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177.0000 Family Poaceae Barnhart; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 7 (1895), nom. cons., nom. alt.
ca. 800 genera, ca. 12.000 spp. worldwide. Systematics following Soreng et al. (2017) and Soreng et al. (2022)
Species listed in database: 12106; hybrids: 385
= Aegilopaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 221 (1820)
= Agrostidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 264 (1820)
= Alopecuraceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 19 (1820)
= Andropogonaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 28 (1820)
= Anomochloaceae Nakai; Chosakuronbun Mokuroku [Ord. Fam. Trib. Gen. Sect. ... nov. ed.]: 222 (1943)
= Anthoxanthaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271 (1827)
= Arundinaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 60 (1843)
= Arundinellaceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 136 (1940)
= Asperellaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 106, 270 (1827)
= Avenaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 60. 31 (1820)
= Bambusaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Bromaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 264 (1820)
= Cenchraceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 9, 268 (1827)
= Chaeturaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 106, 269 (1827)
= Chloridaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Chondrosaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 269 (1827)
= Coleanthaceae Pfeiff.; Nomencl. Bot. [Pfeiffer] 1(2): 818. ante (1873)
= Cynodontaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 51, 269 (1827)
= Cynosuraceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271, 272 (1827)
= Echinariaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271 (1827)
= Ehrhartaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271 (1827)
= Eragrostidaceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 145 (1940)
= Festucaceae Spreng.; Fl. Comit. Pest. 1: 28 (1825)
= Glyceriaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271 (1827)
= Gramineae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 28 (1789), nom. cons.
= Holcaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 2: 252 (1833)
= Hordeaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Laguraceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 2: 250 (1833)
= Lepturaceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 147 (1940)
= Loliaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 6, 267 (1827)
= Melicaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 390 (1820)
= Miliaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 91, 270 (1827)
= Nardaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 413 (1820)
= Olyraceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Ophiuraceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 3, 268 (1827)
= Oryzaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Panicaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 264 (1820)
= Pappophoraceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 145 (1940)
= Parianaceae Nakai; Chosakuronbun Mokuroku [Ord. Fam. Trib. Gen. Sect. ... nov. ed.]: 222 (1943)
= Paspalaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 47, 269 (1827)
= Phalaridaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 2: 250 (1833)
= Pharaceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 139 (1940)
= Phleaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 269 (1827)
= Saccharaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Sesleriaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 60 (1843)
= Spartinaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 46, 268 (1827)
= Stipaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 264 (1820)
= Streptochaetaceae Nakai; Chosakuronbun Mokuroku [Ord. Fam. Trib. Gen. Sect. ... nov. ed.]: 222 (1943)
= Triticaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 22, 268 (1827)
= Zeaceae A.J.Kern.; Pflanzenleben 2: 651 (1891)
= Zoysiaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 8, 268 (1827)
177.4951 Genus Cynosurus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 72-73 (1753)
Distribution: Europe, N-Africa, SW- and W- and Middle (Turkmenistan) Asia
Species listed in database: 4
species :
Cynosurus cristatus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 72 (1753)
Name: Wiesen-Kammgras (DE), Crested Dog´s-tail (EN)
Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Orkney Isl., Shetland Isl., Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey, Sark); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Malta; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (mountains of mainland, Kerkyra, Thasos); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Azores (Santa Maria Isl., Sao Miguel Isl., Terceira, Sao Jorge, Pico); Madeira [I] (Madeira Isl. [I]); Siberia [I] (Irkutsk [I]); Russian Far East [I] (Sakhalin [I]); Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia); Iran (N-Iran); China [I] (Jiangxi [I]); South Korea [I]; India [I] (Meghalaya [I]); Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], South Australia [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I], Tasmania [I]); New Zealand [I]; Chatham Isl. [I]; Auckland Isl. [I]; Auckland Isl. [I]; Canada [I] (British Columbia [I]); USA [I] (Washington [I], Oregon [I], California [I], Idaho [I], Colorado [I], Michigan [I], Indiana [I], Ohio [I], Pennsylvania [I], New York [I], Tennessee [I], North Carolina [I], New Jersey [I], Delaware [I], Massachusetts [I], Connecticut [I], Vermont [I], New Hampshire [I], Maine [I], Rhode Island [I], Virginia [I]); El Salvador [I]; Costa Rica [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Valparaíso [I], Biobío [I], Aisén [I], Magallanes [I]); Campbell Isl. [I]; Falkland Isl. [I]
10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO CIS COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MLT MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 21 AZO mdr 30 sib 31 rfe 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR 36 chi 38 kor 40 ind 50 aus 51 auc ctm nzl 71 cdn 73 usa 75 usa 76 usa 78 usa 80 cos els 85 arg cle 91 cmp fal
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynosurus cristatus f. pratensis (Opiz) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 119 (1971 publ. 1972), no basionym stated.
= Cynosurus cristatus f. tenuis (Opiz) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 119 (1971 publ. 1972)
= Cynosurus cristatus f. tenuissimus (Schur) Morariu; Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. (Fl. Republ. Socialist. Romania) 12: 341 (1972)
= Cynosurus cristatus subsp. viviparus Ces.; Not. Nat. Civ. Lombardia [Cattaneo] 1: 318 (1844), nom. inval.
= Cynosurus cristatus var. ciliatus Guss.; Fl. Sicul. Prodr. 1: 88 (1827)
= Cynosurus cristatus var. coloratus Rohlena; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vestn. Král. Ceské Spolecn. Nauk., Tr. Mat.-Prír.) 39: 28 (1902)
= Cynosurus cristatus var. foliosus Bolzon; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1900: 332 (1900)
= Cynosurus cristatus var. giganteus Mutel; Fl. Franç. [Mutel] 4: 87 (1837)
= Cynosurus cristatus var. ovatus Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 2(1): 569 (1900)
= Cynosurus cristatus var. sterilis Tourlet; Cat. Pl. Vasc. Indre-et-Loire 579 (1908)
= Cynosurus cristatus var. tenuissimus Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 783 (1866)
= Cynosurus cristatus var. tetragonus Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 126 (1821 publ. 1822)
= Cynosurus cristatus var. viviparus Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 126 (1821 publ. 1822)
= Cynosurus cristatus var. viviparus Koeler; Descr. Gram. [Koeler] 373 (1802)
= Cynosurus cristatus var. viviparus Roth; Tent. Fl. Germ. 2(1): 156 (1789)
= Cynosurus neglectus f. tenuis Opiz; Oekon.-Techn. Fl. Böhm. [Berchtold et al.] 1: 488 (1836)
= Cynosurus neglectus Opiz; Naturalientausch 9: 151 (1825)
= Cynosurus neglectus var. communis Opiz; Oekon.-Techn. Fl. Böhm. [Berchtold et al.] 1: 488 (1836)
= Cynosurus neglectus var. pratensis Opiz; Oekon.-Techn. Fl. Böhm. [Berchtold et al.] 1: 488 (1836)
= Cynosurus neglectus var. tenuis Opiz; Naturalientausch 9: 151 (1825)
= Cynosurus spiralis Lojac.; Fl. Sicul. [Lojacono] 3: 334 (1909)
= Phleum cristatum (L.) Scop.; Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 57 (1771)
species :
Cynosurus echinatus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 72 (1753)
Name: Igel-Kammgras, Stachel-Kammgras (DE); Rough Dog´s-tail (EN); Colaperro estrellada (ES)
Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I], Isles of Scilly [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I], Northern Ireland [I]); Germany [I]; Switzerland; Slovakia; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; Gibraltar; Baleares; France; Channel Isl. [I] (Alderney [I], Guernsey [I], Jersey [I]); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (widespread, incl. almost all islands); Crete; European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Azores (Santa Maria Isl., Sao Miguel Isl., Terceira, Sao Jorge, Pico, Faial); Madeira (Madeira Isl., Porto Santo Isl.); Islas Selvagens; Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma); South Africa [I] (Cape Prov. [I]); Russian Far East [I] (Primorye [I]); Turkmenistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread, incl. Rhodos, Kastellorhizo Isl.); Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (N-Iran, W-Iran); Cyprus (C-Mountains); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, N-Israel); India [I]; Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], South Australia [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I], Tasmania [I]); New Zealand [I]; Canada [I] (British Columbia [I]); USA [I] (Alabama [I], Arkansas [I], California [I], Connecticut [I], Georgia [I], Louisiana [I], Maryland [I], Michigan [I], Missouri [I], Mississippi [I], Montana [I], North Carolina [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oklahoma [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], South Carolina [I], Tennessee [I], Virginia [I], Washington State [I], West Virginia [I]); Uruguay [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Valparaíso [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I], O´Higgins [I], Maule [I], Ñuble [I], Biobío [I], Araucanía [I], Los Rios [I], Los Lagos [I], Aisén [I], Magallanes [I]); Juan Fdz. Isl. [I]
10 grb ire 11 ger SLO SWI 12 ADO BAL cis COR FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA PEL PTL ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 KRY RUS UKR 20 ALG MOR TUN 21 AZO CNY MDR SEL 27 saf 31 rfe 32 TKM 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR LEB SYR TUR 40 ind 50 aus 51 nzl 71 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 78 usa 85 arg cle jnf uru
Synonyms: hidden
= Chrysurus echinatus (L.) C.Presl; Cyper. Gram. Sicul. 17 (1818), isonym
= Chrysurus echinatus (L.) P.Beauv.; Ess. Agrostogr. 123 (1812)
= Chrysurus echinatus var. purpurascens Ten.; Fl. Napol. 3: 67 (1829)
= Chrysurus echinatus var. purpureus Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 127 (1821 publ. 1822)
= Chrysurus giganteus Ten.; Fl. Napol. 4: 13 (1830)
= Cynosurus castagnei Jord. ex Martrin-Donos; Fl. Tarn 814 (1864), nomen
= Cynosurus echinatus f. foliosus Bolzon; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1900: 332 (1900)
= Cynosurus echinatus subsp. hystrix (Pomel) Trab.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Monocot. 191 (1895)
= Cynosurus echinatus subsp. purpurascens (Ten.) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 789 (1882)
= Cynosurus echinatus subvar. giganteus (Ten.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 14: 172 (1913)
= Cynosurus echinatus var. diklicii Gajic; Glasn. Prír. Muz. Beogradu, Ser. B, Biol. Nauke 28: 29 (1973)
= Cynosurus echinatus var. erroneus (Jord. ex Martrin-Donos) Gaut.; Cat. Rais. Fl. Pyr.-Or. 440 (1898)
= Cynosurus echinatus var. giganteus (Ten.) Mutel; Fl. Franç. [Mutel], Atl., t. 84, f. 603 (1834)
= Cynosurus echinatus var. hystrix (Pomel) Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc 1: 64 (1931)
= Cynosurus echinatus var. oblongus Mutel; Fl. Franç. [Mutel], Atl., t. 84, f. 603 (1834)
= Cynosurus echinatus var. purpureus Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 127 (1821)
= Cynosurus echinatus var. purpureus P.Palau; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 11: 500 (1953)
= Cynosurus echinatus var. tangerinus Pau; Mem. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12(5): 398 (1894)
= Cynosurus echinatus var. thracicus Podp.; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 52: 680 (1902)
= Cynosurus effusus var. hystrix (Pomel) Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc 1: 64 (1931)
= Cynosurus erroneus Jord. ex Martrin-Donos; Fl. Tarn 813 (1864)
= Cynosurus giganteus Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 928 (1882), pro syn.
= Cynosurus hystrix Pomel; Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atl. 2: 387 (1875)
= Cynosurus pygmaeus Porta; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 19: 322 (1887)
= Falona echinata (L.) Dumort.; Observ. Gramin. Belg. 114 (1824)
= Phalona castagnei Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 186 (1869)
= Phalona echinata (L.) Dumort.; Observ. Gramin. Belg. 114 (1823)
species :
Cynosurus peltieri Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 22: 155, 321 (1931)
Distribution: Algeria; Tunisia
20 ALG TUN
species :
Cynosurus polybracteatus Poir.; Voy. Barbarie 2: 97 (1798)
Distribution: Algeria; Tunisia
20 ALG TUN
Synonyms: hidden
= Cynosurus crista-galli Munby; Fl. Algérie [Munby] 10 (1847)
= Cynosurus cristatus subsp. polybracteatus (Poir.) Trab.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Monocot. 190 (1895)
= Cynosurus cristatus var. polybracteatus (Poir.) Trab.; Expl. Sci. Algérie 2: 129 (1855)
= Cynosurus multibracteatus Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 518 (1817), nom. illeg. superfl.
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life