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453.0000 Family Asteraceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 55 (1822)
1620 genera, ca. 29.000 spp. (35.000 spp. incl. microspecies). Systematics taken mostly from Funk et al. (2009, 2020) and Zuntini et al. (2024). Barnadesioideae (so far treated as most basal member of Asteraceae) might be a separate family, more related to Calyceraceae.
Species listed in database: 35483; hybrids: 684
= Acarnaceae Link; (1829)
= Ambrosiaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820), nom. cons.
= Anthemidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Aposeridaceae Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 106 (1838)
= Arctotaceae Bessey; Univ. Stud. Nebraska 14: 107 (1914)
= Arctotidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Artemisiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 48 (1820)
= Athanasiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 56 (1820)
= Calendulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Carduaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Carlinaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Centaureaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Cichoriaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 168 (1789), nom. cons.
= Cnicaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 297 (1818)
= Compositae Giseke; Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl. 538 (1792), nom. cons.
= Coreopsidaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 768 (1829)
= Cynaraceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 926, 931, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Echinopaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Eupatoriaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 253 (1820)
= Gnaphaliaceae Link ex F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 46 (1830)
= Grindeliaceae Rchb. ex A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 330 (1907)
= Heleniaceae Raf.; Cincinnati Lit. Gaz. 2: 28 (1824)
= Helianthaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Helichrysaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 712 (1829)
= Inulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Ivaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 1: 31 (1837)
= Lactucaceae Drude; Handb. Bot. 3(2): 369 (1886)
= Lapsanaceae Martinov; (1820)
= Madiaceae A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 332 (1907)
= Matricariaceae Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 400 (1845)
= Mutisiaceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 934, 935, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Nassauviaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 290 (1836)
= Partheniaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 816 (1829)
= Perdiciaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 728 (1829)
= Picridaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 482 (1820)
= Santolinaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 560 (1820)
= Senecionaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Serratulaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 577 (1820)
= Tanacetaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Tussilagaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Vernoniaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 296 (1836)
= Xanthiaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Xeranthemaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 498 (1843)
453.8011 Genus Acanthospermum Schrank; Pl. Rar. Hort. Monac. t. 53 (1819)
Distribution: S-USA, Mexico, C- and trop. S-America, West Indies, Galapagos Isl.
Species listed in database: 7
= Centrospermum Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.], ed. fol. 4: 270, t. 397 (1818)
= Echinodium Poit. ex Cass.; Dict. Sci. Nat. [F.Cuvier], éd. 2, 59: 235 (1829)
= Orcya Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 344 (1825 publ. 1829)
species :
Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 303 (1891)
Name: Paraguayan starbur (EN)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Cameroon [I]; Zambia [I]; Zimbabwe [I]; Mozambique [I]; South Africa [I] (widespread); Eswatini [Swaziland] [I]; India [I] (Karnataka [I]); Singapore [I]; Australia [I] (New South Wales [I], SE-Queensland [I]); Hawaii [I] (Kauai [I], Oahu [I], Molokai [I], Lanai [I], Maui [I], Kahoolawe Isl. [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); USA [I] (Alabama [I], Arkansas [I], Florida [I], Georgia [I], Louisiana [I], Massachusetts [I], Mississippi [I], North Carolina [I], New York [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], South Carolina [I], Tennessee [I], Texas [I], Virginia [I]); Martinique; St. Vincent; Grenada; Colombia (Arauca, Boyacá, Caldas, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Meta, Nariño, Santander, Vichada); Isla Margarita; Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoategui, Aragua, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Peru; Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Pará); NE-Brazil (Pernambuco); WC-Brazil; SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Amambay, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Cordillera, Itapua, Misiones, Paraguari, San Pedro); Uruguay (Rocha); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Misiones, Santa Fe, San Luis)
11 ger 23 cmn 26 moz zam zim 27 saf swz 40 ind 42 sng 50 aus 63 haw 73 usa 75 usa 77 usa 78 usa 81 GRE MAR STV VEN 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL PER 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR URU
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthospermum brasilium Schrank; Pl. Rar. Hort. Monac., t. 53 (1820)
= Acanthospermum hirsutum DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 5: 522 (1836)
= Acanthospermum xanthioides (Kunth) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 5: 521 (1836)
= Acanthospermum xanthioides var. acutifolium DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 5: 522 (1836)
= Acanthospermum xanthioides var. obtusifolium DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 5: 522 (1836)
= Centrospermum xanthioides Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.], ed. fol. 4: 270 (1818)
= Melampodium australe Loefl.; Iter Hispan. [Loefling] 268 (1758)
= Orcya adhaerens Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 345 (1825 publ. 1829)
species :
Acanthospermum consobrinum S.F.Blake; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 389 (1921)
Distribution: Paraguay (Central)
85 PAR
species :
Acanthospermum glabratum (DC.) Wild; Kirkia 6: 6 (1967)
Distribution: Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]; La Réunion [I]
26 MOZ ZIM 27 BOT LES SAF SWZ 29 reu
Remarks: unclear whether this species is native in Africa
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthospermum xanthioides var. glabratum DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 5: 522 (1836)
species :
Acanthospermum hispidum DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 5: 522 (1836)
Name: Hispid starbur; Cadillo de burro, Mala mujer (Dominican Republic)
Distribution: Belgium [I]; Cape Verde Isl. [I] (Santo Antao Isl. [I], Sao Vicente Isl. [I], Ilha de Sao Nicolau [I], Sal Isl. [I], Ilha de Maio [I], Ilha de Sao Tiago [I], Fogo Isl. [I], Ilha Brava [I]); Mauritania [I]; Guinea-Bissau [I]; Guinea [I]; Mali [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; Ivory Coast [I]; Togo [I]; Benin [I]; Cameroon [I]; Principe Isl. [I]; São Tomé [I]; Gabon [I]; Congo [Brazzaville] [I]; Central African Republic [I]; Chad [I]; Sudan [I]; South Sudan [I]; Ethiopia [I]; Eritrea [I]; Soqotra [I]; Angola [I]; Zambia [I]; Zimbabwe [I]; Mozambique [I]; Namibia [I]; Botswana [I]; South Africa [I]; Eswatini [Swaziland] [I]; Madagascar [I]; Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Rodrigues [I]; Russian Far East [I] (Primorye [I]); China [I] (Guangdong [I], Yunnan [I]); Nepal [I]; Bhutan [I]; India [I] (widespread); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives] [I]; Maldives [I]; Sri Lanka [I]; Bangladesh [I]; Thailand [I]; Sulawesi [I]; Philippines [I]; Lesser Sunda Isl. [I]; New Guinea [I]; Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], Northern Territory [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I]); Marquesas Isl. [I] (Ua Huka [I], Ua Pou [I]); Hawaii [I] (Molokai [I]); Canada [I] (Ontario [I]); USA [I] (Alabama [I], Florida [I], Georgia [I], Hawaii [I], New Jersey [I], Oregon [I], South Carolina [I], Virginia [I]); El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Nicaragua; ?Costa Rica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico (incl. Culebrita Isl.); Virgin Isl. (St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda); St. Martin/St. Maarten; St. Barthélémy; St. Kitts; Antigua; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; Barbados; Tobago; Trinidad; Curacao; Colombia (Antioquia, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila, La Guajira, Nariño, Santander, Tolima, Valle); Venezuela (Aragua, Bolívar, Carabobo, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Lara, Merida, Monagas, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Peru; Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz, Tarija); NE-Brazil (Piauí, Ceara, Pernambuco, Bahia, Alagoas); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Central, Concepcion, Cordillera, Paraguari, Pres. Hayes); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Argentina Distrito Federal, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, San Juan, San Luis, Tucuman)
11 bgm 21 cvi 22 ben bkn gnb gui ivo mli mtn tog 23 caf cmn con gab pri sao 24 cha eri eth soc ssu sud 26 ang moz zam zim 27 bot nam saf swz 29 mau mdg reu rod 31 rfe 36 chi 40 ban bhu ind ldv mdv nep srl 41 tha 42 lsi nwg phi sul 50 aus 61 mrq 63 haw 72 cdn 73 usa 75 usa 78 usa 80 ELS HON NIC 81 ABA BBD CUB CUR DOM GDL HIS MAR MTS PUE SBA STK STM TRT VIR 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL PER 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthospermum humile var. hispidum (DC.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 303 (1891)
species :
Acanthospermum humile (Sw.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 5: 522 (1836)
Name: Spiny-bur (Bahamas), Guizazo abrojo, Pinea, Pinedo, Quita zapatos (Cuba), Dessalines, Mala mujer (Dominican Republic), Feuilles hareng, L´indigene, The menthe (Haiti), Sheep bur (Jamaica)
Distribution: USA [I] (Alabama [I], Florida [I], New York [I], South Carolina [I]); Panama; Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Curacao
75 usa 78 usa 80 PAN 81 BAH CUB CUR HIS JAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Centrospermum humile (Sw.) Less.; Syn. Gen. Compos. 217 (1832)
= Melampodium humile Sw.; Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. [O.P.Swartz] 114 (1788)
species :
Acanthospermum leucocarpoides B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 3, 1: 41 (1895)
Distribution: Galapagos
83 GAL
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Acanthospermum microcarpum B.L.Rob.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 38: (1902) 208. 38: 208 (1902)
Distribution: Ecuador; Galapagos; Peru
83 ECU GAL PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Acanthospermum donii S.F.Blake; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 388 (1921)
= Acanthospermum simile S.F.Blake; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 388, pl. 23e (1921)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.05 (May 20th, 2026)

Covering 359,646 accepted species,
8,890 hybrids, 47,679 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,012,517 synonyms,
in total 1,428,732* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life