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231.0000 Family Zygophyllaceae R.Br.; Voy. Terra Austral. 2: 545 (1814), nom. cons.
26 genera, ca. 280 spp.
Species listed in database: 291; hybrids: 1
= Agialidaceae Wettst.; Handb. Syst. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 620 (1911)
= Balanitaceae M.Roem.; Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 1: 26 (1846), nom. cons.
= Tribulaceae Trautv.; Estestv. Istor. Gub. Kievsk. Uchebn. Okr. Bot. Sist. 28 (1853)
231.2004 Genus Kallstroemia Scop.; Intr. Hist. Nat. 212 (1777)
Distribution: America from S-USA to Argentina, Caribbean
Species listed in database: 19
= Heterozygis Bunge; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 2: 583 (1836), nom. nov. superfl. (Heterozygia)
= Ehrenbergia Mart.; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 72, t. 163 (1827)
species :
Kallstroemia adscendens (Andersson) B.L.Rob.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 38: 156 (1902)
Distribution: Galapagos
83 GAL
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus adscendens Andersson; Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 1853: 245 (1855)
species :
Kallstroemia boliviana Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 11: 161 (1936)
Distribution: Peru; Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz, Potosí, Santa Cruz, Tarija)
83 BOL PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Tribulus maximus var. roseus Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 30 (1898)
species :
Kallstroemia californica (S.Watson) Vail; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 230 (1895)
Name: California caltrop
Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas, Utah); Mexico (Veracruz, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Durango, Coahuila, Sonora, Sinaloa, Aguascalientes, etc.)
76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Kallstroemia brachystylis Vail; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 206 (1897)
= Kallstroemia californica var. brachystylis (Vail) Kearney & Peebles; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 29: 485 (1939)
= Tribulus brachystylis (Vail) B.L.Rob.; Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1(1): 354 (1897)
= Tribulus californicus S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 11: 125 (1876)
species :
Kallstroemia curta Rydb.; Fl. Curaçao 45 (1914)
Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti; Aruba; Curacao
81 ARU CUR HIS
species :
Kallstroemia grandiflora Torr. ex A.Gray; Pl. Wright. [A.Gray] 1: 28 (1852)
Name: Arizona poppy
Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas); Mexico (Veracruz, Jalisco, Durango, Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Coahuila, etc.)
76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Kallstroemia grandiflora var. detonsa A.Gray; Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3(5): 28 (1852)
= Tribulus fisheri Kellogg; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 7: 162 (1877)
= Tribulus grandiflorus (Torr. ex A.Gray) Benth. & Hook.f. ex S.Watson; Bibliogr. Index N. Amer. Bot. 149 (1878)
species :
Kallstroemia hageri Rebman; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 16(1): 336, figs. 1-2 (2022)
Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Norte)
79 MEX
species :
Kallstroemia hintonii D.M.Porter; Contr. Gray Herb. 198: 146 (1969)
Distribution: Mexico (Michoacán, etc.)
79 MEX
species :
Kallstroemia hirsutissima Vail; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 670 (1903)
Name: Hairy caltrop
Distribution: USA (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas); Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, Queretaro, Hidalgo, México State)
76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX
species :
Kallstroemia incana Rydb.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 51: 3 (1924)
Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti
81 HIS
species :
Kallstroemia maxima (L.) Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beechey Voy. 282 (1838)
Name: Big caltrop (EN)
Distribution: USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Texas); Mexico (Sinaloa, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, Queretaro, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán, México State, Morelos, Veracruz, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche, Yucatan, Quintana Roo); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Bahamas; Cuba; Cayman Isl.; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (Guana, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda); Anguilla; St. Martin/St. Maarten; St. Barthélémy; Saba; St. Eustatius; St. Kitts; Antigua; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; Grenadines; St. Vincent; Grenada; Barbados; Trinidad; Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Cauca, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Tolima, Valle); Isla Margarita; Venezuela (Anzoategui, Aragua, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Trujillo, Zulia); French Guiana; Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz, Tarija); NE-Brazil (Piauí, Pernambuco, Bahia, Alagoas); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Pres. Hayes); Argentina (Catamarca, Chaco, Formosa, Jujuy, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, Santiago del Estero, San Juan, Tucuman)
77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 ABA AGU BAH BBD CAY CUB DOM GDL GRE HIS JAM MAR MTS PUE SAB SBA STE STK STM STV TRT VEN VIR 82 CLM FRG VEN 83 BOL 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Ehrenbergia tribuloides Mart.; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 72, t. 73 (1827)
= Kallstroemia canescens Rydb.; N. Amer. Fl. [Britton et al., eds.] 25: 113 (1910)
= Kallstroemia tribuloides (Mart.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 844 (1841)
= Kallstroemia tribuloides (Mart.) Wight & Arn.; Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. [Wight & Arnott] 1: 145 (1834)
= Kallstroemia tribulus Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner] 2: 43 (1837)
= Tribulus brasiliensis Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 4(2), Cur. Post.: 343 (1827)
= Tribulus decolor Macfad.; Fl. Jamaica [Macfadyen] 1: 186 (1837)
= Tribulus dimidiatus Raf.; Autik. Bot. 176 (1840)
= Tribulus maximus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 386 (1753)
= Tribulus terrestris Muhl.; Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept. 43 (1813)
= Tribulus trijugatus Nutt.; Gen. N. Amer. Pl. [Nuttall] 1: 277 (1818)
= Tribulus tuberculatus Sessé & Moc.; Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 109 (1894)
species :
Kallstroemia parviflora Norton; Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 153 (1898)
Name: Warty caltrop
Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, District of Columbia, Illinois, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Mississippi, New Mexico, Nevada, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah); Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Durango, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, Queretaro, Hidalgo, México Distrito Federal); Colombia [I] (Cundinamarca [I]); Ecuador [I]; Peru [I]
73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 82 clm 83 ecu per
Synonyms: hidden
= Kallstroemia intermedia Rydb.; N. Amer. Fl. [Britton et al., eds.] 25: 113 (1910)
= Kallstroemia laetevirens Thornber; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 143 (1913)
species :
Kallstroemia peninsularis D.M.Porter; Contr. Gray Herb. 198: 136 (1969)
Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Sur)
79 MEX
species :
Kallstroemia pennellii D.M.Porter; Contr. Gray Herb. 198: 130 (1969)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Kallstroemia perennans B.L.Turner; Field & Lab. 18: 155 (1950)
Name: Perennial caltrop
Distribution: USA (Texas)
77 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Kallstroemia hirsuta L.O.Williams; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 22: 49 (1935)
species :
Kallstroemia porteri B.L.Turner; Phytologia 98(2): 89, fig. 1, maps 1-16 (2016)
Distribution: Mexico (Puebla)
79 MEX
species :
Kallstroemia pubescens (G.Don) Dandy; Kew Bull. [10]: 138 (1955)
Name: Caribbean caltrop
Distribution: Guinea [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; Benin [I]; India [I] (Bihar [I], Maharashtra [I], West Bengal [I]); Bangladesh [I]; USA (Florida); Mexico (Campeche, Yucatan, Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa); Guatemala; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Jamaica; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (Guana, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola); St. Barthélémy; Saba; St. Eustatius; St. Kitts; Antigua; Barbuda; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; St. Lucia; Grenadines; St. Vincent; Grenada; Barbados; Tobago; Aruba; Bonaire; Curacao; Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Huila, Magdalena, Sucre, Valle); Venezuela; Ecuador; Peru
22 ben bkn gui 40 ban ind 78 USA 79 MEX 80 COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 ABA ARU BBD BON CUR GDL GRE JAM MTS PUE SAB SBA STE STK STL STV TRT VIR 82 CLM VEN 83 ECU PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Kallstroemia caribaea Rydb.; N. Amer. Fl. [Britton et al., eds.] 25: 111 (1910)
= Kallstroemia glabrata Rydb.; N. Amer. Fl. [Britton et al., eds.] 25: 112 (1910)
= Kallstroemia longipes Rydb.; N. Amer. Fl. [Britton et al., eds.] 25: 114 (1910)
= Kallstroemia minor Hook.f.; Niger Fl. [W.J.Hooker] 269 (1849)
= Tribulus maximus var. minor (Hook.f.in Hook.) Oliv.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 1: 284 (1868)
= Tribulus pubescens G.Don; Gen. Hist. 1: 769 (1831)
species :
Kallstroemia rosei Rydb.; N. Amer. Fl. [Britton et al., eds.] 25: 113 (1910)
Distribution: Mexico (Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Durango, Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, Queretaro, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, México State, Morelos, Puebla, Guerrero, Sinaloa, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz)
79 MEX
species :
Kallstroemia standleyi D.M.Porter; Contr. Gray Herb. 198: 125 (1969)
Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca)
79 MEX
species :
Kallstroemia tucumanensis Descole, O´Donell & Lourteig; Lilloa 4: 218 (1939)
Distribution: Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Tarija); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay); Argentina (Catamarca, Chaco, Cordoba, Entre Rios, Jujuy, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, San Juan, San Luis, Tucuman)
83 BOL 85 ARG PAR
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.12 (Dec. 21st, 2025)

Covering 358,226 accepted species,
8,847 hybrids, 48,003 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,006,142 synonyms,
in total 1,421,218* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

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