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060.0000 Family Pinaceae Spreng. ex F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 35 (1830), nom. cons.
10 genera, ca. 220 spp.
Species listed in database: 255; hybrids: 26
= Cedraceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 265, 280 (1818)
= Abietaceae Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 222, 223 (1822), nom. cons.
= Piceaceae Gorozh.; Lekts. Morf. Sist. Archegon. 79 (1904)
= Pseudolaricoideae L.Chu Li; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33(5): 429 (1995)
= Lariceae Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 14: 354 (1913)
060.2002 Genus Pseudotsuga Carrière; Traité Gén. Conif., ed. 2: 256 (1867)
Distribution: W-North America (3), E-Asia (2). Systematics and species list taken from Gymnosperm Database (Earle, 2026)
Species listed in database: 4
= Abietia A.H.Kent; Man. Conif., ed. 2 [Veitch] 474 (1900)

Search for: Pseudotsuga menziesii-subsp.-menziesii

Nothing found!
species :
Pseudotsuga japonica (Shiras.) Beissn.; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 5: 62 (1896)
Name: Japanese Douglas Fir
Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku)
38 JAP
Conservation Status: IUCN V
Synonyms: hidden
= Tsuga japonica Shiras.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 9: 84 (1895)
species :
Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (Vasey) Mayr; Handb. Nadelholzk., ed. 2: 111 (1900)
Name: Bigcone Douglas-fir, bigcone spruce (EN)
Distribution: China [I]; USA (S-California); Mexico (Baja California Norte)
36 chi 76 USA 79 MEX
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Abies douglasii var. macrocarpa (Vasey) Vasey; Cat. For. Trees U.S.: 33 (1876)
= Abies macrocarpa Vasey; Gard. Monthly & Hort. 18: 21 (1876)
= Pseudotsuga californica Flous; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 66: 330 (1934), nom. illeg.
= Pseudotsuga douglasii var. macrocarpa (Vasey) Engelm.; Bot. California [W.H.Brewer] 2: 120 (1880)
= Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (Vasey) Lemmon; Third Bienn. Rep. Calif. State Board Forest 134 (1890), nom. inval.
= Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. macrocarpa (Vasey) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 12: 24 (1982)
= Tsuga macrocarpa (Vasey) Lemmon; Pacific Rural Press 1879(Feb. 8): ? (1879)
species :
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco; Conif. Duarum Nominibus 4 (1950)
subspecies :
subsp. menziesii
Name: Douglas-fir, Oregon pine (EN), Grüne Douglasie (DE)
Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Scotland [I], Isle of Man [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I], Northern Ireland [I]); Denmark [I]; Sweden [I]; Finland [I]; Belgium [I]; Germany [I]; Switzerland [I]; Austria [I]; Poland [I]; Czech Republic [I]; Slovakia [I]; Hungary [I]; Portugal [I]; Spain [I]; France [I]; Channel Isl. [I] (Jersey [I]); Italy [I]; Slovenia [I]; Croatia [I]; Bosnia & Hercegovina [I]; Montenegro [I]; Serbia [I]; Kosovo [I]; North Macedonia [I]; Romania [I]; Bulgaria [I]; Greece [I]; Estonia [I]; Turkey [I]; China [I]; Taiwan [I]; New Zealand [I]; Canada (British Columbia); USA (California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington State); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Mexico State, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Argentina [I]
10 den fin grb ire swe 11 aut bgm cze ger hun pol slo swi 12 cis fra por spa 13 bih bul cro grc ita kos mnt nma rom slv srb 14 est 34 tur 36 chi 38 tai 51 nzl 71 CDN 73 USA 76 USA 79 MEX 85 arg
Synonyms: hidden
= Abies californica Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 1 (1840), pro syn.
= Abies douglasii (Sabine ex D.Don) Lindl.; Penny Cyclop. 1: 32 (1833)
= Abies douglasii var. fastigiata (Knight ex Carrière) Gordon & Glend.; Pinetum 17 (1858)
= Abies douglasii var. pendula (Neumann) J.Nelson; Pinaceae [Nelson] 35, 178 (1866)
= Abies douglasii var. stairii T.Moore & Mast.; Gard. Chron. 1873: 6 (1873)
= Abies douglasii var. taxifolia Lindl.; Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 4: 2319 (1838)
= Abies drummondii Gordon & Glend.; Pinetum 16 (1858), pro syn.
= Abies menziesii Mirb.; Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. 13: 63, in obs., et 70 (1825)
= Abies mucronata Raf.; Atlantic J. 1(3): 120 (1832)
= Abies mucronata var. palustris Raf.; Atlantic J. 1: 120 (1832)
= Abies obliqua Bong. ex Gordon; Pinetum, Suppl. 10 (1862)
= Abies obliquata Raf. ex Gordon; Pinetum, Suppl. 10 (1862)
= Abies standishiana K.Koch; Dendrologie 2(2): 257 (1873)
= Abies taxifolia C.Presl; Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 6: 597 (1851)
= Abies taxifolia Lamb. ex Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 6: 523 (1805), nom. illeg.
= Abies taxifolia var. pendula Neumann; Fl. Serres Jard. Eur. 8: 186 (1853)
= Abietia douglasii (Sabine ex D.Don) A.H.Kent; Man. Conif., ed. 2 [Veitch] 476, 478 (1900)
= Abietia douglasii var. fastigiata (Knight ex Carrière) A.H.Kent; Man. Conif., ed. 2 [Veitch] 479 (1900)
= Abietia douglasii var. glauca (Beissn.) A.H.Kent; Man. Conif., ed. 2 [Veitch] 478 (1900)
= Abietia douglasii var. pendula (Neumann) A.H.Kent; Man. Conif., ed. 2 [Veitch] 478 (1900)
= Picea douglasii (Sabine ex D.Don) Link; Linnaea 15: 524 (1841)
= Picea douglasii var. taxifolia (Loudon) Link; Linnaea 15: 524 (1841)
= Pinus douglasii Sabine ex D.Don; Descr. Pinus [Lambert], ed. 3(2): t. 90 (1832)
= Pinus douglasii var. brevibracteata Antoine; Coniferen [Antoine] 85 (1841)
= Pinus douglasii var. pendula (Neumann) Parl.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 16(2): 430 (1868)
= Pinus douglasii var. taxifolia (Loudon) Antoine; Coniferen: 85 (1841)
= Pinus taxifolia Lamb.; Descr. Pinus [Lambert] 27, t. 33 (1803), not Salisb. (1796)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii (Sabine ex D.Don) Carrière; Traité Gén. Conif., éd. 2: 256 (1867)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii f. compacta Beissn.; Handb. Nadelholzk.: 419 (1891)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii f. globosa Beissn.; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 14: 75 (1905)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii f. laeta Schwer.; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 17: 89, 219 (1908)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii f. pendula (Neumann) Beissn.; Handb. Nadelholzk.: 417 (1891)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii var. laeta Schwer.; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 17: 219 (1908)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii var. nana Zederb.; Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1, 116: 1936 (1907)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii var. pendula (Neumann) Engelm.; Bot. California 2: 483 (1880)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii var. pyramidalis Zederb.; Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1, 116: 1936 (1907)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii var. taxifolia (Loudon) Carrière; Traité Gén. Conif., ed. 2: 258 (1867)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii var. viminalis Schwer.; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 27: 325 (1919)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii var. viridis Schwer.; Uns. Freil.-Nadelhölzer 257 (1907)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii f. brevibracteata (Antoine) Krüssm.; Handb. Nadelgehölze 7/8: 291 (1971) (without basionym ref.)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii f. laeta (Schwer.) Krüssm.; Handb. Nadelgehölze 7/8: 293 (1971) (without basionym ref.)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. caesia (Schwer.) Silba; J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 18(1): 20 (2011)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. viridis (Schwer.) Silba; J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 18(1): 20 (2011)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii var. viridis (Schwer.) Franco; Bol. Soc. Brot., Sér. 2a, 24: 77 (1950)
= Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. ex Holz.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 4 266 (1895)
= Pseudotsuga mucronata var. elongata (Lemmon) Lemmon; Erythea 5: 24 (1897)
= Pseudotsuga mucronata var. palustris (Raf.) Lemmon; Erythea 5: 24 (1897)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lamb.) Britton; Trans. New York Acad. Sci. 8: 74 (1889) ex Sudw., U.S.D.A., Div. For., Bull. No. 14, 46 (1897), et in U.S.D.A., Div. For., Bull. No. 14, 46 (1897) Bull. No. 17, 24 (1898), adnot., Rehder apud Sprague & M. L. Green in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 80 (1938)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia f. compacta (Beissn.) C.K.Schneid.; Uns. Freil.-Nadelhölzer [Silva-Tarouca] 269 (1913)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia f. fastigiata (Knight ex Carrière) C.K.Schneid.; Uns. Freil.-Nadelhölzer [Silva-Tarouca] 269 (1913)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia f. globosa (Beissn.) Schwer.; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 32: 61 (1922)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia f. pendula (Neumann) Beissn.; Handb. Conif. [Beissner] 41 (1887)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia subsp. mucronata (Raf.) Schwer.; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 32: 59 (1922)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia subsp. viridis (Schwer.) Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] ed. 2, 1: 287 (1913)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia var. brevibracteata (Antoine) Schwer.; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 32: 60 (1922)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia var. elongata Lemmon; Erythea 1: 49 (1893)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia var. palustris (Raf.) Lemmon; Erythea 5: 24 (1897)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia var. pendula (Neumann) Sudw.; Bull. Div. Forest. U.S.D.A. 14: 46 (1897)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia var. viminalis (Schwer.) Schwer.; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 32: 59 (1922)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia var. viridis (Schwer.) C.K.Schneid.; Uns. Freil.-Nadelhölzer 269 (1914)
= Pseudotsuga vancouverensis Flous; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 66: 340 (1934)
= Tsuga douglasii (Sabine ex D.Don) Carrière; Traité Gén. Conif., éd. 1: 192 (1855)
= Tsuga douglasii var. fastigiata Knight ex Carrière; Traité Gén. Conif. 193 (1855)
= Tsuga douglasii var. pendula (A.Massé ex Neumann) Beissn.; Ziergehölze Gärt. Parkanl., ed. 2: 446 (1884)
subspecies :
subsp. glauca (Beissn.) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 12: 24 (1982)
Name: Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (EN); Colorado-Douglasie (DE)
Distribution: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia); USA (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Minnesota, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington State, Wyoming); Mexico (Valle de Mexico, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León to Hidalgo, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, etc.)
71 CDN 73 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Abies commutata A.Murray bis; Gard. Chron., n.s., 3: 106 (1875), nom. subnud.
= Abies douglasii unranked pumila Waterer; Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 26: 95 (1899)
= Abies lindleyana (Roezl) A.Murray bis; E.J.Ravenscroft, Pinet. Brit. 2(29): 4 (1869)
= Abietia douglasii var. glauca (Beissn.) A.H.Kent; Man. Conif., ed. 2 [Veitch] 478 (1900)
= Pseudotsuga caesia (Schwer.) Flous; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 71: 74 (1937)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii f. argentea Beissn.; Handb. Nadelholzk.: 419 (1891)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii f. argentea-pendula Beissn.; Handb. Nadelholzk., ed. 2: 108 (1909)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii f. glauca-pendula Beissn.; Handb. Nadelholzk.: 418 (1891)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii unranked pumila (Waterer) G.Paul; J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 23: cxxxii (1899)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii var. caesia Schwer.; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 16: 257 (1907)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii var. glauca (Beissn.) Mayr; Wald. Nordamer. 307 (1890)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii var. glaucescens G.Nicholson; Ill. Dict. Gard., Cent. Suppl. 624 (1900)
= Pseudotsuga douglasii var. pumila Beissn.; Handb. Nadelholzk., ed. 2: 110 (1909)
= Pseudotsuga flahaultii Flous; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 66: 332 (1934)
= Pseudotsuga glauca (Beissn.) Schwer.; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 10: 57 (1901)
= Pseudotsuga glauca unranked pendula den Ouden; Naamlijst Conif. Ephedra, Ginkgo: 313 (1949)
= Pseudotsuga glauca var. argentea-pendula (Beissn.) Fitschen; Handb. Nadelholzk., ed. 3: 94 (1930)
= Pseudotsuga glauca var. caesia (Schwer.) Fitschen; Handb. Nadelholzk., ed. 3: 93 (1930)
= Pseudotsuga glauca var. pumila (Waterer) Hornibr.; Dwarf Conifers: 155 (1923)
= Pseudotsuga glaucescens Carrière; Traité Gén. Conif., ed. 2.: 274 (1867)
= Pseudotsuga globulosa Flous; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 66: 334 (1934)
= Pseudotsuga guinieri Flous; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 66: 211, figs (1934)
= Pseudotsuga guinieri var. mediostrobus Flous; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 66: 342 (1934)
= Pseudotsuga guinieri var. parvistrobus Flous; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 66: 342 (1934)
= Pseudotsuga lindleyana (Roezl) Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 39: 152 (1868)
= Pseudotsuga macrolepis Flous; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 66: 219, 224 (1934)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii f. alexidis B.Boivin; Naturaliste Canad. 93: 273 (1966)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii f. pumila (Beissn.) Franco; Bol. Soc. Brot., sér. 2, 24: 77 (1950)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. caesia (Schwer.) Silba; J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 18: 20 (2011)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. glauca (Beissn.) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 12: 24 (1982)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. glaucescens (Bailly) P.D.Sell; Watsonia 18(1): 92 (1990)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. lindleyana (Roezl) Silba; J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 18(1): 19 (2011)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. oaxacana (Debreczy & I.Rácz) Silba; J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 15(2): 62
= Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. rehderi (Flous) Silba; J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 15(2): 63 (2008)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii var. caesia (Schwer.) Franco; Bol. Soc. Brot., Sér. 2a, 24: 77 (1950)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii var. flahaultii (Flous) Silba; Phytologia 68(1): 70 (1990)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco; Bol. Soc. Brot., Sér. 2a, 24: 77 (1950)
= Pseudotsuga menziesii var. oaxacana Debreczy & Rácz; Phytologia 78(4): 239 (1995)
= Pseudotsuga merrillii Flous; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 66: 336 (1934)
= Pseudotsuga mucronata var. suberosa (Lemmon) Lemmon; Erythea 5: 24 (1897)
= Pseudotsuga rehderi Flous; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 66: 338 (1934)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia f. argentea (Beissn.) C.K.Schneid.; Uns. Freil.-Nadelhölzer [Silva-Tarouca] 269 (1913)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia f. caesia (Schwer.) Schwer.; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 32: 62 (1922)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia f. glauca-pendula (Beissn.) Schwer.; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 32: 62 (1922)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia f. pendula C.K.Schneid.; Uns. Freil.-Nadelhölzer [Silva-Tarouca] 269 (1913), nom. illeg.
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia f. pumila (Waterer) Schwer.; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 32: 61 (1922)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia subsp. caesia (Schwer.) Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] ed. 2, 1: 287 (1913)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia subsp. caesia (Schwer.) Farjon; World Checkl. & Bibliogr. Conifers 232 (1998), isonym
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia subsp. glauca (Beissn.) Schwer.; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 33: 91 (1923)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia subsp. glaucescens (Carrière) Schwer.; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 32: 61 (1922)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia var. brevifolia Sudw.; Bull. Div. Forest. U.S.D.A. 14: 49 (1897)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia var. caesia (Schwer.) C.K.Schneid.; Uns. Freil.-Nadelhölzer 269 (1913)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia var. glauca (Beissn.) C.K.Schneid.; Uns. Freil.-Nadelhölzer 269 (1913)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia var. pumila (Beissn.) M.L.Green; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 85 (1938)
= Pseudotsuga taxifolia var. suberosa Lemmon; Erythea 1: 48 (1893)
= Tsuga douglasii var. glauca Beissn.; Ziergehölze Gart. Parkanl., ed. 2: 446 (1884)
= Tsuga douglasii var. taxifolia (Loudon) Carrière; Fl. Serres Jard. Eur. 10: 192 (1855)
= Tsuga lindleyana Roezl; Cat. Grain. Conif. Mexic. 8 (1857)
species :
Pseudotsuga sinensis Dode; Bull. Soc. Dendrol. France 58 (1912)
Distribution: China (S-Anhui, N-Fujian, N-Guizhou, W-Hubei, NW-Hunan, NE-Jiangxi, S-Shaanxi, SE-Sichuan, C-Yunnan, NE-Yunnan, Zhejiang); N-Vietnam
36 CHI 41 VIE
Conservation Status: IUCN V
Synonyms: hidden
= Pseudotsuga forrestii Craib; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 189 (1920)
= Pseudotsuga salvadorii Flous; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 69: 419 (1936)
= Pseudotsuga shaanxiensis S.Z.Qu & K.Y.Wang; Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 8(2): 129 (1988)
= Pseudotsuga sinensis subsp. forrestii (Craib) Silba; J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 15(2): 63
= Pseudotsuga sinensis var. forrestii (Craib) Silba; Phytologia 68(1): 72 (1990)
= Pseudotsuga sinensis var. wilsoniana (Hayata) L.K.Fu & Nan Li; Novon 7: 263 (1997)
= Pseudotsuga taitoensis Kaneh.; Formos. Trees, revis. ed.: 51 (1936), nom. inval.
= Pseudotsuga wilsoniana Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 204 (1915)
= Pseudotsuga wilsoniana subsp. forrestii (Craib) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 14: 17 (1984)
= Pseudotsuga xichangensis C.T.Kuan & L.J.Zhou; Fl. Sichuan. 2: 54 (1983)
variant :
var. brevifolia (W.C.Cheng & L.K.Fu) Farjon & Silba; Phytologia 68(1): 71 (1990)
Distribution: China (SW-Guangxi, Guizhou)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Pseudotsuga brevifolia W.C.Cheng & L.K.Fu; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(4): 83 (1975)
= Pseudotsuga sinensis subsp. brevifolia (W.C.Cheng & L.K.Fu) Silba; J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 15(2): 63
variant :
var. gaussenii (Flous) Silba; Phytologia 68(1): 71 (1990)
Distribution: China (SE-Anhui, ?Fujian, N-Guizzhou, Jiangxi, Zhejiang)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Pseudotsuga gaussenii Flous; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 69: 417 (1936)
= Pseudotsuga sinensis subsp. gaussenii (Flous) Silba; J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 15(2): 63 (2008)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.03 (March 30th, 2026)

Covering 359,184 accepted species,
8,882 hybrids, 47,737 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,007,635 synonyms,
in total 1,423,438* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life