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511.0000 Family Acanthaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 102 (1789) (´Acanthi´), nom. cons.
ca. 192 genera, ca. 5500 spp. Phylogeny: Manzitto-Tripp et al. 2022
Species listed in database: 5500
= Avicenniaceae Miq.; Pl. Preiss. [J.G.C.Lehmann] 1: 353 (1845), nom. cons.
= Justiciaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 60 (1838)
= Mendonciaceae Bremek.; Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. C 56: 540 (1954)
= Meyeniaceae Sreem.; Phytologia 37: 412 (1977)
= Nelsoniaceae (Nees) Sreem.; Phytologia 37: 412 (1977)
= Thunbergiaceae Lilja; Skånes Fl., ed. 2: 979 (1870)
511.4714 Genus Eranthemum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 9 (1753)
Distribution: Tropical and subtropical Asia from India and Sri Lanka eastward to China and Lesser Sunda Isl.
Species listed in database: 22
= Daedalacanthus T.Anderson; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 229 (1864)
= Upudalia Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 66 (1836)
= Citharella Noronha; Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 5(4): 2 (1790), nomen
species :
Eranthemum austrosinense H.S.Lo; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(4): 85 (1979)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan)
36 CHI
variant :
var. pubipetalum (S.Z.Huang ex H.P.Tsui) T.L.Li & Y.F.Deng; J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 15(3): 260 (2007)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Eranthemum pubipetalum S.Z.Huang; Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin., Add. 70: 347 (2002)
species :
Eranthemum burmanicum (T.Anderson) N.P.Balakr.; J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 67: 63 (1970)
Distribution: Myanmar
41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Daedalacanthus parishii T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 489 (1867)
species :
Eranthemum capense L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 9 (1753)
Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Myanmar (Magway)
40 IND SRL 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Daedalacanthus capensis (L.) Druce; Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 3: 417 (1913 publ. 1914)
= Daedalacanthus fastigiatus (Lam.) Alston; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 11: 299 (1930)
= Daedalacanthus montanus (Roxb.) T.Anderson; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 229 (1867)
= Daedalacanthus montanus var. concanensis C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 421 (1884)
= Daedalacanthus montanus var. wightianus (Wall. ex Nees) C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 421 (1884)
= Eranthemum capense var. concanensis (T.Anderson ex C.B.Clarke) Santapau; Bot. Mem. Univ. Bombay 2: 34 (1952)
= Eranthemum capense var. wightianum (Wall. ex Nees) Karthik. & Moorthy; Fl. Pl. India 15 (2009)
= Eranthemum fastigiatum (Lam.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 489 (1891)
= Eranthemum fastigiatum (Lam.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 1: 174
= Eranthemum montanum (Roxb.) Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 80 (1814), nomen
= Eranthemum montanum (Roxb.) Russell ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 449 (1847)
= Eranthemum montanum var. concanense (T.Anderson ex C.B.Clarke) Gamble; Fl. Madras 2: 1025 (1924)
= Eranthemum montanum var. wightianum (Wall. ex Nees) Gamble; Fl. Madras 1025 (1924)
= Eranthemum wightianum Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 2495 (1830), nomen
= Eranthemum wightianum Wall. ex Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 107 (1832)
= Justicia divaricata Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 2492 (1830), nom. inval.
= Justicia fastigiata Lam.; Tabl. Encycl. 1: 41 (1791)
= Justicia montana Roxb.; Pl. Coromandel 2: 41, t. 176 (1805)
= Justicia pulchella Wight ex Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 2495 (1832), nomen
= Ruellia varians B.Heyne ex Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 2492 B (1830), nom. inval.
species :
Eranthemum ciliatum (Craib) Benoist; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 661 (1935)
Distribution: Nepal; Bhutan; NE-India (Nagaland: Naga Hills); Myanmar (Ayeyarwady, Chin, Kachin, Yangon, Sagaing)
40 BHU IND NEP 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Daedalacanthus ciliatus Craib; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1913: 202 (1913)
species :
Eranthemum decumbens Kladwong & Chantar.; Nordic J. Bot. 39(8)-e03260: 3 (2021)
Distribution: Thailand; Laos
41 LAO THA
species :
Eranthemum erythrochilum J.R.I.Wood; Edinburgh J. Bot. 51(2): 180 (1994)
Distribution: India (West Bengal)
40 IND
species :
Eranthemum griffithii (T.Anderson) Bremek. & Nann.-Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch, Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 45(1): 35 (1948)
Distribution: Bhutan; India (Assam, West Bengal); Myanmar
40 BHU IND 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Daedalacanthus griffithii T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 486 (1867)
species :
Eranthemum macrophyllum Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 7179 (1832)
Distribution: Bangladesh; Myanmar (Bago, Mandalay, Taninthayi)
40 BAN 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Daedalacanthus macrophyllus (Wall.) T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 487 (1867)
species :
Eranthemum macrostachyum (T.Anderson) N.P.Balakr.; J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 67: 63 (1970)
Distribution: Myanmar (Mon)
41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Daedalacanthus macrostachyus T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 488 (1867)
species :
Eranthemum obovatum J.B.Imlay; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939: 115 (1939)
Distribution: Thailand
41 THA
species :
Eranthemum pulchellum Andrews; Bot. Repos., t. 88 (1800)
Name: Blue-sage
Distribution: Malawi [I]; Zimbabwe [I]; China [I]; Pakistan (Pakistani Punjab, Rawalpindi, Murree, Mirpur); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chandigarh, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Kachin, Mandalay); Thailand; Laos; Vietnam; Sulawesi [I]; Philippines [I]; Java [I]; New Guinea [I]; Solomon Isl. [I]; New Caledonia [I]; Fiji [I]; Guam [I]; USA [I] (Florida [I]); Honduras [c]; Cuba [I]; Jamaica [I]; Hispaniola [I]; St. Kitts [I]; Montserrat [I]; Guadeloupe [I]; St. Lucia [I]; St. Vincent [I]; Barbados [I]; Trinidad & Tobago [I]; Colombia [I] (Valle [I]); Isla Margarita [I]; Venezuela [I]; Surinam [I]; Bolivia [I]
26 mlw zim 36 chi 40 BAN BHU IND NEP PAK 41 LAO MYA THA VIE 42 jaw nwg phi sul 43 sol 60 fij nwc 62 gum 78 usa 80 hon 81 bbd cub gdl his jam mts stk stl stv trt ven 82 clm sur ven 83 bol
Synonyms: hidden
= Daedalacanthus nervosus (Vahl) T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 487 (1867)
= Daedalacanthus pulchellus M.Gómez; Fl. Cuba [M.Gómez & Roig] 122 (1914), pro syn.
= Daedalacanthus scaber T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 487 (1867)
= Daedalacanthus varians (Vent.) Voss; Vilm. Blumengärtn. ed. 3 [Siebert & Voss], 1: 806 (1895)
= Eranthemum asperum Hook.f.; Bot. Mag. 94: t. 5711 (1868)
= Eranthemum edgeworthianum Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 44 (1847)
= Eranthemum grandiflorum Zipp. ex Span.; Linnaea 15: 328 (1841)
= Eranthemum nervosum (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 1: 174 (1817)
= Eranthemum nervosum var. scabrum Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 106 (1832)
= Eranthemum pulchellum var. varians (Vent.) (Vent.); Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 489 (1891)
= Eranthemum scabrum Wall. ex T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 487 (1867)
= Eranthemum varians Billb.; Linn. Samfund. Handl. 1: 11 (1832 publ. 1833)
= Justicia bicolor Sims; Bot. Mag. 35: t. 1423 (1811)
= Justicia colorata Vahl ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 446 (1847), nom. inval.
= Justicia gendarussa Blanco; Fl. Filip. [Blanco] t. 11 (1837), nom. illeg.
= Justicia nervosa Vahl; Enum. Pl. [Vahl] 1: 164 (1804)
= Pseuderanthemum asperum (Hook.f.) Radlk.; Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. München 13: 286 (1883 publ. 1884)
= Pseuderanthemum pulchellum (Andrews) Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci., C 7: 248 (1912)
= Ruellia varians Vent.; Descr. Pl. Nouv., t. 46 (1801)
= Siphoneranthemum nervosum (Vahl) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 495, 497 (1891)
= Upudalia pulchella (Andrews) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 66 (1838)
species :
Eranthemum purpurascens Wight ex Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 106 (1832)
Distribution: Nepal; India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Magway, Rakhine); Laos
40 BAN IND NEP 41 LAO MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Daedalacanthus purpurascens (Wight ex Nees) T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 488 (1867)
= Eranthemum nervosum Dalzell & A.Gibson; Bombay Fl. [Dalzell & Gibson] 195 (1861), nom. illeg.
= Eranthemum pulchellum (Roxb.) Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 3 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 1: 111 (1832)
= Eranthemum pulchellum var. purpurascens (Nees) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2(2): 489 (1891)
= Justicia pulchella Roxb.; Pl. Coromandel 2: 41, t. 177 (1805)
= Justicia purpurascens Buch.-Ham.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 2492 E (1832), nomen
= Justicia purpurascens Buch.-Ham. ex Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 106 (1832), pro syn.
species :
Eranthemum roseum (Vahl) R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 1: 477 (1810)
Distribution: India (Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan); Bangladesh
40 BAN IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Amphiscopia rosea (Vahl) Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 358 (1847)
= Barleria acanthophora Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 726 (1847)
= Daedalacanthus roseus (Vahl) T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 487 (1867)
= Ecbolium roseum (Nees) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 487 (1891)
= Eranthemum acanthophorum Schult.; Mant. 1 [Schultes] 154 (1822), nom. superfl.
= Eranthemum pulchellum var. roseum (Vahl) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 489 (1891)
= Eranthemum roseum (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 1: 175 (1817), isonym
= Eranthemum roseum var. parviflorum Santapau ex M.R.Almeida; Fl. Maharashtra 4A: 40 (2003), nom. inval.
= Justicia rosea Vahl; Enum. Pl. [Vahl] 1: 165 (1804)
= Siphoneranthemum roseum (Vahl) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 497 (1891)
= Siphoneranthemum sessile (Nees) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 497 (1891)
species :
Eranthemum splendens (T.Anderson) Siebert & Voss; Vilm. Blumengärtn. ed. 3 [Siebert & Voss], 1: 806 (1894)
Distribution: China (S-Yunnan); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, ?Arunachal Pradesh); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Magway, Sagaing)
36 CHI 40 BAN BHU IND NEP 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Daedalacanthus splendens T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 486 (1867)
= Eranthemum splendens (T.Anderson) Bremek. & Nann.-Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch, Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 45(1): 35 (1948)
species :
Eranthemum strictum Colebr. ex Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 1: 114 (1820)
Distribution: Nepal; India (Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Tripura); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Rakhine)
40 BAN IND NEP 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Daedalacanthus strictus (Colebr. ex Wall.) T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 487 (1867)
= Justicia elongata Colebr. ex Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] sub no. 2494 (1830)
species :
Eranthemum suffruticosum Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 3 (1814), nomen; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 1: 112 (1820); Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 1: III (1832)
Distribution: Pakistan [I]; Nepal; India (throughout); Andaman Isl.; Bangladesh; Myanmar (Ayeyarwady, Taninthayi)
40 BAN IND NEP pak 41 AND MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Daedalacanthus suffruticosus (Roxb.) T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 488 (1867)
= Eranthemum barlerioides Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 3 (1814), nomen
= Petalidium barlerioides (B.Heyne ex Roth) Nees; Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 82 (1832)
= Ruellia barlerioides B.Heyne ex Roth; Nov. Pl. Sp. 310 (1821)
= Ruellia bracteata Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 95 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 3: 47 (1832)
species :
Eranthemum sumatranum Bremek. & Nann.-Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch, Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 45(1): 38 (1948)
Distribution: Sumatra
42 SUM
species :
Eranthemum tetragonum Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 7180 (1832) ex Nees in Pl. Asiat. Rar. [Wallich] 3: 106 (1832)
Distribution: Myanmar (Chin, Kachin, Magway, Magway, Mon, Mon, Sagaing, Taninthayi); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam
41 CBD MYA THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Daedalacanthus roseus var. neesii C.B.Clarke; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 420 (1884)
= Daedalacanthus salaccensis T.Anderson; J. Agric. Soc. India, n. s. 1: 274 (1868)
= Daedalacanthus tetragonus (Wall. ex Nees) T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 488 (1867)
= Eranthemum roseum var. neesii (C.B.Clarke) Karthik. & Moorthy; Fl. Pl. India 16 (2009)
= Justicia tetragona Hook. ex Nees; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 11: 454 (1847), pro syn.
= Pseuderanthemum tetragonum Radlk.; Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. München 13: 286 (1884 publ. 1883)
species :
Eranthemum tubiflorum (T.Anderson) Radlk. ex Lindau; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 3b: 311 (1895)
Distribution: ?Bhutan; NE-India (Arunachal Pradesh); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Chin, Kachin)
40 BAN IND 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Daedalacanthus tubiflorus T.Anderson; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 485 (1867)
species :
Eranthemum viscidum Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 793 (1826)
Distribution: Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali)
42 JAW LSI
Synonyms: hidden
= Daedalacanthus salaccensis (Blume) T.Anderson; J. Agric. Soc. India, n. s. 1: 274 (1868)
= Eranthemum salaccense Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 792 (1826)
= Eranthemum viscidum var. angustibracteatum Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 45(1): 37 (1948)
= Eranthemum viscidum var. blumeanum Bremek.; Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 45(1): 36 (1948), nom. inval.
= Eranthemum viscidum var. linearifolium Hochr.; Candollea 5: 231 (1934)
= Eranthemum viscidum var. pubescens Hochr.; Candollea 5: 231 (1934)
species :
Eranthemum wardii (W.W.Sm.) N.P.Balakr.; J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 67: 63 (1970)
Distribution: Myanmar (Kachin)
41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Daedalacanthus wardii W.W.Sm.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 10: 174 (1918)
species :
Eranthemum wattii (Bedd.) Stapf; Bot. Mag. 135: t. 8239 (1909)
Distribution: NE-India (Maharashtra); Myanmar (Chin, Kachin, Sagaing)
40 IND 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Daedalacanthus parvus C.B.Clarke; Hand-List, Dicot. [Nicholson] 225 (1894)
= Daedalacanthus wattii Bedd.; Garden (London, 1871-1927) 58: 644 (1901)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.05 (May 23rd, 2025)

Covering 356,547 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,003,107 synonyms,
in total 1,416,616* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life