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342.0000 Family Euphorbiaceae A.Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 384 (1789), nom. cons. (s. str.)
210 genera, ca. 6700 spp.
Species listed in database: 6532; hybrids: 56
= Acalyphaceae A.Juss. ex Menge; Cat. Pl. Grudent. Gedan. 172 (1839)
= Bertyaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 190 (1858)
= Cheilosaceae Doweld; Tent. Syst. Pl. Vasc.: xxxi (2001)
= Crotonaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 258 (1858)
= Hippomanaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 244 (1858)
= Mercurialaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 237 (1820)
= Ricinaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 547 (1820)
= Ricinocarpaceae Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 224 (1954)
= Tithymalaceae Vent.; Tabl. Règn. Vég. 3: 483 (1799)
= Tragiaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 111 (1838)
= Trewiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 174 (1836)
342.1201 Genus Suregada Roxb. ex Rottler; Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 4: 206 (1803)
Distribution: mostly Madagascar, also tropical and South Africa, Asia eastward to Taiwan, Malesia, tropical Australia
Species listed in database: 32
= Ceratophorus Sond.; Linnaea 23: 120 (1850)
= Erythrocarpus Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 604 (1826)
= Gelonium Roxb. ex Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4: 831 (1806), nom. illeg.
= Owataria Matsum.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 14: 1 (1900)
= Saragodra Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 513 (1841)
species :
Suregada adenophora Baill.; Adansonia 1: 253 (1860 publ. 1861)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium adenophorum (Baill.) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1128 (1866)
= Suregada crenulata Baill.; Adansonia 1: 252 (1861)
species :
Suregada aequoreum (Hance) Seem.; J. Bot. 4: 403 (1866), indice, ex Croizat in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 216 (1942)
Distribution: S-Taiwan
38 TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium aequoreum Hance; J. Bot. 4: 173 (1866)
= Owataria formosana Matsum.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 14: 1 (1900)
species :
Suregada africana (Sond.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 619 (1891)
Name: Common Canary-berry (EN)
Distribution: Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]
26 MOZ 27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceratophorus africanus Sond.; Linnaea 23: 121 (1850)
= Gelonium africanum (Sond.) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1129 (1866)
= Suregada ceratophora Baill.; Adansonia 3: 154 (1863), nom. illeg.
species :
Suregada bifaria (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 5: 120 (1874)
Distribution: Andaman Isl. (North Andaman Isl., Middle Andaman Isl., South Andaman Isl., Little Andaman Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl., North Nicobar Isl., Central Nicobar Isl., Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); peninsular Malaysia
41 AND NCB 42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium bifarium Roxb. ex Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4: 831 (1806)
= Suregada dicocca Roxb. ex Pax; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.IV, Heft 62 (Euph.-Gelonieae): 19 (1912)
species :
Suregada boiviniana Baill.; Adansonia 1: 252 (1860 publ. 1861)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium baronii S.Moore; J. Bot. 64: 42 (1926)
= Gelonium boivinianum (Baill.) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1129 (1866)
= Gelonium pycnantherum Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.IV, Heft 62 (Euph.-Gelonieae): 21 (1912)
= Suregada baronii (S.Moore) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 217 (1942)
= Suregada pycnanthera (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 216 (1942)
variant :
var. grandifolia Leandri ex Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 46(4): 712 (1991)
Distribution: N- & W-Madagascar
29 MDG
variant :
var. meridionalis Leandri ex Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 46(4): 713 (1991)
Distribution: S-Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Suregada borbonica (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 216 (1942)
Distribution: La Réunion
29 REU
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium borbonicum Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.VI, Heft 57 (Euph.-Chrozophorinae): 19 (1912)
species :
Suregada bracteata Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 46(4): 713 (1991)
Distribution: N-Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Suregada calcicola Airy Shaw; Kew Bull. 23: 129 (1969)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
species :
Suregada capuronii Leandri; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 103: 607 (1957)
Distribution: C- & S-Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Suregada celastroides Radcl.-Sm. & Petra Hoffm.; Kew Bull. 58: 965 (2003 publ. 2004)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Suregada cicerosperma (Gagnep.) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 216 (1942)
Distribution: Laos; Vietnam
41 LAO VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium cicerospermum Gagnep.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70: 875 (1923 publ. 1924)
species :
Suregada comorensis Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 978 (1891)
Distribution: Comores (Mayotte, etc.)
29 COM
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium comorense S.Moore; J. Bot. 64: 42 (1926)
= Suregada comorensis (S.Moore) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 217 (1942), nom. illeg.
species :
Suregada croizatiana J.Léonard; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 28: 449 (1958)
Distribution: D. R. Congo [Zaire]
23 ZAI
species :
Suregada decidua Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 46(4): 717 (1991)
Distribution: W-Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Suregada eucleoides Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 46(4): 720 (1991)
Distribution: SC-Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Suregada gaultheriifolia Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 46(4): 715 (1991)
Distribution: EC-Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Suregada glomerulata (Blume) Baill.; Étude Euphorb. 396 (1858)
Distribution: China (W-Guangdong, W-Guangxi, Hainan, W-Yunnan); Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; Sumatera; Borneo; Brunei; Sulawesi; Palawan; Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao); Jawa; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, Timor, etc.); East Timor; Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland)
36 CHI 41 CBD LAO VIE 42 BOR BRN JAW LSI MOL NWG PHI PLW SUL SUM 50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Erythrocarpus glomerulatus Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 605 (1825)
= Erythrocarpus spicatus Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 605 (1825)
= Gelonium borneense Pax & K.Hoffm.; Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg 7: 230 (1931)
= Gelonium glomerulatum (Blume) Hassk.; Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. [Hasskarl] 237 (1844)
= Gelonium glomerulatum f. montanum J.J.Sm.; Bijdr. Boomsoort. Java 12: 596 (1910)
= Gelonium meliocarpum Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 3: 919 (1910)
= Gelonium microcarpum Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.IV, Heft 62 (Euph.-Gelonieae): 19 (1912)
= Gelonium mindanaense Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 7: 2640 (1915)
= Gelonium papuanum Pax; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.IV, Heft 62 (Euph.-Gelonieae): 20 (1912)
= Gelonium philippinense Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.IV, Heft 62 (Euph.-Gelonieae): 20 (1912)
= Gelonium pulgarense Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 4: 1293 (1911)
= Gelonium rubrum Ridl.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1926: 81 (1926)
= Gelonium spicatum (Baill.) Hassk.; Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. [Hasskarl] 237 (1844)
= Gelonium subglomerulatum Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 4: 1292 (1911)
= Suregada borneensis (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 217 (1942)
= Suregada meliocarpa (Elmer) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 216 (1942)
= Suregada microcarpa (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 216 (1942)
= Suregada mindanaensis (Elmer) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 216 (1942)
= Suregada papuana (Pax) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 216 (1942)
= Suregada philippinensis (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 216 (1942)
= Suregada pulgarensis (Elmer) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 216 (1942)
= Suregada rubra (Ridl.) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 217 (1942)
= Suregada spicata Baill.; Étude Euphorb. 396 (1858)
= Suregada subglomerata (Elmer) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 216 (1942)
species :
Suregada gossweileri (S.Moore) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 217 (1942)
Distribution: D. R. Congo [Zaire]; Angola
23 ZAI 26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium congoense S.Moore; J. Bot. 64: 42 (1926)
= Gelonium gossweileri S.Moore; J. Bot. 64: 43 (1926)
= Suregada congoensis (S.Moore) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 217 (1942)
species :
Suregada grandiflora Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 46(4): 725 (1991)
Distribution: E-Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Suregada humbertii (Leandri) Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 46(4): 718 (1991)
Distribution: EC-Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium humbertii Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 11: 156 (1944), sp. nov. ad int.
species :
Suregada ivorensis (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) J.Léonard; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 28: 449 (1958)
Distribution: Ivory Coast
22 IVO
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium ivorense Aubrév. & Pellegr.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 85: 290 (1938)
species :
Suregada lanceolata (Willd.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 619 (1891)
Distribution: S-India (Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; peninsular Malaysia (once from Gunung Mersing, Melaka)
40 BAN IND SRL 42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium angustifolium Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1128 (1866)
= Gelonium lanceolatum Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4: 832 (1806)
= Suregada angustifolia (Müll.Arg.) Airy Shaw; Kew Bull. 23: 128 (1969)
= Suregada angustifolia Baill.; Étude Euphorb. 396 (1858)
species :
Suregada laurina Baill.; Adansonia 1: 253 (1860 publ. 1861)
Distribution: E-Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium laurinum (Baill.) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1129 (1866)
species :
Suregada lithoxyla (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 216 (1942)
Distribution: Tanzania
25 TAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium lithoxylon Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.IV, Heft 62 (Euph.-Gelonieae): 22 (1912)
species :
Suregada multiflora (A.Juss.) Baill.; Étude Euphorb. 396 (1858)
Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, Sikkim, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (Middle Andaman Isl., South Andaman Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (once from Gua Musang, Kelantan); Singapore; Sumatera; Borneo; Lesser Sunda Isl.
40 BAN IND 41 AND CBD LAO MYA NCB THA VIE 42 BOR LSI MLY SNG SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium aequoreum var. hainanense Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 444 (1890)
= Gelonium affine S.Moore; J. Bot. 63(Suppl.): 104 (1925)
= Gelonium fasciculatum Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 3: 832 (1832)
= Gelonium multiflorum A.Juss.; Euphorb. Gen. 111, t. 10 (1824)
= Gelonium obtusum Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 452 (1861)
= Gelonium oxyphyllum Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 452 (1861)
= Gelonium sumatranum S.Moore; J. Bot. 63(Suppl.): 104 (1925)
= Gelonium tenuifolium Ridl.; J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 59: 181 (1911)
= Suregada affinis (S.Moore) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 217 (1942)
= Suregada glabra Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 3: 831, in obs. (1832)
= Suregada multiflora var. lamellata Airy Shaw; Kew Bull. 25(3): 550 (1971)
= Suregada multiflora var. verrucigera Airy Shaw; Kew Bull. 32(1): 81 (1977)
= Suregada oxyphylla (Miq.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 619 (1891)
= Suregada sumatrana (S.Moore) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 217 (1942)
= Suregada tenuifolia (Ridl.) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 216 (1942)
species :
Suregada nigricaulis Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 46(4): 722 (1991)
Distribution: EC-Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Suregada occidentalis (Hoyle) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 217 (1942)
Distribution: Ghana; Nigeria; Cameroon
22 GHA NGA 23 CMN
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium occidentale Hoyle; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1935: 258 (1935)
species :
Suregada perrieri (Leandri) Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 46(4): 720 (1991)
Distribution: E-Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium perrieri Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 11: 156 (1944)
species :
Suregada procera (Prain) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 216 (1942)
Name: Forest Canary-berry (EN)
Distribution: D. R. Congo [Zaire]; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.)
23 ZAI 24 ETH SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium procerum Prain; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 233 (1911)
species :
Suregada racemulosa (Merr.) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 216 (1942)
Distribution: Philippines
42 PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium racemulosum Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 4: 281 (1909)
species :
Suregada stenophylla (Merr.) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 17: 216 (1942)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)
42 PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium stenophyllum Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 27: 30 (1925)
species :
Suregada zanzibariensis Baill.; Adansonia 1: 254 (1860 publ. 1861)
Name: Sand Canary-berry
Distribution: Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]
24 SOM 25 KEN TAN 26 ANG MOZ ZIM 27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Gelonium serratum Pax & K.Hoffm.; Pflanzenreich [Engler] IV.147.IV, Heft 62 (Euph.-Gelonieae): 23 (1912)
= Gelonium zanzibariense (Baill.) Müll.Arg.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1130 (1866)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life