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282.0000 Family Malvaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 271 (1789), nom. cons.
249 genera, ca. 5400 spp.
Species listed in database: 5542; hybrids: 40
= Berryaceae Doweld; Tent. Syst. Pl. Vasc.: xxxvii (2001), Family
= Bombacaceae Kunth; Malvac., Büttner., Tiliac. 5 (1822), nom. cons.
= Brownlowiaceae Cheek; Kew Bull. 61: 443 (2006)
= Byttneriaceae R.Br.; Voy. Terra Austral. 2: 540 (1814), nom. cons.
= Chiranthodendraceae A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 303 (1887)
= Dombeyaceae Desf.; Tabl. Ecole Bot., ed. 3: 252 (1829), nom. cons.
= Durionaceae Cheek; Kew Bull. 61: 443 (2006)
= Grewiaceae Doweld & Reveal; Bot. Rev. (Lancaster) 71: 100 (2005)
= Helicteraceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 264 (1858), Family
= Hermanniaceae Marquis; Esq. Règne Vég. 52 (1820)
= Hibiscaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 275 (1858)
= Lasiopetalaceae Rchb.; Mag. Aesth. Bot. 1(2): ad t. 37 (1823)
= Mansoniaceae A.Chev.; Just´s Bot. Jahresber. 38(1): 852 (1913)
= Melochiaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 271 (1858)
= Pentapetaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přír. Rostlin 222 (1820)
= Philippodendraceae A.Juss.; Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat. 9: 735 (1847)
= Plagianthaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 272 (1858)
= Sidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přír. Rostlin 222 (1820)
= Sparrmanniaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 260 (1858)
= Sterculiaceae Vent.; Parad. Lond. 2: ad t. 69 (1807), nom. cons.
= Theobromataceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 264 (1858)
= Tiliaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 289 (1789), nom. cons.
282.9303 Genus Cienfuegosia Cav.; Diss. 2, Secunda Diss. Bot., App. 2 (1786), et Diss. 3, Tertia Diss Bot. 173 (1787)
Distribution: Tropical and subtropical America, from Texas and Florida to Argentina, Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula, Australia
Species listed in database: 28
= Notoxylinon Lewton; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 305 (1915)
= Fugosia Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 274 (1789)
= Elidurandia Buckley; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 13: 450 (1861 publ. 1862)
= Redoutea Vent.; Descr. Pl. Nouv., t. 11 (1800)
species :
Cienfuegosia affinis (Kunth) Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 6: 54 (1902)
Distribution: Colombia (Casanare); Venezuela (Anzoategui, Aragua, Barinas?, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Dependencias Federales?, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Guarico?, Lara?, Miranda, Portuguesa, Sucre?, Tachira, Yaracuy?); Guyana; Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Rondônia); NE-Brazil (Ceara); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás, Brasilia Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo); Paraguay (Amambay)
82 CLM GUY VEN 83 BOL 84 BRA 85 PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cienfuegosia affinis var. campestris (Benth.) Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 6: 55 (1902)
= Cienfuegosia affinis var. humilis (Gürke) Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 6: 54 (1902)
= Cienfuegosia phlomidifolia (A.St.-Hil.) Garcke; Bonplandia (Hannover) 8: 150 (1860)
= Cienfuegosia phlomidifolia var. humilis Gürke; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 12(3): 575 (1892)
= Cienfuegosia riedelii Gürke; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 7(3): 576 (1892)
= Cienfuegosia sulphurea (Kunth) Hassl.; Ostenia 343 (1933), nom. illeg.
= Fugosia affinis (Kunth) A.Juss.; Fl. Bras. Merid. [A.St.-Hilaire] 1: 253 (1828)
= Fugosia campestris Benth.; J. Bot. [Hooker] 4: 120 (1841)
= Fugosia phlomidifolia A.St.-Hil.; Fl. Bras. Merid. [A.St.-Hilaire] 1: 197, 253 (1827)
= Fugosia retusa Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31: 197 (1858)
= Hibiscus affinis Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 5: 289 (1821)
= Hibiscus campestris (Benth.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 69 (1891)
= Hibiscus hilairii Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 69 (1891)
= Hibiscus phlomidifolius (A.St.-Hil.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 69 (1891)
= Hibiscus rectiflorus Rusby; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 7: 300 (1927)
= Hibiscus sulphureus Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 5: 289 (1822)
= Sida angusturensis Willd. ex Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 104 (1826)
species :
Cienfuegosia angustifolia Krapov.; Bonplandia (Corrientes) 12(1-4): 30-32, f. 2, 6 (2003)
Distribution: Bolivia (Santa Cruz)
83 BOL
Conservation Status: Known only from type
species :
Cienfuegosia argentina (Kuntze) Gürke; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 12(10): 579 (1892)
Distribution: Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz, Tarija); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Pres. Hayes); Argentina (Catamarca, Cordoba, Jujuy, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Tucuman)
83 BOL 85 ARG PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Fugosia argentina (Gürke) Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 4: 172 (1900)
= Hibiscus argentinus Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 19 (1898)
species :
Cienfuegosia australis (F.Muell.) K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] III, 6: 51 (1890)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cienfuegosia australis var. microcarpa Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 409 (1928)
= Fugosia australis (F.Muell.) Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 1: 220 (1863)
= Gossypium australe F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 1: 46 (1858)
= Gossypium australe var. pedunculatum Tod.; Relaz. Cult. Coton. 115 (1877)
= Hibiscus australis (F.Muell.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 69 (1891)
= Notoxylinon australe (F.Muell.) Lewton; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 307 (1915)
species :
Cienfuegosia conciliata Krapov.; Bonplandia (Corrientes) 12: 14 (2003)
Distribution: Paraguay (Alto Paraguay)
85 PAR
species :
Cienfuegosia digitata Cav.; Diss. 3, Tertia Diss. Bot.: 174, t. 72, f. 2 (1787)
Distribution: Mauritania; Senegal; Mali; Burkina Faso; N-Ghana; Niger; Nigeria; E-Chad; ?Sudan; SW-Angola; S-Zambia; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo)
22 BKN GHA MLI MTN NGA NGR SEN 24 CHA 26 ANG MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Cienfuegosia junciformis A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 30: 267 (1950)
= Cienfuegosia junciformis var. ruyssenii A.Chev.; Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 30: 268 (1950)
= Cienfuegosia tuberculata Cav.; Diss. 3, Tertia Diss. Bot.: 165 (1787)
= Fugosia digitata (Cav.) Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 240 (1806)
= Hibiscus cavanillesii Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 69 (1891), nom. nov.
species :
Cienfuegosia drummondii (A.Gray) Lewton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 473 (1910)
Name: Yellow flymallow
Distribution: USA (coastal S-Texas); Bolivia (Santa Cruz); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul); S-Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Central, Cordillera, Guaira, Paraguari, Pres. Hayes); Argentina (Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Tucuman)
77 USA 83 BOL 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cienfuegosia sulfurea f. intermedia Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 302 (1905)
= Cienfuegosia sulfurea var. drummondii (A.Gray) Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 6: 57 (1902)
= Cienfuegosia sulfurea var. glabra Gürke; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 12(3): 577 (1892)
= Cienfuegosia sulfurea var. major Hassl.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 379 (1909)
= Elidurandia texana Buckley; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 13: 450 (1861 publ. 1862)
= Fugosia drummondii A.Gray; Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3(5): 23 (1852)
= Fugosia pulverulenta (Griseb.) Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 4: 173 (1900)
= Hibiscus drummondii (A.Gray) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 69 (1891)
= Hibiscus pulverulentus Griseb.; Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24: 49 (1879)
species :
Cienfuegosia gerrardii (Harv. ex Harv. & Sond.) Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 6: 56 (1902)
Distribution: S-Mozambique; South Africa (Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]
26 MOZ 27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Bupariti rehmannii (Szyszył.) Rothm.; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 53: 7 (1944)
= Fugosia gerrardii Harv.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 2: 588 (1862)
= Thespesia rehmannii Szyszył.; Polypet. Thalam. Rehmann. 44 (1887)
species :
Cienfuegosia hassleriana Hochr.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 302 (1905)
Distribution: Bolivia (Santa Cruz); Paraguay (Amambay, Concepcion); Argentina (Corrientes)
83 BOL 85 ARG PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cienfuegosia argentina f. escholtzioides (Hochr.) Hassl.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 381 (1909)
= Cienfuegosia argentina var. hassleriana (Hochr.) Hassl.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 381 (1909)
= Cienfuegosia escholtzioides Hochr.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 302 (1905)
species :
Cienfuegosia heteroclada Sprague; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1907: 48 (1907)
Distribution: Mauritania; SW-Mali; Burkina Faso; N-Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria
22 BEN BKN GHA MLI MTN NGA TOG
Synonyms: hidden
= Fugosia heteroclada Sprague; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1907: 49 (1907)
species :
Cienfuegosia heterophylla (Vent.) Garcke; Bonplandia (Hannover) 8: 150 (1860)
Name: Variableleaf flymallow
Distribution: Cuba; Virgin Isl. (St. Thomas); Trinidad; Aruba; Curacao; Colombia (La Guajira, Magdalena); Isla Margarita; Venezuela (Anzoategui, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Guarico, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Sucre, Zulia); NE-Brazil (Piauí, Ceara, Bahia)
81 ARU CUB CUR TRT VEN VIR 82 CLM VEN 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Cienfuegosia heterophylla var. cuneata (Benth.) J.F.Macbr.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3A): 477 (1956)
= Fugosia cuneata Benth.; Bot. Voy. Sulphur [Bentham] 68 (1844)
= Fugosia heterophylla (Vent.) Spach; Hist. Nat. Vég. [Spach] 3: 397 (1834)
= Hibiscus redoutei Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 69 (1891)
= Redoutea heterophylla Vent.; Descr. Pl. Nouv., t. 11 (1800) (Bombaceae)
species :
Cienfuegosia hildebrandtii Garcke; Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 337 (1883)
Distribution: Tanzania; Mozambique; Namibia; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]
25 TAN 26 MOZ 27 NAM SAF SWZ
species :
Cienfuegosia hispida R.E.Fr.; Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl., Ser. 3, 24(2): 33 (1947)
Distribution: Argentina (Salta, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Tucuman)
85 ARG
species :
Cienfuegosia hitchcockii (Ulbr. ex Kearney) O.J.Blanch.; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 65(2): 764 (1978 publ. 1979)
Distribution: Ecuador; Peru
83 ECU PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Hibiscus hitchcockii Ulbr. ex Kearney; Leafl. W. Bot. 7: 271 (1955)
species :
Cienfuegosia humbertiana (Hochr.) Fryxell; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61(2): 492 (1974)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hibiscus humbertianus Hochr.; Candollea 5: 9 (1932)
species :
Cienfuegosia integrifolia (Chodat & Hassl.) Fryxell; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 56: 227 (1969)
Distribution: Paraguay (Amambay, Caaguazu, Canindeyu)
85 PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cienfuegosia subprostrata var. vera Hassl.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 379 (1909)
= Cienfuegosia sulphurea var. integrifolia Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 302 (1905)
species :
Cienfuegosia intermedia Fryxell; Brittonia 19: 37 (1967)
Distribution: Mexico (Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí)
79 MEX
species :
Cienfuegosia lanceolata (A.St.-Hil.) Krapov.; Bonplandia (Corrientes) 12: 20 (2003)
Distribution: Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul); Paraguay (Amambay)
83 BOL 84 BRA 85 PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cienfuegosia cuyabensis Pilg.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30: 171 (1902)
= Cienfuegosia glabrifolia (A.St.-Hil. & Naudin) O.J.Blanch.; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 65(2): 766 (1978 publ. 1979)
= Fugosia lanceolata A.St.-Hil.; Fl. Bras. Merid. [A.St.-Hilaire] 1: 252 (1828)
= Hibiscus glabrifolius A.St.-Hil. & Naudin; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 18: 40 (1842)
species :
Cienfuegosia rosei Fryxell; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 56: 210 (1969)
Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz)
79 MEX
species :
Cienfuegosia saraviae Krapov.; Bonplandia (Corrientes) 12(1-4): 34 (figs. 3, 7) (2003)
Distribution: Argentina (Salta)
85 ARG
species :
Cienfuegosia schulzii Krapov.; Bonplandia (Corrientes) 12(1-4): 34 (37; figs. 3, 8) (2003)
Distribution: Argentina (Formosa)
85 ARG
species :
Cienfuegosia subprostrata Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 6: 57 (1902)
Distribution: Paraguay (Canindeyu, San Pedro)
85 PAR
species :
Cienfuegosia subternata (Hassl.) Fryxell; Taxon 16: 321 (1967)
Distribution: Bolivia (Cochabamba, Santa Cruz); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Concepcion)
83 BOL 85 PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cienfuegosia heterophylla subsp. subternata Hassl.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 380 (1909)
species :
Cienfuegosia sulfurea (A.St.-Hil.) Garcke; Bonplandia (Hannover) 8: 150 (1860)
Distribution: S-Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); Paraguay (Concepcion, Neembucu); Uruguay (Artigas, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Salto, Soriano); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Santa Fe)
84 BRA 85 ARG PAR URU
Synonyms: hidden
= Cienfuegosia drummondii var. pubescens Hassl.; Ostenia 343 (1933)
= Cienfuegosia sulfurea var. trifida Griseb. ex Rodrigo
= Fugosia sulfurea A.St.-Hil.; Fl. Bras. Merid. [A.St.-Hilaire] 1: 252 (1828)
= Hibiscus jussieui Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 69 (1891)
species :
Cienfuegosia tripartita (Kunth) Gürke; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 7(3): 578 (1892)
Distribution: Ecuador; Peru
83 ECU PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Fugosia tripartita (Kunth) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 649 (1841)
= Hibiscus tripartitus (Kunth) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 69 (tripartita) (1891)
= Redoutea tripartita Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 5: 293 (Bombacaeae) (1821 publ. 1822)
species :
Cienfuegosia ulmifolia Fryxell; Brittonia 19: 35 (1967)
Distribution: Bolivia (Santa Cruz); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Concepcion, Pres. Hayes); Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Santa Fe)
83 BOL 85 ARG PAR
species :
Cienfuegosia welshii (T.Anderson) Garcke; Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 337 (1883)
Distribution: Ethiopia; Djibouti; N-Somalia; Saudi Arabia (Asir, C-Saudi Arabia, Hejaz); Oman (Dhofar); Yemen (coastal Hadhramaut, SW-Yemen)
24 DJI ETH SOM 35 OMA SAU YEM
Synonyms: hidden
= Cienfuegosia chiarugii Chiov.; Fl. Somala 1: 101 (1929)
= Cienfuegosia hearnii Fryxell; Brittonia 19: 33, f. 18, h-k (1967)
= Cienfuegosia somaliana Fryxell; Brittonia 19: 33 (1967)
= Fugosia welshii (T.Anderson) Hochr.
= Hibiscus welshii T.Anderson; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5(Suppl. 1): 8 (1860)
species :
Cienfuegosia yucatanensis Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 74 (1900)
Name: Yucatan flymallow
Distribution: USA (Florida Keys); Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatan); Bahamas; Cuba
78 USA 79 MEX 81 BAH CUB
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.03 (March 30th, 2026)

Covering 359,184 accepted species,
8,882 hybrids, 47,737 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,007,635 synonyms,
in total 1,423,438* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life