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492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14370; hybrids: 47
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
492.8612 Genus Catunaregam N.M.Wolf; Gen. Pl. [Wolf] 75 (1776)
Distribution: Tropical Africa, Madagascar, trop. Asia
Species listed in database: 13
= Canthopsis Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 256 (1857)
= Ceriscus Gaertn.; Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: t. 28 (1788)
= Lachnosiphonium Hochst.; Flora 25: 236 (1842)
= Lepipogon G.Bertol.; Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna 4: 539 (1853)
= Narega Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 98 (1838)
= Xeromphis Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 21 (1838)
species :
Catunaregam longispina (Link) Tirveng.; Edinburgh J. Bot. 53: 95 (1996)
Distribution: Nepal; NE-India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Andaman / Nicobar Isl.; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam
40 BAN IND NEP 41 MYA THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Gardenia longispina (Link) Sweet; Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 197 (1826)
= Posoqueria longispina Link; Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 225 (1821)
= Randia longispina (Link) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 386 (1830)
species :
Catunaregam nilotica (Stapf) Tirveng.; Taxon 27: 515 (1978 publ. 1979)
Distribution: Guinea; Nigeria; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania
22 GUI NGA 23 CAF CMN 24 CHA ERI ETH SOM SSU SUD 25 KEN TAN UGA
Synonyms: hidden
= Lachnosiphonium niloticum (Stapf) Dandy; Fl. Pl. Sudan 2: 441 (1952)
= Randia nilotica Stapf; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 519 (1906)
= Xeromphis nilotica (Stapf) Keay; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 28: 39 (1958)
species :
Catunaregam nutans (DC.) Tirveng.; Nordic J. Bot. 3(4): 456 (1983)
Distribution: India
40 IND
Remarks: status uncertain
Synonyms: hidden
= Gardenia nutans (Roxb.) Sweet; Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 197 (1826)
= Posoqueria nutans Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 565 (1824), et Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 714 (1832)
= Randia nutans (Roxb.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 386 (1830)
species :
Catunaregam obovata (Hochst.) A.E.Gonç.; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 5(2): 189 (1982 publ. 1983)
Distribution: Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]
26 MOZ 27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Lachnosiphonium obovatum Hochst.; Flora 25: 238 (1842)
= Lepipogon obovatum (Hochst.) G.Bertol.; Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna 4: 539 (1853)
= Randia kraussii Harv.; Thes. Cap. 1: 22 (1859)
= Randia monteiroi K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 63 (1899)
= Xeromphis obovata (Hochst.) Keay; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 28: 39 (1958)
species :
Catunaregam oocarpa (Ridl.) Tirveng.; Nordic J. Bot. 3(4): 456 (1983)
Distribution: Thailand; peninsular Malaysia
41 THA 42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Randia oocarpa Ridl.; J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 79: 79 (1918)
species :
Catunaregam pentandra (Gürke) Bridson; Fl. Zambes. 5(3): 641 (2003)
Distribution: Tanzania; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
25 TAN 26 MLW MOZ ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Royena pentandra Gürke; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 61 (1898)
species :
Catunaregam pygmaea Vollesen; Nordic J. Bot. 1(6): 735 (1981 publ. 1982)
Distribution: Tanzania
25 TAN
species :
Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 3, Bot. no. 521, Bot. 35: 13 (1978), et in Taxon 27(5-6): 515 (1979)
Name: Thorny Bone-apple
Distribution: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan); Taiwan; Pakistan (Rawalpindi); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Andhra Pradesh, Jammu, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Myanmar (Kachin, Mandalay, Yangon); Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Perlis, Langkawi Isl., Kedah, Terengganu, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan); Jawa
36 CHI 38 TAI 40 BAN BHU IND NEP PAK SRL 41 CBD LAO MYA THA VIE 42 JAW MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Canthium chinense Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 1: 200 (1805)
= Canthium coronatum Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 1: 602 (1785)
= Canthium spinosum (Thunb.) J.St.-Hil.; Expos. Fam. Nat. 1: 444 (1805)
= Catunaregam brandisii (Gamble) Kottaim.; Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Pl. Biol. 6(10): 41 (2019)
= Catunaregam stipulosa (Zoll. & Moritzi) Deb & M.G.Gangop.; Nelumbo 54: 267 (2012)
= Ceriscus malabaricus Gaertn.; Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: t. 28 (1788)
= Gardenia dumetorum Retz.; Observ. Bot. [Retzius] 2: 14 (1781)
= Gardenia dumosa Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 65 (1796)
= Gardenia floribunda (Roxb.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 4(2) (Cur. Post.): 84 (1827)
= Gardenia glabra R.Br. ex Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 8258 (1847), nomen
= Gardenia latifolia Schltdl. ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 110 (1880), nom. illeg.
= Gardenia spinosa L.f.; Suppl. Pl. [Linnaeus f.] 164 (1782), nom. illeg.
= Gardenia spinosa Thunb.; Gardenia 16 (1780)
= Gardenia stipularis Rottler; Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 4: 182 (1803)
= Gardenia stipulosa Zoll. & Moritzi; Syst. Verz. Arch. Ind. [Moritzi et al.] 60 (1846)
= Genipa dumetorum (Retz.) Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 7: 372 (1880)
= Narega coduva Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 98 (1838)
= Posoqueria dumetorum (Retz.) Willd. ex Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 564 (1824)
= Posoqueria floribunda Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 569 (1824)
= Randia brandisii Gamble; Fl. Madras 616 (1921)
= Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 227 (1794), t. 156, f. 4 (1792)
= Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 2: 829 (1812), isonym
= Randia floribunda (Roxb.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 386 (1830)
= Randia lachnosiphonium Hochst.; Flora 25: 237 (1842)
= Randia oxypetala Lindl.; Edwards´s Bot. Reg. 29(Misc.): 63 (1843)
= Randia rottleri Wight & Arn.; Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. [Wight & Arnott] 1: 397 (1834)
= Randia spinosa (Thunb.) Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 2: 829 (1812), Blume, Bijdr. 981
= Randia stipulosa Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 228 (1861)
= Randia tomentosa Wight & Arn.; Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. [Wight & Arnott] 390 (1834)
= Randia uniflora Regel; Index Sem. (St. Petersburg [Petropolitanus]) 1864(Suppl.): 21 (1865)
= Solena dumetorum (Retz.) D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 1: 799 (1839)
= Solena floribunda (Roxb.) D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 1: 800 (1839)
= Solena longispina D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 1: 799 (1839)
= Solena nutans D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 1: 799 (1839)
= Xeromphis retzii Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 21 (1838)
= Xeromphis spinosa (Thunb.) Keay; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 28: 37 (1958)
species :
Catunaregam stenocarpa Bridson; Fl. Zambes. 5(3): 642 (2003)
Distribution: Mozambique
26 MOZ
species :
Catunaregam swynnertonii (S.Moore) Bridson; Fl. Zambes. 5(3): 639 (2003)
Distribution: Zimbabwe; Mozambique
26 MOZ ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Randia swynnertonii S.Moore; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 40: 80 (1911)
species :
Catunaregam taylorii (S.Moore) Bridson; Fl. Zambes. 5(3): 644 (2003)
Distribution: D. R. Congo [Zaire]; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
23 ZAI 25 TAN 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Catunaregam spinosa subsp. taylorii (S.Moore) Verdc.; Kew Bull. 36(3): 505 (1981)
= Lachnosiphonium vestitum (S.Moore) J.G.García; Mem. Junta Invest. Ultramar, 2 Ser. 4: 29 (1958)
= Randia taylorii S.Moore; J. Bot. 49: 151 (1911)
= Randia vestita S.Moore; J. Bot. 49: 150 (1911)
species :
Catunaregam tomentosa (Blume ex DC.) Tirveng.; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 3, Bot., 35, no. 521: 8, 21 (1978), without basionym ref., et in Taxon 27(56): 515 (1978 publ. 1979), with basionym ref.
Distribution: India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu); Myanmar (Bago, Taninthayi, Kayin, Mon, Shan); Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Kelantan, Terengganu); Jawa
40 IND 41 CBD LAO MYA VIE 42 JAW MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Gardenia dasycarpa Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 41(2): 312 (1872)
= Gardenia tomentosa Blume ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 379 (1830)
= Randia dasycarpa (Kurz) Bakh.f.; Bekn. Fl. Java, Afl. 15: Fam. 173, 85 (1956)
= Randia tomentosa (Blume ex DC.) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 3: 110 (1880), nom. superfl.
= Xeromphis tomentosa (Blume ex DC.) T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 45: 339 (1970)
species :
Catunaregam torulosa (Dennst.) Deb & M.G.Gangop.; Nelumbo 54: 267 (2012)
Distribution: S-India (Kerala. Tamil Nadu)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Catunaregam torulosa var. oblongifolia D.Subram.; Pl. Arch. 17(2): 1786, tt. 5-8 (2017)
= Catunaregam torulosa var. rotundifolia D.Subram.; Pl. Arch. 17(2): 1786, tt. 5-8 (2017)
= Limonia torulosa Dennst.; Schlüssel Hortus Malab. 30 (1818)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life