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492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14356; hybrids: 47
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
492.4046 Genus Asperula L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 103 (1753), nom. cons., s. str.
Distribution: Mediterranean to Asia Minor. In strict sense there are only ca. 4-6 species, the rest listed here belongs in other genera and has not yet been reassigned.
Species listed in database: 36
= Blepharostemma Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 16: 398 (1868)
species :
Asperula arvensis L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 103 (1753)
Name: Acker-Meier (DE); Blue Woodruff (EN)
Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], +Scotland [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I]); Denmark [I]; Norway [I]; Sweden [I]; Netherlands; Germany (+Brandenburg, Baden-Württemberg [I], +Bayern, +Hessen, Hessen [I], +Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, +Niedersachsen, +Nordrhein-Westfalen, +Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein [I], +Saarland, +Sachsen, +Sachsen-Anhalt, +Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Baleares; France; Channel Isl. [I]; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (scattered mainland, also Samothraki, Ionian Isl., Sporades); Crete (Dikti); Estonia [I]; Belarus; E-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; ?Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Samos, Kos, Tilos, Rhodos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, S-Cyprus); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, C-Syrian Desert, NW-Syria, Jbel Druze); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, N-Negev Desert, Judean Desert); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania); Australia [I] (New South Wales [I]); Canada [I] (Alberta [I], Ontario [I]); USA [I] (Connecticut [I], District of Columbia [I], Delaware [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], New York [I], Pennsylvania [I], Texas [I], West Virginia [I])
10 den grb ire nor swe 11 AUT GER HUN NET SLO SWI 12 BAL cis COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA PTL ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR est KRY RUS UKR 20 ALG LBY MOR TUN 32 KAZ KGZ TKM UZB 33 AZE GEO NCS 34 CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR 50 aus 71 cdn 72 cdn 75 usa 77 usa 78 usa
Remarks: Asperula s. str.
Synonyms: hidden
= Asperula dubia Willd.; Mant. 3 [Schultes & Schultes f.] 189 (1827)
= Galium arvense (L.) F.Herm.; Fl. N. Mitteleur. 941 (1956), nom. inval.
= Galium sherardiiflorum E.H.L.Krause; Deutschl. Fl. [Sturm], ed. 2, 12: 206 (1904), nom. illeg.
species :
Asperula assamica Meisn.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(1): 240 (1864)
Distribution: NE-India (Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam)
40 IND
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula azerbaidjanica Mam, Shach & Velib.; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 78(2): 105 (1993)
Distribution: Azerbaijan
33 AZE
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera, likely Cynanchica
species :
Asperula badachschanica Pachom.; Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 9: 367 (1987)
Distribution: Tajikistan
32 TZK
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula botschantzevii Pachom.; Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 9: 366 (1987)
Distribution: Tajikistan
32 TZK
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera, likely Cynanchica
species :
Asperula brachyantha Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 6: 66 (1846)
Distribution: Iran (SW-Iran)
34 IRN
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula cankiriensis B.Åzahin & Sağıroğlu; Turk. J. Bot. 45(3): 247 (2021)
Distribution: Turkey
34 TUR
Remarks: status unconfirmed
species :
Asperula ciliatula Pachom.; Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 9: 363 (1987)
Distribution: Tajikistan
32 TZK
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula cilicica Hausskn. ex Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 330 (1958)
Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia)
34 TUR
species :
Asperula congesta Tschern.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 16: 70 (1961)
Distribution: Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan
32 KAZ KGZ UZB
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula czukavinae Pachom. & Karimov; Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 9: 365 (1987)
Distribution: Tajikistan
32 TZK
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula fidanii Eroğlu; Adansonia, Sér. 3, 44(19): 203 (2022)
Distribution: Turkey
34 TUR
Remarks: status unconfirmed
species :
Asperula fragillima Boiss. & Hausskn.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 36 (1875)
Distribution: Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan)
34 IRN
Remarks: status unconfirmed
Synonyms: hidden
= Asperula fragillima var. velutina Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 3: 37 (1875)
= Asperula fragosoana Pau; Trab. Mus. Nac. Ci. Nat., Ser. Bot. 14: 35 (1918)
species :
Asperula friabilis Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 127: 300 (1977)
Distribution: Iraq (NE-Iraq)
34 IRQ
Remarks: status unconfirmed
species :
Asperula glabrata Tschern.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 16: 72 (1961)
Distribution: Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan
32 KGZ TZK UZB
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula gobicola Grubov; Kat. Tipov. Obraz. Sosud. Rast. Tsentral. Azii Gerb. Bot. Inst. V.L.Komarova 210 (2000), nom. nov.
Distribution: Mongolia
37 MON
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
Synonyms: hidden
= Asperula saxicola Grubov; Opred. Sosud. Rast. Mongolii (Key Vasc. Pl. Mongolia): 230 (1982) non Ehrend. 1974
= Asperula gobica Govaerts; Skvortsovia 4(3): 79 (2018), nom. nov. superfl.
species :
Asperula insignis (Vatke) Ehrend.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 127: 302 (1977)
Distribution: Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); W-Iran
34 IRN IRQ
Remarks: status unconfirmed
Synonyms: hidden
= Asperula haussknechtii Boiss.; Pl. Orient. Nov. (dec. prim.) 1 (1875)
= Asperula haussknechtii var. glabra Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 58 B: 293 (1938)
= Crucianella insignis Vatke; Linnaea 38: 714 (1874)
species :
Asperula insolita Pachom.; Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 9: 366 (1987)
Distribution: Tajikistan
32 TZK
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula karategini Pachom. & Karimov; Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 9: 364 (1987)
Distribution: Tajikistan
32 TZK
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula kovalevskiana Pachom.; Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 9: 365 (1987)
Distribution: Turkmenistan
32 TKM
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula majoriflora Borbás ex Formánek; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 32: 165 (1894)
Distribution: N-Iraq
34 IRQ
Remarks: belongs likely in another split genus
species :
Asperula nuratensis Pachom.; Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 9: 366 (1987)
Distribution: Uzbekistan
32 UZB
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula oppositifolia Regel & Schmalh. ex Regel; Izv. Imp. Obshch. Lyubit. Estestv. Moskovsk. Univ. 34(2): 42 (1882)
subspecies :
subsp. oppositifolia
Distribution: Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Tibet; India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir); Afghanistan (Balkh)
32 KGZ TKM TZK UZB 34 AFG 36 TIB 40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Asperula albiflora Popov; Descr. Pl. Nov. Turkestan. [Korovin, Kultiasow & Popov] 73 (1916)
= Asperula fedtschenkoi Ovcz. & Tschern.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 16: 75 (1961)
= Asperula kelleri Popov
= Asperula oppositifolia subsp. sordiderosea Popov; Descr. Pl. Nov. Turkestan. [Korovin, Kultiasow & Popov] 73 (1916)
= Asperula pauciflora Tschern.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 16: 67 (1961)
= Asperula popovii Schischk.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 23: 280 (1958) p. p. quoad nomen
= Asperula sordide-rosea Popov; Descr. Pl. Nov. Turkestan. [Korovin, Kultiasow & Popov] 73 (1916)
variant :
var. albidula Pachom.; Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 9: 290 (1987)
Distribution: Tajikistan
32 TZK
subspecies :
subsp. baltistanica Nazim.; Fl. Pakistan 190: 32 (1989)
Distribution: NE-Pakistan (Baltistan)
40 PAK
subspecies :
subsp. cabulica Ehrend.; Biol. Skr. 10(3): 131 (1959)
Distribution: Afghanistan (Kabul, Parwan)
34 AFG
subspecies :
subsp. chitralensis Schönb.-Tem. & Ehrend.; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 176: 140 (2005)
Distribution: Pakistan (Chitral)
40 PAK
subspecies :
subsp. grandiflora Ehrend.; Biol. Skr. 10(3): 131 (1959)
Distribution: Afghanistan (Parwan); India (Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra)
34 AFG 40 IND
subspecies :
subsp. pseudocynanchica Ehrend.; Biol. Skr. 10(3): 132 (1959)
Distribution: Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan); Pakistan (Kurram, Chitral); India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir)
32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 34 AFG 40 IND PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Asperula laevis Schischk.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 23: 709 (1958)
subspecies :
subsp. rechingeri F.Ghahrem., Joharchi & Aydani; Rostaniha 7(Suppl. 2): 208 (2007)
Distribution: Iran
34 IRN
subspecies :
subsp. sikaramensis Schönb.-Tem. & Ehrend.; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 176: 139 (2005)
Distribution: Afghanistan (Nangarhar, Paktia / Khost); Pakistan (Kurram)
34 AFG 40 PAK
subspecies :
subsp. swatensis Schönb.-Tem. & Ehrend.; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 176: 141 (2005)
Distribution: Pakistan (Swat)
40 PAK
species :
Asperula orientalis Boiss. & Hohen.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 30 (1843)
Name: Oriental asperula (EN), Orient-Meier (DE)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Hungary [I]; Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey (E-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia); ?Iraq (?NE-Iraq); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (NW-Syria); China [I]; USA [I] (North Dakota [I], Oregon [I])
11 ger hun 33 GEO 34 LEB SYR TUR 36 chi 73 usa 74 usa
Remarks: Asperula s. str.
Synonyms: hidden
= Asperula arvensis subsp. orientalis (Boiss. & Hohen.) J.Thiébaut; Mém. Inst. Égypt. 40: 187 (1940)
= Asperula azurea Jaub. & Spach; Ill. Pl. Orient. 1: 151, t. 82 (1844)
= Asperula azurea var. setosa Regel; Index Sem. (St. Petersburg [Petropolitanus]) 1866: 92 (1867)
= Galium azureum (Jaub. & Spach) E.H.L.Krause; Deutschl. Fl. [Sturm], ed. 2, 12: 205 (1904)
species :
Asperula podlechii Schönb.-Tem.; Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 276: 135 (2005)
Distribution: Afghanistan (Balkh)
34 AFG
Remarks: belongs likely in another split genus
species :
Asperula pugionifolia Tschern.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 16: 69 (1961)
Distribution: Uzbekistan; Tajikistan
32 TZK UZB
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula rechingeri Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 174(3-4): 198 (1991)
Distribution: S-Iran; W-Iran
34 IRN
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula rezaiyensis Schönb.-Tem.; Pl. Syst. Evol. 174(3-4): 198 (1991)
Distribution: W-Iran
34 IRN
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula scabrella Tschern.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 16: 74 (1961)
Distribution: Uzbekistan
32 UZB
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula seticornis Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3: 65 (1843)
Distribution: Iran (SW-Iran)
34 IRN
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula setosa Jaub. & Spach; Ill. Pl. Orient. 1: 152, t. 82B (1844)
Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan); Afghanistan (Badakshan, Bamyan, Kabul, Wardak, Paktia / Khost, Parwan); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria; Pakistan (Baluchistan, Chitral)
32 KAZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE 34 AFG IRN IRQ LEB SYR TUR 40 PAK
Remarks: probably Asperula s. str.
Synonyms: hidden
= Asperula arvensis subsp. setosa (Jaub. & Spach) J.Thiébaut; Mém. Inst. Égypt. 40: 187 (1940)
species :
Asperula strishovae Pachom. & Karimov; Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 9: 364 (1987)
Distribution: Tajikistan
32 TZK
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula taurina L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 103 (1753)
Name: Turiner Meister (DE)
Distribution: Denmark [I]; Germany [I]; Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Hungary [I]; France; France [I]; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; C-Greece (C-Evvoia: Mt. Sirovouni); European Russia (?); Crimea; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus] (incl. Abkhazia); Armenia; Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia); Iran (N-Iran)
10 den 11 AUT ger hun LIE SWI 12 FRA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA SLV SRB 14 KRY RUS 33 ARM GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR
Remarks: Asperula s. str.
Synonyms: hidden
= Asperula caucasica Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 23: 692 (1958)
= Asperula nemoralis Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 58 (1796), nom. superfl.
= Asperula propinqua Pobed.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 23: 693 (1958)
= Asperula rubioides Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 276 (1866)
= Asperula taurina f. leucanthera Beck; Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 2: 153 (1887)
= Asperula taurina subsp. caucasica (Pobed.) Ehrend.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37(2): 248 (1979)
= Asperula taurina subsp. caucasica (Pobed.) Elenevsky & Pjatunina; Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 100(4): 70 (1995), isonym
= Asperula taurina subsp. leucanthera (Beck) Hayek; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 6(1): 201 (1914)
= Asperula taurina var. intermedia Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 62 (1903)
= Asperula taurina var. longifolia Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 8: 63 (1903)
= Asperula trinervia Lam.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 3: 376 (1805)
= Blepharostemma taurinum (L.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 16: 398 (1868)
= Galium taurinum (L.) E.H.L.Krause; Deutschl. Fl. [Sturm], ed. 2, 12: 205 (1904), isonym
= Galium taurinum (L.) Scop.; Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 101 (1771)
species :
Asperula tenuissima K.Koch; Linnaea 24: 462 (1851)
Distribution: Kazakhstan
32 KAZ
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera, status unconfirmed
species :
Asperula tschernevae Kamelin; Fl. Ushchel. Reki Varzob 507 (2021)
Distribution: Tajikistan
32 TZK
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
species :
Asperula virgata Hub.-Mor. ex Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 248, t. 1, f. C (1979)
Distribution: Turkey (NE-Anatolia)
34 TUR
Remarks: belongs in one of the recently separated genera
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.05 (May 20th, 2026)

Covering 359,646 accepted species,
8,890 hybrids, 47,679 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,012,517 synonyms,
in total 1,428,732* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life