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492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14370; hybrids: 47
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
492.2909 Genus Pentas Benth.; Bot. Mag. t. 4086 (1844)
Distribution: Africa from W-Africa to Somalia and south to Angola and Natal, Comores, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula
Species listed in database: 16
= Neurocarpaea R.Br.; Voy. Abyss. [Salt] App. 64 (1814)
= Orthostemma Wall. ex Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 384 (1845)
= Vignaldia A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 357 (1847)
species :
Pentas angustifolia (A.Rich. ex DC.) Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 312 (1953)
Distribution: Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga)
26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentas carnea var. welwitschii Scott Elliot; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 434 (1896)
= Pentas transvaalensis Baer; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 68: 433 (1923)
= Pentas woodii Scott Elliot; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 434 (1896)
= Sipanea angustifolia A.Rich.; Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 5: 276 (1834)
species :
Pentas arvensis Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 47 (1877)
Distribution: Nigeria; Cameroon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; South Sudan; Uganda; Kenya
22 NGA 23 CAF CMN CON 24 SSU 25 KEN UGA
Synonyms: hidden
= Neurocarpaea arvensis (Hiern) Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1(2): 438 (1898)
species :
Pentas caffensis Chiov.; Atti Reale Accad. Italia, Mem. Cl. Sci. Fis. 11 [Pl. Nov. Aethiop.]: 33 (1940)
Distribution: Ethiopia
24 ETH
species :
Pentas cleistostoma K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 419 (1896)
Distribution: Gabon; D. R. Congo [Zaire]; Angola
23 GAB ZAI 26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Neurocarpaea arvensis var. violacea Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 438 (1898)
= Pentas arvensis var. violacea Hiern ex Scott Elliot; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 436 (1896), nomen
= Pentas cleistostoma var. poggeana K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 419 (1896)
species :
Pentas glabrescens Baker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 215 (1895)
subspecies :
subsp. glabrescens
Distribution: Somalia
24 SOM
Synonyms: hidden
= Otomeria rupestris Hiern; J. Bot. 37: 59 (1899)
subspecies :
subsp. brevituba Verdc.; Kew Bull. 21: 247 (1967)
Distribution: Somalia
24 SOM
species :
Pentas herbacea (Hiern) K.Schum.; Just´s Bot. Jahresber. 26(1): 392 (1900)
Distribution: Central African Republic; D. R. Congo [Zaire]; Burundi; South Sudan; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia
23 BUR CAF ZAI 24 SSU 25 TAN 26 ANG ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Neurocarpaea herbacea Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 439 (1898)
species :
Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers; Voyage Yemen 142 (1889)
subspecies :
subsp. lanceolata
Name: Star cluster (Bahamas), Lluvia de estrellas (Dominican Republic), Pentas (Puerto Rico), Egyptian starcluster (Virgin Isl.)
Distribution: Togo; Chad (incl. Tibesti); Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Djibouti; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Mozambique; Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, Asir); Yemen (Aden Desert, W-Yemen); China [I] (Fujian [I], Guangdong [I]); Bangladesh [c]; Andaman Isl. [I] (South Andaman Isl. [I]); Myanmar [I]; Philippines [c]; Jawa [I]; Norfolk Isl. [I]; Rotuma Isl. [I]; Vanuatu [I]; Niue [I]; Fiji [I]; Gilbert Isl. [I] (Tarawa [I]); Cook Isl. [I] (Mangaia [I], Mauke [I]); Society Isl. [I] (Tahiti [I], Moorea [I], Raiatea [I], Tahaa [I], Maupiti [I]); Tuamotu Arch. [I] (Makatea Isl. [I], Rangiroa Atoll [I]); Austral Isl. [I] (Tubuai [I]); Palau [I]; Northern Marianas [I] (Rota [I]); Fed. States of Micronesia [I] (Pohnpei [I]); Marshall Isl. [I] (Kwajalein [I]); Hawaii [I] (Hawaii Isl. [I]); Mexico [I]; Belize [I]; Honduras [I]; Bahamas [I]; Hispaniola [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Virgin Isl. [I] (St. Croix [I]); Montserrat [I]; Guadeloupe [I]; Martinique [I]; Trinidad & Tobago [I]; Colombia [I]; Isla Margarita [I]
22 TOG 24 CHA DJI ETH SSU SUD 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MOZ 29 mau reu 35 SAU YEM 36 chi 40 ban 41 and mya 42 jaw phi 50 nfk 60 fij gil nue rot van 61 aui coo sci tua 62 mic mrn mrs plu 63 haw 79 mex 80 blz hon 81 bah gdl his mar mts pue trt ven vir 82 clm
Synonyms: hidden
= Manettia lanceolata (Forssk.) Vahl; Symb. Bot. [Vahl] 1: 12 (1790)
= Mussaenda aegyptiaca Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 4: 394 (1797), nom. superfl.
= Mussaenda lanceolata (Forssk.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 706 (1824), nom. superfl.
= Mussaenda luteola Delile; Voy. Méroé 4: 65 (1827), nom. superfl.
= Neurocarpaea lanceolata (Forssk.) R.Br.; Voy. Abyss. [Salt] App. 4: 64 (1814)
= Ophiorrhiza lanceolata Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 42 (1775)
= Pentanisia suffruticosa Klotzsch; Naturw. Reise Mossambique [Peters] 287 (1861)
= Pentas ainsworthii Scott Elliot; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 433 (1896)
= Pentas carnea Benth.; Bot. Mag. 70: t. 4086 (1844)
= Pentas carnea var. rosea John Edwards; Natl. Gard. Alman. 1855: 317 (1855)
= Pentas klotzschii Vatke; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 25: 231 (1875)
= Pentas lanceolata f. velutina Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 344 (1953)
= Pentas lanceolata var. carnea (Benth.) Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 345 (1953)
= Pentas lanceolata var. membranacea Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 344 (1953)
= Pentas schweinfurthii Scott Elliot; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 432 (1896)
= Pseudomussaenda lanceolata (Forssk.) Wernham; J. Bot. 54: 298 (1916)
= Psychotria arabica Klotzsch; Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1, 52(1): 257 (1866)
= Sipanea carnea Neumann; Rev. Hort. (Paris), Sér. 2, 2: 445 (1844)
= Vignaldia luteola Schweinf.; Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. [Schweinfurth] 282 (1867), nom. superfl.
= Virecta carnea (Benth.) Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 7: 331 (1880)
= Virecta lanceolata (Forssk.) Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 7: 380 (1880)
variant :
var. angustifolia Verdc.; Kew Bull. 30(2): 288 (1975)
Distribution: Tanzania
25 TAN
variant :
var. leucaster (K.Krause) Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 347 (1953)
Distribution: D. R. Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania
23 RWA ZAI 24 ETH SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentas coerulea Chiov.; Atti Reale Accad. Italia, Mem. Cl. Sci. Fis. 11 [Pl. Nov. Aethiop.]: 34 (1940)
= Pentas leucaster K.Krause; Wiss. Ergebn. Deut. Zentr.-Afr. Exped. (1907-1908), Bot. 2: 312 (1911)
variant :
var. nemorosa (Chiov.) Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 349 (1953)
Distribution: Ethiopia; Kenya; Tanzania
24 ETH 25 KEN TAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentas parvifolia var. nemorosa Chiov.; Lav. Reale Ist. Bot. Univ. Modena 6: 52 (1935)
variant :
var. oncostipula (K.Schum.) Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 351 (1953)
Distribution: Tanzania; Malawi; Mozambique
25 TAN 26 MLW MOZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentanisia nervosa Klotzsch; Naturw. Reise Mossambique [Peters] 287 (1861)
= Pentas lanceolata var. alba Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 349 (1953)
= Pentas oncostipula K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 329 (1904)
variant :
var. usambarica Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 351 (1953)
Distribution: Tanzania
25 TAN
subspecies :
subsp. cymosa (Klotzsch) Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 345 (1953)
Distribution: Comores
29 COM
Synonyms: hidden
= Mussaenda luteola Hochst. ex A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 357 (1848), nom. illeg.
= Orthostemma roseum Wall. ex Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 384 (1845)
= Pentanisia cymosa Klotzsch; Naturw. Reise Mossambique [Peters] 287 (1861)
= Pentas carnea var. comorensis Scott Elliot; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 434 (1896)
= Pentas carnea var. hortensis Scott Elliot; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 433 (1896)
subspecies :
subsp. quartiniana (A.Rich.) Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 346 (1953)
Distribution: Congo [Brazzaville]; D. R. Congo [Zaire]; Burundi; Ethiopia
23 BUR CON ZAI 24 ETH
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentas quartiniana (A.Rich.) Oliv.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 29: 82 (1873)
= Pentas verruculosa Chiov.; Atti Reale Accad. Italia, Mem. Cl. Sci. Fis. 11 [Pl. Nov. Aethiop.]: 35 (1940)
= Vignaldia quartiniana A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 357 (1848)
= Vignaldia quartiniana var. grandiflora Schweinf.; Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. [Schweinfurth] 140 (1867)
species :
Pentas micrantha Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 408 (1886)
subspecies :
subsp. micrantha
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
subspecies :
subsp. wyliei (N.E.Br.) Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 308 (1953)
Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Mozambique; South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]
25 TAN 26 MOZ ZAM 27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentas wyliei N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1901: 123 (1901)
= Pentas zanzibarica var. membranacea Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 323 (1953)
= Pentas zanzibarica var. pembensis Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 324 (1953)
species :
Pentas nervosa Hepper; Kew Bull. 14: 254 (1960)
Distribution: Nigeria; Cameroon
22 NGA 23 CMN
species :
Pentas pauciflora Baker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 215 (1895)
Distribution: Somalia
24 SOM
Synonyms: hidden
= Otomeria calycina Hiern; J. Bot. 37: 58 (1899)
species :
Pentas pubiflora S.Moore; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: 254 (1908)
Distribution: Cameroon; D. R. Congo [Zaire]; Burundi; Uganda; Kenya; Mozambique
23 BUR CMN ZAI 25 KEN UGA 26 MOZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentas pubiflora var. longistyla S.Moore; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: 254 (1908)
species :
Pentas purpurea Oliv.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 29: 83 (1873)
subspecies :
subsp. purpurea
Distribution: Nigeria; Cameroon; D. R. Congo [Zaire]; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
22 NGA 23 CMN ZAI 25 TAN 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentas purpurea var. buchananii Scott Elliot; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 436 (1896)
= Pentas stolzii K.Schum. & K.Krause; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 522 (1907)
= Neurocarpaea purpurea (Oliv.) Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 438 (1898)
subspecies :
subsp. mechowiana (K.Schum.) Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 334 (1953)
Distribution: Angola; Zambia; Zimbabwe
26 ANG ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentas mechowiana K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 420 (1896)
species :
Pentas purseglovei Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 329 (1953)
Distribution: South Sudan; Uganda
24 SSU 25 UGA
species :
Pentas suswaensis Verdc.; Kirkia 5: 274 (1966)
Distribution: Kenya
25 KEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentas lanceolata subsp. longituba Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 344 (1953)
species :
Pentas tibestica Quézel; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 48: 92 (1957)
Distribution: Chad (Tibesti)
24 CHA
species :
Pentas zanzibarica (Klotzsch) Vatke; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 25: 232 (1875)
subspecies :
subsp. zanzibarica
Distribution: D. R. Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Malawi; Jawa [I]; Society Isl. [I] (Raiatea [I]); Hispaniola [I]
23 RWA ZAI 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW 42 jaw 61 sci 81 his
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentanisia zanzibarica Klotzsch; Naturw. Reise Mossambique [Peters] 286 (1861)
variant :
var. haroniensis Verdc.; Fl. Zambes. 5(1): 76 (1989)
Distribution: Zimbabwe
26 ZIM
variant :
var. intermedia Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 324 (1953)
Distribution: Rwanda; Burundi; Uganda
23 BUR RWA 25 UGA
variant :
var. latifolia Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 326 (1953)
Distribution: Tanzania
25 TAN
variant :
var. rubra Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 322 (1953)
Distribution: D. R. Congo [Zaire]; Uganda
23 ZAI 25 UGA
variant :
var. tenuifolia Verdc.; Kew Bull. 30(2): 288 (1975)
Distribution: Kenya
25 KEN
subspecies :
subsp. milangiana (Verdc.) Verdc.; Fl. Zambes. 5(1): 76 (1989)
Distribution: Malawi; Mozambique
26 MLW MOZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentas zanzibarica var. milangiana Verdc.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23: 326 (1953)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life