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221.0000 Family Onagraceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 317 (1789), nom. cons.
20 genera, ca. 750 spp., of them about 50 hybrids/microspecies in Oenothera. Phylogeny: Maurin et al. 2021
Species listed in database: 695; hybrids: 172
= Circaeaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 232 (1820)
= Epilobiaceae Vent.; Tabl. Règn. Vég. 3: 307 (1799)
= Fuchsiaceae Lilja; Skånes Fl., ed. 2: 846, 980 (1870)
= Isnardiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 348 (1820)
= Jussiaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 350 (1820)
= Lopeziaceae Lilja; Skånes Fl., ed. 2: 980 (1870)
= Oenotheraceae C.C.Robin; Voy. Int. Louisiane 3: 490 (1807)
= Oenotheraceae D.L.Fu; Amer. J. Agric. Forest. 12(5): 352 (2024), nom. illeg.
221.2201 Genus Circaea L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 9 (1753)
Distribution: arctic and temp. Northern Hemisphere
Species listed in database: 11; hybrids: 8
= Carlostephania Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 2: 658 (1900)
= Regmus Dulac; Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées 328 (1867)
species :
Circaea alpina L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 9 (1753)
subspecies :
subsp. alpina
Name: Alpen-Hexenkraut (DE), Alpine Enchanter´s-nightshade (EN)
Distribution: England (N-England, Wales, SW-Scotland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin [I], Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, +Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, +Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; NE-Spain (Pyrénées); France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Magadan, Primorye, Sakhalin); Kazakhstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia); China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning); Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Yakushima Isl.); Alaska; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Northern Territories, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); St. Pierre et Miquelon; USA (Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming)
10 DEN FIN GRB NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 FRA SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO ITA KOS MNT ROM SLV SRB 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ 33 ARM GEO NCS 34 TUR 36 CHI 37 MON 38 JAP KOR NKO NNS 70 ASK CDN 71 CDN 72 CDN SPM 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Carlostephania minor Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 2: 660 (1899)
= Circaea alpestris Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 214 (1866)
= Circaea alpina f. composita Lasch; Linnaea 2: 446 (1827)
= Circaea alpina f. ramosa Lasch; Linnaea 2: 446 (1827)
= Circaea alpina f. simplicissima Lasch; Linnaea 2: 446 (1827)
= Circaea alpina var. fertilis Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 746 (1843), nom. inval.
= Circaea alpina var. minor Schrad.; Fl. Germ. [Schrader] 14 (1806), nom. inval.
= Circaea alpina var. rosulata H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 10: 591 (1934)
= Circaea caulescens f. ramosissima H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 10: 591 (1934)
= Circaea caulescens f. rosulata H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 10: 591 (1934)
= Circaea caulescens var. glabra H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 10: 590 (1934)
= Circaea caulescens var. rosulata H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 10: 591 (1934)
= Circaea cordifolia Stokes; Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 26 (1812)
= Circaea decumbens Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 127 (1782), opus utique oppr.
= Circaea lutetiana proles alpina (L.) H.Lév.; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 22: 220 (1912)
= Circaea lutetiana subsp. alpina (L.) H.Lév.; Monde Pl. 7: 71 (1898)
= Circaea lutetiana var. alpestris Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 214 (1866)
= Circaea lutetiana var. alpina (L.) Torr.; Rep. Bot. Dep. Surv. New York, no. 50, Assembly 136 (1841)
= Circaea lutetiana var. alpina (L.) Wender.; Fl. Hassiaca [Wenderoth] 6 (1846)
= Circaea minima Mill.; Mant. Pl. Altera [Linnaeus] 316 (1771)
= Circaea pacifica f. dentata H.Lév.; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 22: 222 (1912)
= Circaea racemosa var. alpina (L.) Hill; Brit. Fl. [Hull] 7 (1799), nom. superfl.
= Ocimastrum minimum Rupr.; Fl. Ingr. [Ruprecht] 367 (1860), nom. superfl.
= Regmus alpinus (L.) Dulac; Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées 328 (1867)
subspecies :
subsp. angustifolia (Hand.-Mazz.) Boufford; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 69(4): 910 (1982 publ. 1983)
Distribution: China (Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet
36 CHI TIB
Synonyms: hidden
= Circaea imaicola var. angustifolia Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 603 (1933 publ. 1933)
= Circaea imaicola var. mairei (H.Lév.) Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 603 (1933)
= Circaea lutetiana var. mairei H.Lév.; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 22: 219 (1912)
= Circaea pricei var. mairei (H.Lév.) Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 1376 (1936)
subspecies :
subsp. caulescens (Kom.) Tatew.; Veg. Shikotan Isl. 44 (1940)
Distribution: Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); Northern Caucasus; China (Anhui, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Shanxi); Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku)
30 SIB 31 RFE 33 NCS 36 CHI 37 MON 38 JAP KOR NKO
Synonyms: hidden
= Circaea alpina f. pilosula (H.Hara) Kitag.; Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 467 (1979)
= Circaea alpina var. caulescens Kom.; Fl. Manshur. 3: 99 (1905)
= Circaea alpina var. pilosula (H.Hara) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 20: 326 (1944)
= Circaea caucasica A.K.Skvortsov; Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada 77: 34 (1970)
= Circaea caulescens (Kom.) Nakai ex H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 10: 588 (1934)
= Circaea caulescens var. pilosula H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 10: 589 (1934)
= Circaea caulescens var. robusta Nakai ex H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 10: 589 (1934)
= Circaea ×dubia var. makinoi H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 34: 317 (1959)
subspecies :
subsp. imaicola (Asch. & Magnus) Kitam.; Results Kyoto Univ. Sci. Exped. Karakoram 2 (Fl. Afghanistan): 279 (1960)
Distribution: Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan, Laghman); China (Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Tibet; Taiwan; Pakistan (Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Murree, Astor); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Shan); Thailand; NW-Vietnam
34 AFG 36 CHI TIB 38 TAI 40 BAN BHU IND NEP PAK 41 MYA THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Circaea alpina var. imaicola Asch. & Magnus; Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 28: 750 (1870)
= Circaea hohuanensis S.S.Ying; Quart. J. Exp. Forest. 11: 15 (1997)
= Circaea imaicola (Asch. & Magnus) Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 603 (1933)
= Circaea minutula Ohwi; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 151 (1933)
= Circaea pricei Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 72 (1915)
= Circaea taiwaniana S.S.Ying; Alp. Pl. Taiwan Colour 2: 199 (1978)
subspecies :
subsp. micrantha (Skvortsov) Boufford; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 69(4): 959 (1982 publ. (1983)
Distribution: China (Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet; Nepal; Bhutan; N-India (Uttarakhand); N-Myanmar
36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Circaea micrantha A.K.Skvortsov; Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada 103: 36 (1977)
subspecies :
subsp. pacifica (Asch. & Magnus) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Taxon 31(2): 349 (1982)
Name: Small enchanter´s nightshade
Distribution: Alaska; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia); USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington State, Wyoming)
70 ASK 71 CDN 73 USA 76 USA 77 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Circaea alpina f. pacifica (Asch. & Magnus) G.N.Jones; Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol. 5: 195 (1936)
= Circaea alpina var. aleutica Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 184 (1914)
= Circaea alpina var. pacifica (Asch. & Magnus) M.E.Jones; Bull. Montana State Univ., Biol. Ser. 15: 39 (1910)
= Circaea pacifica Asch. & Magnus; Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 29: 392 (1871)
species :
Circaea canadensis (L.) Hill; Veg. Syst. 10: 21 (1765)
subspecies :
subsp. canadensis
Name: Broadleaf enchanter´s nightshade
Distribution: Canada (Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Quebec); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming)
71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Circaea canadensis var. virginiana Fernald; Rhodora 47: 161, tab. 896, fig. 1-4 (1945)
= Circaea latifolia Hill; Brit. Herb. [Hill] 138 (1756)
= Circaea lutetiana subsp. canadensis (L.) Asch. & Magnus; Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 28: 787 (1870)
= Circaea lutetiana var. canadensis L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 9 (1753)
= Circaea quadrisulcata subsp. canadensis (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Taxon 31(2): 349 (1982)
= Circaea quadrisulcata var. canadensis (L.) H.Hara; Rhodora 41: 387 (1939)
subspecies :
subsp. quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Boufford; Harvard Pap. Bot. 9: 256 (2005)
Distribution: E-European Russia (Urals); Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Primorye, Sakhalin); ?Kazakhstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)
14 RUS 30 SIB 31 RFE 33 GEO NCS 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO
Synonyms: hidden
= Circaea lutetiana f. quadrisulcata Maxim.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans (Prim. Fl. Amur.) 9: 106 (1859)
= Circaea lutetiana subsp. quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Asch. & Magnus; Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 28: 787 (1870)
= Circaea maximowiczii (H.Lév.) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 10: 598 (1934), nom. illeg.
= Circaea maximowiczii f. viridicalyx (H.Hara) Kitag.; Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo, Sect. IV, 2 (Contr. Cogn. Fl. Manshuricae) 3(appendix): 328 (1939)
= Circaea maximowiczii var. viridicalyx H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 10: 600 (1934)
= Circaea mollis var. maximowiczii H.Lév.; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 22: 223 (1912)
= Circaea quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 1: 169 (1873)
= Circaea quadrisulcata f. viridicalyx (H.Hara) Kitag.; Lin. Fl. Manshur. 328 (1939)
species :
Circaea cireniana S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 3: 211 (2022)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Circaea cordata Royle; Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 211, t. 43 (1835)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Primorye, Sakhalin); China (Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Tibet; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Taiwan; Pakistan (Swat, Hazara, Murree); Nepal; India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand)
31 RFE 36 CHI TIB 38 JAP KOR NKO TAI 40 IND NEP PAK
Synonyms: hidden
= Circaea boudinieri H.Lév.; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 22: 224 (1912)
= Circaea cardiophylla Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 20: 42 (1906)
= Circaea kitagawae H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 10: 595 (1934)
= Circaea ×hybrida Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 605 (1933)
species :
Circaea erubescens Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 370 (1878)
Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Taiwan
36 CHI 38 JAP KOR TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Circaea delavayi H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 8: 138 (1910)
= Circaea kawakamii Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 71 (1915)
= Circaea lutetiana proles erubescens (Franch. & Sav.) H.Lév.; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 21: 219 (1911)
species :
Circaea glabrescens (Pamp.) Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 604 (1933)
Distribution: China (SE-Gansu, W-Hubei, Shaanxi, SW-Shanxi, N-Sichuan); Taiwan
36 CHI 38 TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Circaea cordata var. glabrescens Pamp.; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 17: 677 (1910)
species :
Circaea hsuehshanensis S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 4: 272 (2022)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Circaea lalashanensis S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 5: 375 (2022)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Circaea lutetiana L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 9 (1753)
Name: Großes Hexenkraut, Gewöhnliches Hexenkraut (DE), Enchanter´s-nightshade (EN)
Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino [I]; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (scattered NE- & NC-Greece, Athos, Thasos, Samothraki); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Algeria; Tunisia; Kazakhstan; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan); Syria (coastal W-Syria)
10 DEN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 CIS COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV sma SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 20 ALG TUN 32 KAZ 33 ARM GEO 34 IRN IRQ SYR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Carlostephania major (Lam.) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 2: 659 (1899)
= Circaea erecta Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 126 (1782), opus utique oppr.
= Circaea lutetiana f. albiflora H.Lév. ex Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 878 (1926)
= Circaea lutetiana f. aprica H.Lév. ex Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 877 (1926)
= Circaea lutetiana f. brevipes (Batt.) H.Lév.; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 22: 218 (1912)
= Circaea lutetiana f. brevipes Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 317 (1889)
= Circaea lutetiana f. carneostyla H.Lév. ex Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 878 (1926)
= Circaea lutetiana f. cordifolia Lasch; Linnaea 2: 446 (1827)
= Circaea lutetiana f. glaberrima Lasch; Linnaea 2: 446 (1827)
= Circaea lutetiana f. hirsuta (Podp.) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30 (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc.):949 (1926)
= Circaea lutetiana f. hirtopetiolata H.Lév.; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 22: 218 (1912)
= Circaea lutetiana f. longipetiolata H.Lév. ex Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 877 (1926)
= Circaea lutetiana f. mediterranea (Asch. & Magnus) Paol.; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 135 (1900)
= Circaea lutetiana f. ovatifolia Lasch; Linnaea 2: 446 (1827)
= Circaea lutetiana f. pseudocordata H.Lév.; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 22: 218 (1912)
= Circaea lutetiana f. rubriflora H.Lév. ex Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 878 (1926)
= Circaea lutetiana f. subglabra Podp.; Spisy Prír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 12: 30 (1922)
= Circaea lutetiana f. truncata H.Lév. ex Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 877 (1926)
= Circaea lutetiana f. umbrosa H.Lév. ex Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 877 (1926)
= Circaea lutetiana subsp. mediterranea Asch. & Magnus; Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 28: 783 (1870)
= Circaea lutetiana subvar. cordifolia (Lasch) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30 (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc.):949 (1926)
= Circaea lutetiana var. atrosanguinea F.W.Schultz; Jahresber. Pollichia 22: 144 (1863)
= Circaea lutetiana var. brevipes Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 317 (1889)
= Circaea lutetiana var. cordifolia (Lasch) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2: 695 (1892), nom. illeg.
= Circaea lutetiana var. cordifolia G.Mey.; Chloris Han. 100 (1836)
= Circaea lutetiana var. decipiens Asch.; Fl. Brandenburg 2: 214 (1859)
= Circaea lutetiana var. erythrocalyx Kuntze; Taschen-Fl. Leipzig [Kuntze] 257 (1867)
= Circaea lutetiana var. glaberrima (Lasch) Asch. & Magnus; Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 28: 780 (1870)
= Circaea lutetiana var. glabra Peterm.; Fl. Lips. Excurs. 28, 446 (1838), nom. illeg.
= Circaea lutetiana var. glabrescens Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 3 (Clav. Enum. Gen.): LVII (1833), nom. inval.
= Circaea lutetiana var. hirsuta Podp.; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 52: 650 (1902)
= Circaea lutetiana var. longipes Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 317 (1889)
= Circaea lutetiana var. obscura Grognot; Cat. Pl. Saône-et-Loire, 153 (1863)
= Circaea lutetiana var. ovatifolia (Lasch) Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2: 695 (1892)
= Circaea lutetiana var. villosa Beck; Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2: 695 (1892)
= Circaea major Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 473 (1779), nom. illeg.
= Circaea nemoralis Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 276 (1796), nom. illeg.
= Circaea ovatifolia Stokes; Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 26 (1812), nom. illeg.
= Circaea pubescens Pohl; Tent. Fl. Bohem. 1: 6 (1809), nom. illeg. ex Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 366 (1840)
= Circaea pubescens var. glabrescens Opiz; Hesperus 41(6): 326 (1815)
= Circaea racemosa Hill; Brit. Fl. [Hull] 6 (1799), nom. superfl.
= Circaea racemosa var. lutetiana (L.) Hill; Brit. Fl. [Hull] 6 (1799)
= Circaea vulgaris Moench; Methodus [Moench] 279 (1794)
= Circaea ×intermedia f. lutetiana Brahy & Hoff; Evaxiana 8: 58 (2021)
= Regmus lutetianus (L.) Dulac; Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées 328 (1867)
species :
Circaea mollis Siebold & Zucc.; Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4: 134 (1847)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye); China (Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, S-Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); India (Manipur, Nagaland); N-Myanmar; N-Laos; Cambodia; N-Vietnam
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO 40 IND 41 CBD LAO MYA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Circaea coreana H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 4: 226 (1907)
= Circaea coreana var. sinensis H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 340 (1909)
= Circaea lutetiana var. taquetii H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 340 (1909)
species :
Circaea repens Wall.; [Numer. List [Wallich] 216, no. 6341 (1832), nomen] ex Asch. & Magnus in B. Zeit. 28: 761 (1870)
Distribution: China (W-Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet; Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand)
36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP
Synonyms: hidden
= Circaea alpina var. himalaica C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 2: 589 (1879)
species :
Circaea ×decipiens Boufford; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 69(4): 972 (1982 publ. 1983)
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido)
38 JAP
Remarks: Circaea erubescens x lutetiana ssp. quadrisulcata
species :
Circaea ×dubia H.Hara; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 50: 306 (1936)
Distribution: NE-China; Japan
36 CHI 38 JAP
Remarks: Circaea cordata x erubescens
species :
Circaea ×intermedia Ehrh.; Beitr. Naturk. [Ehrhart] 4: 42 (1789)
Name: Mittleres Hexenkraut (DE), Upland Enchanter´s-nightshade (EN)
Distribution: England (N-England, Wales, +Isle of Man, Scotland); Ireland (N-Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Spain; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; W-European Russia; ?Ukraine; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Japan (Hokkaido); India (Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir); Canada (Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec); USA (Connecticut, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)
10 DEN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 FRA SPA 13 CRO ITA SLV 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS 33 GEO NCS 38 JAP 40 IND 71 CDN 72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA
Remarks: Circaea alpina L. x Circaea lutetiana L.
Synonyms: hidden
= Circaea alpina subsp. intermedia (Ehrh.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 105 (1894)
= Circaea alpina subsp. major (Schrad.) Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg 17 (1834)
= Circaea alpina var. intermedia (Ehrh.) Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 1: 54 (1797)
= Circaea alpina var. major Schrad.; Fl. Germ. [Schrader] 1: 14 (1806)
= Circaea alpina var. sterilis Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 746 (1843), nom. superfl.
= Circaea canadensis var. rishiriensis H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 34: 317 (1959)
= Circaea intermedia f. ericetorum (Martrin-Donos) Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 880 (1926)
= Circaea intermedia var. colorata F.W.Schultz; Jahresber. Pollichia 18-19: 107 (1861)
= Circaea intermedia var. pallens F.W.Schultz; Jahresber. Pollichia 18-19: 107 (1861)
= Circaea lutetiana f. ericetorum (Martrin-Donos) H.Lév.; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 22: 219 (1912)
= Circaea lutetiana proles intermedia (Ehrh.) H.Lév.; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 22: 219 (1912)
= Circaea lutetiana subsp. intermedia (Ehrh.) Rouy & E.G.Camus; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 7: 204 (1901)
= Circaea lutetiana var. ericetorum (Martrin-Donos) Rouy & E.G.Camus; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 7: 205 (1901)
= Circaea lutetiana var. glabra Soy.-Will.; Observ. Pl. France 151 (1828)
= Circaea lutetiana var. intermedia (Ehrh.) Hornem.; Fors. Oecon. Plantel., ed. 2: 25 (1806)
= Circaea lutetiana var. intermedia (Ehrh.) Kabath; Fl. Umgegend Gleiwitz 32 (1846)
= Circaea lutetiana var. minor (Grognot) Rouy & E.G.Camus; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 7: 205 (1901)
= Circaea ×alpestris Wallr.; Scholion zu Hampe´s Prodr. Fl. Hercyn.: 167 (1840), nom. illeg.
= Circaea ×ericetorum Martrin-Donos; Pl. Crit. Tarn 29 (1862)
= Circaea ×intermedia f. alpina Brahy & Hoff; Evaxiana 8: 57 (2021)
= Circaea ×intermedia f. bracteolata H.Lév. ex Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 880 (1926)
= Circaea ×intermedia f. major H.Lév. ex Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 880 (1926)
= Circaea ×intermedia f. minor H.Lév. ex Hegi; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(2): 880 (1926)
= Circaea ×intermedia var. aequilata Lasch; Linnaea 2: 446 (1827)
= Circaea ×intermedia var. ericetorum (Martrin-Donos) Rouy & E.G.Camus; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 7: 205 (1901)
= Circaea ×intermedia var. inaequilata Lasch; Linnaea 2: 446 (1827)
= Circaea ×intermedia var. minor Grognot; Cat. Pl. Saône-et-Loire, 154 (1863)
= Ocimastrum ×intermedium (Ehrh.) Rupr.; Fl. Ingr. [Ruprecht] 368 (1860)
species :
Circaea ×mentiens Boufford; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 69(4): 977 (1982 publ. 1983)
Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)
38 JAP
Remarks: Circaea alpina ssp. alpina x erubescens
species :
Circaea ×ovata (Honda) Boufford; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 69(4): 968 (1982 publ. (1983)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Kuril Isl.); China (Sichuan, Yunnan); South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP KOR
Remarks: Circaea cordata x mollis
Synonyms: hidden
= Circaea mollis var. ovata (Honda) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 10: 598 (1934)
= Circaea quadrisulcata var. ovata Honda; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46: 3 (1932)
species :
Circaea ×skvortsovii Boufford; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 69(4): 965 (1982 publ. 1983)
Distribution: Russian Far East (Sakhalin); NE-China; Japan
31 RFE 36 CHI 38 JAP
Remarks: Circaea cordata Royle x Circaea lutetiana ssp. quadrisulcata
Synonyms: hidden
= Circaea quadrisulcata var. skvortsovii (Boufford) Vorosch.
species :
Circaea ×sterilis Boufford; Harvard Pap. Bot. 9: 256 (2005)
Distribution: Canada (Quebec, New Brunswick); USA
72 CDN
Remarks: C. alpina x C. canadensis
species :
Circaea ×taronensis H.Li; Fl. Yunnan. 4: 157 (1986)
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
Remarks: Circaea alpina ssp. imaicola x cordata
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.07 (July 5th, 2025)

Covering 356,783 accepted species,
8,788 hybrids, 48,065 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,003,637 synonyms,
in total 1,417,272* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

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