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491.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14337; hybrids: 48
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
491.2207 Genus Hydnophytum Jack; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: 124 (1823)
Distribution: E-Malesia, W-Pacific, few to W-Malesia and Australia. To be included in an expanded Psychotria s. l., but the formal transfer has not yet been done. Species delimitation very disputed (lumping vs. splitting)
Species listed in database: 57
= Lasiostoma Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 422 (1825)
species :
Hydnophytum acuminicalyx Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 59 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum albertisii Becc.; Malesia 2: 124 136 (1884 publ. 1885)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum alboviride Merr. & L.M.Perry; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 21 (1945)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hydnophytum crassicaule P.Royen; Alpine Fl. New Guinea 4: 2672 (1983)
= Hydnophytum vacciniifolium P.Royen; Alpine Fl. New Guinea 4: 2668 (1983)
species :
Hydnophytum angustifolium Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 3: 162 (1908)
Distribution: Philippines (Mindanao)
42 PHI
species :
Hydnophytum archboldianum Merr. & L.M.Perry; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 16 (1945)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum bracteatum Valeton; Nova Guinea 8: 506 (1911)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum buxifolium Merr. & L.M.Perry; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 22 (1945)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum caminiferum Wistuba, U.Zimm., Gronem. & Marwinski; Taublatt 78(1): 45 (2014)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum confertifolium Merr. & L.M.Perry; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 20 (1945)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum cordifolium Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 129 (1927)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum dauloense Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 60 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum davisii Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 52 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum decipiens Merr. & L.M.Perry; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 20 (1945)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum dentrecastense Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 71 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum ellipticum Merr. & L.M.Perry; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 19 (1945)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum ferrugineum P.I.Forst.; Austrobaileya 6(1): 103 (2001)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland)
50 AUS
species :
Hydnophytum formicarum Jack; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: 124 (1823)
Distribution: Andaman Isl. (North Andaman Isl., Middle Andaman Isl., South Andaman Isl., Little Andaman Isl.); Myanmar (Taninthayi); E-Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Singapore; Sumatra; Borneo; Sulawesi; Philippines (Leyte, Luzon, Polillo, Mindanao, Mindoro, Dinagat); Java; Moluccas (Ambon, Ceram, Aru, etc.); New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Australia (Queensland)
41 AND CBD MYA THA VIE 42 BOR JAW MLY MOL NWG PHI SNG SUL SUM 50 AUS
Conservation Status: critically endangered (Singapore)
Synonyms: hidden
= Hydnophytum amboinense Becc.; Malesia 2: 124 138 (1884 publ. 1885)
= Hydnophytum andamanense Becc.; Malesia 2: 155, 156 (1885)
= Hydnophytum blumei Becc.; Malesia 2: 125 (1884)
= Hydnophytum borneense Becc.; Malesia 2: 125 (1885)
= Hydnophytum coriaceum Becc.; Malesia 2: 156, 158 (1885)
= Hydnophytum formicarum unranked blumei (Becc.) Becc.; Malesia 2: 164 (1885)
= Hydnophytum formicarum unranked dubium Becc.; Malesia 2: 165 (1885)
= Hydnophytum formicarum unranked zollingeri Becc.; Malesia 2: 167 (1885)
= Hydnophytum formicarum f. siamense Becc.; Malesia 2: 167 (1885)
= Hydnophytum formicarum Kurz; Forest Fl. Burma 2: 8 (1877), nom. illeg., non Jack 1823
= Hydnophytum formicarum montanum Becc.; Malesia 2: 159 (1885), nom. inval.
= Hydnophytum formicarum subsp. blumei Boerl.; Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. [Boerlage] 2(1): 143 (1891)
= Hydnophytum formicarum subsp. dubium (Becc.) Boerl.; Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. [Boerlage] 2(1): 143 (1891)
= Hydnophytum formicarum subsp. montanum (Becc.) Boerl.; Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. [Boerlage] 2(1): 143 (1891), nom. inval.
= Hydnophytum formicarum subsp. siamense (Becc.) Boerl.; Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. [Boerlage] 2(1): 143 (1891)
= Hydnophytum formicarum subsp. zollingeri (Becc.) Boerl.; Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. [Boerlage] 2(1): 143 (1891)
= Hydnophytum formicarum var. borneense (Becc.) Becc.; Malesia 2: 162 (1885)
= Hydnophytum formicarum var. buxifolium Becc.; Malesia 2: 163 (1885)
= Hydnophytum formicarum var. cochinchinense Becc.; Malesia 2: 163 (1885)
= Hydnophytum formicarum var. latifolium (Miq.) Becc.; Malesia 2: 160 (1885)
= Hydnophytum formicarum var. longifolium Becc.; Malesia 2: 161 (1885)
= Hydnophytum formicarum var. lucidum Becc.; Malesia 2: 164 (1885)
= Hydnophytum formicarum var. minor Becc.; Malesia 2: 161 (1885)
= Hydnophytum gaudichaudii Becc.; Malesia 2: 124 (1884)
= Hydnophytum inerme (Gaudich.) Bremek.; Blumea 5: 245 (1942)
= Hydnophytum inerme (Gaudich.) Bremek. ex Holthuis & H.J.Lam; Blumea 5: 245 (1942)
= Hydnophytum intermedium Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 3: 1039 (1911)
= Hydnophytum leytense Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 8: 390 (1913)
= Hydnophytum membranaceum Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 143 (1915)
= Hydnophytum mindorense Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 143 (1915)
= Hydnophytum montanum Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 956 (1826)
= Hydnophytum montanum var. latifolia Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 257 (1869)
= Hydnophytum nitidum Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 2: 307 (1907)
= Hydnophytum orbiculatum Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 5: 1860 (1913)
= Hydnophytum selebicum Becc.; Malesia 2: 125 (1884)
= Hydnophytum sumatranum Becc.; Malesia 2: 124 (1884)
= Lasiostoma formicarum (Jack) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 423 (1824)
= Myrmecodia inermis Gaudich.; Voy. Uranie [Freycinet] 472 (1830)
species :
Hydnophytum fusiforme Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 61 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum grandifolium Valeton; Nova Guinea 8: 773 (1912)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum hailans Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 62 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum hellwigii Warb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 209 (1894)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch.; Solomon Isl.
42 NWG 43 BIS SOL
Synonyms: hidden
= Hydnophytum parvifolium Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 140 (1927)
= Hydnophytum punamense Lauterb.; Nachtr. Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee [Schumann & Lauterbach] 401 (1905)
species :
Hydnophytum heterophyllum Merr. & L.M.Perry; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 15 (1945)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum kebarense Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 54 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum lanceolatum Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 257 (1869)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Hydnophytum lauterbachii Valeton; Nova Guinea 8: 505 (1911)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum linearifolium Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 135 (1927)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hydnophytum dolichophyllum Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 130 (1927)
= Hydnophytum linearifolium var. pedunculatum Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 136 (1927)
species :
Hydnophytum longipes Merr. & L.M.Perry; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 23 (1945)
Distribution: Bougainville
43 SOL
species :
Hydnophytum lucidulum Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 137 (1927)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum magnifolium Merr. & L.M.Perry; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 15 (1945)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum magnirubrum Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 68 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum mamberamoense Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 75 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum mayuense Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 63 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum microphyllum Becc.; Malesia 2: 126 174 (1884 publ. 1885)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum minirubrum Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 69 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum morotaiense Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 36 (2019)
Distribution: Moluccas (Morotai)
42 MOL
species :
Hydnophytum moseleyanum Becc.; Malesia 2: 125 (1884)
Name: Ant Plant (EN)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao); Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch. (New Britain, New Ireland, etc.); Solomon Isl. (Guadalcanal, etc.)
42 MOL NWG PHI 43 BIS SOL
Synonyms: hidden
= Hydnophytum agatifolium Valeton; Nova Guinea 8: 774 (1912)
= Hydnophytum brachycladum Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 142 (1915)
= Hydnophytum brassii S.Moore; J. Bot. 65: 271 (1927)
= Hydnophytum camporum S.Moore; J. Bot. 65: 271 (1927)
= Hydnophytum capitatum Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 129 (1927)
= Hydnophytum crassifolium Becc.; Malesia 2: 124 148 (1885)
= Hydnophytum cuneatum Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 133 (1927)
= Hydnophytum forbesii Hook.f.; Bot. Mag. t. 7218 (1892)
= Hydnophytum laurifolium Warb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 210 (1894)
= Hydnophytum longistylum Becc.; Malesia 2: 152 (1885)
= Hydnophytum loranthifolium (Benth.) Becc.; Malesia 2: 124 (1884)
= Hydnophytum macrophyllum Warb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 13: 441 (1891)
= Hydnophytum mindanaense Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 3: 1039 (1911)
= Hydnophytum montanum Scheff.; Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1: 31 (1876), nom. illeg.
= Hydnophytum moseleyanum var. teysmannii Becc.; Malesia 2: 151 (1885)
= Hydnophytum oblongum (Benth.) Becc.; Malesia 2: 124 (1884)
= Hydnophytum papuanum Becc.; Malesia 2: 124 (1884)
= Hydnophytum philippinense Becc.; Malesia 2: 125 (1884)
= Hydnophytum robustum Rech.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 186 (1912)
= Hydnophytum stewartii Fosberg; Lloydia 3: 123 (1940)
= Hydnophytum subfalcifolium Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 141 (1927)
= Hydnophytum subrotundum Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 142 (1927)
= Lasiostoma loranthifolium Benth.; London J. Bot. 2: 224 (1843)
= Lasiostoma oblongum Benth.; London J. Bot. 2: 223 (1843)
species :
Hydnophytum multituberosum Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 55 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum myrtifolium Merr. & L.M.Perry; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 19 (1945)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum orichalcum Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 76 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum ovatum Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 257 (1869)
Distribution: Moluccas (Ternate)
42 MOL
species :
Hydnophytum pauper Valeton ex Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 56 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum petiolatum Becc.; Malesia 2: 124 144 (1884 publ. 1885)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch.
42 NWG 43 BIS
Synonyms: hidden
= Hydnophytum kochii Valeton; Nova Guinea 8: 507 (1911)
variant :
var. argentatum Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 43 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
variant :
var. auridemens Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 43 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
variant :
var. contortum (Merr. & L.M.Perry) Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 43 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea
42 NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hydnophytum contortum Merr. & L.M.Perry; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 17 (1945)
variant :
var. lacum Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 44 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
variant :
var. ledermannii (Valeton) Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 44 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea
42 NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hydnophytum ledermannii Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 134 (1927)
variant :
var. nigrescens (Merr. & L.M.Perry) Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 45 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hydnophytum nigrescens Merr. & L.M.Perry; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 16 (1945)
species :
Hydnophytum puffii Y.W.Low, Sugau & K.M.Wong; Pl. Ecol. Evol. 149(1): 125 (2016)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia; Borneo (Sabah)
42 BOR MLY
species :
Hydnophytum radicans Becc.; Malesia 2: 123 132 (1884 publ. 1885)
Distribution: Moluccas (Aru, Kei Isl.); New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)
42 MOL NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hydnophytum albense Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 128 (1927)
= Hydnophytum amplifolium S.Moore; J. Bot. 65: 270 (1927)
= Hydnophytum keiense Becc.; Malesia 2: 131 (1885), orth. var.
= Hydnophytum kejense Becc.; Malesia 2: 123, t. 31 (1884)
= Hydnophytum kelelense Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 134 (1927)
= Hydnophytum montis-kani Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 138 (1927)
= Hydnophytum normale Becc.; Malesia 2: 123 130 (1884 publ. 1885)
= Hydnophytum simplex Becc.; Malesia 2: 123 (1884)
= Hydnophytum subnormale K.Schum.; Nachtr. Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee [Schumann & Lauterbach] 400 (1905)
species :
Hydnophytum ramispinum Merr. & L.M.Perry; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 22 (1945)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum reevii Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 65 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum spathulatum Valeton; Icon. Bogor. [Boerlage] t. 340 (1912)
Distribution: Moluccas
42 MOL
species :
Hydnophytum stenophyllum Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 140 (1927)
Distribution: New Guinea
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum subsessile Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 142 (1927)
Distribution: New Guinea
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum terrestris Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 67 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum tetrapterum Becc.; Malesia 2: 126 (1884), 173 (1885)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum tortuosum Becc.; Malesia 2: 124 (1884), 141 (1885)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum trichomanes Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 46 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum valetonii Jebb & C.R.Huxley; Blumea 64(1): 58 (2019)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum virgatum Valeton; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 143 (1927)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum vitis-idaea Merr. & L.M.Perry; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 21 (1945)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
species :
Hydnophytum zippelianum Becc.; Malesia 2: 174 (1885)
Distribution: New Guinea
42 NWG
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.03 (March 30th, 2026)

Covering 359,184 accepted species,
8,882 hybrids, 47,737 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,007,635 synonyms,
in total 1,423,438* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life