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228.0000 Family Melastomataceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 328 (1789), nom. cons.
148 genera, ca. 6000 spp. tropics, by far the majority in tropical America, almost 1000 in Colombia. Complete phylogeny: Goldenberg et al. (2022), refined by Quakenbush et al. (2025)
Species listed in database: 6137; hybrids: 2
= Blakeaceae Rchb. ex Barnhart; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 19 (1895)
= Memecylaceae DC.; Linnaea 2: 505 (1827)
= Miconiaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 64 (1835)
= Mouririaceae Gardner; J. Bot. [Hooker] 2: 22 (1840)
= Rhexiaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 59 (1822)
228.2001 Genus Pternandra Jack; Malayan Misc. 2(7): 60 (1822)
Distribution: Malesia, some to China, Indochina, Australia (1)
Species listed in database: 17
= Apteuxis Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 672 (1854)
= Ewyckia Blume; Flora 14: 524 (1831)
= Kibessia DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 3: 196 (1828)
= Macroplacis Blume; Mus. Bot. 1: 7 (1850)
= Rectomitra Blume; Mus. Bot. 1: 6 (1850)
species :
Pternandra angustifolia J.F.Maxwell; Gard. Bull. Singapore 34(1): 12 (1981)
Distribution: Borneo (Sarawak)
42 BOR
species :
Pternandra azurea (Blume) Burkill; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1935: 319 (1935)
Distribution: Sumatera; Borneo; Brunei; Sulawesi; Jawa; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali)
42 BOR BRN JAW LSI SUL SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Kibessia acuminatissima Merr.; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 228 (1929)
= Kibessia azurea (Blume) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 3: 196 (1828)
= Kibessia sessilis Blume; Mus. Bot. 1: 8 (1849)
= Kibessia simplex Korth.; Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot. 253 (1844)
= Kibessia subalata Blume; Mus. Bot. 1: 8 (1850)
= Melastoma azureum Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1079 (1826)
= Pternandra acuminatissima (Merr.) M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 53 (1975 publ. 1978)
= Pternandra azurea var. subalata (Blume) M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 52 (1975 publ. 1978)
= Pternandra borneaensis M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 52 (1975 publ. 1978), nom. superfl.
= Pternandra simplex (Korth.) Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 7: 24 (1880)
variant :
var. cordata (Korth.) J.F.Maxwell; Gard. Bull. Singapore 34(1): 18 (1981)
Distribution: Sumatera
42 SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Kibessia cordata Korth.; Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot. 253 (1844)
= Kibessia tetraptera Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 571 (1885)
= Pternandra cordata (Korth.) Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 7: 23 (1880)
species :
Pternandra coerulescens Jack; Malayan Misc. 2(7): 61 (1822)
Distribution: China (Hainan); Nicobar Isl. (Great Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar (Taninthayi); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Kedah, Penang, Kelantan, Terengganu, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka, Johor); Singapore; Sumatera; Borneo; Brunei; Sulawesi; Jawa; Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Australia (Queensland: Cape York peninsula, Northern Territory: NE-Arnhem Land)
36 CHI 41 CBD MYA NCB THA VIE 42 BOR BRN JAW MLY MOL NWG SNG SUL SUM 50 AUS
Conservation Status: vulnerable (Singapore)
Synonyms: hidden
= Apteuxis trinervis Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 672 (1854)
= Ewyckia caerulea Naudin; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 3, 18: 261 (1852)
= Ewyckia capitellata (Jack) Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 5: 724 (1846)
= Ewyckia cyanea Blume; Flora 14: 525 (1831)
= Ewyckia jackiana Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 5: 724 (1846)
= Ewyckia latifolia Blume; Mus. Bot. 1: 6 (1850)
= Ewyckia medinilliformis Naudin; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 3, 18: 261 (1852)
= Ewyckia paniculata Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 321 (1860)
= Melastoma azureum Zipp. ex Blume; Flora 14: 525 (1831)
= Pternandra capitellata Jack; Malayan Misc. 2(7): 60 (1822)
= Pternandra coerulescens var. jackiana C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 2: 551 (1879)
= Pternandra cyanea (Blume) Triana; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28: 153 (1871 publ. 1872)
= Pternandra jackiana (Walp.) Ridl.; Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 808 (1922)
= Pternandra latifolia (Blume) Triana; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28: 153 (1871 publ. 1872)
= Pternandra paniculata (Miq.) Triana; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28: 153 (1871)
= Pternandra paniculata Benth. ex C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 2: 551 (1879)
species :
Pternandra cogniauxii M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 52 (1975 publ. 1978), nom. nov.
Distribution: Borneo; Brunei
42 BOR BRN
Synonyms: hidden
= Ewyckia cordata Korth.; Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot. 255 (1844)
= Kibessia korthalsiana Cogn.; Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. [Boerlage] 1(2): (1890) 537, nomen, et Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 7: 1111 (1891)
= Macroplacis cordata (Korth.) Blume; Mus. Bot. 1: 7 (1850)
= Rectomitra cordata (Korth.) Triana; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28: 153 (1871 publ. 1872)
species :
Pternandra coriacea (Cogn.) M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 53 (1975 publ. 1978)
Distribution: Borneo; Brunei
42 BOR BRN
Synonyms: hidden
= Kibessia coriacea Cogn.; Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. [Boerlage] 1(2): (1890) 536, et Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 8: 109 (1891)
species :
Pternandra crassicalyx J.F.Maxwell; Gard. Bull. Singapore 34(1): 40 (1981)
Distribution: Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah); Brunei
42 BOR BRN
species :
Pternandra echinata Jack; Malayan Misc. 2(7): p. iii (1822)
Distribution: peninsular Thailand; peninsular Malaysia (Kedah, Penang, Kelantan, Terengganu, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka, Johor); Singapore; Sumatera
41 THA 42 MLY SNG SUM
Conservation Status: vulnerable (Singapore)
Synonyms: hidden
= Ewyckia echinata (Jack) Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 5: 724 (1846)
= Kibessia acuminata Decne.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 3, 5: 316 (1846)
= Kibessia angustifolia Blume; Mus. Bot. 1: 9 (1850)
= Kibessia cupularis Decne.; Icon. Sel. Pl. [Delessert] 3: 3, t. 5 (1846)
= Kibessia echinata (Jack) Cogn.; Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. [Boerlage] 1(2): (1890) 536, et Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 8: 1108 (1891)
= Kibessia pubescens Decne.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 3, 5: 318 (1846)
= Pternandra acuminata (Decne.) M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 52 (1975 publ. 1978)
= Pternandra echinata var. pubescens (Decne.) King; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 69: 70 (1900)
species :
Pternandra galeata (Korth.) Ridl.; Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 808 (1922)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia (Pahang, Johor); Sumatera; Borneo; Brunei; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)
42 BOR BRN MLY NWG SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Ewyckia galeata Korth.; Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot. 254, t. 67 (1844)
= Kibessia galeata (Korth.) Cogn.; Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. [Boerlage] 1(2): (1890) 537, et Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 8: 1110 (1891)
= Pternandra forbesii Baker f. [J.Bot.62: Suppl.41 (1924)]
= Rectomitra galeata (Korth.) Blume; Mus. Bot. 1: 6 (1849)
variant :
var. elmeri (Merr.) J.F.Maxwell; Gard. Bull. Singapore 34(1): 52 (1981)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Kibessia elmeri Merr.; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 228 (1929)
= Pternandra elmeri (Merr.) M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 53 (1975 publ. 1978)
species :
Pternandra gracilis (Cogn.) M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 53 (1975 publ. 1978)
Distribution: Borneo; Brunei
42 BOR BRN
Synonyms: hidden
= Kibessia gracilis Cogn.; Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 8: 1110 (1891)
species :
Pternandra hirtella (Cogn.) M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 52 (1975 publ. 1978)
Distribution: Borneo; Brunei
42 BOR BRN
Synonyms: hidden
= Kibessia hirtella Cogn.; Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. [Boerlage] 1(2): (1890) 536, nomen, et Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 7: 1107 (1891)
species :
Pternandra ledermannii (Mansf.) M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 53 (1975 publ. 1978)
Distribution: New Guinea
42 NWG
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
Synonyms: hidden
= Kibessia ledermannii Mansf.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 60: 138 (1925)
species :
Pternandra moluccana M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 53 (1975 publ. 1978)
Distribution: Moluccas
42 MOL
species :
Pternandra multiflora Cogn.; Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 7: 1104 (1891)
Distribution: Borneo; Brunei
42 BOR BRN
species :
Pternandra rostrata (Cogn.) M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 53 (1975 publ. 1978)
Distribution: Sumatera; Borneo; Brunei; New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 BOR BRN NWG SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Kibessia affinis Merr.; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 227 (1929)
= Kibessia rostrata Cogn.; Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 7: 1111 (1891)
= Kibessia tuberculata var. grandifolia Bakh.f.; Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 91: 322 (1943)
= Kibessia verrucosa Merr.; J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 86: 341 (1922)
= Pternandra affinis (Merr.) M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 53 (1975 publ. 1978)
= Pternandra grandifolia (Bakh.f.) M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 53 (1975 publ. 1978)
= Pternandra verrucosa (Merr.) M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 53 (1975 publ. 1978)
species :
Pternandra tessellata (Stapf) M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 53 (1975 publ. 1978)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Kibessia tessellata Stapf; Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot., Ser. 2, 4: 162 (1894)
species :
Pternandra teysmanniana (Cogn.) M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 53 (1975 publ. 1978)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Kibessia pachyphylla Bakh.f.; Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 91: 318 (1943)
= Kibessia teysmanniana Cogn.; Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 7: 1109 (1891)
= Pternandra pachyphylla (Bakh.f.) M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 52 (1975 publ. 1978)
species :
Pternandra tuberculata (Korth.) M.P.Nayar; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1-4): 53 (1975 publ. 1978)
Distribution: peninsular Thailand; peninsular Malaysia (Penang, Terengganu, Perak, Selangor, Melaka); Singapore; Sumatera; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)
41 THA 42 MLY NWG SNG SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Ewyckia korthalsiana Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 321 (1860)
= Ewyckia tuberculata Korth.; Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot. 255 (1844)
= Kibessia tuberculata (Korth.) C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 2: 553 (1879)
= Pternandra griffithii King; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 69: 70 (1900)
= Pternandra korthalsiana (Miq.) Triana; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28: 153 (1871 publ. 1872)
= Pternandra paniculata Benth. ex Ridl.; Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 809 (1922)
= Rectomitria tuberculata (Korth.) Blume; Mus. Bot. 1: 7 (1850)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life