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492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14356; hybrids: 47
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
492.5401 Genus Cephalanthus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 95 (1753)
Distribution: Tropical Asia (3), N-(2) and trop. America
Species listed in database: 5
= Acrodryon Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 365 (1824)
= Axolus Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 61 (1838)
= Eresimus Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 60 (1838)
= Gilipus Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 61 (1838)
= Silamnus Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 60 (1838)
species :
Cephalanthus angustifolius Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 67 (1790)
Distribution: Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; ?E-Thailand
41 CBD LAO VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Acrodryon angustifolius (Lour.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 336 (1824)
= Axolus angustifolius (Lour.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 61 (1838)
= Cephalanthus mekongensis Pierre ex Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 3: 30 (1922), pro syn.
= Cephalanthus stellatus Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 68 (1790)
= Eresimus stellatus (Lour.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 61 (1838)
= Nauclea stellata (Lour.) Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 6102 (1832)
species :
Cephalanthus glabratus (Spreng.) K.Schum.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(6): 128 (1889)
Distribution: WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil; S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul); Paraguay (Alto Paraná, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Concepcion, Cordillera, Itapua, Paraguari, Pres. Hayes, San Pedro); Uruguay (Artigas, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Florida Prov., Lavalleja, Maldonado, Paysandu, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Misiones, Santa Fe)
84 BRA 85 ARG PAR URU
Synonyms: hidden
= Buddleja glabrata Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 431 (1825)
= Cephalanthus sarandi Cham. & Schltdl.; Linnaea 2: 610 (1827), nom. superfl.
= Cephalanthus tinctorius Rojas Acosta; Cat. Hist. Nat. Corrientes 67 (1897), nomen
species :
Cephalanthus occidentalis L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 95 (1753)
Name: Common buttonbush, Aroma de laguna, Clavellina de Cienaga
Distribution: Myanmar [I]; Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia); Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Durango, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Guatemala; Belize; Honduras; Cuba [I]
41 mya 72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ GUA HON 81 cub
Synonyms: hidden
= Cephalanthus acuminatus Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 3: 25 (1838)
= Cephalanthus augustifolius Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 164 (1889)
= Cephalanthus berlandieri Wernham; J. Bot. 55: 175 (1917)
= Cephalanthus dioicus Lour. ex B.A.Gomes; Mem. Acad. Real Sci. Lisboa, 2 Cl. Sci. Moraes, n. s. 4: 26 (1868), nom. illeg.
= Cephalanthus hansenii Wernham; J. Bot. 55: 176 (1917)
= Cephalanthus obtusifolius (Raf.) Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 3: 25 (1838)
= Cephalanthus occidentalis f. lanceolatus Fernald; Rhodora 49: 181 (1947)
= Cephalanthus occidentalis subsp. californicus (Benth.) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 12: 19 (1982)
= Cephalanthus occidentalis var. brachypodus DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 539 (1830)
= Cephalanthus occidentalis var. californicus Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 314 (1849)
= Cephalanthus occidentalis var. macrophyllus Raf.; Med. Fl. 1: 101 (1828)
= Cephalanthus occidentalis var. obtusifolius Raf.; Med. Fl. 1: 102 (1828)
= Cephalanthus occidentalis var. pubescens Raf.; Med. Fl. 1: 101 (1828)
= Cephalanthus oppositifolius Moench; Methodus [Moench] 487 (1794)
= Cephalanthus pubescens (Raf.) Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 3: 5 (1838)
= Silamnus procumbens (Lour.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 61 (1838)
species :
Cephalanthus salicifolius Humb. & Bonpl.; Pl. Aequinoct. [Humboldt & Bonpland] 2: 63 (1809)
Name: Mexican buttonbush
Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Durango, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Honduras
77 USA 79 MEX 80 HON
Synonyms: hidden
= Cephalanthus occidentalis subsp. salicifolius (Humb. & Bonpl.) Borhidi & Diego; Fl. Guerrero 35: 75 (2008)
= Cephalanthus occidentalis var. salicifolius (Humb. & Bonpl.) A.Gray; Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1(2): 29 (1884)
= Cephalanthus peroblongus Wernham; J. Bot. 55: 176 (1917)
species :
Cephalanthus tetrandrus (Roxb.) Ridsdale & Bakh.f.; Blumea 23(1): 182 (1976)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang); Taiwan; Nepal; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh); Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; N-Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia
36 CHI 38 TAI 40 BAN IND NEP 41 LAO MYA THA VIE 42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Acrodryon orientalis Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 336 (1824)
= Cephalanthus glabrifolius Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 51 (1920)
= Cephalanthus monas Lour. ex B.A.Gomes; Mem. Acad. Real Sci. Lisboa, 2 Cl. Sci. Moraes, n. s. 4: 28 (1868)
= Cephalanthus naucleoides DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 539 (1830)
= Cephalanthus occidentalis f. angustifolia (André) Rehder; Bibl. Cult. Trees 597 (1949)
= Cephalanthus occidentalis Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 67 (1790), nom. illeg.
= Cephalanthus occidentalis var. angustifolius (André) Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 164 (1889)
= Cephalanthus ratoensis Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 52 (1920)
= Gilipus montanus Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 61 (1838)
= Nauclea tetrandra Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 14 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 125 (1824), Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 1: 516 (1832)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.05 (May 20th, 2026)

Covering 359,646 accepted species,
8,890 hybrids, 47,679 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,012,517 synonyms,
in total 1,428,732* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life