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177.0000 Family Poaceae Barnhart; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 7 (1895), nom. cons., nom. alt.
ca. 800 genera, ca. 12.000 spp. worldwide. Systematics following Soreng et al. (2017) and Soreng et al. (2022)
Species listed in database: 12112; hybrids: 385
= Aegilopaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 221 (1820)
= Agrostidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 264 (1820)
= Alopecuraceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 19 (1820)
= Andropogonaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 28 (1820)
= Anomochloaceae Nakai; Chosakuronbun Mokuroku [Ord. Fam. Trib. Gen. Sect. ... nov. ed.]: 222 (1943)
= Anthoxanthaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271 (1827)
= Arundinaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 60 (1843)
= Arundinellaceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 136 (1940)
= Asperellaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 106, 270 (1827)
= Avenaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 60. 31 (1820)
= Bambusaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Bromaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 264 (1820)
= Cenchraceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 9, 268 (1827)
= Chaeturaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 106, 269 (1827)
= Chloridaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Chondrosaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 269 (1827)
= Coleanthaceae Pfeiff.; Nomencl. Bot. [Pfeiffer] 1(2): 818. ante (1873)
= Cynodontaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 51, 269 (1827)
= Cynosuraceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271, 272 (1827)
= Echinariaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271 (1827)
= Ehrhartaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271 (1827)
= Eragrostidaceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 145 (1940)
= Festucaceae Spreng.; Fl. Comit. Pest. 1: 28 (1825)
= Glyceriaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 271 (1827)
= Gramineae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 28 (1789), nom. cons.
= Holcaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 2: 252 (1833)
= Hordeaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Laguraceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 2: 250 (1833)
= Lepturaceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 147 (1940)
= Loliaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 6, 267 (1827)
= Melicaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 390 (1820)
= Miliaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 91, 270 (1827)
= Nardaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 413 (1820)
= Olyraceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Ophiuraceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 3, 268 (1827)
= Oryzaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Panicaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 264 (1820)
= Pappophoraceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 145 (1940)
= Parianaceae Nakai; Chosakuronbun Mokuroku [Ord. Fam. Trib. Gen. Sect. ... nov. ed.]: 222 (1943)
= Paspalaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 47, 269 (1827)
= Phalaridaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 2: 250 (1833)
= Pharaceae Herter; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 139 (1940)
= Phleaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 269 (1827)
= Saccharaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 265 (1820)
= Sesleriaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 60 (1843)
= Spartinaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 46, 268 (1827)
= Stipaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 264 (1820)
= Streptochaetaceae Nakai; Chosakuronbun Mokuroku [Ord. Fam. Trib. Gen. Sect. ... nov. ed.]: 222 (1943)
= Triticaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 22, 268 (1827)
= Zeaceae A.J.Kern.; Pflanzenleben 2: 651 (1891)
= Zoysiaceae Link; Hort. Berol. [Link] 1: 8, 268 (1827)
177.5031 Genus Avenula (Dumort.) Dumort.; Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 7: 68 (1868), in adnot.
Distribution: Palearctic. Avenula s. s. is apparently allied to the set of Coleanthinae and Poodinae (Soreng et al. 2017)
Species listed in database: 1
= Homalotrichon Banfi, Galasso & Bracchi; Annot. Checkl. Italian Vasc. Fl. 18, 28 (2005), nom. superfl.
species :
Avenula pubescens (Huds.) Dumort.; Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 7: 68 (1868), in adnot.
subspecies :
subsp. pubescens
Name: Gewöhnlicher Flaumhafer (DE), Downy Oat-grass (EN)
Distribution: Iceland; England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Orkney Isl., Shetland Isl., Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, +Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Jersey); Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece (rare mountains of N- & C-Greece); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia); Russian Far East [I] (Primorye [I]); Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); China (Xinjiang); Mongolia; Canada [I] (Alberta [I], Manitoba [I], Ontario [I], Québec [I], Saskatchewan [I]); USA [I] (Connecticut [I], Delaware [I], Minnesota [I], New Jersey [I], Vermont [I])
10 DEN FIN GRB ICE IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO CIS FRA POR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 rfe 32 KAZ KGZ TZK 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 TUR 36 CHI 37 MON 71 cdn 72 cdn 75 usa 78 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Arrhenatherum pubescens (Huds.) Samp.; Anais Fac. Sci. Porto 17: 45 (1931), in obs.
= Arrhenatherum pubescens f. alpinum (Gaudin) Hyl.; Bot. Not. 1953: 355 (1953)
= Avena alopecuros Roth; Catal. Bot. 3: 20 (1806)
= Avena balloniana Kirschl.; Fl. Vogéso-rhénane 2: 205 (1870)
= Avena baumgartenii Steud.; Syn. Pl. Glumac. [Steudel] 1: 233 (1854)
= Avena bornmuelleri Domin; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 2: 31 (1906), pro syn.
= Avena carpatica Host; Icon. Descr. Gram. Austriac. 4: 18 (1809)
= Avena glabra K.Koch; Linnaea 19: 5 (1846)
= Avena hirtifolia Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 2(4): 128 (1859)
= Avena hugeninii De Not. ex Steud.; Syn. Pl. Glumac. [Steudel] 1: 425 (1854)
= Avena lucida Bertol.; Fl. Ital. [Bertoloni] 1: 701 (1835)
= Avena pseudolucida Schur; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 10: 72 (1860)
= Avena pubescens proles amethystina (DC.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 14: 131 (1913)
= Avena pubescens f. diantha Heuff.; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: 193 (1858)
= Avena pubescens f. stenophylla Domin; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 1: 16 (1905)
= Avena pubescens f. straminea Norm.; Forh. Vidensk.-Selsk. Kristiania 1893(16): 53 (1893)
= Avena pubescens f. trinervata J.A.Christ.; Fl. Kiel [J.A.Christiansen et al.] 256 (1922)
= Avena pubescens f. trinervis (Neuman); Bot. Not. 1883: 100 (1883)
= Avena pubescens Huds.; Fl. Angl. [Hudson] 42 (1762)
= Avena pubescens subsp. amethystina (DC.) Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 2(1): 245 (1899)
= Avena pubescens subsp. amethystina (DC.) Clarion ex DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 3: 56 (1803)
= Avena pubescens subsp. hugueninii (De Not. ex Steud.) K.Richt.; Pl. Eur. [K.Richter] 1: 64 (1890)
= Avena pubescens subsp. lucida (Bertol.) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 777 (1882)
= Avena pubescens var. alpestris Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl., ed. 8: 304 (1861)
= Avena pubescens var. alpina Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 1: 334 (1828)
= Avena pubescens var. amethystina (DC.) Delastre; Fl. Vienne 478 (1842)
= Avena pubescens var. balloniana (Kirschl.) Jess.; Deut. Excurs.-Fl. 574 (1879)
= Avena pubescens var. colorata Dalla Torre & Sarnth.; Fl. Tirol [Dalla Torre & Sarnthein] 6(1): 194 (1906)
= Avena pubescens var. diantha (Heuff.) Schur; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 10: 72 (1860)
= Avena pubescens var. diantha Heuff.; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: 193 (1858)
= Avena pubescens var. glabra Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 131 (1821 publ. 1822)
= Avena pubescens var. glabra Lapeyrère; Fl. Départ. Landes 467 (1902), nom. illeg.
= Avena pubescens var. glabrescens Schur; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 10: 72 (1860)
= Avena pubescens var. longifolia Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 5: 545 (1884)
= Avena pubescens var. lucida (Bertol.) Nyman; Syll. Fl. Eur. 412 (1855)
= Avena pubescens var. lutescens A.F.Schwarz; Abh. Naturhist. Ges. Nürnberg 14, Beil. [Phan.-Fl. Nürnberg-Erlangen] 876 (1902)
= Avena pubescens var. minor Zapal.; Bull. Int. Acad. Sci. Cracovie, Cl. Sci. Math. 1904(3): 165 (1904)
= Avena pubescens var. monticola Velen.; Fl. Bulg. [Velenovsky] 619 (1891)
= Avena pubescens var. sesquitertia Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 1(2): 183 (1850), nom. inval.
= Avena pubescens var. simplex Ducommun; Taschenb. Schweiz. Bot. 863 (1869)
= Avena pubescens var. simplex Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 14: 131 (1913)
= Avena pubescens var. straminea Norman; Forh. Vidensk.-Selsk. Kristiania 16: 53 (1893)
= Avena sesquitertia L.; Mant. Pl. 1: 34 (1767)
= Avena sesquitertia subsp. pubescens (Huds.) Simonk.; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 573 (1887)
= Avena varia Schur; Sert. Fl. Transsilv. [Schur] 85 (1853), nom. illeg. superfl.
= Avena versicolor Baumg. ex Steud.; Syn. Pl. Glumac. [Steudel] 1: 233 (1854), pro syn.
= Avenastrum pubescens (Huds.) Opiz; Seznam [Opiz] 20 (1852)
= Avenastrum pubescens f. alpestre (Hartm.) Neuman; Sver. Fl. 754 (1901)
= Avenastrum pubescens f. trinerve (Neuman) Neuman; Sver. Fl. 754 (1901)
= Avenastrum pubescens var. alpinum Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 73 (1890)
= Avenastrum sesquitertium (L.) Fritsch; Excursionsfl. Oesterreich 53 (1897)
= Avenastrum transsilvanicum var. carpathicum Koczw.; Kosmos (Lvov) 51: 47 (1927)
= Avenochloa pubescens (Huds.) Holub; Acta Horti Bot. Prag. 84 (1962), nom. illeg.
= Avenochloa pubescens var. alpina (Gaudin) Kerguélen; Lejeunia 75: 92 (1975)
= Avenula pubescens subsp. bornmuelleri Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 11: 295 (1976)
= Avenula pubescens subsp. longifolia (Boiss.) H.Scholz & Valdés; Willdenowia 36: 662 (2006)
= Avenula pubescens var. longifolia Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 5: 545 (1884)
= Festuca cristata C.C.Gmel. ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 660 (1817), pro syn.
= Helictotrichon pratense f. alpinum (Gaudin) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 121 (1971 publ. 1972)
= Helictotrichon pubescens (Huds.) Pilg.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 45: 6 (1938)
= Helictotrichon pubescens f. batavicum Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 121 (1971 publ. 1972)
= Helictotrichon pubescens f. dianthum (Heuff.) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 121 (1971 publ. 1972)
= Helictotrichon pubescens f. pallidum (Schur) Morariu & Beldie; Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. (Fl. Republ. Socialist. Romania) 12: 281 (1972)
= Helictotrichon pubescens f. stenophyllum (Domin) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 121 (1971 publ. 1972)
= Helictotrichon pubescens f. subracemosum (Schur) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 121 (1971 publ. 1972)
= Helictotrichon pubescens f. subtricolor (Schur) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 121 (1971 publ. 1972)
= Helictotrichon pubescens subsp. longifolium (Boiss.) Dogan; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 40: 86 (1982)
= Helictotrichon pubescens var. alpinum (Gaudin) Grossh.; Fl. Kavkaza [Grossheim], ed. 2, 1: 215 (1939)
= Helictotrichon pubescens var. alpinum (Gaudin) Morariu & Beldie; Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. (Fl. Republ. Socialist. Romania) 12: 280 (1972), isonym
= Helictotrichon pubescens var. alpinum (Gaudin) Nevski; Fl. URSR 2: 185 (1940), isonym
= Heuffelia lucida (Bertol.) Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 761 (1866)
= Heuffelia pubescens (Huds.) Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 762 (1866)
= Heuffelia pubescens var. glabrescens (Schur) Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 760 (1866)
= Heuffelia pubescens var. insubrica (Asch. & Graebn.) Fiori; Nuov. Fl. Anal. Italia 1: 111 (1923)
= Heuffelia pubescens var. pallida Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 761 (1866)
= Heuffelia pubescens var. subracemosa Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 761 (1866)
= Heuffelia pubescens var. subtricolor Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 761 (1866)
= Homalotrichon pubescens (Huds.) Banfi, Galasso & Bracchi; Annot. Checkl. Italian Vasc. Fl. 19 (2005)
= Homalotrichon pubescens subsp. longifolium (Boiss.) H.Scholz & Valdés; Willdenowia 41(1): 135 (2011)
= Neoholubia pubescens (Huds.) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 40: 234 (2008)
= Neoholubia pubescens var. alpina (Gaudin) Tzvelev; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 40: 235 (2008 publ. 2009)
= Trisetaria bornmuelleri (Domin) H.Scholz; Willdenowia 21(1-2): 187 (1991)
= Trisetaria carpatica (Host) Baumg.; Enum. Stirp. Transsilv. 3: 263 (1816)
= Trisetaria sesquitertia (L.) Baumg.; Enum. Stirp. Transsilv. 3: 262 (1816)
= Trisetum alopecuros (Roth) Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 660 (1817)
= Trisetum bornmuelleri Domin; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 2: 30 (1906)
= Trisetum carpaticum (Host) Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 663 (1817)
= Trisetum pubescens (Huds.) Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 662 (1817)
= Trisetum sesquitertium (L.) P.Beauv.; Ess. Agrostogr. 88, 154 (1812)
= Trisetum sesquitertium (L.) Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 760 (1866)
= Trisetum varium Schur; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 10: 75 (1860), nom. illeg. superfl.
subspecies :
subsp. laevigata (Schur) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 11: 295 (1976)
Name: Glatter Flaumhafer, Kahler Flaumhafer (DE)
Distribution: Germany (Bayern); Switzerland; Slovakia; France; Italy; Romania; European Russia
11 GER SLO SWI 12 FRA 13 ITA ROM 14 RUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Avena amethystina DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 3: 56 (1805)
= Avena insubrica (Asch. & Graebn.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.; Fl. Tirol [Dalla Torre & Sarnthein] 6(1): 195 (1906)
= Avena laevigata Schur; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 10: 72 (1860)
= Avena laevigata var. insubrica Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 2(1): 246 (1899)
= Avena pubescens subsp. insubrica (Asch. & Graebn.) Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 1: 256 (1907)
= Avena pubescens subsp. laevigata (Schur) Asch. & Graebn.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 2(1): 245 (1899)
= Avena pubescens var. insubrica (Asch. & Graebn.) Fiori; Nuov. Fl. Anal. Italia 1: 111 (1923)
= Avena pubescens var. laevigata (Schur) St.-Yves; Candollea 4: 429 (1931)
= Avenastrum amethystinum (DC.) Börner; Fl. Deut. Volk 771 (1912)
= Avenastrum insubricum (Asch. & Graebn.) Fritsch; Excursionsfl. Oesterreich, ed. 2: 58 (1909), in clavi
= Avenastrum laevigatum (Schur) Domin; Preslia 13-15: 40 (1935)
= Avenastrum pubescens var. laevigatum (Schur) Jáv.; Magyar Fl. 1: 80 (1924)
= Avenochloa laevigata (Schur) Soó; Feddes Repert. 85(7-8): 436 (1974)
= Avenochloa pubescens subsp. amethystina (Clarion) Soó; Feddes Repert. 85 (7-8): 436 (1974), without basionym ref.
= Avenochloa pubescens subsp. laevigata (Schur) Soó; Feddes Repert. 85(7-8): 436 (1974), without basionym ref.
= Avenula pubescens var. amethystina (DC.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Fl. Man. Països Catalans 4: 460 (2001)
= Helictotrichon laevigatum (Schur) Potztal; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 75: 330 (1951)
= Helictotrichon pubescens subsp. amethystinum (DC.) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 121 (1971 publ. 1972)
= Helictotrichon pubescens subsp. amethystinum (DC.) O.Schwarz; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 88 (1949)
= Helictotrichon pubescens subsp. laevigatum (Schur) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 121 (1971 publ. 1972)
= Heuffelia laevigata (Schur) Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 761 (1866)
= Homalotrichon pubescens subsp. laevigatum (Schur) Banfi, Galasso & Bracchi; Annot. Checkl. Italian Vasc. Fl. 19 (2005)
subspecies :
subsp. longiflora (Boiss.) H.Scholz & Valdés; Willdenowia 36: 662 (2006)
Distribution: Turkey
34 TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Avena pubescens f. latifolia Printz; Veg. Siber.-Mongol. Front. 127 (1921)
= Avenochloa pubescens subsp. anatolica (Holub) Soó; Feddes Repert. 85: 436 (1975)
= Avenula pubescens var. latifolia (Printz) Tzvelev; Zlaki Rossii 158 (2019)
= Avenula pubescens var. longiflora Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 5: 545 (1884)
= Helictotrichon pubescens proles anatolicum Holub; Preslia 31: 51 (1959)
= Helictotrichon pubescens f. latifolium (Printz) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17(1-2): 121 (1971 publ. 1972)
= Helictotrichon pubescens subsp. anatolicum (Holub) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 121 (1971 publ. 1972)
= Helictotrichon pubescens subsp. longiflora (Boiss.) Dogan; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 40(1): 86 (1982)
= Helictotrichon pubescens var. latifolium (Printz) Tzvelev; Zlaki S.S.S.R. 249 (1976)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.06 (June 15th, 2025)

Covering 356,645 accepted species,
8,788 hybrids, 48,065 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,003,237 synonyms,
in total 1,416,735* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

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