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452.0000 Family Asteraceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 55 (1822)
1620 genera, ca. 29.000 spp. (35.000 spp. incl. microspecies). Systematics taken mostly from Funk et al. (2009, 2020) and Zuntini et al. (2024). Barnadesioideae (so far treated as most basal member of Asteraceae) might be a separate family, more related to Calyceraceae.
Species listed in database: 35419; hybrids: 684
= Acarnaceae Link; (1829)
= Ambrosiaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820), nom. cons.
= Anthemidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Aposeridaceae Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 106 (1838)
= Arctotaceae Bessey; Univ. Stud. Nebraska 14: 107 (1914)
= Arctotidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Artemisiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 48 (1820)
= Athanasiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 56 (1820)
= Calendulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Carduaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Carlinaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Centaureaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Cichoriaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 168 (1789), nom. cons.
= Cnicaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 297 (1818)
= Compositae Giseke; Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl. 538 (1792), nom. cons.
= Coreopsidaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 768 (1829)
= Cynaraceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 926, 931, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Echinopaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Eupatoriaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 253 (1820)
= Gnaphaliaceae Link ex F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 46 (1830)
= Grindeliaceae Rchb. ex A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 330 (1907)
= Heleniaceae Raf.; Cincinnati Lit. Gaz. 2: 28 (1824)
= Helianthaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Helichrysaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 712 (1829)
= Inulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Ivaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 1: 31 (1837)
= Lactucaceae Drude; Handb. Bot. 3(2): 369 (1886)
= Lapsanaceae Martinov; (1820)
= Madiaceae A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 332 (1907)
= Matricariaceae Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 400 (1845)
= Mutisiaceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 934, 935, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Nassauviaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 290 (1836)
= Partheniaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 816 (1829)
= Perdiciaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 728 (1829)
= Picridaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 482 (1820)
= Santolinaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 560 (1820)
= Senecionaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Serratulaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 577 (1820)
= Tanacetaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Tussilagaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Vernoniaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 296 (1836)
= Xanthiaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Xeranthemaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 498 (1843)
452.3236 Genus Plectocephalus D.Don; Brit. Fl. Gard. [Sweet], Ser. 2, t. 51 (1830)
Distribution: Chile (mostly), some W-USA, Mexico, Ethiopia. Phalacrachena should be included here.
Species listed in database: 14
species :
Plectocephalus americanus (Nutt.) D.Don; Brit. Fl. Gard. [Sweet], Ser. 2, 1: plate 51 (1830)
Distribution: USA (Arizona, Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Hidalgo, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Tamaulipas); El Salvador [I]; Honduras [I]
74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 els hon
Synonyms: hidden
= Centaurea americana Nutt.; J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 2: 117 (1821)
= Centaurea caroliniana Walter; Fl. Carol. [Walter] 214 (1788)
= Centaurea grandiflora Moc. & Sessé ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 575 (1838)
= Centaurea mexicana DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 575 (1838)
= Centaurea nuttallii Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 4(2) (Cur. Post.): 298 (1827)
species :
Plectocephalus atacamensis (Reiche) Penneck. & Chaura; Phytotaxa 437(4): 230 (2020)
Distribution: Chile (Antofagasta, Atacama, Valparaíso)
85 CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Centaurea atacamensis (Reiche) I.M.Johnst.; Contr. Gray Herb. 85: 130 (1929)
= Centaurea atacamensis (Reiche) Ravenna; Onira 10(15): 52 (2006) isonym
= Centaurea floccosa var. atacamensis Reiche; Anales Univ. Chile 114: 468 (1904)
species :
Plectocephalus bridgesii (S.Moore) Penneck. & Chaura; Phytotaxa 437(4): 230 (2020)
Distribution: Chile
85 CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Centaurea bridgesii S.Moore; J. Bot. 37: 169 (1899)
= Centaurea chilensis var. stenolepis Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 90: 42 (1895)
species :
Plectocephalus bulbosus (Hook. & Arn.) Penneck. & Chaura; Phytotaxa 437(4): 230 (2020)
Distribution: Chile (Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Biobío, Araucanía, Los Lagos)
85 CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Centaurea bulbosa Hook. & Arn.; Compan. Bot. Mag. 1: 111 (1835)
= Centaurea dianthoides J.Rémy; Fl. Chil. [Gay] 4: 312 (1849)
species :
Plectocephalus cachinalensis (Phil.) N.Garcia & Susanna; Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 108(2): 277 (2011)
Distribution: Chile (Antofagasta, Atacama, Coquimbo)
85 CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Centaurea cachinalensis Phil.; Fl. Atacam. 34 (1860)
species :
Plectocephalus chilensis G.Don ex Loudon; Encyc. Pl. [Loudon], ed. 2, Suppl. 2: 1446 (1855)
Name: Hierba o flor del minero [Chile]
Distribution: Chile (Atacama, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins)
85 CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Centaurea australis Poepp. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 575 (1838)
= Centaurea chilensis Bertero ex Bull.; Bull. Sci. Nat. Géol. 109 (1830), nomen, et ex Hook. & Arn. in Bot. Beechey Voy. 1: 33 (1830)
variant :
var. brevilobus (DC.) Penneck. & Chaura; Phytotaxa 437(4): 230 (2020)
Distribution: Chile (Coquimbo, Valparaíso)
85 CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Centaurea chilensis var. breviloba DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 575 (1838)
species :
Plectocephalus floccosus (Hook. & Arn.) N.Garcia & Susanna; Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 108(2): 277 (2011)
Distribution: Chile (Atacama, Coquimbo, Valparaíso)
85 CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Centaurea floccosa Hook. & Arn.; Compan. Bot. Mag. 1: 110 (1835)
species :
Plectocephalus formosus (Ravenna) Penneck. & Gl.Rojas; Phytotaxa 437(4): 230 (2020)
Distribution: Chile (Coquimbo)
85 CLE
Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status uncertain, types lost
Synonyms: hidden
= Centaurea formosa Ravenna; Onira 10(15): 48-49 (2006)
species :
Plectocephalus gayanus (J.Rémy) Penneck. & Chaura; Phytotaxa 437(4): 232 (2020)
Distribution: Chile (Atacama, Coquimbo)
85 CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Centaurea gayana J.Rémy; Fl. Chil. [Gay] 4(3): 310 (1849)
= Centaurea huascoensis Ravenna; Onira 10: 49 (2006)
species :
Plectocephalus illapelinus (Phil.) Penneck. & Gl.Rojas; Phytotaxa 437(4): 232 (2020)
Distribution: Chile (Coquimbo)
85 CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Centaurea illapelina Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 90: 43 (1895)
species :
Plectocephalus monocephalus (J.Rémy) Penneck. & Chaura; Phytotaxa 437(4): 233 (2020)
Distribution: Chile (Biobío)
85 CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Centaurea monocephala J.Rémy; Fl. Chil. [Gay] 4(3): 311 (1849)
species :
Plectocephalus rothrockii (Greenm.) D.J.N.Hind; Bot. Mag., n. s. 13(1): 5 (1996)
Name: Mexican or Rothrock´s basketflower, Rothrock´s knapweed
Distribution: USA (Arizona, New Mexico); Mexico (Chihuahua, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México State, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Queretaro, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas)
76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Centaurea rothrockii Greenm.; Bot. Gaz. 37: 221 (1904)
species :
Plectocephalus tweediei (Hook. & Arn.) N.Garcia & Susanna; Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 108(2): 277 (2011)
Distribution: S-Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); Paraguay (Guaira); Uruguay (Artigas, Cerro Largo, Florida Prov., Rivera, Rio Negro, Salto, San Jose, Tacuarembo); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Misiones, Santa Fe)
84 BRA 85 ARG PAR URU
Synonyms: hidden
= Centaurea tweediei Hook. & Arn.; Compan. Bot. Mag. 1: 110 (1835)
species :
Plectocephalus varians (A.Rich.) C.Jeffrey ex Cufod.; Senckenberg. Biol. 47: 262 (1966)
Distribution: Ethiopia; Eritrea
24 ERI ETH
Synonyms: hidden
= Centaurea abyssinica Sch.Bip.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 3: 62 (1856)
= Centaurea varians A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 453 (1848)
= Plectocephalus abyssinicus Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 3: 62 (1856)
= Plectocephalus cyanoides Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 3: 62 (1856)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.03 (March 13th, 2026)

Covering 359,059 accepted species,
8,882 hybrids, 47,737 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,007,135 synonyms,
in total 1,422,813* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

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Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

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