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034.0000 Family Dryopteridaceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 9: 15 (1949), nom. cons.
26 genera, ca. 2100 spp. Latest phylogeny: Zuo et al. (2025)
Species listed in database: 2183; hybrids: 202
= Aspidiaceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 324, 1156 (1835), nom. illeg.
= Aspidiaceae Mett. ex A.B.Frank; Syn. Pflanzenk., ed. 2, 3: 1469 (1877), nom. illeg.
= Bolbitidaceae (Pic.Serm.) Ching; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16: 15 (1978)
= Elaphoglossaceae Pic.Serm.; Webbia 23: 209 (1968)
= Filicaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 14 (1789), as ´Filices´, nom. illeg., rej.
= Peranemataceae (C.Presl) Ching; Sunyatsenia 5: 246 (1940), nom. rej.
034.6004 Genus Cyclodium C.Presl; Tent. Pterid. 85 (1836)
Distribution: Panama and Trinidad to Bolivia, Argentina, SE-Brazil, mostly Guianas. Newest monograph: Bohn et al. (2020), superseding A. R. Smith (1986)
Species listed in database: 13
= Peltochlaena Fée; Mém. Foug. 5 (Gen. Filic.) 289 (1852) (nom. inval., nom. prov.)
species :
Cyclodium akawaiorum A.R.Sm.; Amer. Fern J. 76(2): 71 (1986)
Distribution: Venezuela (Bolívar); Guyana (Mt. Roraima)
82 GUY VEN
species :
Cyclodium alansmithii Bohn & Labiak; Pl. Ecol. Evol. 152(3): 522 (2019)
Distribution: Venezuela (Bolivar); Guyana
82 GUY VEN
species :
Cyclodium calophyllum (C.V.Morton) A.R.Sm.; Amer. Fern J. 76(2): 73 (1986)
Distribution: Colombia (Norte de Santander, Santander); Venezuela (Bolívar, Zulia); Brazil (Mato Grosso)
82 CLM VEN 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Dryopteris calophylla C.V.Morton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 66: 49 (1939)
species :
Cyclodium chocoense (A.R.Sm.) Bohn & Labiak; Pl. Ecol. Evol. 152(3): 527 (2019)
Distribution: E-Panama; W-Colombia (Chocó, Cauca, Nariño, Valle); Ecuador
80 PAN 82 CLM 83 ECU
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclodium trianae var. chocoense A.R.Sm.; Amer. Fern J. 76: 93 (1986)
species :
Cyclodium guianense (Klotzsch) van der Werff ex L.D.Gómez; Phytologia 60(5): 371 (1986)
Distribution: Trinidad; Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Caquetá, Cauca, Chocó, Guaviare, Norte de Santander, Valle, Vaupés); Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Tachira); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Bolivia (Cochabamba, Santa Cruz); Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima)
81 TRT 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Aspidium abbreviatum var. guianense (Klotzsch) Klotzsch; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 1(2): 464 (1870)
= Aspidium guianense Klotzsch; Linnaea 20: 364 (1847)
= Aspidium sancti-gabrieli (Hook.) Fée; Crypt. Vasc. Brésil 2: 75 (1873)
= Cyclodium guianense (Klotzsch) A.R.Sm.; Amer. Fern J. 76(2): 75 (1986)
= Dryopteris guianensis (Klotzsch) Posth.; Ferns Surinam & Fr. & Brit. Guiana: 51 (1928)
= Dryopteris sancti-gabrieli (Hook.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 813 (1891)
= Nephrodium sancti-gabrieli (Hook.) Baker; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 1(2): 469 (1870)
= Peltochlaena nephrodioides Fée; Mém. Foug. 5 (Gen. Filic.) 289 (1852), nom. inval.
= Phegopteris emarginata Fée ex Salomon; Nomencl. Gefäßkrypt. 274 (1883)
= Polypodium colubrinum Vell.; Arq. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro 5: 448 (1881)
= Polypodium sancti-gabrieli Hook.; Sp. Fil. [W.J.Hooker] 4: 233 (1862)
= Polystichum guianense C.Presl; Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Ser. 5, 6 [Epim. Bot.]: 58 (1851)
= Stigmatopteris guianensis (Klotzsch) C.Chr.; Index Filic., Suppl. Tert. 174 (1934)
= Stigmatopteris sancti-gabrieli (Hook.) C.Chr.; Index Filic., Suppl. Tert. 175 (1934)
species :
Cyclodium heterodon (Schrad.) T.Moore; Index Fil. [T. Moore] 275 (1861)
Distribution: Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Aspidium heterodon Schrad.; Gött. Gel. Anz. 869 (1824)
= Polystichum heterodon (Schrad.) C.Presl; Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Ser. 5, 6 [Epim. Bot.]: 58 (1851)
variant :
var. abbreviatum (C.Presl) A.R.Sm.; Amer. Fern J. 76(2): 80 (1986)
Distribution: Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Pernambuco)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Aspidium abbreviatum Schrad.; Gött. Gel. Anz. 869 (1824) (non Poir. (1814))
= Cyclodium abbreviatum C.Presl; Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Ser. 5, 6 [Epim. Bot.]: 260 (1851), nom. nov. for Aspidium abbreviatum Schrad.
= Cyrtomium abbreviatum (C.Presl) J.Sm.; Ferns Brit. Foreign, ed. 2: 304 (1877)
= Dryopteris abbreviata (C.Presl) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 812 (1891)
= Nephrodium abbreviatum (C.Presl) Fée; Mém. Foug. 5 (Gen. Filic.) 306 (1852)
= Polystichum abbreviatum J.Sm.; London J. Bot. 1: 199 (1842), nom. illeg.
species :
Cyclodium inerme (Fée) A.R.Sm.; Amer. Fern J. 76(2): 82 (1986)
Distribution: Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Brazil (Amazonas, Amapá, Mato Grosso, Pará, Roraima)
82 FRG GUY SUR VEN 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Aspidium subobliquatum (Hook.) Fée; Crypt. Vasc. Brésil 2: 79 (1873)
= Dryopteris subobliquata (Hook.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 813 (1891)
= Nephrodium subobliquatum (Hook.) Baker; Syn. Fil. [W.J.Hooker & Baker] 261 (1867)
= Polypodium subobliquatum Hook.; Sp. Fil. [W.J.Hooker] 4: 240 (1862)
= Polystichum inerme Fée; Mém. Foug. 5 (Gen. Filic.) 281 (1852)
= Thelypteris subobliquata (Hook.) Ching; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 10: 254 (1941)
species :
Cyclodium meniscioides (Willd.) C.Presl; Tent. Pterid. 85, t. 2, f. 20 (1836)
Distribution: Trinidad; Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Boyacá, Caquetá, Cauca, Guainía, Guaviare, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vichada); Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Tachira); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz); Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Brasilia Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Pará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondônia, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Tocantins); Paraguay (Amambay, Canindeyu, Itapua); Argentina (Corrientes)
81 TRT 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL ECU PER 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Aspidium confertum Kaulf.; Enum. Filic. [Kaulfuss] 232 (1824)
= Aspidium hookeri Klotzsch; Linnaea 20: 364 (1847), nom. illeg.
= Aspidium meniscioides Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 5(1): 218 (1810)
= Aspidium rigidissimum C.Chr.; Bot. Tidsskr. 26: 79 (1902), nom. inval. pro syn.
= Bolbitis mollis (Copel.) Ching; Index Filic., Suppl. Tert. 49 (1934)
= Campium molle Copel.; Philipp. J. Sci. 37: 341-402 (1928)
= Cyclodium confertum (Kaulf.) C.Presl; Tent. Pterid. 85 (1836)
= Cyclodium meniscioides var. paludosum (C.V.Morton) A.R.Sm.; Amer. Fern J. 76: 87 (1986)
= Cyclodium meniscioides var. rigidissimum (C.Chr.) A.R.Sm.; Amer. Fern J. 76: 88 (1986)
= Cyclodium rigidissimum C.Chr.; Bot. Tidsskr. 25: 79 (1903)
= Dryopteris meniscioides (Willd.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 813 (1891)
= Dryopteris meniscioides var. conferta (Kaulf.) C.V.Morton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 66: 51 (1939)
= Dryopteris paludosa C.V.Morton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 66: 50 (1939)
= Nephrodium confertum (Kaulf.) J.Sm.; J. Bot. [Hooker] 4: 188 (1841)
= Nephrodium meniscioides (Willd.) J.Sm.; J. Bot. [Hooker] 4: 188 (1841)
= Stigmatopteris meniscioides (Willd.) K.U.Kramer; Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. C 71: 521 (1968)
= Stigmatopteris paludosa (C.V.Morton) R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon; Rhodora 83(833): 136 (1981)
species :
Cyclodium pubescens Bohn & Labiak; Willdenowia 50(2): 292 (2020)
Distribution: Peru (Loreto); Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Rondônia)
83 PER 84 BRA
species :
Cyclodium rheophilum A.R.Sm.; Amer. Fern J. 76(2): 88 (1986)
Distribution: French Guiana
82 FRG
Conservation Status: known from type collection only
species :
Cyclodium seemannii (Hook.) A.R.Sm.; Amer. Fern J. 76(2): 89 (1986)
Distribution: Panama; Colombia (Chocó); Ecuador
80 PAN 82 CLM 83 ECU
Synonyms: hidden
= Aspidium seemannii Hook.; Sp. Fil. [W.J.Hooker] 4: 34, t. 230 (1862)
= Dryopteris seemannii (Hook.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 813 (1891)
= Polystichum seemannii (Hook.) J.Sm.; Hist. Fil. 220 (1875)
species :
Cyclodium trianae (Mett.) A.R.Sm.; Amer. Fern J. 76: 92 (1986)
Distribution: E-Panama; Colombia (Antioquia, Caquetá, Cauca, Chocó, Guainía, Nariño, Putumayo, Valle); Ecuador; Peru; Brazil (Acre)
80 PAN 82 CLM 83 ECU PER 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Aspidium trianae Mett.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 5, 2: 243 (1864)
= Dryopteris firmifolia (Baker) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 812 (1891)
= Dryopteris trianae (Mett.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 814 (1891)
= Nephrodium firmifolium Baker; Syn. Fil. [W.J.Hooker & Baker], ed. 2: 601 (1874)
= Nephrodium trianae (Mett.) Baker; Syn. Fil. [W.J.Hooker & Baker] 286 (1867)
= Rumohra trianae (Mett.) Alston; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 48: 234 (1958)
species :
Cyclodium varians (Fée) A.R.Sm.; Amer. Fern J. 76(2): 94 (1986)
Distribution: Trinidad; Venezuela (Bolívar); Guyana
81 TRT 82 GUY VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclosorus varians (Fée) Ching; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 10: 250 (1941)
= Dryopteris varians (Fée) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 814 (1891)
= Nephrodium varians Fée; Mém. Foug. 11 (Hist. Foug. Antil.): 88, t. 24, f. 2 (1866)
= Stigmatopteris varians (Fée) Alston; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1932: 309 (1932)
= Thelypteris varians (Fée) C.F.Reed; Phytologia 17: 323 (1968)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.12 (Dec. 21st, 2025)

Covering 358,226 accepted species,
8,847 hybrids, 48,003 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,006,142 synonyms,
in total 1,421,218* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

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