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492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14370; hybrids: 47
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
492.2104 Genus Carapichea Aubl.; Hist. Pl. Guiane 167, t. 64 (1775)
Distribution: Tropical America
Species listed in database: 24
= Ipecacuanha Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 147 (1838)
= Nettlera Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 147 (1838), nom. superfl.
= Stachyococcus Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(6): 144 (1936)
species :
Carapichea adinantha (Standl.) C.M.Taylor; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 99(1): 123 (2013)
Distribution: Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá); Peru; N-Brazil (Amazonas, Acre, Rondônia)
82 CLM 83 PER 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Retiniphyllum adinanthum Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 355 (1936)
= Stachyococcus adinanthus (Standl.) Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13: 144 (1936)
species :
Carapichea affinis (Standl.) L.Andersson; Kew Bull. 57(2): 371 (2002)
Distribution: Costa Rica; Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Caquetá, Chocó); Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (Beni); N-Brazil (Acre)
80 COS 82 CLM 83 BOL ECU PER 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Cephaelis affinis Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 184 (1930)
= Cephaelis borucana Ant.Molina; Ceiba 4: 31 (1951)
= Psychotria borucana (Ant.Molina) C.M.Taylor & W.C.Burger; Fieldiana, Bot., n. s. 33: 236 (1993)
species :
Carapichea araguariensis (Steyerm.) C.M.Taylor; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 99(1): 120 (2013)
Distribution: N-Brazil (Amapá, Pará, Amazonas, Rondônia)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Psychotria araguariensis Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 588 (1972)
species :
Carapichea cardenasiana C.M.Taylor; Novon 26(2): 243 (2018)
Distribution: Colombia; Brazil (Amazonas)
82 CLM 84 BRA
species :
Carapichea crebrinervia (Standl.) C.M.Taylor; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 99(1): 120 (2013)
Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Psychotria crebrinervia Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 343 (1929)
= Cephaelis crebrinervia (Standl.) Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 11: 188 (1936)
species :
Carapichea dolichophylla (Standl.) C.M.Taylor; Fl. Ecuador 79: 6 (2006)
Distribution: Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Casanare); Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz); N-Brazil (Acre)
82 CLM 83 BOL ECU PER 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Cephaelis dolichophylla Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 334 (1929)
= Psychotria dolichophylla (Standl.) C.M.Taylor; Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45 (Cat. Fl. Pl. Gymn. Peru): 1258 (1993)
species :
Carapichea fimbriflora (Steyerm.) C.M.Taylor; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 99(1): 120 (2013)
Distribution: N-Brazil (Amazonas)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Psychotria fimbriflora Steyerm.; Brittonia 33, 386 (1981)
species :
Carapichea franquevilleana (Müll.Arg.) C.M.Taylor; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 99(1): 117 (2013)
Distribution: Colombia (Amazonas); Venezuela (Amazonas); Peru
82 CLM VEN 83 PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Psychotria franquevilleana Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(5): 325 (1881)
= Uragoga franquevilleana (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 960 (1891)
species :
Carapichea galbaoensis (Steyerm.) O.Lachenaud & Delprete; Pl. Ecol. Evol. 155: 283 (2022)
Distribution: French Guiana; Brazil (Amapá)
82 FRG 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Psychotria galbaoensis Steyerm.; Brittonia 33: 387 (1981)
species :
Carapichea guianensis Aubl.; Hist. Pl. Guiane 168 (1775)
Distribution: Surinam; French Guiana
82 FRG SUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Callicocca guianensis (Aubl.) J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13bis: 372 (1791)
= Carapichea aubletii DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 536 (1830), nom. illeg.
= Cephaelis guianensis (Aubl.) Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 335 (1929)
= Cephaelis involucrata Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 1: 979 (1798), nom. illeg.
= Nettlera guianensis (Aubl.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 147 (1838)
= Psychotria carapichea (Poir.) Delprete; Brittonia 53(3): 401 (2001)
= Psychotria ligularis var. carapichea (Poir.) Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 676 (1972)
= Tapogomea carapichea Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 7: 587 (1806)
= Uragoga guianensis (Aubl.) Pulle; Enum. Vasc. Pl. Surinam 446 (1906)
= Uragoga involucrata (Willd.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 956 (1891)
species :
Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L.Andersson; Kew Bull. 57(2): 371 (2002)
Distribution: India [I]; Myanmar [I]; Jawa [I]; Palau [I]; Fed. States of Micronesia [I] (Pohnpei [I]); Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia (Antioquia, Bolívar, Chocó, Córdoba, Meta); NE-Brazil (Bahia); WC-Brazil (Goiás); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo)
40 ind 41 mya 42 jaw 62 mic plu 80 COS NIC PAN 82 CLM 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Callicocca ipecacuanha Brot.; Mem. Sobre Ipecacuanha 27 (1801)
= Cephaelis acuminata H.Karst.; Deut. Fl. [Karsten] 1196 (1883)
= Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.) A.Rich.; Bull. Fac. Med. 4: 92 (1818)
= Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.) Willd.; Berlin. Jahrb. Pharm. Verbundenen Wiss. 1804: 75 (1804)
= Evea ipecacuanha (Brot.) W.Wight; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 9: 216 (1905)
= Ipecacuanha fusca Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 147 (1838)
= Ipecacuanha officinalis Arruda; Diss. Pl. Brazil 44 (1810)
= Ipecacuanha preta Arruda; Trav. Brazil [Köster] 497 (1816)
= Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 123 (1916)
= Uragoga acuminata (H.Karst) Farw.; Druggists´ Circ. 61: 175 (1917), nom. illeg.
= Uragoga granatensis Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 7: 370 (1880)
= Uragoga ipecacuanha (Brot.) Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 7: 370 (1880)
species :
Carapichea klugii (Standl.) C.M.Taylor; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 99(1): 118 (2013)
Distribution: Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Guainía, Vaupés); Ecuador; Peru; N-Brazil (Acre)
82 CLM 83 ECU PER 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Psychotria klugii Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 377 (1931)
species :
Carapichea ligularis (Rudge) Delprete; Brittonia 55(1): 89 (2003)
Distribution: Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana
82 FRG GUY SUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cephaelis ligularis (Rudge) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 533 (1830)
= Psychotria ligularis (Rudge) Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 675 (1972)
= Schradera ligularis Rudge; Pl. Guian. 29 (1805)
= Uragoga ligularis (Rudge) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 961 (1891)
species :
Carapichea lucida J.G.Jardim & Zappi; Kew Bull. 63(4): 661 (2009)
Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia)
84 BRA
species :
Carapichea maturacensis (Steyerm.) C.M.Taylor; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 99(1): 119 (2013)
Distribution: N-Brazil (Amazonas)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Psychotria maturacensis Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 578 (1972)
species :
Carapichea necopinata (Standl.) C.M.Taylor; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 99(1): 120 (2013)
Distribution: N-Brazil (Amazonas)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Psychotria necopinata Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 11: 242 (1936)
species :
Carapichea pacimonica (Müll.Arg.) C.M.Taylor; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 99(1): 120 (2013)
Distribution: Venezuela (Amazonas); French Guiana; N-Brazil (Amazonas)
82 FRG VEN 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Psychotria pacimonica Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(5): 337 (1881)
= Uragoga pacimonica (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 961 (1891)
species :
Carapichea panurensis (Müll.Arg.) C.M.Taylor; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 99(1): 123 (2013)
Distribution: Colombia (Guainía)
82 CLM
Synonyms: hidden
= Mapouria panurensis Müll.Arg.; Flora 59: 460 (1876)
= Uragoga magnusiana Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 956 (1891)
species :
Carapichea sandwithiana (Steyerm.) C.M.Taylor; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 99(1): 122 (2013)
Distribution: Venezuela (Bolívar); Guyana
82 GUY VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Notopleura sandwithiana (Steyerm.) C.M.Taylor; Fl. Venez. Guayana 8: 663 (2004)
= Cephaelis sandwithiana Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 17: 428 (1967)
= Psychotria sandwithiana (Steyerm.) Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 555 (1972)
species :
Carapichea squamelligera (Steyerm.) O.Lachenaud & Delprete; Pl. Ecol. Evol. 155: 293 (2022)
Distribution: French Guiana
82 FRG
Synonyms: hidden
= Psychotria squamelligera Steyerm.; Brittonia 36: 156 (1984)
species :
Carapichea tillettii (Steyerm.) C.M.Taylor; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 99(1): 123 (2013)
Distribution: Guyana
82 GUY
Synonyms: hidden
= Psychotria tillettii Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 496 (1972)
species :
Carapichea urniformis (Steyerm.) C.M.Taylor; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 99(1): 122 (2013)
Distribution: Guyana
82 GUY
Synonyms: hidden
= Psychotria urniformis Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 556 (1972)
species :
Carapichea vasivensis (Müll.Arg.) C.M.Taylor; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 99(1): 119 (2013)
Distribution: Colombia (Guainía); Venezuela (Amazonas)
82 CLM VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Mapouria vasiviensis Müll.Arg.; Flora 59: 460 (1876)
= Psychotria vasiviensis (Müll.Arg.) Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 7: 461 (1931)
= Uragoga vasivensis (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 963 (1891)
species :
Carapichea verrucosa C.M.Taylor; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 99(1): 123 (2013)
Distribution: Colombia (Amazonas); Peru; Brazil (Acre)
82 CLM 83 PER 84 BRA
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life