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Ver. 19.2
April 17th, 2024

380.0000 Family Plumbaginaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl.: 92 (1789), nom. cons.
30 genera, ca. 1100 spp. incl. many microspecies
Species listed in database: 1101; hybrids: 26
= Aegialitidaceae Lincz.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1968: 173 (1968)
= Armeriaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat.: 68 (1834)
= Limoniaceae Ser.; Fl. Pharm.: 456 (1851), nom. cons.
= Staticaceae Cassel; Lehrb. Nat. Pflanzenord.: 215 (1817)
380.1001 Genus Plumbago L.; Sp. Pl.: 151 (1753)
Distribution: Tropical and warm-temp. regions; 1 extending to Caucasus and Middle Asia
Species listed in database: 18
= Findlaya Bowdich; Bowdich, Exc. Madeira: 258 (1825)
= Molubda Raf.; Sylva Tellur.: 123 (1838)
= Plumbagidium Spach; Hist. Nat. Vég. 10: 338 (1841)
= Thela Lour.; Fl. Cochinch.: 119 (1790)
species :
Plumbago amplexicaulis Oliv.; J. Linn. Soc. 15: 96 (1876)
Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Mozambique
25 TAN 26 MOZ ZAM
species :
Plumbago aphylla Bojer ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 12: 694 (1848)
Distribution: Namibia [I]; Madagascar; Mozambique Channel Isl. [Iles Éparses] (Ile Europa); Aldabra (Aldabra Isl., Asuncio Isl., Cosmoledo Isl., Astove Isl.); Seychelles [I]; Java [I]
27 nam 29 ALD MCI MDG sey 42 jaw
Synonyms: hidden
= Plumbago parvifolia Hemsl.; J. Bot. 54: 362 (1916)
= Plumbago pearsonii L.Bolus; Ann. Bolus Herb. 3: 7 (1920)
= Plumbago suffruticosa Schinz; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 70: 219 (1925)
species :
Plumbago auriculata Lam.; Encycl. 2: 270 (1786)
Name: Isabel Segunda, Meladillo, Embeleso, Jazmin azul (ES); Blue Plumbago, Blister leaf (EN); Kap-Bleiwurz (DE)
Distribution: Portugal [I]; Spain [I]; Baleares [I]; Italy [I]; Crete [I]; Libya [I]; Canary Isl. [I] (Gran Canaria [I], Tenerife [I], La Gomera [I]); Gambia [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; Benin [I]; Cameroon [I]; São Tomé [I]; Mozambique; South Africa (Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); St. Helena [I]; Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Rodrigues [I]; Seychelles [I]; Taiwan [I]; Pakistan [I]; Nepal [I]; India [I]; Sri Lanka [I]; Bangladesh [I]; Myanmar [I]; Vietnam [I]; Philippines [c]; Java [I]; New Caledonia [I]; Tonga [I]; Niue [I]; Fiji [I]; Society Isl. [I] (Tahiti [I]); Guam [I]; Hawaii [I] (East Maui [I]); USA [I] (California [I], Florida [I], Louisiana [I]); Mexico [I]; Guatemala [I]; El Salvador [I]; Honduras [I]; Nicaragua [I]; Costa Rica [I]; Panama [I]; Cuba [I]; Hispaniola [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Virgin Isl. [I] (Guana [I], St. Croix [I], Tortola [I]); St. Martin/St. Maarten [I]; Saba [I]; Antigua [I]; Montserrat [I]; Guadeloupe [I]; Dominica [I]; Martinique [I]; St. Lucia [I]; Barbados [I]; Trinidad & Tobago [I]; Colombia [I]; Isla Margarita [I]; Venezuela [I]; Ecuador [I]; Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]; Brazil [I]
12 bal por spa 13 ita kri 20 lby 21 cny 22 ben bkn gam 23 cmn sao 26 MOZ 27 SAF 28 sth 29 mau reu rod sey 38 tai 40 ban ind nep pak srl 41 mya vie 42 jaw phi 60 fij nue nwc ton 61 sci 62 gum 63 haw 76 usa 78 usa 79 mex 80 cos els gua hon nic pan 81 aba bbd cub dom gdl his mar mts pue sab stl stm trt ven vir 82 clm ven 83 bol ecu per 84 bra
Synonyms: hidden
= Plumbagidium auriculatum (Lam.) Spach; Hist. Nat. Vég. 10: 339 (1841)
= Plumbago alba Pasq.; Cat. Ort. Bot. Napoli: 82 (1867)
= Plumbago auriculata f. alba (Pasq.) T.H.Peng; Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 60(1): 7 (1987)
= Plumbago capensis f. alba Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 60: 285 (1888)
= Plumbago capensis Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap.: 33 (1794)
= Plumbago capensis var. alba (Carrière) Pynaert; Nursery Cat. (Éd. Pynaert - Van Geert) 1888(Suppl.): 21 (1888)
= Plumbago grandiflora Ten.; Cat. Ort. Bot. Napoli: 91 (1845)
species :
Plumbago caerulea Kunth; Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 220 (1817)
Distribution: Colombia (Boyacá); Venezuela (Merida); Ecuador; Galapagos; Peru; Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz, Tarija); Argentina (Cordoba, Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta, San Luis, Tucuman); Chile (Antofagasta, Atacama, Coquimbo)
82 CLM VEN 83 BOL ECU GAL PER 85 ARG CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Plumbago glandulosa Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 4: 711 (1819)
= Plumbago humboldtiana Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 4: 711 (1819)
= Plumbago rhomboidea Hook.; Bot. Mag. t. 2917 (1829)
species :
Plumbago ciliata Engl. ex Wilmot-Dear; Kew Bull. 31(4): 848 (1977)
Distribution: Tanzania
25 TAN
species :
Plumbago dawei Rolfe; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 522 (1906)
Distribution: Ethiopia; Uganda; Tanzania; Madagascar
24 ETH 25 TAN UGA 29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Plumbago zeylanica var. dawei (Rolfe) Mildbr.; Wiss. Erg. Deut. Zentr.-Afr. Exped., Bot. 2: 518 (1913)
species :
Plumbago europaea L.; Sp. Pl.: 151 (1753)
Name: Europäische Bleiwurz (DE); European Leadwort (EN)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Slovakia; Portugal; Spain; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; Malta; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece; Crete; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Turkmenistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Talysh); East Aegaean Isl. (incl. Rhodos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, S-Cyprus); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, C-Syrian Desert, NW-Syria); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel)
11 ger SLO 12 COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MLT MNT NMA PTL ROM SIC SRB TUE 20 ALG MOR TUN 32 TKM 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR LEB SYR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Plumbago angustifolia Spach; Hist. Veg. Phan. 10: 337 (1841)
= Plumbago denticulata St.-Lag.; Cariot, Etud. des fl. ed. 8, 690 (1889)
= Plumbago europaea var. asperrima Sennen & Elías Exsicc.(Pl.Esp.): no.2828
= Plumbago europaea var. glandulosa Cout.; Fl. Portugal: ? (1913)
= Plumbago lapathifolia Willd.; Sp. Pl. 1: 837 (1798)
= Plumbago purpurea Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 122 (1796)
= Plumbago undulata Moench; Meth. Suppl. 153 (1802)
species :
Plumbago glandulicaulis Wilmot-Dear; Kew Bull. 31(4): 848 (1977)
Distribution: Tanzania
25 TAN
species :
Plumbago hunsbergensis van Jaarsv., Swanepoel & A.E.van Wyk; Fl. Pl. Africa 62: 89 (2011)
Distribution: Namibia
27 NAM
species :
Plumbago indica L.; Stickman, Herb. Amboin. 24 (1754), Amoen. Acad. 4: 133 (1759), Merr., Rumph. Herb. Amboin. 49, 414 (1917)
Name: Zapatitos de la Virgen; Red Plumbago
Distribution: Seychelles [I]; Taiwan [I]; Pakistan [I]; India (Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam [I]; Sumatra; Sulawesi; Philippines; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); Moluccas; New Caledonia [I]; Fiji [I]; Society Isl. [I] (Tahiti [I]); Jamaica [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Haiti [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Virgin Isl. [I] (St. Croix [I]); Trinidad & Tobago [I]; Peru [I]
29 sey 38 tai 40 BAN IND pak SRL 41 CBD LAO MYA THA vie 42 JAW LSI MOL PHI SUL SUM 60 fij nwc 61 sci 81 his jam pue trt vir 83 per
Synonyms: hidden
= Plumbagidium roseum (L.) Spach; Hist. Veg. Phan. 10: 339 (1841)
= Plumbago coccinea (Lour.) Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 122 (1796), nom. superfl.
= Plumbago rosea L.; Sp. Pl. (ed. 2) 1: 215 (1762)
= Plumbago rosea var. coccinea (Lour.) Hook.; Bot. Mag. 89: t. 5363 (1863)
= Thela coccinea Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 1: 119 (1790)
species :
Plumbago ituriensis Ntore; Fl. Afrique Centr., Plumbagin. 9 (2015)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 ZAI
species :
Plumbago madagascariensis M.Peltier; Fl. Madagascar, fam. 163: 22 (1981)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Plumbago montis-elgonis Bullock; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1932: 501 (1932)
Distribution: Ethiopia; Kenya; Tanzania
24 ETH 25 KEN TAN
species :
Plumbago pulchella Boiss.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 12: 692 (1848)
Distribution: Mexico (Aguascalientes, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Zacatecas)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Plumbago lanceolata Sessé & Moc.; Fl. Mexic.: 31 (1893)
= Plumbago rhomboidea G.Lodd.; Bot. Cab. 15: t. 1536 (1830), nom. illeg.
species :
Plumbago stenophylla Wilmot-Dear; Kew Bull. 31(4): 847 (1977)
Distribution: Kenya
25 KEN
species :
Plumbago tristis Aiton; Hort. Kew. ed. II. 1: 324 (1810)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Plumbago capensis Willd. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 12: 694 (1848)
= Plumbago vogeliifolia Eckl. & Zeyh. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 12: 694 (1848)
species :
Plumbago wissii Friedrich; Senck. Biol. 38: 417 (1957)
Distribution: Namibia
27 NAM
species :
Plumbago zeylanica L.; Sp. Pl. 1: 151 (1753)
Name: Higuillo, Meladillo silvestre; White Plumbago
Distribution: Egypt (SE-Egypt); Cape Verde Isl. (Santo Antao Isl., Ilha de Sao Nicolau, Ilha de Sao Tiago, Fogo Isl., Ilha Brava); Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Burkina Faso; Togo; Benin; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; São Tomé; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; Chad (incl. Tibesti); Sudan; South Sudan; Angola; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]; Madagascar; Comores (Mayotte, etc.); Mauritius; La Réunion; Rodrigues; Seychelles [I]; Oman (Dhofar); Yemen (Tihama, W-Yemen); China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan); Taiwan; Pakistan (Hazara, Pakistani Punjab, Rawalpindi, Mirpur); Nepal; India (almost throughout); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives]; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. [I]; Nicobar Isl. [I]; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Singapore; Sumatra; Sulawesi; Philippines; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); Christmas Isl. [Austr.]; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales); Norfolk Isl.; New Caledonia; Vanuatu [I]; Fiji [I]; American Samoa (Ofu, Olosega); Cook Isl. (Rarotonga, Aitutaki); Marquesas Isl. (Eiao, Nuku Hiva, Ua Huka, Hiva Oa); Society Isl. (Tahiti, Maupiti, Bora Bora); Northern Marianas (Maug, Saipan, Rota); Hawaii (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Kahoolawe Isl., Hawaii Isl.); USA (Arizona, Florida, Texas); Mexico (Baja California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Durango, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, Queretaro, Hidalgo, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacan, México State, Morelos, Puebla, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Yucatan, Quintana Roo); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Bahamas; Turks & Caicos Isl.; Cuba [I]; Jamaica; Hispaniola [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Navassa Isl. [I]; Virgin Isl. [I] (Guana [I], St. Croix [I], St. John [I], St. Thomas [I], Tortola [I]); Anguilla; St. Martin/St. Maarten; St. Barthélémy; Saba; St. Eustatius; St. Kitts; Antigua; Barbuda; Redonda; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; St. Lucia; Grenadines; St. Vincent; Grenada; Barbados; Tobago; Trinidad; Aruba; Bonaire; Curacao; Colombia (Antioquia, Bolívar, Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Sucre, Tolima, Valle); Isla Margarita; Venezuela (Anzoategui, Aragua, Barinas, Bolívar, Carabobo, Delta Amacuro, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Sucre, Trujillo, Zulia); ?Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador; Galapagos; Peru; Bolivia (Chuquisaca, La Paz, Santa Cruz, Tarija); N-Brazil (Pará); NE-Brazil (Maranhao, Ceara, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (Rio de Janeiro); Paraguay (Central, Cordillera); Argentina (Chaco, Formosa, Jujuy, Salta, Santa Fe, Tucuman); etc.
20 EGY 21 CVI 22 BEN BKN GNB GUI TOG 23 BIO CAF CMN CON SAO 24 CHA SSU SUD 26 ANG MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF SWZ 29 COM MAU MDG REU ROD sey 35 OMA YEM 36 CHI 38 TAI 40 BAN IND LDV NEP PAK SRL 41 and CBD LAO MYA ncb THA VIE 42 JAW LSI MLY NWG PHI SNG SUL SUM XMS 50 AUS NFK 60 ASA fij NWC van 61 COO MRQ SCI 62 MRN 63 HAW 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 ABA AGU ARU BAH BBD BON cub CUR DOM GDL GRE his JAM MAR MTS nav pue SAB SBA STE STK STL STM STV TCI TRT VEN vir 82 CLM FRG SUR VEN 83 BOL ECU GAL PER 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR
Remarks: P. scandens (New World) and P. zeylanica (Old World) are frequently treated as separate species
Synonyms: hidden
= Findlaya alba Bowdich; Bowdich, Exc. Madeira: 258 (1825)
= Molubda scandens (L.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 123 (1838)
= Plumbagidium scandens (L.) Spach; Hist. Veg. Phan. 10: 339 (1841)
= Plumbago americana Weigel; Diss. Hort. Gryph.: 12 (1782)
= Plumbago flaccida Moench; Methodus: 429 (1794)
= Plumbago floridana Nutt.; Amer. J. Sci. Ser. I. 5: 290 (1822)
= Plumbago floridana Raf.; New Fl. N. Amer., Pt. 4, 14 (1838)
= Plumbago juncea Bojer; Hortus Maurit.: 263 (1837)
= Plumbago lactea Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 122 (1796)
= Plumbago littoralis Mure; Doctrine Ecole Rio de Janeiro Pathog. Brésil.: 240 (1849)
= Plumbago maximowiczii Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66: 221 (1919)
= Plumbago mexicana Kunth; Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 221 (1817)
= Plumbago occidentalis Sweet; Hort. Brit. ed. I. 333 (1826)
= Plumbago sarmentosa Lam.; Tabl. Encycl. 1: 470 (1793)
= Plumbago scandens L.; Sp. Pl. ed. II. 215 (1762)
= Plumbago scandens var. densiflora Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 396 (1891)
= Plumbago scandens var. erecta Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 3: 912 (1903)
= Plumbago toxicaria Bertol.; Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna 2: 264 (1850)
= Plumbago viscosa Blanco; Fl. Filip.: 78 (1837)
= Plumbago zeylanica var. glaucescens Boiss.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 12: 693 (1848)
= Plumbago zeylanica var. oxypetala Boiss.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 12: 693 (1848)
= Thela alba Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 1: 119 (1790)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 19.2 (April 17th, 2024)

Covering 354,696 accepted species,
8,644 hybrids, 47,758 accepted infraspecific taxa and 996,379 synonyms,
in total 1,407,477* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,290 pictures of 15,532 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life