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492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14370; hybrids: 47
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
492.3082 Genus Exallage Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2) (Afr. Sp. Oldenlandia): 25, 140 (1952)
Distribution: S-China, trop. Asia, W-Pacific
Species listed in database: 17
species :
Exallage auricularia (L.) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2): 142 (1952)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan); Ryukyu Isl.; Nepal; India (Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Tripura, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (South Andaman Isl.); Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Singapore; Sumatera; Borneo; Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao); Jawa; Lesser Sunda Isl.; Moluccas; New Caledonia; Vanuatu; Palau (Babeldaob, Ngelwa); Fed. States of Micronesia (Yap)
36 CHI 38 NNS 40 BAN IND NEP SRL 41 AND LAO MYA THA VIE 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY MOL PHI SNG SUM 60 NWC VAN 62 MIC PLU
Remarks: possibly in Dimetia
Synonyms: hidden
= Dimetia auricularia (L.) R.J.Wang; Phytotaxa 414(3): 123 (2019)
= Hedyotis auricularia L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 101 (1753)
= Hedyotis auricularia subsp. venosa (Blume) Deb; Fl. Tripura State 2: 52 (1983)
= Hedyotis auricularia var. brevipila Fosberg & Sachet; Allertonia 6(3): 208 (1991)
= Hedyotis auricularia var. dispersa Fosberg & Sachet; Allertonia 6(3): 208 (1991)
= Hedyotis auricularia var. longipila Fosberg & Sachet; Allertonia 6(3): 209 (1991)
= Hedyotis auricularia var. mina W.C.Ko; Fl. Hainan. 3: 578 (1974)
= Hedyotis auricularia var. tomentella Fosberg & Sachet; Allertonia 6(3): 210 (1991)
= Hedyotis costata R.Br. ex G.Don; Gen. Hist. 3: 526 (1834)
= Hedyotis crataeogonum Spreng.; Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 35 (1815)
= Hedyotis geniculata Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 83 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 1: 368 (1820), Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 1: 364 (1832)
= Hedyotis hirsuta Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 3: 79 (1789)
= Hedyotis lianshanensis W.C.Ko; J. S. China Agric. Univ. 16(4): 41 (1995)
= Hedyotis multicaulis Schltdl. ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 59 (1880)
= Hedyotis nervosa Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 3: 79 (1789)
= Hedyotis sarmentosa Craib; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1931: 278 (1931)
= Hedyotis venosa (Blume) Korth.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 2(2): 160 (1851)
= Metabolos auricularius (L.) Blume ex Bremek.; Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 56: 439 (1939), in adnot., et in Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 36: 439 (1940 publ. 1939)
= Metabolos ciliaris Blume ex Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 182 (1857)
= Metabolos venosus Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 991 (1826)
= Oldenlandia auricularia (L.) F.Muell.; Syst. Census Austral. Pl. 74 (1882)
= Oldenlandia auricularia (L.) K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 4: 25 (1891)
= Oldenlandia auricularia var. macrophylla Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 104 (1922)
= Oldenlandia crataeogonum (Spreng.) Guillaumin; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 160 (1915)
= Oldenlandia leopoldvillensis De Wild.; Pl. Bequaert. 4: 427 (1932)
= Spermacoce hispida Miq ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 59 (1880), nom. inval.
= Spermacoce lineata Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 83 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 1: 375 (1820), Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 1: 369 (1832)
species :
Exallage barbata (Korth.) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2) (Afr. Sp. Oldenlandia): 142 (1952)
Distribution: NE-India (Meghalaya); Myanmar; Thailand; Borneo; ?Sumatera
40 IND 41 MYA THA 42 BOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Exallage fulva (Hook.f.) Neupane & N.Wikstr.; Taxon 64(2): 316 (2015)
= Hedyotis barbata Korth.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 2: 11. 160 (1851)
= Hedyotis fulva Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 58 (1880)
= Hedyotis fulva var. geddesiana (Craib) Fukuoka; S. E. Asian Stud. 8: 314 (1970)
= Hedyotis geddesiana Craib; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1931: 221 (1931)
= Hedyotis horneriana Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 183 (1857)
= Oldenlandia barbata (Korth.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 292 (1891)
= Oldenlandia horneriana (Miq.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 292 (1891)
species :
Exallage buruensis (Miq.) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2) (Afr. Sp. Oldenlandia): 142 (1952)
Distribution: Sulawesi; Philippines (Sibuyan, Panay); Moluccas (Buru)
42 MOL PHI SUL
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis buruensis (Miq.) Valeton ex Merr.; Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 3: 496 (1923)
= Hedyotis magallanensis Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 3: 976 (1911)
= Hedyotis parva Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 3: 162 (1908)
= Spermacoce buruensis Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 261 (1869)
species :
Exallage chrysotricha (Palib.) Neupane & N.Wikstr.; Taxon 64(2): 316 (2015)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Guizhou, Yunnan); Japan (Kyushu); Taiwan
36 CHI 38 JAP TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Anotis chrysotricha Palib.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 6: 20 (1906)
= Hedyotis chrysotricha (Palib.) Merr.; Lingnan Sci. J. 7: 322 (1931)
= Oldenlandia chrysotricha (Palib.) Chun; Sunyatsenia 1: 311 (1934)
= Oldenlandia kiusiana Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 24: 127 (1910)
species :
Exallage cilicaulis (Miq.) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2) (Afr. Sp. Oldenlandia): 142 (1952)
Distribution: +Lesser Sunda Isl. (+Sumbawa)
42 LSI
Remarks: last collected in 1847
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis ciliicaulis Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 179 (1857)
= Oldenlandia ciliicaulis (Miq.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 292 (1891)
species :
Exallage cristata (Willd.) Nandikar & K.C.Kishor; Blumea 64(3): 229 (2019)
Distribution: Nepal; India (Uttarakhand, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura); Nicobar Isl.; Bangladesh; Myanmar; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; Thailand; peninsular Malaysia; Jawa; Philippines; New Guinea
40 BAN IND NEP 41 CBD LAO MYA NCB THA VIE 42 JAW MLY NWG PHI
Remarks: see algo Hedyotis rigida which frequently has been confused with this taxon. Distribution data might possibly be mixed.
Synonyms: hidden
= Exallage costata (Roxb.) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2) (Afr. Sp. Oldenlandia): 142 (1952)
= Exallage lineata (DC.) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2) (Afr. Sp. Oldenlandia): 142 (1952)
= Hedyotis caerulea (Blume) Korth.; Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 2(2): 160 (1851), nom. illeg.
= Hedyotis capituliflora Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 183 (1857)
= Hedyotis costata (Roxb.) Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 45: 135 (1876), nom. illeg.
= Hedyotis vestita R.Br. ex G.Don; Gen. Hist. 3: 526 (1834)
= Metabolos caeruleus Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 992 (1826)
= Metabolos lineatus DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 435 (1830)
= Oldenlandia caerulea (Blume) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 292 (1891), nom. illeg.
= Oldenlandia costata (Roxb.) K.Schum.; Bot. Tidsskr. 24: 330 (1902)
= Oldenlandia vestita (R.Br. ex G.Don) Drake; J. Bot. [Morot] 9: 211 (1895), nom. illeg.
= Spermacoce costata Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 10 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 1: 376 (1820), Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 1: 370 (1832)
= Spermacoce cristata Willd.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 530 (1818)
species :
Exallage insularis (Roxb.) Neupane & N.Wikstr.; Taxon 64(2): 316 (2015)
Distribution: NE-India (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram); Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (North Andaman Isl., Middle Andaman Isl., South Andaman Isl., Little Andaman Isl.); Myanmar (Sagaing); Cambodia; peninsular Thailand; peninsular Malaysia (Perlis, Kedah, Penang, Perak)
40 BAN IND 41 AND CBD MYA THA 42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Exallage glabra (R.Br. ex Wall.) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch, Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2): 142 (1952)
= Hedyotis glabra R.Br. ex Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 848 (1829), nom. superfl.
= Hedyotis insularis (Spreng.) Deb & Ratna Dutta; Taxon 32(2): 285 (1983)
= Knoxia glabra (R.Br. ex Wall.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 569 (1830)
= Oldenlandia glabra (R.Br. ex Wall.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 292 (1891)
= Spermacoce glabra Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 83 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 1: 374 (1820), Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 1: 386 (1832), non Michx. (1803)
= Spermacoce insularis Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 104 (1824)
species :
Exallage lapeyrousei (DC.) Neupane & N.Wikstr.; Taxon 64(2): 316 (2015)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Australia (Queensland); Santa Cruz Isl. (Vanikoro); New Caledonia; Vanuatu; Fiji
42 NWG 50 AUS 60 FIJ NWC SCZ VAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis auricularia var. melanesica Fosberg; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 67: 419 (1940)
= Hedyotis lapeyrousei DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 420 (1830)
= Oldenlandia lapeyrousei (DC.) Terrell & H.Rob.; Taxon 52: 777 (2003)
species :
Exallage macrophylla (Zoll. & Moritzi) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2): 142 (1952)
Distribution: Jawa
42 JAW
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis iodoneura Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 181 (1857)
= Metabolos macrophyllus Zoll. & Moritzi; Syst. Verz. Arch. Ind. [Moritzi et al.] 63 (1846)
= Oldenlandia iodoneura (Miq.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 292 (1891)
species :
Exallage microcephala (Pierre ex Pit.) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2) (Afr. Sp. Oldenlandia): 142 (1952)
Distribution: Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam
41 CBD LAO VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis microcephala Pierre ex Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 101 (1922)
= Oldenlandia microcephala Pierre ex Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 101 (1922)
species :
Exallage pachycarpa (Ridl.) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2) (Afr. Sp. Oldenlandia): 142 (1952)
Distribution: Myanmar; Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Kelantan)
41 CBD MYA THA VIE 42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis pachycarpa Ridl.; J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10: 140 (1920)
species :
Exallage paradoxa (Kurz) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2) (Afr. Sp. Oldenlandia): 142 (1952)
Distribution: Andaman Isl. (South Andaman Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl., North Nicobar Isl., Central Nicobar Isl., Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar
41 AND MYA NCB
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis paradoxa Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 45: 135 (1876)
= Oldenlandia paradoxa (Kurz) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 292 (1891)
= Scleromitrion paradoxum (Kurz) Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 46(2): 137 (1877)
species :
Exallage parietarioides (Miq.) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2) (Afr. Sp. Oldenlandia): 142 (1952)
Distribution: Moluccas
42 MOL
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis parietarioides Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 225 (1869)
species :
Exallage perhispida (Elmer) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2) (Afr. Sp. Oldenlandia): 142 (1952)
Distribution: Palawan
42 PLW
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis perhispida Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 4: 1333 (1912)
= Lasianthus hispidus Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 1: 10 (1906)
species :
Exallage pressa (Pit.) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2) (Afr. Sp. Oldenlandia): 142 (1952)
Distribution: Cambodia; Vietnam
41 CBD VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis pressa Pierre ex Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 102 (1922), pro syn.
= Oldenlandia auricularia var. procumbens Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 291 (1891)
= Oldenlandia pressa Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 102 (1922)
species :
Exallage radicans (Bartl. ex DC.) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2): 142 (1952)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon, Catanduanes, Panay, Negros, Mindanao); New Guinea (Papua New Guinea); Australia (Queensland)
42 NWG PHI 50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis irosinensis Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 9: 3248 (1934)
= Hedyotis radicans (Bartl. ex DC.) Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 181 (1857)
= Hedyotis ramosii Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 8: 35 (1913)
= Metabolos radicans Bartl. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 435 (1830)
= Oldenlandia radicans (Bartl. ex DC.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 292 (1891)
species :
Exallage ulmifolia (Wall.) Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch, Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48: 142 (1952)
Distribution: China (Yunnan); Nepal; India (Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Sagaing, Taninthayi); Cambodia; Vietnam
36 CHI 40 BAN IND NEP 41 CBD MYA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedyotis lineata Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 10 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 1: 369 (1820), Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 1: 365 (1832)
= Hedyotis ulmifolia Wall.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 1: 370 (1820)
= Oldenlandia lineata (Roxb.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 292 (1891)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life