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492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14370; hybrids: 47
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
492.5301 Genus Hymenodictyon Wall.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 148 (1824), nom. cons.
Distribution: Tropical and S-Africa, India, Himalayas, SW-China, Indochina, W-Malesia, Sulawesi. Probably paraphyletic.
Species listed in database: 25
= Benteca Adans.; Fam. Pl. [Adanson] 2: 166 (1763), nom. rej.
= Kurria Hochst. & Steud.; Flora 24(1): 28 (1841)
species :
Hymenodictyon antakaranensis Razafim. & B.Bremer; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 152(3): 338 (2006)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Hymenodictyon austroafricanum J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows; Trees Shrubs Mozambique 1050 (2018)
Distribution: Mozambique; South Africa (Northern Prov.)
26 MOZ 27 SAF
species :
Hymenodictyon berivotrense Cavaco; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 111: 179 (1965)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hymenodictyon louhavate var. longicalyx Cavaco; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 111: 178 (1964)
= Hymenodictyon maevatananense Cavaco; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 111: 276 (1965)
species :
Hymenodictyon biafranum Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 42 (1877)
Distribution: Nigeria; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; Principe Isl.; São Tomé; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; D. R. Congo [Zaire]
22 NGA 23 BIO CMN CON GAB PRI SAO ZAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Hymenodictyon bracteatum K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 424 (1896)
= Hymenodictyon epidendron Mildbr. ex Hutch. & Dalziel; Fl. W. Trop. Afr. [Hutchinson & Dalziel] 2: 70 (1931)
= Hymenodictyon oreophyton Hoyle; J. Bot. 75: 168 (1937)
= Hymenodictyon reflexum Hoyle; J. Bot. 75: 169 (1937)
species :
Hymenodictyon decaryi Homolle; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 8: 26 (1939)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Hymenodictyon embergeri Cavaco; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 36: 699 (1965)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Hymenodictyon epiphyticum Razafim. & B.Bremer; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 152(3): 362 (2006)
Distribution: Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon
23 CMN EQG GAB
species :
Hymenodictyon flaccidum Wall.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 152 (1824)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan); Nepal; Bhutan; N-India (Meghalaya, Nagaland, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Mandalay); N-Thailand; Laos; Vietnam
36 CHI 40 BAN BHU IND NEP 41 LAO MYA THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Cinchona flaccida (Wall.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 4(2), Cur. Post.: 73 (1827)
species :
Hymenodictyon floribundum (Hochst. & Steud.) B.L.Rob.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 45: 404 (1910)
Distribution: Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D. R. Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia
22 BEN GHA GUI IVO LBR NGA SIE TOG 23 BUR CAF CMN CON GAB RWA ZAI 24 ERI ETH SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 NAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Hymenodictyon kurria Hochst.; Flora 26: 71 (1843), nom. superfl.
= Hymenodictyon kurria var. bequaertii De Wild.; Pl. Bequaert. 2: 201 (1923)
= Hymenodictyon kurria var. claessensii De Wild.; Pl. Bequaert. 2: 202 (1923)
= Hymenodictyon kurria var. elongatum Hochst.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 42 (1877)
= Hymenodictyon kurria var. tomentellum Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 437 (1898), nom. illeg.
= Kurria floribunda Hochst. & Steud.; Flora 24(1): 28 (1841)
species :
Hymenodictyon glabrum (Cavaco) Razafim. & B.Bremer; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 152(3): 345 (2006)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hymenodictyon occidentale var. glabrum Cavaco; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 111: 177 (1964)
species :
Hymenodictyon horsfieldii Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 154 (1856)
Distribution: Thailand; peninsular Malaysia; Sulawesi; Philippines; Jawa; Lesser Sunda Isl.; Moluccas
41 THA 42 JAW LSI MLY MOL PHI SUL
Synonyms: hidden
= Hymenodictyon koordersii K.Schum. ex Koord.; Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 63: 78 (1904)
species :
Hymenodictyon kaokoensis Swanepoel & van Jaarsv.; Phytotaxa 451(4): 258 (2020)
Distribution: Namibia
27 NAM
species :
Hymenodictyon leandrii Cavaco; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 8: 69 (1968)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Hymenodictyon louhavate Homolle; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 8: 27 (1939)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Hymenodictyon madagascaricum Baill. ex Razafim. & B.Bremer; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 152(3): 349 (2006)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hymenodictyon madagascaricum Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 7: 482 (1880)
species :
Hymenodictyon obovatum Wall.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 153 (1824)
Distribution: India (Bihar, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Hymenodictyon obovatum Wight; Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 1: t. 80 (1838), nom. illeg.
= Cinchona obovata Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 5(Suppl.): 73 (1828)
species :
Hymenodictyon occidentale Homolle; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 8: 27 (1939)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb.; Taxon 31(1): 66 (1982)
Distribution: China (Sichuan, Yunnan); Pakistan (Mirpur); Nepal; India (almost throughout excluding Jammu & Kashmir); Bangladesh; Andaman Isl.; Myanmar (Bago, Mandalay, Yangon); Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Langkawi Isl., Kedah, P. Aur, Johor); Palawan; Philippines (Luzon, Guimaras, Mindanao, Basilan); Jawa
36 CHI 40 BAN IND NEP PAK 41 AND CBD LAO MYA THA VIE 42 JAW MLY PHI PLW
Synonyms: hidden
= Benteca rheedei Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 706 (1819)
= Cinchona excelsa Roxb.; Pl. Coromandel 2: 4, t. 106 (1799)
= Cinchona orixensis Roxb.; Bot. Descr. Swietenia 21 (1793)
= Cinchona thyrsiflora Roxb.; (Hort. Bengal. 15 (1814), nomen), Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 151 (1824)
= Exostema philippicum Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 20 (1819)
= Hymenodictyon excelsum (Roxb.) Wall.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 149 (1824)
= Hymenodictyon excelsum var. canescens Pierre ex Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 57 (1922)
= Hymenodictyon excelsum var. subglabrum Pierre ex Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 56 (1922)
= Hymenodictyon excelsum var. velutinum Pierre ex Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 57 (1922)
= Hymenodictyon rheedei (Roem. & Schult.) M.R.Almeida & S.M.Almeida; J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 83(Suppl.): 223 (1987)
= Hymenodictyon thyrsiflorum Wall.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 151 (1824), nom. altern.
= Hymenodictyon utile Wight; Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 3: t. 1159 (1846)
species :
Hymenodictyon pachyantha K.Krause; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 57: 26 (1920)
Distribution: Ivory Coast; ?Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon
22 IVO NGA 23 CMN
Conservation Status: IUCN EN (Cameroon)
Synonyms: hidden
= Hymenodictyon gobiense Aubrév. & Pellegr.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 105: 34 (1958)
species :
Hymenodictyon parvifolium Oliv.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 15: t. 1488 (1885)
subspecies :
subsp. parvifolium
Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo)
25 KEN TAN 26 MOZ ZIM 27 SAF
subspecies :
subsp. scabrum (Stapf) Verdc.; Kew Bull. 31(1): 182 (1976)
Distribution: D. R. Congo [Zaire]; South Sudan; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe
23 ZAI 24 SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Hymenodictyon fimbriolatum K.Schum. ex De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 4, 1: 225 (1903)
= Hymenodictyon parvifolium var. fimbriolatum (K.Schum. ex De Wild.) Verdc.; Kew Bull. 31: 183 (1976)
= Hymenodictyon parvifolium var. scabrum (Stapf) Verdc.; Kew Bull. 31: 182 (1976)
= Hymenodictyon scabrum Stapf; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 519 (1906)
species :
Hymenodictyon perrieri Drake; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris n. s. 1: 48 (1898)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Hymenodictyon septentrionale Cavaco; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 111: 276 (1965)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Hymenodictyon seyrigii Cavaco; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 36: 700 (1965)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Hymenodictyon timoranum (Span.) Miq.; Pl. Ind. Bat. Orient. 2: 153 (1856)
Distribution: +Lesser Sunda Isl. (+Timor)
42 LSI
Remarks: last collected in 1836
Synonyms: hidden
= Cinchona timorana Span.; Linnaea 15: 315 (1841)
= Cinchona timorensis Span. ex Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 2: 509 (1843), orth. var.
= Hymenodictyon timoriense Klotzsch ex Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 6: 63 (1846), orth. var.
species :
Hymenodictyon tsingy Razafim. & B.Bremer; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 152(3): 355 (2006)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life