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045.0000 Family Thelypteridaceae Ching ex Pic.Serm.; Webbia 24: 711 (1970)
3-34 genera (depending on genus concept), 1100-1200 spp. The genus concepts were wildly fluctuating and disputed, from the inclusion of everything into one monster genus Thelypteris to the split of over 30 genera. We use the new genus concept by Fawcett & Smith (2021), which is based on molecular results and adopts a compromise approachl
Species listed in database: 1181; hybrids: 39
045.2031 Genus Trigonospora Holttum; Blumea 19: 29 (1971)
Distribution: Sri Lanka, the others India to SE-Asia. There is disagreement about the status of the Sri Lankan endemics.
Species listed in database: 7
= Cyclosorus subgen.Trigonospora (Holttum) Panigrahi; Abstr. & Souv. Nation. Symp. Curr. Trends Pterid. Palayamkottai 13 (1991)
= Thelypteris subgen.Trigonospora (Holttum) Fraser-Jenk.; New Sp. Syndr. Indian Pteridol. 281 (1997)
= Thelypteris sect.Trigonospora (Holttum) Fraser-Jenk.; Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental Pteridophytes 590 (2008)
species :
Trigonospora angustifrons Sledge; Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 8(1): 23 (1981)
Distribution: Sri Lanka
40 SRL
Remarks: status uncertain, probably only a local variant of T. calcarata
species :
Trigonospora calcarata (Blume) Holttum; Companion Handb. Ferns Brit. India [Nayar & Kaur] 203 (1974)
Distribution: India (Chhattisgarh, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Myanmar (Kachin); Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Padang Highlands); S-Sumatera; Jawa
40 BAN IND SRL 41 MYA VIE 42 JAW MLY SUM
Remarks: the Sri Lankan endemics T. angustifrons and T. zeylanica probably belong here fide Fraser-Jenkins et al. (2017)
Synonyms: hidden
= Aspidium calcaratum Blume; Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 159 (1828)
= Aspidium canum Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 387 (1829), nomen
= Aspidium hirsutulum Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 7083 (1829), nomen
= Aspidium reinwardtianum Kunze; Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 6: 261 (1848)
= Aspidium reinwardtianum Kunze ex Mett.; Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. 2(2) [Farngatt. IV, 86]: p. ? (1858)
= Cyclosorus calcaratus (Blume) Panigrahi; Pl. Sci. Res. (India) 17(1-2): 52 (1995)
= Dryopteris calcarata (Blume) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 812 (1891)
= Dryopteris marthae Alderw.; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 2, 1: 7 (1911)
= Lastrea calcarata (Blume) T.Moore; Index Fil. [T. Moore] 87 (1858)
= Lastrea reinwardtiana (Kunze ex Mett.) T.Moore; Index Fil. [T. Moore] 102 (1858)
= Nephrodium calcaratum (Blume) Hook.; Sp. Fil. [W.J.Hooker] 4: 93 (1862) (p. p.)
= Thelypteris arthurii Fraser-Jenk.; New Sp. Syndr. Indian Pteridol. 281 (1997), nom. nov. illeg.
= Thelypteris boromir Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 28 (2018), nom. nov. superfl. for T. arthurii Fraser-Jenk. 1997
= Thelypteris calcarata (Blume) Ching; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 6: 288 (1936)
= Thelypteris gandalfii Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 30 (2018), nom. nov. superfl. for T. glandulosa
= Thelypteris ratnapurae Fraser-Jenk.; New Sp. Syndr. Indian Pteridol. 282 (1997), nom. nov.
= Trigonospora glandulosa Sledge; Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 8(1): 23 (1981)
species :
Trigonospora caudipinna (Ching) Sledge; Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 8(1): 15 (1981)
Distribution: China (Hainan); India (Arunachal Pradesh, ?Assam State, Karnataka, Kerala, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Singapore
36 CHI 40 IND SRL 41 MYA THA VIE 42 MLY SNG
Synonyms: hidden
= Cyclosorus caudipinna (Ching) Panigrahi; Res. J. Pl. Environ. 9: 66 (1993)
= Cyclosorus loyalii (Panigrahi & Sarn.Singh) Mazumdar & R.Mukhop.; Bionature 33(1): 24 (2013)
= Cyclosorus obtusilobus (Sledge) Mazumdar; Phytotaxa 132(1): 64 (2013)
= Cyclosorus subcaudipinna (Sarn.Singh & Panigrahi) Mazumdar & R.Mukhop.; Bionature 33(1): 31 (2013)
= Pseudocyclosorus caudipinna (Ching) Ching; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 324 (1963)
= Thelypteris caudipinna Ching; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 6: 288 (1936)
= Thelypteris frodoi Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 30 (2018), nom. nov. superfl. for Trigonospora loyalii Panigrahi & Sarn. Singh
= Thelypteris obtusiloba (Sledge) Fraser-Jenk.; New Sp. Syndr. Indian Pteridol. 282 (1997)
= Thelypteris subcaudipinna (Sarn.Singh & Panigrahi) Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 38 (2018)
= Trigonospora ciliata var. angustiloba Holttum; Fl. Hassan Distr. [Saldanha & Nicolson] 866 (1976)
= Trigonospora loyalii Panigrahi & Sarn.Singh; Ferns Fern-Allies Arunachal Pradesh 2: 772 (2005) (fide Fraser-Jenkins 2008)
= Trigonospora obtusiloba Sledge; Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 8(1): 18 (1981)
= Trigonospora subcaudipinna Sarn.Singh & Panigrahi; Ferns Fern-Allies Arunachal Pradesh 2: 777 (2005) (fide Fraser-Jenkins 2008)
species :
Trigonospora khamptorum (Holttum) Irudayaraj & Manickam; Amer. Fern J. 86(1): 27 (1996)
Distribution: Myanmar
41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Thelypteris khamptorum Holttum; Kew Bull. 26: 82 (1971)
species :
Trigonospora koordersii (Christ) Holttum; Reinwardtia 8: 506 (1974)
Distribution: NE-Sulawesi
42 SUL
Remarks: Only known from type. Possibly to be included in Plesioneuron.
Synonyms: hidden
= Aspidium koordersii Christ; Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 15: 128, t. 15, f. 17 (1897)
= Dryopteris koordersii (Christ) C.Chr.; Index Filic. 273 (1905)
= Thelypteris koordersii (Christ) Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 32 (2018)
species :
Trigonospora tenera (Roxb.) Mazumdar; Int. J. Advanced Res. 3(2): 5060 (2017)
Distribution: China (Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Hongkong); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam State, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Nicobar Isl.; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Sumatera
36 CHI 40 BAN BHU IND NEP SRL 41 LAO MYA NCB THA VIE 42 MLY SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Aspidium ciliatum Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 351 (1829), nomen
= Aspidium ciliatum Wall. ex Benth.; Fl. Hongk. 455 (1861)
= Cyclosorus ciliatus (Wall. ex Benth.) Panigrahi; Res. J. Pl. Environ. 9: 66 (1993)
= Cyclosorus sericeus (J.Scott. ex Bedd.) Panigrahi; Res. J. Pl. Environ. 9: 66 (1993)
= Dryopteris calcarata var. sericea (J.Scott ex Bedd.) C.Chr.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 26(6): 274 (1931), non Dryopteris sericea C. Chr. 1913
= Dryopteris ciliata (Benth.) C.Chr. ex Y.C.Wu et al.; Bull. Dept. Biol. Sun Yatsen Univ. 3: 30, pl. 6 (1922)
= Dryopteris pinnata Copel.; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 14: 373 (1929)
= Dryopteris pseudocalcarata C.Chr.; Index Filic., Suppl. Tert. 95 (1934), nom. nov. superfl. for Lastrea sericea J. Scott ex Bedd.
= Lastrea calcarata var. ciliata (Wall. ex Benth.) Bedd.; Ferns Brit. India 235 (1883)
= Lastrea calcarata var. sericea (J.Scott ex Bedd.) Bedd.; Ferns Brit. India 237 (1883)
= Lastrea ciliata Hook.; Hooker´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 9: 338 (1857) (non Liebm.)
= Lastrea pinnata (Copel.) Copel.; Ann. Cryptog. Phytopathol. 5 [Gen. Fil.]: 139 (1947)
= Lastrea sericea J.Scott ex Bedd.; Ferns Brit. India, t. 308 (1869) (non Dryopteris sericea C. Chr. (1913))
= Nephrodium calcaratum var. ciliatum (Wall. ex Benth.) Baker; Syn. Fil. [W.J.Hooker & Baker], ed. 2, 494 (1874)
= Nephrodium ciliatum (Wall. ex Benth.) C.B.Clarke; Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot., Ser. 2, 1: 514 (1880) (non Desv. (1827))
= Polypodium tenerum Roxb.; Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 4: 490 (1844)
= Pseudocyclosorus ciliatus (Wall. ex Benth.) Ching; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 324 (1963)
= Thelypteris ciliata (Wall. ex Benth.) Ching; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 6: 289 (1936)
= Thelypteris pinnata (Copel.) Ching; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 10: 253 (1941)
= Thelypteris sericea (J.Scott ex Bedd.) C.F.Reed; Phytologia 17: 313 (1968)
= Thelypteris tenera (Roxb.) C.V.Morton ex Fraser-Jenk.; Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental Pteridophytes 418 (2008)
= Trigonospora ciliata (Wall. ex Benth.) Holttum; Blumea 19(1): 29, f. 4, 4a (1971)
= Trigonospora sericea (J.Scott ex Bedd.) Holttum; Companion Handb. Ferns Brit. India [Nayar & Kaur] 204 (1974) (fide Fraser-Jenkins 2008)
species :
Trigonospora zeylanica (Ching) Sledge; Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 8(1): 24 (1981)
Distribution: ?NE-India (?Arunachal Pradesh); Sri Lanka
40 SRL
Remarks: status uncertain, probably only a local variant of T. calcarata
Conservation Status: IUCN I
Synonyms: hidden
= Thelypteris zeylanica Ching; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 6: 287 (1936)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

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