baill.) De Block; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 77(1): 122 (2007)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Enterospermum bernierianum (Baill.) Homolle; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 85: 608 (1938 publ. 1939)
= Ixora bernieriana Baill.; Adansonia 12: 218 (1878)
species :
Coptosperma borbonicum (Hend. & A.Hend.) De Block; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 77(1): 123 (2007)
Distribution: Mauritius; La Réunion
29 MAU REU
Synonyms: hidden
= Enterospermum borbonicum (Cordem.) Homolle; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 85: 608 (1938 publ. 1939)
= Enterospermum borbonicum (Hend. & Andr.Hend.) N.Hallé & Heine; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 10: 321 (1970), nom. illeg.
= Ixora borbonica Cordem.; Fl. Réunion [Cordemoy] 507 (1895)
= Pavetta borbonica Cordem.; Fl. Réunion [Cordemoy] 507 (1895), nom. illeg.
= Pavetta borbonica Hend. & Andr.Hend.; Illustr. Bouquet 1: t. 16 (1858)
= Pavetta diversifolia Bojer; Hortus Maurit. 172 (1837), nomen
= Tarenna borbonica (Hend. & Andr.Hend.) Verdc.; Kew Bull. 37: 560 (1983)
species :
Coptosperma cymosum (Willd. ex Schult.) De Block; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 77(1): 124 (2007)
Distribution: Mauritius
29 MAU
Synonyms: hidden
= Coffea cymosa Willd. ex Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 201 (1819)
= Enterospermum coriaceum (Baker) Bremek.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 37: 190 (1934)
= Pavetta coriacea Bojer; Hortus Maurit. 172 (1837), nomen
= Rutidea coriacea Baker; Fl. Mauritius [J.G.Baker] 149 (1877)
= Tarenna cymosa (Willd. ex Schult.) Verdc.; Kew Bull. 37: 560 (1983)
species :
Coptosperma graveolens (S.Moore) Degreef; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 71(2): 374 (2001 publ. 2002)
subspecies :
subsp. graveolens
Distribution: D. R. Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Djibouti; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania
23 BUR RWA ZAI 24 DJI ETH SOM SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA
Synonyms: hidden
= Chomelia oligantha K.Schum. & K.Krause; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 524 (1907), nom. superfl.
= Pavetta ligustriodora Chiov.; Ric. Idrogeol. Bot. Entomol. Somalia Ital. Merid. [Stefanini & Paoli] 1: 1: 96 (1916)
= Pavetta olivifolia Chiov.; Fl. Somala 2: 252 (1932)
= Tarenna boranensis Cufod.; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 55: 86 (1948)
= Tarenna edgardii Chiov.; Racc. Bot. 57 (1935), Chiov. in Missione Biol. Borana 227 (1939), italice.
= Tarenna graveolens (S.Moore) Bremek.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 37: 193 (1934)
= Tarenna oligantha Cufod.; Phyton (Horn) 1: 142 (1949)
variant :
var. impolitum (Bridson) Degreef; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 71(2): 375 (2001 publ. 2002)
Distribution: Uganda; Kenya
25 KEN UGA
Synonyms: hidden
= Tarenna graveolens var. impolita Bridson; Kew Bull. 34(2): 395 (1979)
subspecies :
subsp. arabicum (Cufod.) Degreef; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 71(2): 375 (2001 publ. 2002)
Distribution: Somalia; Saudi Arabia; Yemen (Tihama, W-Yemen)
24 SOM 35 SAU YEM
Synonyms: hidden
= Tarenna boranensis subsp. arabica Cufod.; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 51: 91 (1949)
= Tarenna graveolens subsp. arabica (Cufod.) Bridson; Kew Bull. 34(2): 395 (1979)
species :
Coptosperma humblotii (Drake) De Block; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 77(1): 124 (2007)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Enterospermum humblotii (Drake) Homolle; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 85: 608 (1938 publ. 1939)
= Ixora humblotii Drake; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 1306 (1897)
species :
Coptosperma kibuwae (Bridson) Degreef; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 71(2): 375 (2001 publ. 2002)
Distribution: Kenya
25 KEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Tarenna kibuwae Bridson; Kew Bull. 34(2): 395 (1979)
species :
Coptosperma littorale (Hiern) Degreef; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 71(2): 376 (2001 publ. 2002)
Name: Dune Butterspoon Bush
Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]
25 KEN TAN 26 MOZ ZIM 27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Enterospermum littorale Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 93 (1877)
= Tarenna littoralis (Hiern) Bridson; Kew Bull. 34(2): 397 (1979)
species :
Coptosperma madagascariense (Baill.) De Block; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 77(1): 124 (2007)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Enterospermum madagascariense (Baill.) Homolle; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 85: 607 (1939.
= Santalina madagascariensis Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 844 (1890)
species :
Coptosperma mitochondrioides Mouly & De Block; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 78(2): 146 (2008)
Distribution: Madagascar; Comores (Mayotte)
29 COM MDG
species :
Coptosperma neurophyllum (S.Moore) Degreef; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 71(2): 376 (2001 publ. 2002)
Distribution: D. R. Congo [Zaire]; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
23 ZAI 25 TAN 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Chomelia odora K.Krause; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 57: 29 (1920)
= Pavetta neurophylla S.Moore; J. Bot. 43: 47 (1905)
= Stylocoryna neurophylla (S.Moore) Bremek.; Ann. Transvaal Mus. 13: 215 (1929)
= Tarenna neurophylla (S.Moore) Bremek.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 37: 200 (1934)
= Tarenna odora (K.Krause) Cufod.; Phyton (Horn) 1: 142 (1949)
species :
Coptosperma nigrescens Hook.f.; Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2: 87 (1873)
Distribution: Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; Mozambique; Eswatini [Swaziland]; Madagascar; Comores (Mayotte, etc.); Aldabra (Aldabra Isl.)
24 SOM 25 KEN TAN 26 MOZ 27 SWZ 29 ALD COM MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Chomelia coriacea K.Schum.; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1894: 19 (1894)
= Chomelia nigrescens (Hook.f.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 278 (1891)
= Coptosperma madagascariense J.G.García; Mem. Junta Invest. Ultramar, Ser. Bot. 4: 28 (1957), nomen
= Enterospermum pruinosum (Baill.) Dubard & Dop; J. Bot. [Morot] Sér. 2, 3: 13 (1925)
= Ixora linearifolia Drake; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 1307 (1897)
= Ixora pruinosa Baill.; Adansonia 12: 217 (1876 publ. 1879)
= Pavetta saligna S.Moore; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 40: 98 (1911)
= Tarenna nigrescens (Hook.f.) Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 92 (1877)
species :
Coptosperma pachyphyllum (Baker) De Block; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 77(1): 124 (2007)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Ixora pachyphylla Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 22: 484 (1887)
species :
Coptosperma peteri (Bridson) Degreef; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 71(2): 378 (2001 publ. 2002)
Distribution: Tanzania
25 TAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Tarenna peteri Bridson; Kew Bull. 34(2): 390 (1979)
species :
Coptosperma rhodesiacum (Bremek.) Degreef; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 71(2): 378 (2001 publ. 2002)
Name: Mountain Butterspoon Bush
Distribution: Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo)
26 MOZ ZIM 27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Enterospermum rhodesiacum Bremek.; Kew Bull. [3]: 459 (1948 publ. 1949)
= Tarenna zimbabwensis Bridson; Kew Bull. 34(2): 399 (1979), nom. nov.
species :
Coptosperma sessiliflorum De Block; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 77(1): 125 (2007)
Distribution: Madagascar (Nosi Be Isl.)
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Ixora sessiliflora Baill.; Adansonia 12: 219 (1876 publ. 1879)
species :
Coptosperma somaliense Degreef; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 71(2): 379 (2001 publ. 2002)
Distribution: Somalia
24 SOM
species :
Coptosperma supra-axillare (Hemsl.) Degreef; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 71(2): 379 (2001 publ. 2002)
Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]; Madagascar; Comores (Mayotte, etc.); Aldabra (Aldabra Isl.)
25 KEN TAN 26 MOZ ZIM 27 SAF SWZ 29 ALD COM MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Pavetta supra-axillaris Hemsl.; J. Bot. 54(Suppl. 2): 19 (1916)
= Stylocoryne barbertonensis Bremek.; Ann. Transvaal Mus. 13: 215 (1929)
= Tarenna barbertonensis (Bremek.) Bremek.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 37: 7 (1934)
= Tarenna supra-axillaris (Hemsl.) Bremek.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 37: 206 (1934)
= Tarenna supra-axillaris subsp. barbertonensis (Bremek.) Bridson; Kew Bull. 34(2): 398 (1979)
species :
Coptosperma wajirense (Bridson) Degreef; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 71(2): 381 (2001 publ. 2002)
Distribution: Kenya
25 KEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Tarenna wajirensis Bridson; Kew Bull. 34(2): 398 (1979)
species :
Coptosperma zygoon (Bridson) Degreef; Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 71(2): 381 (2001 publ. 2002)
Distribution: Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo)
26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Hypobathrum graveolens (Hiern) Baill.; Adansonia 12: 206 (1879)
= Tarenna zygoon Bridson; Kew Bull. 34(2): 391 (1979), nom. nov.
= Zygoon graveolens Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 114 (1877)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life