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232.0000 Family Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 1: 62 (1809), nom. cons.
27 genera, ca. 1300 spp.
Species listed in database: 1325; hybrids: 4
= Diclidantheraceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 195 (1858), nom. cons.
= Moutabeaceae Pfeiff.; Nomencl. Bot. [Pfeiffer] 2: 364 (1873)
= Xanthophyllaceae Gagnep. ex Reveal & Hoogland; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia, Sér. 4, 12: 206 (1990)
232.0422 Genus Chamaebuxus Tourn.; Encycl. Dict. Raisonné Sci. [Diderot & Alembert] 3: 42 (1753)
Distribution: Europe (2), NW-Africa (3), North America (1)
Species listed in database: 6
= Chamaebuxus (DC.) Spach; Hist. Nat. Vég. [Spach] 7: 125 (1838), nom. superfl.
= Iridisperma Raf.; Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 6: 264 (1834), nom. superfl.
= Polygaloides Haller; Hist. Stirp. Helv. 1: 149 (1768), nom. superfl.
= Tertria Schrank; Fl. Monac. 3: t. 249 (1816)
= Trichlisperma Raf.; Specchio Sci. 1: 117 (1814)
= Zoroxus Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 88 (1836)
species :
Chamaebuxus balansae (Coss.) Stapf; Bot. Mag. sub t. 9009 (1923)
Distribution: S-Spain (Granada); Morocco (mountains)
12 SPA 20 MOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygaloides balansae (Coss.) O.Schwarz; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 107 (1949)
= Polygala balansae Coss.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 20: 240 (1874)
species :
Chamaebuxus munbyana (Boiss. & Reut.) Stapf; Bot. Mag. sub t. 9009 (1923)
Distribution: Morocco; Algeria
20 ALG MOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala munbyana Boiss. & Reut.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 5: 50 (1856)
= Polygaloides munbyana (Boiss. & Reut.) O.Schwarz; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 107 (1949)
species :
Chamaebuxus paucifolia (Willd.) J.F.B.Pastore & Agust.Martinez; Taxon 73(3): 873 (2024)
Name: Gaywings, Fringed Polygala (EN)
Distribution: Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan); USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)
71 CDN 72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala commutata Sweet; Hort. Brit. [Sweet], ed. 2: 47 (1830)
= Polygala paucifolia f. alba (Eights ex L.C.Beck) House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 219-220: 238 (1920)
= Polygala paucifolia f. alba Wheelock; Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 2: 142 (1891), nom. illeg.
= Polygala paucifolia f. albiflora Farw.; Asa Gray Bull. 2: 48 (1894)
= Polygala paucifolia f. albiflora O.W.Knight; Rhodora 8: 66 (1906), nom. illeg.
= Polygala paucifolia f. caerulea R.J.Eaton; Rhodora 54: 27 (1952)
= Polygala paucifolia f. vestita Fernald; Rhodora 22: 32 (1920)
= Polygala paucifolia var. alba Eights ex L.C.Beck; Bot. North. Middle States [Beck] 46 (1833)
= Polygala paucifolia var. pubescens Eaton; Man. Bot. [A.Eaton], ed. 6: 272 (1833)
= Polygala paucifolia Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3(2): 880 (1802)
= Polygala purpurea W.T.Aiton; Hort. Kew., ed. 2 [W.T.Aiton] 4: 244 (1812)
= Polygala uniflora Michx.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Michaux] 2: 53 (1803)
= Polygaloides paucifolia (Willd.) J.R.Abbott; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5(1): 134 (2011)
= Trichlisperma grandiflorum Raf.; Specchio Sci. 1: 117 (1814)
= Trichlisperma paucifolium (Willd.) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 181 (1914)
= Triclisperma grandiflora Raf.; Specchio Sci. 1: 117 (1814)
= Triclisperma paucifolia (Willd.) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 181 (1914)
species :
Chamaebuxus unguiculata (Poir.) J.F.B.Pastore; Kew Bull. 80(3): [2 of 5] (2025)
Name: Buchsblättriges Kreuzblümchen, Buchs-Kreuzblümchen (DE)
Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Sachsen, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Czech Republic; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Romania
11 AUT CZE GER LIE SWI 12 FRA 13 CRO ITA ROM SLV
Synonyms: hidden
= Chamaebuxus alpestris Spach; Hist. Nat. Vég. [Spach] 7: 127 (1838)
= Chamaebuxus alpestris var. grandiflora (Gaudin) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 3: 59 (1896)
= Chamaebuxus alpestris var. rhodoptera (Brügger) Borbás; Syn. Deut. Schweiz. Fl., ed. 3 [Hallier & Brand] 1: 261 (1892)
= Chamaebuxus coriacea Opiz; Seznam [Opiz] 28 (1852)
= Chamaebuxus polygaleoides Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 11 (1853)
= Chamaebuxus vulgaris Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 90 (1866)
= Polygala buxifolia St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 6: 132 (1880), nom. illeg.
= Polygala chamaebuxus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 704 (1753)
= Polygala chamaebuxus var. angustifolia (Opiz) Ortmann; Elbogn. Kreis Königr. Böhm. [Glückselig] 76 (1842)
= Polygala chamaebuxus var. grandiflora Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 4: 447 (1829)
= Polygala chamaebuxus var. lutea Neilr.; Fl. Nied.-Oesterr. 835 (1846)
= Polygala chamaebuxus var. purpurea Neilr.; Fl. Wien 579 (1846)
= Polygala chamaebuxus var. rhodoptera Brügger; Z. Ferdinandeums Tirol, Ser. 3, 9: 77 (1860)
= Polygala unguiculata Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 5: 494 (1804)
= Polygaloides chamaebuxus (L.) O.Schwarz; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 107 (1949)
= Tertria chamaebuxus (L.) Schrank; Fl. Monac. 3: 249 (1816)
species :
Chamaebuxus vayredae (Costa) Willk.; Ill. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm] 1: 33 (1881)
Distribution: NE-Spain (E-Pyrénées)
12 SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygaloides vayredae (Costa) O.Schwarz; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 107 (1949)
= Polygala vayredae Costa; Supl. Cat. Pl. Cataluña 10 (1877)
species :
Chamaebuxus webbiana (Coss.) Stapf; Bot. Mag. sub t. 9009 (1923)
Distribution: S-Spain (Malaga); Morocco
12 SPA 20 MOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygaloides webbiana (Coss.) O.Schwarz; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 107 (1949)
= Polygala webbiana Coss.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 20: 240 (1874)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.03 (March 30th, 2026)

Covering 359,184 accepted species,
8,882 hybrids, 47,737 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,007,635 synonyms,
in total 1,423,438* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life