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511.0000 Family Acanthaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 102 (1789) (´Acanthi´), nom. cons.
ca. 192 genera, ca. 5500 spp. Phylogeny: Manzitto-Tripp et al. 2022
Species listed in database: 5526
= Avicenniaceae Miq.; Pl. Preiss. [J.G.C.Lehmann] 1: 353 (1845), nom. cons.
= Justiciaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 60 (1838)
= Mendonciaceae Bremek.; Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. C 56: 540 (1954)
= Meyeniaceae Sreem.; Phytologia 37: 412 (1977)
= Nelsoniaceae (Nees) Sreem.; Phytologia 37: 412 (1977)
= Thunbergiaceae Lilja; Skånes Fl., ed. 2: 979 (1870)
511.5066 Genus Ecbolium Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 40(2): 75 (1871)
Distribution: Tropical E- and South Africa (12), Madagascar and Comores (7), S-Arabian Peninsula, India, Sri Lanka
Species listed in database: 22
species :
Ecbolium albiflorum Vollesen; Kew Bull. 44(4): 645 (1989)
Distribution: Ethiopia; Kenya
24 ETH 25 KEN
species :
Ecbolium amplexicaule S.Moore; J. Bot. 32: 136 (1894)
Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania; Mozambique
25 KEN TAN 26 MOZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Ecbolium auriculatum C.B.Clarke; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5: 237 (1900), nom. illeg.
species :
Ecbolium barlerioides (S.Moore) Lindau; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 20: 42 (1894)
Distribution: Somalia
24 SOM
Synonyms: hidden
= Isoglossa barlerioides S.Moore; J. Bot. 15: 70 (1877)
species :
Ecbolium benoistii Vollesen; Kew Bull. 44(4): 675 (1989)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Ecbolium boranense Vollesen; Kew Bull. 44(4): 661 (1989)
Distribution: Ethiopia; Kenya
24 ETH 25 KEN
species :
Ecbolium clarkei Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 1032 (1898)
Distribution: Angola; Malawi; N-Namibia
26 ANG MLW 27 NAM
variant :
var. puberulum Vollesen; Kew Bull. 44(4): 668 (1989)
Distribution: Angola; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia
26 ANG MOZ ZIM 27 NAM
species :
Ecbolium fimbriatum Benoist; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 13 (1945)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Ecbolium flanaganii C.B.Clarke; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5: 78 (1901)
Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
species :
Ecbolium glabratum Vollesen; Kew Bull. 44(4): 669 (1989)
Distribution: Mozambique; South Africa (Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]
26 MOZ 27 SAF SWZ
species :
Ecbolium grossum (C.B.Clarke) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 980 (1891)
Distribution: Andaman Isl.; Myanmar (Taninthayi); peninsular Thailand; Laos; Vietnam
41 AND LAO MYA THA VIE
Remarks: to be placed outside of Justicia fide molecular results (Kiel et al. 2017), possibly in a new genus close to Ecbolium
Synonyms: hidden
= Ecbolium helferi (C.B.Clarke) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 980 (1891)
= Justicia canaliculata Benoist; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 744 (1935), et Notul. Syst. (Paris) 5: 120 (1936), latine
= Justicia grossa C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 535 (1884)
= Justicia helferi C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 533 (1884)
= Sphinctacanthus tabacifolius Ridl.; J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10: 110 (1920)
species :
Ecbolium gymnostachyum (Nees) Milne-Redh. ex Gillett; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1941: 175 (1941)
Distribution: Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Djibouti; Somalia; Saudi Arabia (Asir); Yemen (Inner Hadhramaut, W-Yemen)
24 DJI ERI ETH SOM SUD 35 SAU YEM
Synonyms: hidden
= Ecbolium parvibracteatum Rendle; J. Bot. 35: 379 (1897)
= Justicia gymnostachya Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 426 (1847)
= Rhinacanthus chiovendae Fiori; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1911: 63 (1911)
species :
Ecbolium hastatum Vollesen; Kew Bull. 44(4): 643 (1989)
Distribution: Mozambique
26 MOZ
species :
Ecbolium humbertii Vollesen; Kew Bull. 44(4): 679 (1989)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Ecbolium ligustrinum (Vahl) Vollesen; Kew Bull. 44(4): 651 (1989)
Distribution: Nepal; India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Bangladesh
40 BAN IND NEP
Synonyms: hidden
= Ecbolium ecbolium (L.) Voss; Vilm. Blumengärtn. ed. 3 [Siebert & Voss], 1: 812 (1894), nom. inval.
= Ecbolium linneanum Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 40: 75 (1871)
= Ecbolium linneanum var. dentatum (Klein ex Link) C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4 545 (1885)
= Ecbolium linneanum var. laetevirens (Vahl) C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4 545 (1885)
= Ecbolium viride subsp. ligustrinum (Vahl) M.R.Almeida; Fl. Maharashtra 4A: 34 (2003)
= Ecbolium viride var. dentatum (Klein ex Link) M.R.Almeida; Fl. Maharashtra 4A: 35 (2003)
= Ecbolium viride var. dentatum (Klein ex Link) Santapau; Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 208 (1967)
= Ecbolium viride var. laetevirens (Vahl) Santapau; Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 208 (1967)
= Eranthemum ecbolium (L.) T.Anderson; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 235 (1860)
= Justicia adhatoda Mart. ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 427 (1847)
= Justicia dentata Klein ex Link; Jahrb. Gewächsk. 1(3): 48 (1820)
= Justicia denticulata Klein ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 428 (1847)
= Justicia ecbolia St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 128 (1880), orth. var.
= Justicia ecbolium L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 15 (1753)
= Justicia ecbolium var. laetevirens (Vahl) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2(2): 492 (1891)
= Justicia ecbolium var. mollis Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 427 (1847)
= Justicia ecbolium Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 2432 (1830), nom. inval.
= Justicia emarginata Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 427 (1847)
= Justicia fasciculata Russell ex Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 2432 (1830), nom. inval.
= Justicia laetevirens Vahl; Enum. Pl. [Vahl] 1: 118 (1804)
= Justicia ligustrina Vahl; Enum. Pl. [Vahl] 1: 118 (1804)
= Justicia livida Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 427 (1847)
variant :
var. aryankavensis Remadevi & Binojk.; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 27 (Suppl.): 1189 (2003)
Distribution: India (Kerala)
40 IND
species :
Ecbolium madagascariense Vollesen; Kew Bull. 44(4): 673 (1989), nom. nov.
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Ecbolium linneanum var. decaryi Benoist; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 7: 145 (1938)
= Ecbolium longiflorum Turrill; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1913: 181 (1913), nom. illeg.
species :
Ecbolium oblongifolium Vollesen; Kew Bull. 44(4): 677 (1989), nom. nov.
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Ecbolium linneanum var. oblongum Benoist; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 7: 146 (1938)
species :
Ecbolium palmatum Vollesen; Kew Bull. 44(4): 680 (1989), nom. nov.
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Ecbolium linneanum var. cordatum Benoist; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 7: 144 (1938)
species :
Ecbolium strictum O.Schwartz; Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg 10 (Fl. Trop. Arab.): 257 (1939)
Distribution: Yemen (SE-Yemen: coastal Hadhramaut)
35 YEM
species :
Ecbolium subcordatum C.B.Clarke; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5: 237 (1900)
Distribution: Somalia; Kenya
24 SOM 25 KEN
variant :
var. glabratum Vollesen; Kew Bull. 44(4): 671 (1989)
Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania
25 KEN TAN
species :
Ecbolium syringifolium (Vahl) Vollesen; Kew Bull. 44(4): 672 (1989)
Distribution: Madagascar; Comores (Mayotte)
29 COM MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Brachystephanus cuspidatus Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 339 (1890)
= Ecbolium linneanum var. alluaudii Benoist; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 7: 145 (1938)
= Ecbolium linneanum var. cuspidatum (Baker) Benoist; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 7: 143 (1938)
= Justicia syringifolia Vahl; Enum. Pl. [Vahl] 1: 117 (1804)
species :
Ecbolium tanzaniense Vollesen; Kew Bull. 44(4): 659 (1989)
Distribution: Tanzania
25 TAN
species :
Ecbolium viride (Forssk.) Alston; Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: Suppl., 229 (1931)
Distribution: Egypt (SE-Egypt); Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Djibouti; Somalia; Kenya; Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, Asir); Oman (Mascat & Oman); Yemen (Aden Desert, coastal Hadhramaut, Inner Hadhramaut, Tihama, W-Yemen); India (Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh [I]; peninsular Malaysia [I]
20 EGY 24 DJI ERI ETH SOM SUD 25 KEN 35 OMA SAU YEM 40 ban IND SRL 42 mly
Synonyms: hidden
= Ecbolium linneanum var. rotundifolium (Nees) C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 545 (1885)
= Ecbolium viride var. chandrasekariana Remadevi & Binojk.; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 236 (2001)
= Ecbolium viride var. rotundifolium (Nees) Raizada; Indian Forester 84: 482 (1958), nom. illeg.
= Justicia rotundifolia Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 108 (1832)
= Justicia viridis Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 5 (1775)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.07 (July 5th, 2025)

Covering 356,783 accepted species,
8,788 hybrids, 48,065 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,003,637 synonyms,
in total 1,417,272* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

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