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177.0000 Family Poaceae Barnhart; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 7 (1895), nom. cons., nom. alt.
ca. 800 genera, ca. 12.000 spp. worldwide. Systematics following Soreng et al. (2017) and Soreng et al. (2022)
Species listed in database: 12106; hybrids: 385
= Aegilopaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 221 (1820)
= Agrostidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 264 (1820)
= Alopecuraceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 19 (1820)
= Andropogonaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 28 (1820)
= Anomochloaceae Nakai; Chosakuronbun Mokuroku [Ord. Fam. Trib. Gen. Sect. ... nov. ed.]: 222 (1943)
= Anthoxanthaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271 (1827)
= Arundinaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 60 (1843)
= Arundinellaceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 136 (1940)
= Asperellaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 106, 270 (1827)
= Avenaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 60. 31 (1820)
= Bambusaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Bromaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 264 (1820)
= Cenchraceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 9, 268 (1827)
= Chaeturaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 106, 269 (1827)
= Chloridaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Chondrosaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 269 (1827)
= Coleanthaceae Pfeiff.; Nomencl. Bot. [Pfeiffer] 1(2): 818. ante (1873)
= Cynodontaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 51, 269 (1827)
= Cynosuraceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271, 272 (1827)
= Echinariaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271 (1827)
= Ehrhartaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271 (1827)
= Eragrostidaceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 145 (1940)
= Festucaceae Spreng.; Fl. Comit. Pest. 1: 28 (1825)
= Glyceriaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271 (1827)
= Gramineae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 28 (1789), nom. cons.
= Holcaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 2: 252 (1833)
= Hordeaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Laguraceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 2: 250 (1833)
= Lepturaceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 147 (1940)
= Loliaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 6, 267 (1827)
= Melicaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 390 (1820)
= Miliaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 91, 270 (1827)
= Nardaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 413 (1820)
= Olyraceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Ophiuraceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 3, 268 (1827)
= Oryzaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Panicaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 264 (1820)
= Pappophoraceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 145 (1940)
= Parianaceae Nakai; Chosakuronbun Mokuroku [Ord. Fam. Trib. Gen. Sect. ... nov. ed.]: 222 (1943)
= Paspalaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 47, 269 (1827)
= Phalaridaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 2: 250 (1833)
= Pharaceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 139 (1940)
= Phleaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 269 (1827)
= Saccharaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Sesleriaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 60 (1843)
= Spartinaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 46, 268 (1827)
= Stipaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 264 (1820)
= Streptochaetaceae Nakai; Chosakuronbun Mokuroku [Ord. Fam. Trib. Gen. Sect. ... nov. ed.]: 222 (1943)
= Triticaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 22, 268 (1827)
= Zeaceae A.J.Kern.; Pflanzenleben 2: 651 (1891)
= Zoysiaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 8, 268 (1827)
177.8104 Genus Arundo L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 81 (1753)
Distribution: Mediterranean, SW- and S-Asia; 1 to Caucasus, and Middle Asia. Phylogeny and taxonomy: Hardion et al. (2012)
Species listed in database: 5
= Amphidonax Nees; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 449 (1836)
= Donacium Fr.; Bot. Not. 1843: 131 (1843), nom. illeg.
= Donax P.Beauv.; Ess. Agrostogr. 77 (1812), nom. illeg.
= Eudonax Fr.; Bot. Not. 1843: 132 (1843)
= Scolochloa Mert. & W.D.J.Koch; Deutschl. Fl. [Röhling], ed. 3, 1: 374 (1823), nom. rej.
species :
Arundo donaciformis (Loisel.) Hardion, Verlaque & B.Vila; Taxon 61(6): 1222 (2012)
Distribution: S-France; NW-Italy (Ligurian coast)
12 FRA 13 ITA
Synonyms: hidden
= Calamagrostis donaciformis Loisel.; Fl. Gall. [Loiseleur] 2: 53 (1807)
species :
Arundo donax L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 81 (1753)
Name: Italienisches Pfahlrohr (DE); Spanisches Rohr; Giant Cane (EN); Cana de Castilla, Guajana (ES)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Portugal [I]; Spain [I]; Gibraltar [I]; Baleares [I]; France [I]; Corsica [I]; Sardinia [I]; Italy [I]; Sicily [I]; Pantelleria [I]; Isole Pelagie [I] (Lampedusa [I]); San Marino [I]; Slovenia [I]; Croatia [I]; Bosnia & Hercegovina [I]; Montenegro [I]; Serbia; Kosovo [I]; North Macedonia [I]; Albania [I]; European Turkey; Greece (lowlands, incl. most islands); Crete; European Russia; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (Desert Oases, Great Southwestern Desert, NE-Egypt, Nile Delta, Nile Valley, NW-coastal Egypt); Azores [I] (Santa Maria Isl. [I], Sao Miguel Isl. [I], Terceira [I], Graciosa [I], Sao Jorge [I], Pico [I], Faial [I], Flores Isl. [I], Corvo Isl. [I]); Madeira [I] (Madeira Isl. [I], Ilhas Desertas [I], Porto Santo Isl. [I]); Canary Isl. [I] (Lanzarote [I], Fuerteventura [I], Gran Canaria [I], Tenerife [I], La Gomera [I], Hierro [I], La Palma [I]); Cape Verde Isl. [I] (Santo Antao Isl. [I], Sao Vicente Isl. [I], Ilha de Sao Nicolau [I], Sal Isl. [I], Ilha de Maio [I], Ilha de Sao Tiago [I], Fogo Isl. [I], Ilha Brava [I]); D.R.Congo [Zaire] [I]; Zimbabwe [I]; Namibia [I]; Botswana [I]; South Africa [I] (widespread); St. Helena [I]; Madagascar [I]; Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread, incl. Rhodos); Turkey (NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Iran (N-Iran, NE-Iran, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Badghys, Baghlan, Bamyan, Helmand, Kabul, Paktia / Khost); Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus); Lebanon (coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, C-Syrian Desert, NW-Syria); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, N-Negev Desert, Judean Desert); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai, N-Sinai, S-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (C-Saudi Arabia, NE-Saudi Arabia, Hejaz); Qatar; United Arab Emirates; Yemen (Tihama, W-Yemen); China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Tibet; South Korea [I]; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.; Bonin Isl. (Chichijima); Pakistan (Sind, Baluchistan, Kurram, N.W.Frontier Prov., Chitral, Swat, Pakistani Punjab, Hazara); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl.; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Philippines (Luzon, Samar); Java; Moluccas [I]; Christmas Isl. [Austr.] [I]; Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], Northern Territory [I], South Australia [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I]); Norfolk Isl. [I]; New Zealand [I]; New Caledonia [I]; Vanuatu [I]; Tonga [I] (Lifuka [I]); Fiji [I]; [Western] Samoa [I] (´Upolu [I]); Nauru [I]; Cook Isl. [I] (Rarotonga [I]); Society Isl. [I] (Huahine [I], Raiatea [I]); Palau [I] (Koror [I]); Guam [I]; Fed. States of Micronesia [I] (Pohnpei [I]); Hawaii [I] (Kauai [I], Oahu [I], Maui [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); USA [I] (Alabama [I], Arkansas [I], Arizona [I], California [I], Delaware [I], Florida [I], Georgia [I], Illinois [I], Kansas [I], Kentucky [I], Louisiana [I], Maryland [I], Missouri [I], Mississippi [I], North Carolina [I], New Mexico [I], Nevada [I], Oklahoma [I], South Carolina [I], Tennessee [I], Texas [I], Utah [I], Virginia [I], West Virginia [I]); Mexico [I]; Guatemala [I]; El Salvador [I]; Nicaragua [I]; Costa Rica [I]; Trinidad & Tobago [I]; Colombia [I]; Venezuela [I]; Surinam [I]; Ecuador [I]; Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]; Brazil [I]; Paraguay [I]; Uruguay [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Arica y Parinacota [I], Tarapacá [I], Antofagasta [I], Atacama [I], Coquimbo [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I], O´Higgins [I], Maule [I], Ñuble [I], Biobío [I], Araucanía [I]); Desventuradas Isl. [I]; Juan Fdz. Isl. [I]
11 ger 12 bal cor fra gib por sar spa 13 alb bih cro GRC ita kos KRI mnt nma pel ptl sic slv sma SRB TUE 14 RUS 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 21 azo cny cvi mdr 23 zai 26 zim 27 bot nam saf 28 sth 29 mdg 32 KAZ TKM TZK UZB 33 AZE GEO 34 AFG CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SIN SYR TUR 35 QAT SAU UAE YEM 36 CHI TIB 38 JAP kor NNS OGA 40 BAN BHU IND NEP PAK SRL 41 AND CBD LAO MYA THA VIE 42 JAW MLY mol PHI xms 50 aus nfk 51 nzl 60 fij nru nwc sam ton van 61 coo sci 62 gum mic plu 63 haw 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa 79 mex 80 cos els gua nic 81 trt 82 clm sur ven 83 bol ecu per 84 bra 85 arg cle dsv jnf par uru
Synonyms: hidden
= Aira bengalensis (Retz.) J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13bis: 174 (1791)
= Amphidonax bengalensis (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 449 (1836)
= Amphidonax bifaria (Retz.) Steud.; Syn. Pl. Glumac. [Steudel] 1: 197 (1854), pro syn.
= Arundo aegyptia Delile; Descr. Égypte, Hist. Nat. 4 (1813), nomen
= Arundo aegyptiaca E.Vilm.; Fl. Pleine Terre, éd. 3: 984 (1870), pro syn.
= Arundo bambusifolia Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 7: 303 (1896)
= Arundo bengalensis Retz.; Observ. Bot. [Retzius] 5: 20 (1789)
= Arundo bifaria Retz.; Observ. Bot. [Retzius] 5: 21 (1789)
= Arundo coleotricha (Hack.) Honda; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 41: 14 (1927)
= Arundo coleotricha var. barbigera Honda; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 41: 14 (1927)
= Arundo donax var. angustifolia Döll; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 2(3): 48 (1878)
= Arundo donax var. barbigera (Honda) Ohwi; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 10: 265 (1941)
= Arundo donax var. coleotricha Hack.; Bull. Herb. Boissier 7: 724 (1899)
= Arundo donax var. lanceolata Döll; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 2(3): 48 (1878)
= Arundo donax var. procerior Kunth; Révis. Gramin. 1: 75 (1829), nomen
= Arundo glauca Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 4: 303 (1901) [nom. illeg., non M. Bieb. 1808]
= Arundo latifolia Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 24 (1796)
= Arundo longifolia Salisb. ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 7: 303 (1896), pro syn.
= Arundo sativa Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 616 (1779)
= Arundo scriptoria L.; Amoen. Acad., Linnaeus ed. 4: 150 (1759), nomen
= Arundo triflora Roxb.; Icon. Pict. Pl. Rar. 853.
= Bambos fax (Lour.) Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 8: 704 (1808)
= Bambusa fax (Lour.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 100 (1821)
= Bambusa humilis Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 183 (1841), pro syn.
= Beesha fax (Lour.) Schult.f.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7: 1336 (1830)
= Beesha humilis Kunth; Enum. Pl. [Kunth] 1: 434 (1833), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Cynodon donax (L.) Raspail; Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 5: 302 (1825)
= Donax arundinaceus P.Beauv.; Ess. Agrostogr. 78, 152, 161 (1812) [nom. nov.]
= Donax bengalensis (Retz.) P.Beauv.; Ess. Agrostogr. 78 (1812)
= Donax bifarius (Retz.) Spreng.; Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. [Sprengel] 2: 73 (1821)
= Donax donax (L.) Asch. & Graebn.; Fl. Nordostdeut. Flachl. 101 (1898), nom. inval.
= Donax sativus C.Presl; Cyper. Gram. Sicul. 16 (1818), nom. illeg., et Cyper. Gramin. Sicul. 32 (1820)
= Melocanna humilis Roep. ex Trin.; Clav. Agrostogr. Antiq. 105 (1822), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Scolochloa arundinacea (P.Beauv.) Mert. & W.D.J.Koch; Deutschl. Fl. [Röhling], ed. 3, 1(2): 530 (1823), nom. illeg.
= Scolochloa donax (L.) Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 202 (1828)
variant :
var. versicolor (Mill.) Stokes; Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 160 (1812)
Distribution: Ryukyu Isl. [I]; Andaman Isl. [I] (South Andamans [I]); Australia [I] (Western Australia [I]); Palau [I]; Mexico [I]; Central America [I]; Bahamas [I]; Cuba [I]; Cayman Isl. [I]; Jamaica [I]; Hispaniola [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; St. Martin/St. Maarten [I]; St. Kitts [I]; Antigua [I]; Montserrat [I]; Guadeloupe [I]; Dominica [I]; Martinique [I]; St. Lucia [I]; St. Vincent [I]; Grenada [I]; Barbados [I]; South America [I]; Isla Margarita [I]
38 nns 41 and 50 aus 62 plu 79 mex 81 aba bah bbd cay cub dom gdl gre his jam mar mts pue stk stl stm stv ven
Synonyms: hidden
= Arundo coleotricha var. versicolor (Mill.) Stokes; Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 100 (1812)
= Arundo donax f. picta Suess.; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi, Begr.], ed. 2, 1: 364 (1936), nom. inval.
= Arundo donax f. versicolor (Mill.) Beetle; Phytologia 38: 174 (1978)
= Arundo donax var. variegata E.Vilm.; Fl. Pleine Terre 90 (1863)
= Arundo donax var. variegata Endl.; Cat. Horti Vindob. 37 (1842)
= Arundo donax var. variegata Poit. & A.Vilm.; Bon Jard. 1835: 485 (1835)
= Arundo donax var. versicolor (Mill.) Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 1: 115 (1789)
= Arundo donax var. versicolor (Mill.) Kunth; Révis. Gramin. 1: 78 (1829), isonym
= Arundo versicolor Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: 3 (1768)
= Donax versicolor (Mill.) P.Beauv.; Ess. Agrostogr., t. 16, f. 5 (1812)
species :
Arundo formosana Hack.; Bull. Herb. Boissier 7: 724 (1899)
subspecies :
subsp. formosana
Distribution: Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; Philippines (Batan, Samar)
38 NNS TAI 42 PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Arundo parviflora Ohwi; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 36: 40 (1934)
= Arundo formosana subsp. robusta (Conert) S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 2: 24 (2022)
= Arundo formosana var. robusta Conert; Syst. Anat. Arundineae 35 (1961)
subspecies :
subsp. gracilis (Hack.) Hardion, Verlaque & B.Vila; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 183(2): 246 (2017)
Distribution:
Error
Synonyms: hidden
= Arundo formosana var. gracilis Hack.; Bull. Herb. Boissier 7: 724 (1899)
species :
Arundo micrantha Lam.; Tabl. Encycl. 1: 196 (1791)
Name: Mittelmeer-Riesenschilf (DE); Mediterranean Giant Cane (EN)
Distribution: Portugal; Spain; Baleares (Mallorca); France (S-France); Sardinia; NE-Italy; Croatia; European Turkey; Greece (very rare Gulf of Korinth, Evvoia); Crete (very rare); Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; East Aegaean Isl. (Rhodos); Turkey (NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Cyprus; Lebanon (coastal); Israel
12 BAL FRA POR SAR SPA 13 CRO GRC ITA KRI TUE 20 ALG MOR TUN 34 CYP EAI ISR LEB TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Arundo mauritanica Desf.; Fl. Atlant. 1: 106 (1798), nom. illeg.
= Arundo mediterranea Danin; Willdenowia 34(2): 362 (2004)
= Arundo pliniana subsp. mauritanica Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 797 (1882)
= Arundo plinii var. mauritanica Parl.; Fl. Ital. [Parlatore] 1: 219 (1850)
= Calamagrostis mauritanica Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 252 (1824)
species :
Arundo plinii Turra; Farsetia 11 (1765)
Name: Plinius´ Riesenschilf (DE); Plinius´ Giant Cane (EN)
Distribution: Italy (widespread); Sicily; Malta; San Marino; Croatia; Montenegro; Albania; Greece (scattered lowlands near coast, Kerkyra, Evvoia, Ionian Isl., Limnos); Crete
13 ALB CRO GRC ITA KRI MLT MNT SIC SMA
Synonyms: hidden
= Arundo collina subsp. hellenica (Danin, Raus & H.Scholz) H.Scholz; Willdenowia 36(2): 663 (2006)
= Arundo collina Ten.; Fl. Napol. App. 4, t. 108 (1823)
= Arundo donax subsp. plinii (Turra) Mateo & Figuerola; Fl. Analit. Valencia 368 (1987)
= Arundo hellenica Danin, Raus & H.Scholz; Willdenowia 32(2): 191 (2002)
= Arundo pliniana Turra; Farsetia 11 (1765), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Arundo plinii var. pallens Pamp.; Boll. Mus. Republ. San Marino 4: 116 (1920)
= Arundo semifurcta Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 144 (1841), pro syn.
= Calamagrostis altissima Host; Fl. Austriac. [Host] 1: 101 (1827)
= Calamagrostis plinii (Turra) J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13bis, 2(1): 172 (1796)
= Donax acuminatus J.Presl ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 524 (1841), pro syn.
= Donax collinus (Ten.) Tineo; Cat. Pl. Hort. Panorm. 100 (1827)
= Donax plinii (Turra) K.Koch; Dendrologie 2: 352 (1873)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

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