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246.0000 Family Rhamnaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 376 (1789), nom. cons.
72 genera, ca. 1150 spp. Phylogeny: Hauenschild et al. 2016, Wang et al. 2021
Species listed in database: 1196; hybrids: 27
= Frangulaceae DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 4(2): 619 (1805)
= Gouaniaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 2: 73 (1837)
= Phylicaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 186 (1858)
= Ziziphaceae Adans.; Lex. Gen. Phan. [Post & Kuntze] 665, 714 (1903)
246.1003 Genus Helinus E.Mey. ex Endl.; Gen. Pl. [Endlicher] 1102 (1840)
Distribution: Tropical and South Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula, Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal
Species listed in database: 5
= Mystacinus Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 30 (1838)
= Marlothia Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10: 39 (1889)
species :
Helinus brevipes Radlk.; Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Bremen 8: 385 (1883)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Mystacinus brevipes (Radlk.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 39 (1898)
species :
Helinus integrifolius (Lam.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 120 (1891)
Distribution: D. R. Congo [Zaire]; Ethiopia; Somalia; Soqotra; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]; Yemen (W-Yemen)
23 ZAI 24 ETH SOC SOM 25 KEN TAN 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF SWZ 35 YEM
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceanothus mystacinus DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 3: 31 (1828)
= Gouania integrifolia Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 3: 5 (1789)
= Helinus arabicus Jaub. & Spach; Ill. Pl. Orient. 5: 472 (1856)
= Helinus ovatus E.Mey.; Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Docum. [Drège] 190, nomen (1843), ex Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 1: 479
= Helinus ovatus var. rotundifolius Sond.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 1: 479 (1860)
= Helinus scandens (Eckl. & Zeyh.) A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 139 (1847)
= Helinus scandens (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Radlk. ex Weberb.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] III, 5: 426 (1896)
= Mystacinus arabicus (Jaub. & Spach) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 39 (1898)
= Mystacinus ovatus (E.Mey. ex Harv. & Sond.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 39 (1898)
= Willemetia scandens Eckl. & Zeyh.; Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. [Ecklon & Zeyher] 130 (1834-1835)
species :
Helinus lanceolatus Wall. ex Brandis; Forest Fl. N.W. India [Brandis] 574 (1874)
Distribution: Pakistan (Salt Range, Murree, Jhelum, Mirpur); Nepal; N-India (Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Myanmar
40 BAN IND NEP PAK 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Gouania lanceolata Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] 150, no. 4273 (1831), nomen
= Mystacinus lanceolatus (Brandis) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 39 (1898)
variant :
var. tomentella Bedd. ex Bhandari & Bhansali; Fasc. Fl. India 20: 44 (1990)
Distribution: India (Madhya Pradesh)
40 IND
species :
Helinus mystacinus (Aiton) E.Mey. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 742 (1841)
Distribution: E-D. R. Congo [Zaire]; ?Rwanda; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia; ?Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
23 ZAI 24 ERI ETH SOM 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MOZ ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceanothus mystacinus (Aiton) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 31 (1825)
= Colubrina mystacina (Aiton) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 2: 37 (1832)
= Helinus mystacinus f. pilosiusculus Radlk.; Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Bremen 8: 387 (1883)
= Helinus mystacinus f. tomentosus Radlk.; Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Bremen 8: 387 (1883)
= Helinus mystacinus var. somalensis Engl.; Veg. Erde [Engler & Drude] 9 (Pflanzenw. Afr.) 3(2): 316 (1921)
= Mystacinus cirrhifer Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 30 (1838), nom. superfl.
= Mystacinus mystacinus (E.Mey. ex Steud.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 39 (1898)
= Rhamnus mystacina Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 1: 266 (1789)
species :
Helinus spartioides (Engl.) Schinz ex Engl.; Veg. Erde [Engler & Drude] 9 (Pflanzenw. Afr.) 3(2): 316 (1921)
Distribution: Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (North-West Prov., N-Cape Prov.)
27 BOT NAM SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Marlothia spartioides Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10: 39 (1889)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life