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492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14370; hybrids: 47
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
492.2602 Genus Damnacanthus C.F.Gaertn.; Fruct. Sem. Pl. 3: 18, t. 182, f. 7 (1805)
Distribution: China, E-Asia, 1 to Assam
Species listed in database: 12; hybrids: 1
= Tetraplasia Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 190 (1920)
= Baumannia DC.; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 4: 583 (Not. Pl. Rar. Jard. Genèv. 6: 1, t. 1, 25 (1833)
species :
Damnacanthus angustifolius Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 25: Art. 19, 118 (1908)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Damnacanthus angustifolius f. stenophyllus (Koidz.) T.Yamaz.; J. Phytogeogr. Taxon. 35(2): 73 (1987)
= Damnacanthus angustifolius var. altimontanus J.C.Liao; Bull. Exp. Forest Natl. Taiwan Univ. 117: 134 (1976)
= Damnacanthus angustifolius var. stenophyllus (Koidz.) Masam.; Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 28: 119 (1938)
= Damnacanthus stenophyllus (Koidz.) Masam.; Short Fl. Formosa 201 (1936)
= Prismatomeris brevipes Hutch.; Pl. Wilson. [Sargent] 3: 413 (1916)
= Prismatomeris linearis Hutch.; Pl. Wilson. [Sargent] 3: 414 (1916)
= Tetraplasia angustifolia (Hayata) Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 225 (1933)
= Tetraplasia stenophylla Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 160 (1934)
species :
Damnacanthus biflorus (Rehder) Masam.; Mem. Fac. Sci. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 4: 5 (1934)
Distribution: Ryukyu Isl.
38 NNS
Synonyms: hidden
= Damnacanthus angustifolius subvar. microphyllus Hatus.; Fl. Ryukyus 572 (1971), no latin descr.
= Damnacanthus angustifolius var. lutchuensis (Koidz.) Hatus.; Fl. Ryukyus 572 (1971)
= Damnacanthus biflorus var. lutchuensis (Koidz.) E.Walker; J. Jap. Bot. 46: 69 (1971)
= Damnacanthus lutchuensis (Koidz.) Hatus.; J. Jap. Bot. 14: 237 (1938)
= Damnacanthus tashiroi Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 65 (1920)
= Tetraplasia biflora Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 190 (1920)
= Tetraplasia lutchuensis Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 161 (1934)
species :
Damnacanthus giganteus (Makino) Nakai; Trees Shrubs Japan 412 (1922)
Distribution: China (Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan); Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)
36 CHI 38 JAP
Synonyms: hidden
= Damnacanthus giganteus Nakai; Trees Shrubs Japan 412 (1922), japonice
= Damnacanthus indicus var. giganteus Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 18: 33 (1904)
= Damnacanthus macrophyllus f. giganteus (Makino) T.Yamaz.; J. Phytogeogr. Taxon. 35: 73 (1987)
= Damnacanthus macrophyllus var. giganteus (Makino) Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 159 (1934)
= Damnacanthus subspinosus Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7(4): 1026-1027, t. 16, f. 1-5 (1936)
species :
Damnacanthus guangxiensis Y.Z.Ruan; Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 77(2): 320 (1999)
Distribution: China (Guangxi)
36 CHI
species :
Damnacanthus hainanensis (H.S.Lo) Y.Z.Ruan; Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 71(2): 176 (1999)
Distribution: China (Hainan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Damnacanthus henryi subsp. hainanensis H.S.Lo; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(3): 108 (1979)
species :
Damnacanthus henryi (H.Lév.) H.S.Lo; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(3): 108 (1979)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Canthium henryi H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 178 (1914)
= Prismatomeris henryi (H.Lév.) Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 16: 328 (1935)
species :
Damnacanthus indicus G.Gaertn.; Fruct. Sem. Pl. 3: 18, t. 182, f. 7 (1805)
Distribution: China (Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian); Tibet; South Korea; Taiwan; NE-India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Kachin); Thailand; Philippines (Luzon)
36 CHI TIB 38 KOR TAI 40 BAN IND 41 MYA THA 42 PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Baumannia geminiflora DC.; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 4: 583 (Not. Pl. Rar. Jard. Genèv. 6: 1 t. 1,25) (1833)
= Bridelia spinosa DC.; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 563 (1833), nom. illeg.
= Canthium gaertneri Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 275 (1841)
= Canthium indicum (C.F.Gaertn.) D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 1: 779 (1839)
= Damnacanthus esquirolii H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10(260-262): 435 (1912)
= Damnacanthus formosanus (Nakai) Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 225 (1933)
= Damnacanthus indicus var. formosanus Nakai; Trees Shrubs Japan 407 (1922)
= Damnacanthus indicus var. lancifolius Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 18: 33 (1904)
= Damnacanthus indicus var. ovatus Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 225 (1933)
= Damnacanthus lancifolius (Makino) Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 225 (1933)
= Damnacanthus major var. lancifolius (Makino) Ohwi; Fl. Jap. [Ohwi] (1953)
= Damnacanthus major var. parvifolius Koidz.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 39: 4 (1925)
variant :
var. microphyllus Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 6: 55 (1892)
Distribution: Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.
38 JAP NNS
Synonyms: hidden
= Damnacanthus indicus f. microphyllus Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 18: 31 (1904)
variant :
var. pseudogiganteus Hatus.; J. Phytogeogr. Taxon. 35: 63 (1987)
Distribution: Japan
38 JAP
species :
Damnacanthus labordei (H.Lév.) H.S.Lo; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(3): 107 (1979)
Distribution: China (Hunan, N-Guangdong, N-Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan); Vietnam
36 CHI 41 VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Canthium labordei H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 178 (1914)
= Lasianthus labordei (H.Lév.) Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 13: 340 (1932)
= Prismatomeris labordei (H.Lév.) Merr. ex Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 18: 249 (1937)
species :
Damnacanthus macrophyllus Siebold ex Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 110 (1867)
Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.
36 CHI 38 JAP NNS
Synonyms: hidden
= Damnacanthus indicus f. macrophyllus (Siebold ex Miq.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 18: 31 (1904)
= Damnacanthus indicus var. macrophyllus (Siebold ex Miq.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 11: 279 (1897)
= Damnacanthus indicus var. parvispinus Koidz.; Pl. Nov. Amami-Ohsim. 6 (1928)
= Damnacanthus macrophyllus var. parvispinus (Koidz.) Hid.Takah.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 20: 100 (1962)
= Damnacanthus major var. macrophyllus (Siebold ex Miq.) Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 29: 171 (1883)
= Damnacanthus major var. parvispinus (Koidz.) Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 225 (1933)
= Damnacanthus major var. submitis Maxim. ex Regel; Gartenflora 17: 35 (1868)
= Damnacanthus minutispinus (Koidz.) Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 158 (1935)
= Damnacanthus moniliformis Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 225 (1933)
= Damnacanthus shanii K.Yao & M.B.Deng; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 10(4): 1 (1990)
= Damnacanthus subspinosus var. salicifolius C.Y.Deng & K.Yao; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 10(4): 2 (1990), nom. inval.
species :
Damnacanthus major Siebold & Zucc.; Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(3): 177 (1846)
Distribution: China (Zhejiang, Guangdong); South Korea (incl. Cheju Isl.); Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.; India (Manipur, Meghalaya)
36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NNS 40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Damnacanthus indicus f. major (Siebold & Zucc.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 18: 32 (1904)
= Damnacanthus indicus subsp. major (Siebold & Zucc.) T.Yamaz.; J. Phytogeogr. Taxon. 35(2): 74 (1987)
= Damnacanthus indicus var. intermedius Matsum.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 15: 16 (1901)
= Damnacanthus indicus var. latifolius Nakai; Trees Shrubs Japan 408 (1922)
= Damnacanthus indicus var. major (Siebold & Zucc.) Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 11: 279 (1897)
= Damnacanthus lancifolius var. oblongus Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 225 (1933)
= Damnacanthus major var. minutispinus Koidz.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 158 (1935), pro syn.
species :
Damnacanthus officinarum C.C.Huang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(3): 108 (1979)
Distribution: China (Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan)
36 CHI
species :
Damnacanthus tsaii Hu; Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 6: 178 (1935)
Distribution: China (Sichuan, Yunnan)
36 CHI
species :
Damnacanthus ×okinawensis Hatus.; J. Phytogeogr. Taxon. 34(1): 9 (1986)
Distribution: Ryukyu Isl.
38 NNS
Remarks: Damnacanthus biflorus x major
Synonyms: hidden
= Damnacanthus indicus var. okinawensis Hatus.; J. Phytogeogr. Taxon. 34: 9 (1986)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life