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492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14370; hybrids: 47
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
492.3046 Genus Diodia L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 104 (1753)
Distribution: mostly America from S-USA and Mexico to trop. S-America, Caribbean, trop. Africa (6), Indian Ocean, trop. Asia. The genus remains polyphyletic and needs further splitting. Assignment and delimitation of species problematic.
Species listed in database: 20
= Decapenta Raf.; Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 6: 269 (1834)
= Dioneiodon Raf.; Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 6: 269 (1834)
= Ebelia Rchb.; Deut. Bot. Herb.-Buch 74 (1841)
= Triodon DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 566 (1830), nom. illeg.
species :
Diodia alata (Aubl.) comb.ined.
Distribution: Sierra Leone [I]; Liberia [I]; Ivory Coast [I]; Ghana [I]; Cameroon [I]; Gabon [I]; D. R. Congo [Zaire] [I]; Uganda [I]; China [I] (Hainan [I], S-China [I]); Taiwan [I]; Nepal [I]; India [I]; Sri Lanka [I]; Bangladesh [I]; Andaman Isl. [I]; Myanmar [I]; Thailand [I]; Laos [I]; Cambodia [I]; Vietnam [I]; peninsular Malaysia [I]; Singapore [I]; Sumatera [I]; Borneo [I]; Jawa [I]; New Guinea [I]; Australia [I] (Queensland [I], Northern Territory [I]); Fiji [I]; [Western] Samoa [I] (Savai´i [I], ´Upolu [I]); Palau [I] (Koror [I]); Fed. States of Micronesia [I] (Pohnpei [I]); Hawaii [I] (Kauai [I]); Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, Veracruz); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Caquetá, Chocó, Guainía, Huila, Meta, Nariño, Santander, Valle); Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure, Barinas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Guárico); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Roraima, Amapá, Pará, Amazonas, Tocantins, Rondônia); NE-Brazil (Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia, Alagoas); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás, Brasilia Distrito Federal); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Amambay, Caaguazu, Canindeyu, San Pedro)
22 gha ivo lbr sie 23 cmn gab zai 25 uga 36 chi 38 tai 40 ban ind nep srl 41 and cbd lao mya tha vie 42 bor jaw mly nwg sng sum 50 aus 60 fij sam 62 mic plu 63 haw 79 MEX 80 BLZ COS ELS GUA HON PAN 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL ECU PER 84 BRA 85 PAR
Remarks: belongs in Diodia or in a separate genus close to Diodia according to phylogeny
Synonyms: hidden
= Bigelovia elata Bartl. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 544 (1830), pro syn.
= Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 544 (1830)
= Borreria bartlingiana DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 544 (1830)
= Borreria eradii Ravi; J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 66(3): 589 (1970)
= Borreria penicillata Miq.; Stirp. Surinam. Select. 176 (1850)
= Borreria sideritis Cham. & Schltdl.; Linnaea 3: 201 (1828)
= Spermacoce alata Aubl.; Hist. Pl. Guiane 60 (1775)
= Spermacoce aspera Aubl.; Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 59 (1775)
= Spermacoce bartlingiana Hemsl.; Biol. Centr.-Amer., Bot. 2: 58 (1881)
= Spermacoce scabrida Pohl ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 548 (1830), pro syn.
= Tardavel bartlingiana (DC.) Conz.; Fl. Taxon. Mex. [Conzatti] 13: 85 (2012)
species :
Diodia barbata (Poir.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 563 (1830)
Distribution: Dominican Republic; Guyana
81 HIS 82 GUY
Synonyms: hidden
= Spermacoce barbata Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 7: 313 (1806)
species :
Diodia barbigera Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beechey Voy. [Hooker & Arnott] 295 (1838)
Distribution: SW-Mexico
79 MEX
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
Synonyms: hidden
= Dasycephala barbigera (Hook. & Arn.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks.; Index Kew. 1: 719 (1893)
species :
Diodia discolor DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 564 (1830)
Distribution: French Guiana
82 FRG
species :
Diodia flavescens Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 501 (1898)
Distribution: Angola; Zambia
26 ANG ZAM
species :
Diodia harperi Small; Man. S.E. Fl. [Small] 1264 (1933)
Distribution: USA (Texas, SE-Oklahoma, Missouri, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina)
74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA
Remarks: valid species separate from D. virginiana fide Sorrie 2016
species :
Diodia kuntzei K.Schum.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(6): 15 (1889)
Distribution: Venezuela (Bolívar, Guárico); Peru; Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Amazonas, Tocantins, Rondônia); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul); Paraguay (Central, Concepcion, Cordillera, Neembucu, San Pedro); Argentina (Corrientes, Entre Rios)
82 VEN 83 BOL PER 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR
species :
Diodia latifolia (Aubl.) comb.ined.
Distribution: Guinea [I]; India [I]; Andaman Isl. [I]; Bangladesh [I]; Thailand [I]; Guadeloupe; Martinique; Trinidad; Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Caquetá, Chocó, Guainía, Meta, Vaupés, Vichada); Venezuela; Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Bolivia (Santa Cruz); Brazil
22 gui 40 ban ind 41 and tha 81 GDL MAR TRT 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL 84 BRA
Remarks: belongs in Diodia or in a separate genus close to Diodia according to phylogeny. Frequently included in S. alata or S. aspera
Synonyms: hidden
= Borreria fockeana Miq.; Linnaea 18: 299 (1844)
= Borreria latifolia (Aubl.) K.Schum.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(6): 61 (1889)
= Borreria latifolia f. fockeana (Miq.) Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 809 (1972)
= Borreria latifolia f. minor (K.Schum.) Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 810 (1972)
= Borreria latifolia f. scabrida (DC.) Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 810 (1972)
= Borreria latifolia var. fockeana (Miq.) Bremek.; Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 31: 307 (1934)
= Borreria latifolia var. minor K.Schum.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(6): 62 (1889)
= Borreria latifolia var. scabrida (DC.) K.Schum.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(6): 61 (1889)
= Borreria latifolia var. sideritis K.Schum.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(6): 61 (1889)
= Borreria perrottetii DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 548 (1830)
= Borreria platyphylla DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 549 (1830)
= Borreria scabrida DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 548 (1830)
= Borreria splitgerberi Bremek.; Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 31: 307 (1934)
= Borreria tetraptera Miq.; Linnaea 17: 70 (1843)
= Neanotis monosperma var. tirunelvelica A.N.Henry & Chandrab.; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17: 188 (1975 publ. 1978)
= Spermacoce aspera var. latifolia Griseb.; Cat. Pl. Cub. [Grisebach] 141 (1866)
= Spermacoce caerulescens Aubl.; Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 57 (1775)
= Spermacoce latifolia Aubl.; Hist. Pl. Guiane 55 (1775)
= Tardavel latifolia (Aubl.) Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 122 (1916)
species :
Diodia linearis (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Cham. & Schltdl.; Linnaea 3: 350 (1828)
Distribution: Guatemala; Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Peru; Bolivia (Pando); N-Brazil (Roraima, Amapá, Pará, Amazonas, Tocantins, Acre, Rondônia); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso)
80 GUA 82 FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL PER 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Bigelovia linearis (Willd.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 405 (1824)
= Borreria hyssopifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) Bacigalupo & E.L.Cabral; Opera Bot. Belg. 7: 307 (1996)
= Borreria linearis F.Dietr.; Neu. Nachtr. Vollst. Lex. Gärtn. 2: 15 (1826)
= Diodia articulata Pohl ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 564 (1830)
= Diodia hyssopifolia (Willd.) Cham. & Schltdl. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 562 (1830)
= Diodia hyssopifolia f. glabriuscula Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 796 (1972)
= Diodia hyssopifolia f. psiloclada Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 795 (1972)
= Diodia hyssopifolia var. articulata (Pohl ex DC.) Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 797 (1972)
= Diodia hyssopifolia var. leiocarpa Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 797 (1972)
= Diodia hyssopifolia var. linearis (Roem. & Schult.) Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 796 (1972)
= Diodia surinamensis Miq.; Stirp. Surinam. Select. 180 (1850)
= Spermacoce articulata Pohl ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 564 (1830), nom. inval.
= Spermacoce hyssopifolia Willd.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 532 (1818), nom. cons.
= Spermacoce linearis Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 3: 343 (1819), nom. illeg.
= Spermacoce linearis Willd.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 532 (1818)
species :
Diodia macrophylla K.Schum.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(6): 401 (1889)
Distribution: N-Brazil (Tocantins)
84 BRA
species :
Diodia microcarpa K.Schum. ex Glaziou; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 56(Mem. 3): 361 (1909)
Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia); SE-Brazil (Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina)
84 BRA
species :
Diodia mitens Bello; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 10: 283 (1881)
Distribution: Puerto Rico
81 PUE
species :
Diodia othonii Rizzini; Publ. Minist. Agric. Cons. Nac. Protec. Ind. Hist. Nat. 103(5): 46 (1954)
Distribution: N-Brazil (Roraima, Amapá, Pará, Amazonas, Tocantins, Acre, Rondônia); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso)
84 BRA
species :
Diodia paludosa Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 118 (1898)
Distribution: Paraguay
85 PAR
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Diodia rubescens (Colla) comb.ined.
Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia); SE-Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Bigelovia rubescens Colla; Herb. Pedem. 3: 147 (1835)
= Diodia assurgens K.Schum.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(6): 22 (1888)
= Spermacoce assurgens Nees & Mart.; Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 12: 11 (1825), nom. superfl.
= Spermacoce rubescens (Colla) P.L.R.Moraes & De Smedt; Harvard Pap. Bot. 18: 218 (2013)
= Spermacoce spiralis (K.Schum.) Bacigalupo & E.L.Cabral; Pl. Ecol. Evol. 143(1): 101 (2010)
species :
Diodia rubricosa Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 231 (1877)
Distribution: Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Nigeria
22 GHA IVO LBR NGA SIE
species :
Diodia saponariifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) K.Schum.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(6): 16 (1889)
Distribution: NE-Brazil; WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Amambay, Cordillera); Argentina (Misiones)
84 BRA 85 ARG PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Borreria saponariifolia Cham. & Schltdl.; Linnaea 3: 325 (1828)
= Spermacoce aquatica Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 50 (1825 publ. 1829)
= Diodia saponarioides C.Presl; Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Ser. 5, 3: 517 (1845)
species :
Diodia schumannii Standl. ex Bacigalupo; Fl. Ilustr. Entre Ríos 6: 15 (1973)
Distribution: N-Brazil (Pará, Rondônia); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Caaguazu, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Paraguari, San Pedro); Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Misiones)
84 BRA 85 ARG PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Spermacoce schumannii (Standl. ex Bacigalupo) Delprete; Fl. Ilustr. Catarin. Rubiaceas 2: 754 (2005)
= Borreria flavovirens Bacigalupo & E.L.Cabral; Hickenia 2(56): 261 (1998)
= Borreria schumannii (Standl. ex Bacigalupo) E.L.Cabral & Sobrado; Acta Bot. Brasil. 25(2): 266 (2011)
species :
Diodia simplex Sw.; Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. [O.P.Swartz] 29 (1788)
Distribution: Cuba; Jamaica
81 CUB JAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Borreria simplex (Sw.) Griseb.; Fl. Brit. W. I. [Grisebach] 350 (1861)
= Spermacoce simplex (Sw.) C.Wright; Anales Real Acad. Ci. Méd. Fís. Nat. Habana Revista Ci. 6: 174 (1869)
species :
Diodia virginiana L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 104 (1753)
Name: Virginia buttonweed
Distribution: South Korea [I]; Taiwan [I]; USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia); Mexico (Yucatán); Nicaragua; Cuba
38 kor tai 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 NIC 81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Diodia hirsuta Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. [Pursh] 1: 106 (1814)
= Diodia hispida Muhl. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 562 (1830)
= Diodia oblonga Raf.; Fl. Ludov. 76 (1817)
= Diodia tetragona Walter; Fl. Carol. [Walter] 87 (1788)
= Diodia virginiana f. hirsuta (Pursh) Fernald; Rhodora 44: 457 (1942)
= Diodia virginiana var. hirsuta (Pursh) Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 2: 29 (1841)
= Diodia virginiana var. linnaei Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 2: 29 (1841), nom. illeg.
= Spermacoce virginiana (L.) A.Rich.; Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 5: t. 14 (1834)
variant :
var. attenuata Fernald; Rhodora 44: 457 (1942)
Distribution: USA (North Carolina, Virginia)
78 USA
variant :
var. latifolia Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 2: 29 (1841)
Distribution: USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas)
77 USA 78 USA
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life