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293.0000 Family Brassicaceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 854, 1093, 1123 (1835), nom. cons.
339 genera, ca. 4050 spp. Updated phylogeny see Hendriks et al. (2022) and German et al. (2023)
Species listed in database: 4087; hybrids: 111
= Arabidaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 573 (1843)
= Cruciferae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 237 (1789), nom. cons.
= Drabaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 215 (1820)
= Erysimaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 238 (1820)
= Isatidaceae Döll; Fl. Baden [Döll] 3: 1310 (1861)
= Raphanaceae Horan.; Char. Ess. Fam. 169 (1847)
= Schizopetalaceae A.Juss.; Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat. 11: 419 (1848)
= Sisymbriaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 583 (1820)
= Stanleyaceae Nutt.; J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 85 (1834)
= Thlaspiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 633 (1820)
293.6201 Genus Cochlearia L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 647 (1753)
Distribution: Temperate Northern Hemisphere southward to Himalayas; Russia (ca. 10)
Species listed in database: 12; hybrids: 3
= Chrysochamela Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 1: 313 (1867)
= Cochleariopsis Á.Löve & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 128(4): 513 (1975 publ. (1976) (non Zhang 1985)
= Glaucocochlearia (O.E.Schulz) Pobed.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 5: 137 (1968)
= Gonyclisia Dulac; Fl. Hautes-Pyrénees 191 (1867)
= Pastoraea Tod. ex Bertol.; Fl. Ital. [Bertoloni] 10: 520 (1854)
= Raphanis Dod. ex Moench; Methodus [Moench] 267 (1794)
species :
Cochlearia anglica L.; Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 1128 (1759)
Name: Englisches Löffelkraut (DE), English Scurvygrass (EN)
Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, S-Scotland); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Netherlands; Germany (Baden-Württemberg [I], Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein); European Russia
10 DEN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 GER NET 14 RUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cochlearia anglica var. motelayi Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 2: 201 (1895)
= Cochlearia batava Dumort.; Fl. Belg. [Dumortier] 120 (1827)
= Cochlearia danica proles stenocarpa Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 2: 202 (1895)
= Cochlearia danica var. microcarpa Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 2: 202 (1895)
= Cochlearia longifolia Medik.; Ann. Bot. [Usteri] 2: 41 (1791)
= Cochlearia officinalis subsp. anglica (L.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 30 (1894)
= Cochlearia officinalis subsp. anglica (L.) Svanlund; Bot. Not. 1886: 12 (1886)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. anglica (L.) Kurtz; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 364 (1894)
= Cochlearia ovalifolia Stokes; Bot. Mat. Med. 3: 486 (1812)
= Cochlearia wahlenbergii Rupr.; Beitr. Pflanzenk. Russ. Reiches 2: 21 (1845)
= Crucifera cochlearia subsp. anglica (L.) E.H.L.Krause; Deutschl. Fl. [Sturm], ed. 2, 6: 56 (1902)
= Draba batava (Dumort.) Dumort. ex B.D.Jacks.; Index Kew. 1: 793 (1893)
species :
Cochlearia bavarica Vogt; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 56: 33 (1985)
Name: Bayerisches Löffelkraut (DE)
Distribution: Germany (Bayern)
11 GER
Remarks: officinalis agg. Probably a stabilized hybrid C. officinalis x C. pyrenaica
species :
Cochlearia danica L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 647 (1753)
Name: Dänisches Löffelkraut (DE), Danish Scurvygrass (EN)
Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Shetland Isl., Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Germany (Brandenburg [I], Baden-Württemberg [I], Bayern [I], Hessen [I], Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen [I], Rheinland-Pfalz [I], Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland [I], Sachsen [I], Sachsen-Anhalt [I], Thüringen [I]); Portugal; Spain; France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey, Sark); Estonia; European Russia
10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 BGM GER NET 12 CIS FRA POR SPA 14 EST RUS
Remarks: recently in Central Europe in rapid expansion along roadsides
Synonyms: hidden
= Cochlearia danica f. colorata Merino ex M.Laínz; Brotéria Ci. Nat. 24: 114 (1955)
= Cochlearia danica var. agglomerata M´Taggert Cowan; Trans. Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 26(2): 138 (1913)
= Cochlearia danica var. gallaecica Pau; Mem. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 2: 513 (1904)
= Cochlearia danica var. integrifolia DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 366 (1821)
= Cochlearia hastata Moench; Methodus [Moench], Suppl. 87 (1802), nom. illeg.
= Cochlearia hederacea Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 696 (1821 publ. 1822)
= Cochlearia minima Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 392 (1841)
= Cochlearia officinalis subsp. danica (L.) Hook.f.; Student´s Fl. Brit. Isl. 34 (1870)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. danica (L.) Alef.; Landw. Fl. 252 (1866)
= Cochlearia polymorpha subsp. danica (L.) Syme; Engl. Bot., ed. 3B, 1: 186 (1863), nom. illeg.
= Crucifera danica (L.) E.H.L.Krause; Deutschl. Fl. [Sturm], ed. 2, 6: 57 (1902)
species :
Cochlearia groenlandica L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 647 (1753)
Name: Grönländisches Löffelkraut (DE), Danish scurvygrass (EN)
Distribution: Iceland; Jan Mayen; Svalbard; Faeroe Isl.; Norway; Finland; N-European Russia (incl. Franz Josef Land); Siberia (Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Isl., Magadan, Sakhalin); Japan (Hokkaido); Alaska; Greenland; Canada (British Columbia, Newfoundland, Labrador, N. W. T., Nunavut, Quebec, Yukon); USA (California, Oregon, Washington)
10 FIN FOR ICE JMY NOR SVA 14 RUS 30 SIB 31 RFE 38 JAP 70 ASK CDN GNL 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Cochlearia arctica Schltdl.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 367 (1821)
= Cochlearia arctica subsp. oblongifolia (DC.) Petrovsky; Arktichesk. Fl. S.S.S.R. 7: 159 (1975)
= Cochlearia arctica var. oblongifolia (DC.) Trautv.; Reise Sibir. [Middendorff] 1(2
= Cochlearia arctica var. wahlenbergiana Trautv.; Reise Sibir. [Middendorff] 1(2
= Cochlearia fenestrata R.Br.; Voy. Disc. Baffin [Ross], App. 3, 163 (1819), et Syst. Nat. 2: 367 (1821)
= Cochlearia groenlandica subsp. islandica (Pobed.) Á.Löve; Taxon 19: 300 (1970)
= Cochlearia groenlandica subsp. oblongifolia (DC.) Á.Löve & D.Löve
= Cochlearia islandica Pobed.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 5: 130 (1968)
= Cochlearia lenensis Adams ex Fisch.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 867 (1821)
= Cochlearia oblongifolia DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 363 (1821)
= Cochlearia officinalis subsp. arctica (Schltdl. ex DC.) Gelert; Bih. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk-Akad. Handl. 26 afd. 3, no. 1: 40, fig. 20 (1901)
= Cochlearia officinalis subsp. groenlandica (L.) A.E.Porsild; Bull. Natl. Mus. Canada 146: 92 (1957)
= Cochlearia officinalis subsp. oblongifolia (DC.) Hultén; Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl., Ser. 3, 5(2): 147 (1928)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. arctica (Schltdl. ex DC.) Alef.; Landw. Fl. 252 (1866)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. groenlandica (L.) Alef.; Landw. Fl. 252 (1866), nom. superfl.
= Cochlearia officinalis var. lenensis (Adams ex Fisch.) Alef.; Landw. Fl. 252 (1866)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. oblongifolia (DC.) Gelert; Bih. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 26(3
= Cochlearia polaris Pobed.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 6: 99 (1970)
= Cochlearia rotundifolia var. alpina Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 695 (1821 publ. 1822)
= Cochleariopsis groenlandica (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 128(4): 514 (1975 publ. 1976)
= Cochleariopsis groenlandica subsp. arctica (Schltdl. ex DC.) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 128(4): 514 (1975 publ. 1976)
= Cochleariopsis groenlandica subsp. oblongifolia (DC.) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 128(4): 514 (1975 publ. 1976)
= Draba cochlearioides Turcz. ex Besser; Flora 17(1. Beibl.): 6 (1834)
species :
Cochlearia gurulkanii Yild.; Ot Sist. Bot. Derg. 12(1): 3 (2006)
Distribution: Turkey
34 TUR
Remarks: possibly in Noccaea
Synonyms: hidden
= Pseudosempervivum gurulkanii (Yild.) Mutlu, Al-Shehbaz & Dönmez; Turk. J. Bot. 31(4): 329 (2007)
species :
Cochlearia micacea E.S.Marshall; J. Bot. 32: 289 (1894)
Name: Mountain Scurvygrass (EN)
Distribution: England (Scotland)
10 GRB
Remarks: officinalis agg., a cytologically and genetically separate species but probably freely hybridizing
species :
Cochlearia officinalis L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 647 (1753)
subspecies :
subsp. officinalis
Name: Echtes Löffelkraut (DE), Common Scurvygrass (EN)
Distribution: Faeroe Isl.; England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Orkney Isl., Shetland Isl., Isles of Scilly, St. Kilda Isl.); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Netherlands; Belgium; Germany (Baden-Württemberg [I], +Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Schleswig-Holstein, Thüringen [I]); Switzerland; Poland; Slovakia; France; Channel Isl. (Alderney); +Estonia; European Russia; Russian Far East [I] (Khabarovsk [I]); China [I]; Argentina [I] (Tierra del Fuego [I]); Falkland Isl. [I]
10 DEN FOR GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 BGM GER NET POL SLO SWI 12 CIS FRA 14 EST RUS 31 rfe 36 chi 85 arg 91 fal
Remarks: officinalis agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Cochlearia alpina Sweet; Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 22 (1826)
= Cochlearia atlantica Pobed.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 4: 131 (1968)
= Cochlearia danica Gunnerus; Fl. Norveg. 72, no. 197 (1772) non L. 1753
= Cochlearia flagrans Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 51 (1782), opus utique oppr.
= Cochlearia kamtschatica Schltdl. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 1: 173 (1824)
= Cochlearia linnaei Griewank ex Asch.; Fl. Brandenburg 1(1): 54 (1860)
= Cochlearia linnaei var. officinalis (L.) Asch.; Fl. Brandenburg 1(1): 54 (1860), nom. illeg.
= Cochlearia officinalis f. parvisiliqua Thell.; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 4(1): 137 (1914), nom. inval.
= Cochlearia officinalis var. gallicica Pau; Mem. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 2: 513 (1904)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. macrocarpa Alef.; Landw. Fl. 252 (1866)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. maritima Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France [Grenier] 1: 128 (1848)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. minor DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 365 (1821)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. rotundifolia DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 365 (1821)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. vidassiana Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 2: 200 (1895)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. vulgaris Alef.; Landw. Fl. 251 (1866), nom. inval.
= Cochlearia polymorpha subsp. officinalis (L.) Syme; Engl. Bot., ed. 3B, 1: 185 (1863), nom. illeg.
= Cochlearia polymorpha Syme; Engl. Bot., ed. 3B, 1: 184 (1863), nom. illeg., pro parte
= Cochlearia renifolia Stokes; Bot. Mat. Med. 3: 435 (1812)
= Cochlearia rotundifolia Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 695 (1821 publ. 1822), nom. superfl.
= Cochlearia septentrionalis Schltdl. ex DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 355 (1821)
= Cochlearia vulgaris Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 3: 195 (1901)
= Crucifera cochlearia E.H.L.Krause; Deutschl. Fl. [Sturm], ed. 2, 6: 56 (1902), nom. illeg.
= Crucifera cochlearia var. officinalis (L.) E.H.L.Krause; Deutschl. Fl. [Sturm], ed. 2, Abbild., 6: 56 (1902)
= Draba cochlearioides Langsd. ex DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 363 (1821)
= Eutrema rossii Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 2: 880 (1825)
subspecies :
subsp. aestuaria (J.Lloyd) Nordal & Laane; Symb. Bot. Upsal. 31(3): 56 (1996)
Distribution: N-Spain; W-France
12 FRA SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Cochlearia aestuaria (J.Lloyd) Heywood; Feddes Repert. 70: 6 (1965)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. aestuaria J.Lloyd; Fl. Ouest France, éd. 4: 36 (1886)
= Cochlearia pyrenaica subsp. aestuaria (J.Lloyd) Fern.Casas & M.Laínz; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 32(2): 301 (1975)
subspecies :
subsp. integrifolia (Hartm.) Nordal & Stabb.; Nordic J. Bot. 10(3): 261 (1990)
Distribution: Faeroe Isl.; Norway; N-European Russia
10 FOR NOR 14 RUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cochlearia anglica var. integrifolia Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl., ed. 4: 208 (1843)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. integrifolia (Hartm.) Hyl.; Uppsala Univ. Årsskr. 1945(7): 182 (1945)
subspecies :
subsp. norvegica Nordal & Stabb.; Nordic J. Bot. 10(3): 261 (1990)
Distribution: Norway; N-European Russia
10 NOR 14 RUS
subspecies :
subsp. scotica (Druce) P.S.Wyse Jacks.; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 106(2): 119 (1991)
Name: Scottish Scurvygrass (EN)
Distribution: England (Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Shetland Isl.); Ireland (N-Ireland, Northern Ireland)
10 GRB IRE
Synonyms: hidden
= Cochlearia groenlandica subsp. scotica (Druce) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 114: 52 (1961)
= Cochlearia scotica Druce; Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 8: 867 (1928 publ. 1929)
species :
Cochlearia polonica A.Fröhl.; Pl. Polon., Ser. 2, cent. 3: 11 (1936)
Distribution: S-Poland (near Olkusz)
11 POL
Remarks: officinalis agg.
species :
Cochlearia pyrenaica DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 365 (1821)
Name: Pyrenäen-Löffelkraut (DE), Pyrenean Scurvygrass (EN)
Distribution: England (N-England, Wales, Scotland); Ireland (Ireland); Belgium; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Nordrhein-Westfalen); Switzerland; Austria; N-Spain (Pyrénées); France; Romania; Ukraine
10 GRB IRE 11 AUT BGM GER SWI 12 FRA SPA 13 ROM 14 UKR
Remarks: officinalis agg.
Synonyms: hidden
= Cochlearia alpina (Bab.) H.C.Watson; Cybele Brit. 1: 127 (1847)
= Cochlearia borzaeana (Coman & Nyár.) Pobed.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 177 (1970 publ. 1971)
= Cochlearia excelsa Zahlbr. ex Fritsch; Mitt. Naturwiss. Vereines Steiermark 44: 292 (1908)
= Cochlearia macrorhiza (Schur) Pobed.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 5: 135 (1968)
= Cochlearia officinalis Lapeyr.; Hist. Pl. Pyrénées 368 (1813), nom. illeg.
= Cochlearia officinalis subsp. alpina (Bab.) Hook.f.; Student´s Fl. Brit. Isl. 34 (1870)
= Cochlearia officinalis subsp. pyrenaica (DC.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 30 (1894)
= Cochlearia officinalis subsp. pyrenaica (DC.) Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 2: 200 (1895)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. alpina Bab.; Man. Brit. Bot. [Babington] 27 (1843)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. macrorrhiza Schur; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 15(2): 94 (1877)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. pyrenaica (DC.) Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France [Grenier] 1: 128 (1848)
= Cochlearia pyrenaica subsp. alpina (Bab.) Dalby; Watsonia 18(1): 82 (1990)
= Cochlearia pyrenaica subsp. excelsa (Zahlbr. ex Fritsch) O.Schwarz
= Cochlearia pyrenaica var. borzaeana Coman & Nyár.; Bul. Grad. Bot. Univ. Cluj 26: 78 (1946)
= Crucifera cochlearia subsp. pyrenaica (DC.) E.H.L.Krause; Deutschl. Fl. [Sturm], ed. 2, 6: 57 (1902)
species :
Cochlearia sessilifolia Rollins; Contr. Dudley Herb. 3: 182 (1941)
Name: Sessileleaf scurvygrass
Distribution: Alaska (Kodiak Isl., Sitkalidak Isl.)
70 ASK
Synonyms: hidden
= Cochlearia officinalis var. sessilifolia (Rollins) Hultén; Acta Univ. Lund. 41(1): 817 (1945)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. sessilifolia (Rollins) S.L.Welsh; Great Basin Naturalist 28: 152 (1968), isonym
species :
Cochlearia tatrae Borbás; Pallas Nagy Lexikona 10: 28 (1875)
Distribution: Poland (Tatra); Slovakia
11 POL SLO
species :
Cochlearia tridactylites Banks ex DC.; Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 867 (1821)
Distribution: Canada (Newfoundland, Labrador, N-Quebec, Nova Scotia)
72 CDN
Synonyms: hidden
= Cochlearia cyclocarpa Blake; Rhodora 16: 135 (1914)
= Cochlearia officinalis var. tridactylites (Banks ex DC.) Alef.; Landw. Fl. 252 (1866)
species :
Cochlearia ×hollandica Henrard; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 14: 221 (1916)
Distribution: England; Netherlands; Germany; etc.
10 GRB 11 GER NET
Synonyms: hidden
= Cochlearia anglica var. hortii Syme; Rep. Bot. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1872-1874: 9 (1875)
= Cochlearia ×briggsii Druce; Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 4: 186 (1915 publ. 1916)
species :
Cochlearia ×occidentalis T.C.G.Rich; Brit. Irish Bot. 6(1): 73 (2024)
Distribution: England
10 GRB
Remarks: Cochlearia danica x atlantica
species :
Cochlearia ×stacei T.C.G.Rich; Brit. Irish Bot. 6(1): 71 (2024)
Distribution: England
10 GRB
Remarks: Cochlearia danica x officinalis
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

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With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

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