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245.0000 Family Rhamnaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 376 (1789), nom. cons.
72 genera, ca. 1150 spp. Phylogeny: Hauenschild et al. 2016, Wang et al. 2021
Species listed in database: 1195; hybrids: 27
= Frangulaceae DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 4(2): 619 (1805)
= Gouaniaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 2: 73 (1837)
= Phylicaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 186 (1858)
= Ziziphaceae Adans.; Lex. Gen. Phan. [Post & Kuntze] 665, 714 (1903)
245.0801 Genus Colubrina Rich. ex Brongn.; Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 10: 368, t. 15, f. 3 (1827)
Distribution: mostly Mexico (over 20), some C- and tropical South America, West Indies; E-Africa (1), Indian Ocean, Pacific, Indochina, S-China. Revision for Mexico see Nesom (2023)
Species listed in database: 45
= Arrabidaea Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 135 (1841)
= Barcena Druges; Revista Ci. Mex. 1: 8 (1879)
= Caesia Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 107 (1825) 3: t. 23 (1827)
= Cormonema Reissek ex Endl.; Gen. Pl. [Endlicher] 1098 (1840)
= Diplisca Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 31 (1838)
= Hybosperma Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 1: 358 (1899)
= Macrorhamnus Baill.; Adansonia 11: 273 (1875)
= Marcorella (Neck. ex G.Don) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 31 (1838)
= Rhamnobrina H.Perrier; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 11: 24 (1943)
= Tralliana Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 157 (1790)
= Tubanthera Comm. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 30 (1825)
species :
Colubrina acunae Kitan.; God. Sofiisk Univ. Biol. Fak., 2, Bot. Mikrobiol. Fiziol. Biokhim. Rast. 64(2): 61 (1969-1970 publ. 1972)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
species :
Colubrina alluaudii (H.Perrier) Capuron; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 6: 133 (1966)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Lasiodiscus alluaudii H.Perrier; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 11: 27 (1943)
= Colubrina alluaudii var. rufovestita Capuron; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 6: 135 (1966)
species :
Colubrina amazonica W.Palacios; Phytotaxa 224(3): 296 (2015)
Distribution: Ecuador
83 ECU
species :
Colubrina angustior (M.C.Johnst.) G.L.Nesom; Phytoneuron 2013-4: 17 (2013)
Distribution: Mexico (Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Veracruz)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina greggii var. angustior M.C.Johnst.; Brittonia 23(1): 37 (1971)
species :
Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.; Trees & Shrubs [Sargent] 2: 167 (1911)
Name: Greenheart, Snake-bark, Soap Tree
Distribution: USA (Florida); Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Guerrero, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatan); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama; Bahamas; Turks & Caicos Isl.; Cuba; Cayman Isl.; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Navassa Isl.; Virgin Isl. (Anegada, Guana, Jost van Dyke, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda); Anguilla; St. Barthélémy; Saba; Antigua; Barbuda; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Barbados; Trinidad & Tobago [I]; Colombia (Caldas, Chocó, Valle); Ecuador
78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 ABA AGU BAH BBD CAY CUB GDL HIS JAM MTS NAV PUE SAB SBA TCI trt VIR 82 CLM 83 ECU
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceanothus arborescens Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 3 (1768)
= Ceanothus colubrinus (Jacq.) Lam.; Tabl. Encycl. 2: 90 (1797)
= Colubrina americana Nutt.; N. Amer. Sylv. [Nuttall] 2: 58 (1846), nom. illeg.
= Colubrina colubrina (Jacq.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 69 (1900)
= Colubrina ferruginosa Brongn.; Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 10: 369 (1827)
= Colubrina obtusata Urb.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 116 (1922)
= Marcorella colubrina (Jacq.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 31 (1838)
= Paliurus colubrina Scop.; Intr. Hist. Nat. 208 (1777)
= Perfonon ferrugineum (Nutt.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 29 (1838)
= Rhamnus colubrina Jacq.; Enum. Syst. Pl. 16 (1760)
= Rhamnus ferruginea Nutt.; J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 90 (1834)
species :
Colubrina articulata (Capuron) Figueiredo; Kew Bull. 50(3): 525 (1995)
Distribution: Madagascar; Comores (Mayotte, etc.)
29 COM MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Lasiodiscus articulatus Capuron; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 6: 137 (1966)
species :
Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn.; Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 10: 369 (1827)
Name: Asian nakedwood
Distribution: SE-Kenya; E-Tanzania; Mozambique; Madagascar; Comores (Mayotte, etc.); Mozambique Channel Isl. [Îles Éparses] (Juan de Nova Isl.); Mauritius; Rodrigues; Îles Glorieuses; Aldabra (Aldabra Isl., Cosmoledo Isl., Astove Isl.); Seychelles; China (S-Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi); Volcano Isl. (Iwojima); Taiwan; India (Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives]; Maldives; Sri Lanka; Andaman Isl. (North Andamans, Middle Andamans, South Andamans, Little Andaman Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl., North Nicobars, Central Nicobars, Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar; Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (all coasts); Singapore; South China Sea Isl.; Sumatra; Borneo; Sulawesi; Philippines (throughout); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea, Mapia Atoll); Bismarck Arch.; Solomon Isl.; Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland); New Caledonia; Vanuatu; Rotuma Isl.; Tonga (Late Isl., Tongatapu, ´Eua, Nomuka, Lifuka, Vava´u, Niuatoputapu); Niue; Fiji; Wallis & Futuna (Alofi Isl., Futuna Isl., ´Uvea Isl. and islets [Wallis]); American Samoa (Tutuila, Aunu´u, Ofu, Olosega, Ta´u); [Western] Samoa (Aleipata Islands, ´Upolu, Savai´i); Nauru; Cook Isl. (Rarotonga, Mangaia, Aitutaki, Manuae, Ngaputoru Group, Suwarrow, Penrhyn); Marquesas Isl. (Eiao, Nuku Hiva, Ua Huka, Ua Pou, Hiva Oa, Tahuata, Mohotani, Fatu Hiva); Society Isl. (Mopelia Atoll, Tahiti, Raiatea, Tahaa, Bora Bora, Tetiaroa Atoll, Tupai); Tuamotu Arch. (Makatea Isl.); Austral Isl. (Tubuai, Rurutu); Palau (Babeldaob, Koror, Ngarakabesang, Malakal, Ulebsechel, Ngeanges, Peleliu, Angaur, Sonsorol, Tobi); Northern Marianas (Maug, Agrihan, Pagan, Alamagan, Guguan, Sarigan, Saipan, Tinian, Rota); Guam; Fed. States of Micronesia (Yap, Ulithi, Truk, Moen, Dublon, Eten, Gatulel, Uman, Lukunor, Satawan, Pohnpei, Kosrae); Hawaii (Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, West Maui); USA [I] (Florida [I]); Mexico [I]; Belize [I]; Honduras [I]; Bahamas [I]; Cuba [I]; Jamaica [I]; Guadeloupe [I]; Martinique [I]
25 KEN TAN 26 MOZ 29 ALD COM MAU MDG ROD SEY 36 CHI 38 KZN TAI 40 IND LDV MDV SRL 41 AND CBD MYA NCB THA VIE 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY MOL NWG PHI SCS SNG SUL SUM 43 BIS SOL 50 AUS 60 ASA FIJ NRU NUE NWC ROT SAM TON VAN WAL 61 AUI COO MRQ SCI TUA 62 GUM MIC MRN PLU 63 HAW 78 usa 79 mex 80 blz hon 81 bah cub gdl jam mar
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceanothus asiaticus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 196 (1753)
= Ceanothus capsularis G.Forst.; Fl. Ins. Austr. 18 (1786)
= Ceanothus leschenaultii DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 31 (1825)
= Colubrina leschenaultii (DC.) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 2: 37 (1832)
= Paliurus asiaticus Noronha; Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 5(4): 25 (1790), nomen
= Pomaderris capsularis Montrouz.; Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci., Sér. 2, 10: 193 (1860)
= Rhamnus acuminata Colebr. ex Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: 374 (1824), pro syn.
= Rhamnus asiatica (L.) Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 4: 474 (1798)
= Rhamnus scandens (Lour.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 768 (1824), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus splendens Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1140 (1827)
= Sageretia splendens (Blume) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 2: 29 (1832)
= Tralliana scandens Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 157 (1790)
= Trymalium capsulare G.Don; Hort. Brit. [Sweet], ed. 3: 137 (1839)
= Tubanthera katapa Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 154 (1838)
species :
Colubrina beccariana Warb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 13: 367 (1891)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia (Perak); Borneo; Brunei
42 BOR BRN MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina anomala King; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 65: 377 (1896)
= Ziziphus elmeri Merr.; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 178 (1929)
species :
Colubrina berteroana Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 5: 409 (1908)
Name: Palo amargo (Dominican Republic)
Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti
81 HIS
species :
Colubrina californica I.M.Johnst.; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 12: 1085 (1924)
Name: Las Animas nakedwood (EN)
Distribution: USA (Arizona, S-California); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Sonora)
76 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina texensis var. californica (I.M.Johnst.) L.D.Benson; Amer. J. Bot. 30: 630 (1943)
species :
Colubrina cordifolia Reissek; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(1): 98 (1861)
Distribution: NE-Brazil (Piauí, Ceara, Pernambuco, Bahia)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina solanacea Rizzini; Leandra 3-4(4-5): 11 (1974)
= Colubrina cordifolia f. elliptica Suess.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 50: 325 (1941)
species :
Colubrina cubensis (Jacq.) Brongn.; Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 10: 369 (1827)
Name: Bijaguara, Malva marta, Yerba marta (Cuba)
Distribution: Cuba; Cayman Isl.
81 CAY CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceanothus cubensis (Jacq.) Lam.; Tabl. Encycl. 2: 90 (1797)
= Marcorella cubensis (Jacq.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 31 (1838)
= Rhamnus cubensis Jacq.; Enum. Syst. Pl. 16 (1760)
= Rhamnus cubensis Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 1: 240 (1805), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus lineatifolia (Ortega) Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 294 (1819)
variant :
var. ekmanii M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 3: 95 (1963)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina cubensis subsp. ekmanii (Johnst.) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 19(1-4): 44 (1973)
variant :
var. floridana M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 3: 96 (1963)
Name: Cuban nakedwood, Cuban snake-bark
Distribution: USA (Florida); Bahamas
78 USA 81 BAH
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina cubensis subsp. floridana (M.C.Johnst.) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 19(1-4): 44 (1973)
= Colubrina cubensis subsp. floridana (M.C.Johnst.) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 13: 5 (1983), isonym
species :
Colubrina decipiens (Baill.) Capuron; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 6: 127 (1966)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Macrorhamnus decipiens Baill.; Adansonia 11: 273 (1875)
= Macrorhamnus sphaerocarpa H.Perrier; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 11: 21 (1943)
species :
Colubrina ehrenbergii Schltdl.; Linnaea 15: 469 (1841)
Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz)
79 MEX
species :
Colubrina elliptica (Sw.) Brizicky & W.L.Stern; Trop. Woods, No. 109, 95 (1958)
Name: Nakedwood, Smooth Snake-bark, Soldierwood
Distribution: USA (Florida); Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México State, Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas); Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Bahamas; Cuba; Cayman Isl.; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (Anegada, Guana, Jost van Dyke, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda); St. Barthélémy; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Lucia; St. Vincent; Trinidad & Tobago [I]; Colombia (Magdalena, Valle); Venezuela (Anzoategui, Cojedes, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Guarico, Miranda, Sucre); Ecuador; SE-Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
78 USA 79 MEX 80 COS GUA HON NIC 81 BAH CAY CUB GDL HIS JAM MAR PUE SBA STL STV trt VIR 82 CLM VEN 83 ECU 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceanothus reclinatus L´Hér.; Sert. Angl. 6 (1788)
= Colubrina fermentum L.C.Rich. ex Brongn.; Mém. Fam. Rhamnées 62 (1826)
= Colubrina hondurensis Ant.Molina; Ceiba 3: 167 (1953)
= Colubrina pittieriana Steyerm.; Fieldiana, Bot. 28: 971 (1957), nom. nov. for C. venezuelensis Steyerm.
= Colubrina reclinata (L´Hér.) Brongn.; Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 10: 369 (1827)
= Colubrina venezuelensis Steyerm.; Fieldiana, Bot. 28(2): 355 (1952), non (Suess.) R. S. Cowan
= Diplisca elliptica (Sw.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 31 (1838)
= Paliurus inermis J.St.-Hil.; Traité Arbr. Arbust. [Duhamel], nouv. éd. 3: 60 (1806)
= Rhamnidium moreireanum Glaz.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(Mem 3a): 110 (1905), nomen
= Rhamnus elliptica Sw.; Prodr. [O.P.Swartz] 50 (1788)
= Rhamnus venosa Lam. ex Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 4: 474 (1798)
= Ziziphus domingensis Duhamel; Traité Arbr. Arbust. [Duhamel], nouv. éd. 3: 56 (1806)
species :
Colubrina faralaotra (H.Perrier) Capuron; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 6: 130 (1966)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina faraloatra var. glabrescens (H.Perrier) Capuron; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 5: 131 (1966)
= Macrorhamnus faraloatra H.Perrier; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 11: 22 (1943)
= Macrorhamnus faraloatra subsp. glabrescens (H.Perrier) H.Perrier; Fl. Madagasc. 123: 26 (1950)
= Macrorhamnus faraloatra var. glabrescens H.Perrier; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 11: 23 (1943)
variant :
var. sinuata (H.Perrier) M.C.Johnst.; Brittonia 23(1): 33 (1971)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Ziziphus sinuata H.Perrier; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 11: 18 (1943)
variant :
var. trichocarpa (Capuron) M.C.Johnst.; Brittonia 23(1): 33 (1971)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina faraloatra subsp. trichocarpa Capuron; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 6: 132 (1966)
species :
Colubrina glandulosa Perkins; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 465 (1911)
Distribution: Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia (Caquetá, Guaviare, Huila, Meta); Venezuela (Bolívar); Guyana; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Acre, Rondônia)
80 COS HON NIC PAN 82 CLM GUY VEN 83 BOL ECU PER 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina rufa var. glandulosa (Perkins) M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 3: 91 (1963)
variant :
var. antillana (M.C.Johnst.) M.C.Johnst.; Brittonia 23(1): 17 (1971)
Distribution: Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Puerto Rico
81 CUB HIS PUE
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina glandulosa subsp. antillana (M.C.Johnst.) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 19(1-4): 44 (1973)
= Colubrina rufa var. antillana M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 3: 92 (1963)
variant :
var. nipensis (M.C.Johnst.) M.C.Johnst.; Brittonia 23(1): 18 (1971)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina glandulosa subsp. nipensis (Johnst.) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 19(1-4): 44 (1973)
= Colubrina nipensis M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 3: 92 (1963)
variant :
var. reitzii (M.C.Johnst.) M.C.Johnst.; Brittonia 23(1): 17 (1971)
Distribution: Bolivia; N-Brazil (Roraima, Pará, Acre); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Brasilia Distrito Federal); NE-Brazil (Maranhao, Ceara, Paraíba, Pernambuco); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul); Paraguay (Amambay, San Pedro)
83 BOL 84 BRA 85 PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina glandulosa subsp. reitzii (M.C.Johnst.) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 19(1-4): 43 (1973)
= Colubrina rufa var. reitzii M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 3: 91 (1963)
species :
Colubrina greggii S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 17: 336 (1881 publ. 1882)
Name: Sierra nakedwood (EN)
Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Campeche, Chiapas, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México State, Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas)
77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina celtidifolia var. minute-serrata Suess.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 51: 204 (1942)
species :
Colubrina heteroneura (Griseb.) Standl.; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 285 (1925)
Distribution: Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Querétaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan); Guatemala; El Salvador; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia (Atlántico)
79 MEX 80 COS ELS GUA NIC PAN 82 CLM
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina multiflora (Brandegee) R.S.Cowan; Brittonia 7: 405 (1952)
= Colubrina nelsonii (Rose) R.S.Cowan; Brittonia 7: 405 (1952)
= Cormonema multiflorum Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 10: 411 (1924)
= Cormonema nelsonii J.M.Coult.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 315 (1895)
= Rhamnus biglandulosa Sessé & Moc.; Pl. Nov. Hisp. 38 (Naturaleza, Mexico City), Ser. 2, 1: App. (1888), et Fl. Mexic., ed. 2, 63 (1894)
= Cormonema biglandulosum (Sessé & Moc.) Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23: 718 (1923)
= Rhamnus gonzalezii L.Riley; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1923: 173 (1923)
= Rhamnus spinosa Hemsl.; Diagn. Pl. Nov. Mexic. 6 (1878)
= Ziziphus heteroneura Griseb.; Bonplandia (Hannover) 6: 3 (1858)
species :
Colubrina humbertii (H.Perrier) Capuron; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 6: 135 (1966)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Macrorhamnus humbertii H.Perrier; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 11: 135 (1943)
species :
Colubrina javanica Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1): 648 (1856)
Distribution: China (S-Yunnan); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Bago, Mon, Taninthayi); Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Java
36 CHI 40 BAN 41 CBD LAO MYA THA VIE 42 JAW MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina asiatica var. pubescens (Kurz) M.C.Johnst.; Taxon 33(1): 124 (1984)
= Colubrina asiatica var. subpubescens (Pit.) M.C.Johnst.; Brittonia 23(1): 48 (1971)
= Colubrina longipes Backer; Blumea 5: 520 (1945)
= Colubrina pubescens Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 41: 301 (1872), nom. illeg.
= Colubrina pubescens var. subpubescens Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 1: 931 (1912)
species :
Colubrina johnstonii T.Wendt; Bol. Soc. Bot. México 44: 83 (1983)
Distribution: Mexico (SE-Veracruz)
79 MEX
species :
Colubrina lanceolata Nesom; Phytoneuron 2023-19: 6 (2023)
Distribution: Mexico (Aguascalientes)
79 MEX
species :
Colubrina limae Figueira; Phytotaxa 663(4): 232 (2024)
Distribution: Brazil (Minas Gerais)
84 BRA
species :
Colubrina macrocarpa (Cav.) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 2: 36 (1832)
Distribution: Mexico (Guerrero, México State, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, Tamaulipas)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceanothus alamanii DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 31 (1825)
= Ceanothus macrocarpus Cav.; Icon. [Cavanilles] 3: 38 (1795)
= Ceanothus megacarpus Brandegee; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4: 205 (1894)
= Colubrina alamanii (DC.) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 2: 37 (1832)
= Colubrina lanulosa S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 74 (1917)
= Colubrina lanulosa R.Fernández & Arreguín; Polibotanica 57: 19 (2024), nom. illeg.
= Colubrina macrocarpa var. lanulosa (S.F.Blake) M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 3: 94 (1964)
= Colubrina megacarpa (Brandegee) Rose; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 8: 50 (1903)
= Rhamnus turbinata Sessé & Moc.; Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 62 (1895), nomen
species :
Colubrina macrocarpoides (Suess. ex Suess. & Overkott) Nesom; Phytoneuron 2023-19: 7 (2023)
Distribution: Mexico (Querétaro)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina greggii var. macrocarpoides Suess. ex Suess. & Overkott; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 50: 325 (1941)
= Colubrina macrocarpa var. macrocarpoides (Suess. ex Suess. & Overkott) M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 3: 94 (1963)
species :
Colubrina mezquitalensis Nesom; Phytoneuron 2023-19: 7 (2023)
Distribution: Mexico (Durango)
79 MEX
species :
Colubrina neoviridis Nesom; Phytoneuron 2023-19: 11 (2023)
Distribution: Mexico (Durango, Jalisco)
79 MEX
species :
Colubrina nicholsonii A.E.van Wyk & Schrire; S. African J. Bot. 52(4): 379 (1986)
Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
species :
Colubrina obscura (Schrank) M.C.Johnst.; Brittonia 23(1): 13 (1971)
Distribution: Jamaica
81 JAM
Conservation Status: IUCN V
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus obscura Schrank; Syll. Pl. Nov. 1: 202 (1824)
species :
Colubrina oppositifolia Brongn. ex H.Mann; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 7: 161 (1867)
Distribution: Hawaii (Oahu, West Maui, leeward Hawaii Isl.)
63 HAW
Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Endangered, USA Status: Endangered
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina oppositifolia var. obatae H.St.John; Pacific Sci. 33(4): 381 (1979 publ. 1980)
species :
Colubrina pedunculata Baker f.; Monogr. Christmas Isl. [Andrews] 175 (1900)
Distribution: Christmas Isl. [Austr.]
42 XMS
species :
Colubrina retusa (Pittier) R.S.Cowan; Brittonia 7: 405 (1952)
Distribution: Venezuela (Aragua, Carabobo, Cojedes)
82 VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina vellozoi R.S.Cowan; Brittonia 7: 405 (1952)
= Colubrina vellozoi var. latifolia (Reissek) M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 3: 93 (1964)
= Colubrina vellozoi var. verrucosa (Hoehne) R.S.Cowan; Brittonia 7: 405 (1952)
= Colubrina venezuelensis (Suess. & Overkott) R.S.Cowan; Brittonia 7: 405 (1952)
= Cormonema retusum Pittier; Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 3: 428 (1937)
= Cormonema venezuelense Suess. & Overkott; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 50: 325 (1941)
variant :
var. latifolia (Reissek) M.C.Johnst.; Brittonia 23(1): 28 (1971)
Distribution: Peru; Bolivia (Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Pará, Amazonas, Rondônia); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás); SE-Brazil (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná); Paraguay (Canindeyu); Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones)
83 BOL PER 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina retusa subsp. latifolia (Reissek) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 19(1-4): 44 (1973)
= Colubrina sprucei (Suess.) R.S.Cowan; Brittonia 7: 405 (1952)
= Colubrina vellozoi var. paranensis M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 3: 93 (1964)
= Colubrina vellozoi var. peruviana (J.F.Macbr.) R.S.Cowan; Brittonia 7: 405 (1952)
= Colubrina vellozoi var. sprucei (Suess.) M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 3: 93 (1964)
= Cormonema spinosum var. latifolium Reissek; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(1): 96, t. 25, f. 5 (1861)
= Cormonema spinosum var. peruvianum J.F.Macbr.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 124 (1930)
= Cormonema sprucei Suess.; Bot. Arch. 39: 387 (1939)
species :
Colubrina sordida M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 3: 95 (1963)
Distribution: Mexico (Guerrero)
79 MEX
species :
Colubrina spinosa (Vell.) Donn.Sm.; Bot. Gaz. 23: 4 (1897)
Distribution: Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Ecuador
80 COS NIC PAN 83 ECU
Synonyms: hidden
= Arrabidaea spinosa (Vell.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 135 (1841)
= Caesia spinosa Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 107 (1825) 3: t. 23 (1827)
= Colubrina ovalifolia (Donn.Sm.) Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18: 651 (1937), nom. illeg.
= Colubrina panamensis Standl.; Trop. Woods, No. 16: 22 (1928), nomen, et in Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 225 (1929), descr.
= Cormonema ovalifolium Donn.Sm.; Bot. Gaz. 23: 242 (1897)
= Cormonema spinosum (Vell.) Reissek; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(1): 96 (1861)
species :
Colubrina stricta Engelm.; Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3(5): 33 (1852), ex M. C. Johnst., Southw. Naturalist 14: 257 (1969)
Name: Comal nakedwood (EN)
Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas)
77 USA 79 MEX
species :
Colubrina subsessilis Nesom; Phytoneuron 2023-19: 10 (2023)
Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca)
79 MEX
species :
Colubrina tepicana Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23: 1672 (1926), nom. nov.
Distribution: Mexico (Nayarit)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina palmeri R.S.Cowan; Brittonia 7: 405 (1952)
= Colubrina spinosa subsp. mexicana (Rose) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 19(1-4): 44 (1973)
= Cormonema mexicana Rose; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 315 (1895)
species :
Colubrina texensis (Torr. & A.Gray) A.Gray; Boston J. Nat. Hist. 6: 169 (1850)
Name: Texan hogplum (EN)
Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Coahuila)
77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus drummondii M.Young; Fl. Texas [C.L.Lundell et al.] 204 (1873)
= Rhamnus texensis Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 1: 263 (1838)
species :
Colubrina travancorica Bedd.; Icon. Pl. Ind. Or. [Beddome] 1: 43 (1874)
Distribution: S-India (Kerala)
40 IND
species :
Colubrina triflora Brongn.; Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 10: 369 (1827)
Distribution: Mexico (Aguascalientes, Baja California Sur, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, México State, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Guatemala; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica
79 MEX 80 COS ELS GUA HON NIC
Synonyms: hidden
= Barcena guanajuatensis Dugès; Naturaleza (Mexico City) 4: 281, t. 10 (1879)
= Ceanothus triflorus Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 313 (1841)
= Colubrina arborea T.S.Brandegee; Zoe 4: 401 (1894)
= Colubrina ehrenbergii f. glomeratoides Suess.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 50: 325 (1941)
= Colubrina glomerata (Benth.) Hemsl.; Biol. Centr.-Amer., Bot. 1: 200 (1879)
= Colubrina guatemalensis Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 22 (1930)
= Colubrina mexicana Rose; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 315 (1895)
= Colubrina mollis Lundell; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 8: 75 (1942)
= Colubrina montana Rose ex Breedlove; Listados Fl. Mex. 4: 161 (1986)
= Rhamnus glomerata Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 9 (1844)
= Rhamnus triflorus Sessé & Moc.; Pl. Nov. Hisp. p. 38 (1887)
= Ziziphus acuminata Benth.; Bot. Voy. Sulphur [Bentham] 78 (1844)
species :
Colubrina verrucosa (Urb.) M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 3: 93 (1963)
Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti; Puerto Rico
81 HIS PUE
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina urbanii M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 3: 93 (1963)
= Hybosperma spinosum Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 1: 358 (1899), et Ark. Bot. 20A(15): 73 (1926)
= Hybosperma verrucosum Urb.; Ark. Bot. 20A(15): 73 (1926)
species :
Colubrina villarrealii Nesom; Phytoneuron 2023-19: 13 (2023), nom. nov.
Distribution: Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina texensis var. pedunculata M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 3: 94 (1963)
species :
Colubrina viridis (M.E.Jones) M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 3: 93 (1963)
Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Coahuila, Sonora)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina glabra S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 24: 44 (1889)
species :
Colubrina yucatanensis (M.C.Johnst.) Nesom; Phytoneuron 2013-4: 20 (2013)
Distribution: Mexico (Yucatan, Campeche, Quintana Roo); Guatemala
79 MEX 80 GUA
Synonyms: hidden
= Colubrina greggii var. yucatanensis M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 3: 95 (1964)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life