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492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14370; hybrids: 47
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
492.6514 Genus Pentagonia Möhring ex Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 381 (1891)
Distribution: Tropical America
Species listed in database: 44
= Megaphyllum Spruce ex Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 7: 457 (1880)
= Nothophlebia Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 438 (1914)
= Seemannia Hook.; London J. Bot. 7: 567 (1848)
= Striolaria Ducke; Bol. Tecn. Inst. Agron. N. 4: 27 (1945)
= Watsonamra Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 302 (1891)
species :
Pentagonia amazonica (Ducke) L.Andersson & Rova; Fl. Ecuador 74: 22 (2004)
Distribution: Ecuador; Peru; N-Brazil (Amazonas, Acre)
83 ECU PER 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Striolaria amazonica Ducke; Bol. Tecn. Inst. Agron. N. 4: 28 (1945)
species :
Pentagonia angustifolia C.M.Taylor; Novon 12(4): 559 (2002)
Distribution: Panama; Colombia (Antioquia, Chocó, Valle)
80 PAN 82 CLM
species :
Pentagonia australis C.M.Taylor & Janovec; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5(2): 507 (2011)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Pentagonia baumannii Cornejo & Rova; Harvard Pap. Bot. 24(2): 121 (2019)
Distribution: Ecuador
83 ECU
species :
Pentagonia bocalaurensis Dwyer; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67: 321 (1980)
Distribution: Panama
80 PAN
species :
Pentagonia bonifaziana Cornejo; Harvard Pap. Bot. 11(1): 19 (2006)
Distribution: Ecuador
83 ECU
species :
Pentagonia breviloba L.Andersson & Rova; Fl. Ecuador 74: 32 (2004)
Distribution: Ecuador
83 ECU
species :
Pentagonia carniflora Cornejo & Rova; Harvard Pap. Bot. 24(2): 123 (2019)
Distribution: Colombia
82 CLM
species :
Pentagonia chocoensis Cornejo; Revista Ci. Nat. Ambientales 8(1): 2 (2014)
Distribution: Colombia (Chocó)
82 CLM
species :
Pentagonia clementinensis Cornejo; Novon 19: 28 (2009)
Distribution: Colombia (Nariño); Ecuador
82 CLM 83 ECU
species :
Pentagonia costaricensis (Standl.) W.C.Burger & C.M.Taylor; Fieldiana, Bot., n. s. 33: 213 (1993)
Distribution: Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia (Antioquia, Chocó)
80 COS NIC PAN 82 CLM
Synonyms: hidden
= Nothophlebia costaricensis Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 438 (1914)
species :
Pentagonia donnell-smithii (Standl.) Standl.; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 170 (1927)
Distribution: Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Colombia (Antioquia, Cauca, Chocó); Ecuador
80 COS GUA HON NIC 82 CLM 83 ECU
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentagonia monocaulis C.M.Taylor; Novon 12(4): 561 (2002)
= Watsonamra donnell-smithii Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 442 (1914)
species :
Pentagonia dwyeriana C.M.Taylor; Novon 12(4): 559 (2002)
Distribution: Panama
80 PAN
species :
Pentagonia gambagam Hammel & Aguilar; Phytoneuron 2015-46: 2 (2015)
Distribution: Costa Rica
80 COS
species :
Pentagonia gigantifolia Ducke; Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 5: 181 (1930)
Distribution: E-Peru
83 PER
species :
Pentagonia gomez-lauritoi Hammel; Phytoneuron 2015-46: 6 (2015)
Distribution: Costa Rica; Panama
80 COS PAN
species :
Pentagonia grandiflora Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 17: 217 (1937)
Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Nariño, Valle); Ecuador; Peru
82 CLM 83 ECU PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentagonia gigantophylla Standl. ex Steyerm.; Acta Biol. Venez. 4: 87 (1964)
species :
Pentagonia gymnopoda (Standl.) Standl.; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 171 (1927)
Distribution: Panama
80 PAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Watsonamra gymnopoda Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 444 (1914)
species :
Pentagonia hirsuta Standl.; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 165 (1928)
Distribution: Costa Rica; Panama
80 COS PAN
species :
Pentagonia imparipinnata Cornejo; Revista Ci. Nat. Ambientales 8(1): 4 (2014)
Distribution: Colombia (Chocó)
82 CLM
species :
Pentagonia involucrata C.M.Taylor; Novon 6(2): 217 (1996)
Distribution: Colombia (Nariño); Ecuador; Peru
82 CLM 83 ECU PER
species :
Pentagonia lanciloba Cornejo; Brittonia 62(1): 7 (2010)
Distribution: Colombia (Nariño); Ecuador
82 CLM 83 ECU
species :
Pentagonia lobata C.M.Taylor; Novon 5(2): 202 (1995)
Distribution: Costa Rica; Colombia (Antioquia)
80 COS 82 CLM
species :
Pentagonia macrophylla Benth.; Bot. Voy. Sulphur [Bentham] 105 (1845)
Distribution: Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia (Antioquia, Bolívar, Caquetá, Cauca, Chocó, Nariño, Putumayo, Valle); Ecuador; Peru
80 COS PAN 82 CLM 83 ECU PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentagonia cuatrecasasii Standl. ex Steyerm.; Acta Biol. Venez. 4: 84 (1964)
= Pentagonia orthoneura Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 7: 212 (1931)
= Pentagonia pubescens (Standl.) Standl.; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 170 (1927)
= Pentagonia sprucei Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 7: 213 (1931)
= Pentagonia veraguensis Dwyer; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67: 328 (1980)
= Watsonamra macrophylla (Benth.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 302 (1891)
= Watsonamra pubescens Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 441 (1914)
species :
Pentagonia magnifica K.Krause; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40: 325 (1908)
Distribution: Colombia (Cauca, Chocó, Nariño, Valle); Peru
82 CLM 83 PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Watsonamra magnifica (K.Krause) Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 441 (1914)
species :
Pentagonia microcarpa L.Andersson & Rova; Fl. Ecuador 74: 37 (2004)
Distribution: Ecuador; Peru
83 ECU PER
species :
Pentagonia nuciformis Dwyer; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67: 326 (1980)
Distribution: Costa Rica; Panama
80 COS PAN
species :
Pentagonia osaensis C.M.Taylor; Novon 20(4): 477 (2010)
Distribution: Costa Rica
80 COS
species :
Pentagonia osapinnata Aguilar, N.Zamora & Hammel; Phytoneuron 2015-46: 9 (2015)
Distribution: Costa Rica
80 COS
species :
Pentagonia pachiteana Cornejo; Harvard Pap. Bot. 11(1): 22 (2006)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Pentagonia parvifolia Steyerm.; Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 25: 232 (1964)
Distribution: Panama; Colombia (Amazonas, Cauca); Ecuador; Peru
80 PAN 82 CLM 83 ECU PER
species :
Pentagonia pinnatifida Seem.; J. Bot. [Hooker] 7: 566 (1848)
Distribution: Panama; Colombia (Antioquia, Chocó)
80 PAN 82 CLM
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentagonia brachyotis (Standl.) Standl.; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 171 (1927)
= Pentagonia pittieri (Standl.) Standl.; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 170 (1927)
= Watsonamra brachyotis Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 443 (1914)
= Watsonamra pinnatifida (Seem.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 302 (1891)
= Watsonamra pittieri Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 443 (1914)
species :
Pentagonia plicatifolia Majín-L. & M.A.Jaram.; Brittonia 77(1): 78 (2024)
Distribution: Colombia
82 CLM
species :
Pentagonia rubriflora D.R.Simpson; Fieldiana, Bot. 36: 9 (1972)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
species :
Pentagonia sanblasensis C.M.Taylor; Novon 12(4): 561 (2002)
Distribution: Panama
80 PAN
species :
Pentagonia spathicalyx K.Schum.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(6): 302 (1889)
Distribution: Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Putumayo); Ecuador; Peru; N-Brazil (Acre)
82 CLM 83 ECU PER 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentagonia grantii Steyerm.; Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 25: 250 (1964)
= Pentagonia peruviana Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 326 (1929)
= Pentagonia velutina Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 347 (1931)
= Pentagonia woronovii Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 166 (1930)
= Watsonamra spathicalyx (K.Schum.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 302 (1891)
species :
Pentagonia subauriculata Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 347 (1931)
Distribution: Ecuador; Peru
83 ECU PER
species :
Pentagonia subsessilis L.Andersson & Rova; Fl. Ecuador 74: 35 (2004)
Distribution: Ecuador
83 ECU
species :
Pentagonia tapacula Cornejo; Novon 19: 25 (2009)
Distribution: Colombia (Valle)
82 CLM
species :
Pentagonia tinajita Seem.; Bot. Voy. Herald [Seemann] 134 (1854)
Distribution: Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia (Chocó); Ecuador
80 COS PAN 82 CLM 83 ECU
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentagonia alba Dwyer; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67: 321 (1980)
= Pentagonia alfaroana (Standl.) Standl.; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 171 (1927)
= Watsonamra alfaroana Standl.; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 287 (1925)
= Watsonamra tinajita (Seem.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 302 (1891)
species :
Pentagonia villosula L.Andersson & Rova; Fl. Ecuador 74: 25 (2004)
Distribution: Ecuador
83 ECU
species :
Pentagonia wendlandii Hook.f.; Bot. Mag. 87: t. 5230 (1861)
Distribution: Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia (Chocó, Valle); ?Peru
80 COS PAN 82 CLM
Synonyms: hidden
= Watsonamra wendlandii (Hook.f.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 320 (1891)
species :
Pentagonia williamsii Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 167 (1930)
Distribution: Ecuador; ?Peru; N-Brazil (Acre)
83 ECU 84 BRA
species :
Pentagonia wurdackii Steyerm.; Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 25: 233 (1964)
Distribution: Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Caquetá, Putumayo); Ecuador; Peru; N-Brazil (Acre)
82 CLM 83 ECU PER 84 BRA
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life