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303.0000 Family Connaraceae R.Br.; Narr. Exped. Zaire [Tuckey] 431 (1818), nom. cons.
13 genera, ca. 230 spp.
Species listed in database: 241
= Cnestidaceae Raf.; Med. Fl. 2: 113 (1830)
303.2301 Genus Cnestis Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 374 (1789)
Distribution: Tropical Africa (12), Madagascar, 2 S-China, Myanmar (Burma), Andaman Is., Indochina, Malesia
Species listed in database: 15
= Spondioides Smeathman ex Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 3: 23 (1789)
= Thysanus Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 284 (1790)
species :
Cnestis bomiensis Lemmens; Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 89(6): 179 (1989)
Distribution: Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ivory Coast; ?Ghana
22 IVO LBR SIE
species :
Cnestis corniculata Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 3: 23 (1789)
Distribution: Senegal; Gambia; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ivory Coast; Ghana; S-Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; SW-Central African Republic; Cabinda [Angola]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; SE-Tanzania; Angola
22 BEN GAM GHA GNB GUI IVO LBR NGA SEN SIE 23 BIO CAB CAF CMN CON EQG GAB ZAI 25 TAN 26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Agelaea pruriens Sol. ex Planch.; Linnaea 23: 440 (1850)
= Cnestis agelaeoides G.Schellenb.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.127, Heft 103 (Connar.): 52 (1938)
= Cnestis angolensis G.Schellenb.; Veg. Erde [Engler & Drude] 9 (Pflanzenw. Afr.) 3(1): 320 (1915), in obs.
= Cnestis aurantiaca Gilg; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 216 (1896)
= Cnestis calantha G.Schellenb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 439 (1919)
= Cnestis calocarpa Gilg; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas, C 192 (1895)
= Cnestis cinnabarina G.Schellenb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 438 (1919)
= Cnestis claessensii De Wild.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 3: 258 (1911)
= Cnestis confertiflora Gilg; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas, C 193 (1895)
= Cnestis congolana De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 3: 96 (1909)
= Cnestis dinklagei G.Schellenb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 437 (1919)
= Cnestis emarginata De Wild. & T.Durand; Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 38(1, Comp. Rend.): 81 (1899)
= Cnestis gabunensis G.Schellenb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 440 (1919)
= Cnestis gimbiensis Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 21: 371 (1951)
= Cnestis grandiflora Gilg; Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 1: 70 (1895)
= Cnestis grisea Baker; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 1: 461 (1868)
= Cnestis hirsuta Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 21: 368 (1951)
= Cnestis iomalla Gilg; Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 1: 69 (1895)
= Cnestis iomalla var. grandifoliolata De Wild.
= Cnestis lescrauwaetii De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 1: 247 (1906)
= Cnestis leucantha Gilg ex G.Schellenb.; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 1: 18 (1910)
= Cnestis leucanthoides Pellegr.; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 29: 109 (1923)
= Cnestis longiflora G.Schellenb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 438 (1919)
= Cnestis mullendersii Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 21: 370 (1951)
= Cnestis polyantha Gilg; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23(1-2): 215 (1896)
= Cnestis prehensilis A.Chev.; Explor. Bot. Afrique Occ. Franç. 1: 167 (1920), nomen
= Cnestis pynaertii De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 3: 98 (1909)
= Cnestis riparia Gilg; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 217 (1896)
= Cnestis sapinii De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 3: 98 (1909)
= Cnestis sapinii var. claessensii (De Wild.) Troupin
= Cnestis setosa Gilg; Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 1: 70 (1895)
= Cnestis trichopoda Gilg ex G.Schellenb.; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 1: 18 (1910)
= Cnestis vanderystii Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 21: 370 (1951)
= Cnestis zenkeri G.Schellenb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 441 (1919)
= Spondioides pruriens Smeathman ex Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 3: 23 (1789)
= Yaundea lescrauwaeti (De Wild.) G.Schellenb.; Pl. Bequaert. 4: 546 (1929)
species :
Cnestis ferruginea DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 87 (1825)
Distribution: Senegal; Gambia; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Principe Isl.; São Tomé; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; Cabinda [Angola]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; South Sudan; Angola; Panama [I]
22 BEN GAM GHA GNB GUI IVO LBR NGA SEN SIE TOG 23 CAB CAF CMN CON EQG GAB PRI SAO ZAI 24 SSU 26 ANG 80 pan
Synonyms: hidden
= Agelaea ferruginea (DC.) Sol. ex Planch.; Linnaea 23: 440 (1850)
= Cnestis fraterna Planch.; Linnaea 23: 440 (1850)
= Cnestis oblongifolia Baker; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 1: 462 (1868)
= Cnestis togoensis Gilg; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23(1-2): 216 (1896)
= Spondioides ferrugineum (DC.) Smeathman ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 87 (1825)
species :
Cnestis lurida Baill.; Adansonia 7: 244 (1866 publ. 1867)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Cnestis macrantha Baill.; Adansonia 7: 242 (1866 publ. 1867)
Distribution: SE-Nigeria; W-Cameroon; Gabon
22 NGA 23 CMN GAB
Conservation Status: IUCN EN (Cameroon)
species :
Cnestis macrophylla Gilg ex G.Schellenb.; Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zürich 1: 18 (1910), et Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 442 (1919), descr.
Distribution: S-Nigeria; Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon
22 NGA 23 CMN EQG GAB
Conservation Status: IUCN EN (Cameroon)
species :
Cnestis mannii (Baker) G.Schellenb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 436 (1919)
Distribution: S-Nigeria; W-Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; W-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; N-Angola
22 NGA 23 BIO CMN CON GAB ZAI 26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Cnestis grandifoliolata De Wild. & T.Durand; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 1: 746 (1901)
= Cnestis pseudoracemosa (Gilg) G.Schellenb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 436 (1919)
= Cnestis tomentosa Hepper; Kew Bull. [11]: 112 (1956)
= Connarus mannii Baker; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 1: 459 (1868)
= Connarus pseudoracemosus Gilg; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 14(3): 317 (1891)
species :
Cnestis mildbraedii Gilg; Wiss. Ergebn. Deut. Zentr.-Afr. Exped. (1907-1908), Bot. 2: 229 (1911)
Distribution: NE-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; South Sudan; Uganda
23 ZAI 24 SSU 25 UGA
Synonyms: hidden
= Cnestis ugandensis G.Schellenb.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.127, Heft 103 (Connar.): 44 (1938)
species :
Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merr.; J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 85: 201 (1922)
subspecies :
subsp. palala
Distribution: China (?Guangdong, Hainan); Myanmar (Ayeyarwady, Mon, Taninthayi, Yangon); Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam
36 CHI 41 CBD LAO MYA THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Cnestis annamensis Gagnep.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 118: 207 (1952)
= Cnestis flaminea Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 433 (1854)
= Cnestis flammea Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 39: 76 (1870)
= Cnestis foliosa Planch. ex Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 45: 216 (1876)
= Cnestis ignea Planch. ex Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 45: 216 (1876)
= Cnestis ramiflora Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 432 (1854)
= Connarus foliosus Jack; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 8529 (1847)
= Connarus igneus Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 8528 (1847)
= Rourea dasyphylla Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 528 (1861)
= Santalodes dasyphyllum Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 155 (1891)
= Thysanus cochinchinensis DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 91 (1825)
= Thysanus palala Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 284 (1790)
variant :
var. brevistylis M.S.Mondal; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15(2): 493 (1991)
Distribution: Andaman Isl. (North Andaman Isl., Middle Andaman Isl., South Andaman Isl., Little Andaman Isl.)
41 AND
subspecies :
subsp. diffusa (Blanco) Andreas; Blumea 7: 613 (1954)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia (Kedah, Kelantan, Penang Isl., Perak, Selangor, Johor); Singapore; Sumatra (incl. Lingga Arch.); Borneo; Sulawesi; Philippines (Luzon, Lubang, Semirara, Burias, Cebu)
42 BOR MLY PHI SNG SUL SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Cnestis diffusa Blanco; Fl. Filip. [Blanco] 386 (1837)
species :
Cnestis platantha Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 434 (1854)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia; Sumatra; Borneo
42 BOR MLY SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Connarus polyphyllus Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 529 (1861)
species :
Cnestis polyphylla Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 3: 23 (1789)
Name: Itch-pod
Distribution: SE-Kenya; E-Zimbabwe; C-Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]; Madagascar (incl. Nosi Be Isl.); Mauritius; La Réunion
25 KEN 26 MOZ ZIM 27 SAF SWZ 29 MAU MDG REU
Remarks: C. glabra with synonym C. scandens might be a separate species
Synonyms: hidden
= Cnestis boiviniana Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 346 (1882), nomen, G. Schellenb. in Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.127, Heft 103 (Connar.): 39, 196 (1938), descr.
= Cnestis borboniensis Raeusch.; Nomencl. Bot. [Raeuschel], ed. 3: 132 (1797)
= Cnestis bullata (Baill.) Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon], Atlas: t. 17 (1886)
= Cnestis glabra Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 3(1): 28 (1789)
= Cnestis madagascariensis Raeusch.; Nomencl. Bot. [Raeuschel], ed. 3: 132 (1797)
= Cnestis natalensis (Hochst.) Planch. & Sond. ex Harv. & Sond.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 1: 528 (1860)
= Cnestis polyphylla var. bullata Baill.; (1866-67)
= Cnestis scandens J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13bis: 2(1): 729 (1791)
= Omphalobium discolor Sond.; Linnaea 23: 24 (1850)
= Sarmienta cauliflora Sieber; (1877)
= Zanthoxylum natalense Hochst. ex Krauss; Flora 27: 304 (1844)
species :
Cnestis racemosa G.Don; Gen. Hist. 2: 91 (1832)
Distribution: Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ivory Coast; Ghana
22 GHA IVO LBR SIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Cnestis liberica G.Schellenb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 436 (1919)
= Manotes racemosa (G.Don) Gilg; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 215 (1896)
species :
Cnestis uncata Lemmens; Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 89(6): 228 (1989)
Distribution: Gabon
23 GAB
species :
Cnestis urens Gilg; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] III, 3: 67 (1891), et in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 14: 330 (1892)
Distribution: Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; S-Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; South Sudan
23 BIO CAF CON GAB ZAI 24 SSU
Synonyms: hidden
= Cnestis laurentii De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 3[1]: 96 (1909)
species :
Cnestis yangambiensis Louis ex Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 21: 369 (1951)
Distribution: C-D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 ZAI
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

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