341.0000 Family Euphorbiaceae A.Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 384 (1789), nom. cons. (s. str.)

210 genera, ca. 6700 spp.

Species listed in database: 6498; hybrids: 56

341.5241 Genus Euphorbia L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 450 (1753)

Distribution: Cosmopolitan

Species listed in database: 2037; hybrids: 48

= Adenopetalum Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 250 (1860), et Abh. Acad. Berl. 47 (1860)

= Adenorima Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 112 (1836)

= Agaloma Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1836)

= Aklema Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 114 (1836)

= Alectoroctonum Schltdl.; Linnaea 19: 252 (1847)

= Allobia Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1836)

= Anisophyllum Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 159 (1812), nom. illeg.

= Anthacantha Lem.; Ill. Hort. 5(Misc.): 64 (1858)

= Aplarina Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 99 (1836)

= Arthrothamnus Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 251 (1859)

= Athymalus Neck.; Elem. Bot. [Necker] 2: 353 (1790), opus utique oppr.

= Chamaesyce Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 260 (1821 publ. 1822)

= Characias Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 259 (1821 publ. 1822)

= Chylogala Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Crepidaria Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 136 (1812), nom. superfl.

= Ctenadena Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 13, in clavi, 28 (1933)

= Cubanthus (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 371 (1913)

= Cyathophora Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 117 (1836)

= Cystidospermum Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 13, in clavi, 25 (1933)

= Dactylanthes Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 132 (1812)

= Dematra Raf.; Autik. Bot. 96 (1840)

= Desmonema Raf.; Atlantic J. 1: 177 (1833)

= Diadenaria Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 254 (1859), et in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 107 (1860)

= Dichylium Britton; Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Islands 6: 5: 499 (1924)

= Diplocyathium Heinr.Schmidt; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(1): 40 (1907)

= Ditritra Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 115 (1838)

= Elaeophorbia Stapf; Liberia [H.H.Johnston] 2: 646 (1906)

= Endadenium L.C.Leach; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 1 (1-2): 31 (1973)

= Endoisila Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 114 (1838)

= Epurga Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Esula (Pers.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 153 (1812), nom. illeg.

= Euforbia Ten.; Fl. Napol. 1: 258 ((1811-1815))

= Eumecanthus Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 248 (1859)

= Euphorbiastrum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 252 (1860)

= Euphorbiodendron Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 305 (1909)

= Euphorbion St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 125 (1880)

= Euphorbiopsis H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 446 (1911)

= Euphorbium Hill; Brit. Herb. [Hill] 157 (1756)

= Galarhoeus Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 143 (1812)

= Hexadenia Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 253 (1859), et in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 106 (1860)

= Kanopikon Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 114 (1836)

= Keraselma Neck.; Elem. Bot. [Necker] 2: 353 (1790)

= Keraselma Neck. ex Juss.; Dict. Sci. Nat. [F.Cuvier], éd. 2, 24: 387 (1822)

= Keraselma Neck. ex Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Kobiosis Raf.; Autik. Bot. 94 (1840), Pennell, in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 48: 94 (1921)

= Lacanthis Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 2: 94 (1836)

= Lepadena Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 113 (1836)

= Leptopus Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 249 (1859), nom. illeg.

= Lophobios Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1836)

= Lortia Rendle; J. Bot. 36: 29 (1898)

= Lyciopsis (Boiss.) Schweinf.; Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. [Schweinfurth] 37 (1867)

= Medusea Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 133 (1812)

= Monadenium Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 126 (1894)

= Murtekias Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1836)

= Nisomenes Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1836)

= Peccana Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 114 (1838)

= Pedilanthus Neck.; Elem. Bot. [Necker] 2: 354 (1790) ex Poit. (1812)

= Pedilanthus Neck. ex Poit.; Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 19: 388 (1812), nom. cons.

= Petaloma Raf. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 63 (1862), pro syn.

= Pleuradena Raf.; Atlantic J. 1: 182 (1833)

= Poinsettia Graham; Edinburgh New Philos. J. 20: 412 (1836)

= Pythius Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1836)

= Sclerocyathium Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 14, in clavi, 30 (1933)

= Stenadenium Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30: 343 (1901)

= Sterigmanthe Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 252 (1859), et in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 100 (1860)

= Synadenium Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 187 (1862)

= Tirucalia Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 112 (1836)

= Tithymaloides Ludw. ex Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 620 (1891), orth. var.

= Tithymaloides Ortega; Tabl. Bot. 9 (1773), nom. rej.

= Tithymalopsis Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 249 (1859)

= Tithymalus Gaertn.; Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 115 (1790), nom. cons.

= Tithymalus Mill.; Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4: s. p. (1754), nom. rej.

= Tithymalus Ség.; Pl. Veron. 3: 91 (1754), nom. illeg.

= Torfasadis Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 112 (1838)

= Treisia Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 131 (1812)

= Trichosterigma Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 248 (1859), et in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 41 (1860)

= Tumalis Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 114 (1836)

= Vallaris Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 114 (1838), nom. illeg.

= Ventenatia Tratt.; Gen. Pl. [Trattinnick] 86 (1802)

= Xamesike Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1836)

= Zalitea Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 98 (1836)

= Zygophyllidium Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 714 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia aaron-rossii A.H.Holmgren & N.H.Holmgren; Brittonia 40(4): 357 (1988)

Name: Marble Canyon spurge

Distribution: USA (Arizona)

76 USA

species :

Euphorbia abdelkuri Balf.f.; Rep. Brit. Ass. Glasgow 854 (1901), et in W. R. Ogilvie-Grant et al., Nat. Hist. Sokotra 528 (1903)

Distribution: Abd-al-Kuri Isl.

24 SOC

species :

Euphorbia abdita (D.G.Burch) Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 25(1): 172 (1971)

Distribution: Galapagos

83 GAL

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce abdita D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 56: 177 (1969)

species :

Euphorbia abdulghafooriana Abedin; Fl. Kingdom Saudi Arabia 2(1): 321 (2001 publ. 2001), nom. inval., et Pakistan J. Bot. 37(1): 31 (2005)

Distribution: Saudi Arabia

35 SAU

species :

Euphorbia abortiva Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. CXII, no. 316 (1775)

Distribution: Yemen (W-Yemen: Tihama)

35 YEM

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed

species :

Euphorbia abramsiana L.C.Wheeler; Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 33: 109 (1934)

Name: Abrams´ sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora)

76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce abramsiana (L.C.Wheeler) Koutnik; Madroño 32(3): 188 (1985)

= Euphorbia pediculifera var. abramsiana (L.C.Wheeler) Ewan; Fl. Calif. [Jepson] 2: 427 (1936)

species :

Euphorbia abyssinica J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13bis: 759 (1791), A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 239

subspecies :

subsp. abyssinica

Distribution: Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Djibouti

24 DJI ERI ETH SUD

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia abyssinica var. erythraeae A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 73 (1907 publ. 1906)

= Euphorbia abyssinica var. tetragona Schweinf.; Bull. Herb. Boissier 7(App. 1): 319 (1899)

= Euphorbia acrurensis N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 595 (1912)

= Euphorbia aethiopum Croizat; J. Jap. Bot. 17: 575 (1941)

= Euphorbia controversa N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 588 (1912)

= Euphorbia disclusa N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 592 (1912)

= Euphorbia erythraeae (Berger) N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 596 (1912), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia grandis Lem.; Ill. Hort. 4(Misc.): 101 (1857)

= Euphorbia hararensis Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 632 (1907)

= Euphorbia neglecta N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 593 (1912)

= Euphorbia neutra A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 71 (1907 publ. 1906)

= Euphorbia obovalifolia A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 239 (1850)

= Euphorbia officinarum var. kolquall Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2: 884 (1799)

= Euphorbia richardiana Baill.; Adansonia 1: 105 (1860 publ. 1861)

species :

Euphorbia acalyphoides Hochst. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 98 (1862)

subspecies :

subsp. acalyphoides

Distribution: Egypt (SE-Egypt); W-Chad; Sudan; Ethiopia; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Saudi Arabia (Asir); Yemen (Aden Desert)

20 EGY 24 CHA ETH SOM SUD 25 KEN TAN 26 ANG 35 SAU YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia acalyphoides var. arabica Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 98 (1862)

= Euphorbia fodhliana Deflers; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 43: 230 (1896)

= Euphorbia incurva N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 552 (1911)

= Euphorbia thelesperma Hochst. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 98 (1862) (pro syn.)

= Tithymalus acalyphoides (Hochst. ex Boiss.) Schweinf.; Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. [Schweinfurth] 38 (1867)

subspecies :

subsp. cicatricosa S.Carter; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 43: 230 (1984)

Distribution: SE-Ethiopia; Somalia

24 ETH SOM

species :

Euphorbia acanthoclada Pahlevani; Phytotaxa 312(1): 84 (2017)

Distribution: Afghanistan

34 AFG

species :

Euphorbia acanthodes Akhani; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 146(1): 108 (2004)

Distribution: Iran

34 IRN

species :

Euphorbia acanthothamnos Heldr. & Sart. ex Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3(4): 86 (1859)

Name: Griechische Dornwolfsmilch (DE); Greek Spiny Spurge (EN)

Distribution: Greece (C- & S-Greece, Ionian Isl., Sporades, Skiros, Kiklades, Limnos, Athos); Crete (widespread); East Aegaean Isl. (Chios, Ikaria, Samos, Dodecanese, Simi, Tilos, Chalki, Rhodos, Kasos, Karpathos); Turkey (SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia)

13 GRC KRI 34 EAI TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus acanthothamnos (Heldr. & Sartori ex Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 170 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia accedens Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 456 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Queensland, Northern Territory)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia acerensis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 55 (1862)

Distribution: Bolivia (Chuquisaca, La Paz, Santa Cruz); Argentina (Catamarca, Cordoba, Jujuy, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Tucuman)

83 BOL 85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia longipila Rusby; Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 4: 442 (1907)

species :

Euphorbia acervata S.Carter; Kew Bull. 54(4): 962 (1999 publ. 2000)

Distribution: Zimbabwe

26 ZIM

species :

Euphorbia acolumella Sarojin. & Raja Kullayisw.; Rheedea 34(4): 216 (2024)

Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia actinoclada S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3851 (1982)

Distribution: S-Ethiopia; N-Kenya

24 ETH 25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia aculeata Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 94 (1775)

Distribution: Yemen (W-Yemen)

35 YEM

species :

Euphorbia acuta Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 189 (1858), nom. cons.

Name: Pointed sandmat

Distribution: USA (New Mexico, Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila)

77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce acuta (Engelm.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 407 (1916)

= Euphorbia acuta var. stenophylla Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 18 (1862)

= Euphorbia georgei Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 45 (1989), nom. nov. superfl.

species :

Euphorbia addoensis Marx & van Veldh.; Euphorbia World 15(1): 5 (2019)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

species :

Euphorbia adenensis Deflers; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 34: 67 (1887)

Distribution: Sudan; Somalia; Abd-al-Kuri Isl.; Saudi Arabia (Asir); Oman (Dhofar); Yemen (Aden Desert, coastal Hadhramaut, Inner Hadhramaut, SW-Yemen)

24 SOC SOM SUD 35 OMA SAU YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia balsamifera subsp. adenensis (Deflers) P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 29: 390 (1974)

= Tithymalus adenensis (Deflers) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia adenochila S.Carter; Kew Bull. 45: 653-659 (1990)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia adenochlora C.Morren & Decne.; Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 3: 174 (1836)

Distribution: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

38 JAP

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia japonica Zoll. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 137 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia rochebrunei Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 485 (1878)

= Galarhoeus adenochlorus (C.Morren & Decne.) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 11: 383 (1935)

= Tithymalus adenochlorus (C.Morren & Decne.) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 53 (1954)

species :

Euphorbia adenoplicata O.L.M.Silva & Cordeiro; Syst. Bot. 45: 131 (2020)

Distribution: Brazil (Tocantins)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia adenopoda Baill.; Adansonia 1: 141 (1860 publ. 1861)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia mancinella Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 623 (1886)

= Euphorbia phanerophlebias Baker ex Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 58 (1921) (in syn.)

= Euphorbia sapiifolia Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 616 (1886)

species :

Euphorbia adenoptera Bertol.; Misc. Bot. [Bertoloni] 3: 20, t. 23 (1844)

Distribution: Mexico (Ciudad de Mexico, Jalisco, Mexico State, Nayarit, Sonora, Puebla, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Navassa Isl.; Curacao; ?Guyana; French Guiana; Paraguay (Pres. Hayes); Argentina (Chaco, Cordoba, Formosa, Misiones, Santa Fe)

79 MEX 81 CUB CUR HIS NAV 82 FRG 85 ARG PAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum amoenum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 33 (1860)

= Anisophyllum inaequale Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859 27 (1860)

= Anisophyllum lindenianum (A.Rich.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 37 (1860)

= Chamaesyce adenoptera (Bertol.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 714 (1903)

= Chamaesyce amoena (Klotzsch & Garcke) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 392 (1914)

= Chamaesyce inaequalis (Klotzsch & Garcke) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 386 (1914)

= Euphorbia amoena Klotzsch; Reis. Br.-Guiana [Ri. Schomburgk] 1184 (1848), nomen

= Euphorbia anceps Benth.; Bot. Voy. Sulphur [Bentham] 162 (1846)

= Euphorbia barkeri Urb. & Ekman; Ark. Bot. 20A(15): 67 (1926)

= Euphorbia callitrichoides Schauer; Linnaea 20: 727 (1847), nom. illeg., non Kunth

= Euphorbia lindeniana A.Rich.; Hist. Fis. Cuba, Bot. 11: 197 (1850)

species :

Euphorbia adianthoides Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 426 (1788)

Distribution: Ecuador; Peru

83 ECU PER

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus adiantoides (Lam.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 413 (1916)

= Leptopus adiantoides (Lam.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 249 (1859) ex B. D. Jacks., Index Kew. 2: 63 (1894)

= Leptopus hartwegii Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 46 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia adjurana P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3875 (1982)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Kenya

24 ETH 25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia adriatica Stojilk., Záveská & Frajman; Frontiers Pl. Sci. (Online journal) 13: 18 (2022)

Distribution: Slovenia

13 SLV

species :

Euphorbia aenigmatica Bruyns; Haseltonia 32(1)-0101: 4 (2025)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia aeruginosa Schweick.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1935: 205 (1935)

Distribution: Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo)

27 BOT SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia agatheae Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 492(1): 4 (2021)

Distribution: S- & W-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia agowensis Hochst. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 70 (1862)

Distribution: ?Sudan; Ethiopia; S-Eritrea; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; S-India (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu)

24 ERI ETH SOM 25 KEN TAN 26 ANG 40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce wightiana (Hook.f.) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 37(5): 454 (1977) 37(5): 454 (1977)

= Euphorbia effusa Ehrenb. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 71 (1862)

= Euphorbia wightiana Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 5: 248 (1887), nom. illeg., non Boiss. (1860)

= Tithymalus agowensis (Hochst. ex Boiss.) Schweinf.; Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. [Schweinfurth] 38 (1867)

variant :

var. pseudoholstii (Pax) P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Kew Bull. 39(3): 650 (1984)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; Kenya; Angola; N-Yemen; India (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu)

24 ETH SOM 25 KEN 26 ANG 35 YEM 40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pearsonii N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 1038 (1913)

= Euphorbia pseudoholstii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 287 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia agraria M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 375 (1808)

Name: Urban spurge (EN)

Distribution: Germany [I]; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; NE-Greece (far northeast); Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Kazakhstan; ?Georgia [Caucasus]; ?S-European Russia; Turkey (NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, W-Anatolia); Canada [I] (Alberta [I]); USA [I] (Iowa [I], Kansas [I], Massachusetts [I], Minnesota [I], North Dakota [I], Nebraska [I], New York [I], Pennsylvania [I], South Dakota [I], Wyoming [I])

11 ger 13 ALB BUL GRC NMA ROM TUE 14 KRY MLD UKR 32 KAZ 34 TUR 71 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa

Remarks: circumscription and separation from E. subhastata see Berisha et al. 2025

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia agraria var. euboea (Halácsy) Hayek

= Euphorbia agraria var. thyrsiflora (Griseb.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 653 (1881)

= Euphorbia agrorum Willd. ex Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 579 (1850)

= Euphorbia euboea Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 3: 107 (1904) (known only from a single collection)

= Euphorbia nitens Trevir.; Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 7: 149 (1816)

= Euphorbia thyrsiflora Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 143 (1843)

= Euphorbia transsilvanica Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 3: 124 (1852)

= Tithymalus agrarius (M.Bieb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 89 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia akenocarpa Guss.; Cat. Pl. Hort. Boccadifalco 75 (1821)

Distribution: S-Spain (Cadiz); Gibraltar; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia

12 GIB SAR SPA 13 ITA SIC 20 ALG MOR TUN

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, valerianifolia agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia achanocarpa Guss. ex Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 797 (1826), sphalm.

= Euphorbia sphaerococca Salzm. ex Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 756 (1832)

= Tithymalus acenocarpus (Guss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 79 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia akmanii İ.Genç & Kültür; Phytotaxa 265: 280 (2016)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

species :

Euphorbia alaica (Prokh.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 57 (1933)

Distribution: Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan

32 KGZ TZK

Remarks: sect. Chylogala

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus alaicus Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 34, in clavi, 57 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia alainii Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 44 (1989), nom. nov.

Distribution: Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)

81 HIS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce montana Alain; Moscosoa 1(1): 25 (1976)

species :

Euphorbia alata Hook.; Icon. Pl., t. 700 (1844)

Distribution: Jamaica

81 JAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia alata (Hook.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 87 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia alatavica Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 33 (1860)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; China (Xinjiang)

32 KAZ KGZ TZK 36 CHI

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia alatavica f. kaschgarica (Regel) Baikov; Turczaninowia 4(4): 51 (2001)

= Euphorbia altaica var. pilosa Stschegl.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 54(5): 194 (1879)

= Euphorbia buchtormensis var. alatavica (Boiss.) Regel; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada, prepr. 6: 400 (1879)

= Euphorbia kaschgarica Regel; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada, prepr. 6: 401 (1879)

= Galarhoeus alatavicus (Boiss.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 26 (1941)

= Tithymalus alatavicus (Boiss.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 43, in clavi, 95 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia alatocaulis V.W.Steinm. & Felger; Aliso 16(1): 37 (1997)

Distribution: Mexico (Sonora)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia albipollinifera L.C.Leach; S. African J. Bot. 51(4): 281 (1985)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

species :

Euphorbia albomarginata Torr. & A.Gray; Pacif. Railr. Rep. 2: 174 (1856)

Name: Whitemargin sandmat

Distribution: Hawaii [I] (Oahu [I]); USA (Arizona, California, Louisiana, New Mexico, Nevada, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Michoacan, Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas)

63 haw 74 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce albomarginata (Torr. & A.Gray) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 710 (1903)

= Chamaesyce hartwegiana (Boiss.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] ed. 2, 1349 (1913)

= Euphorbia hartwegiana Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 31 (1862)

= Euphorbia stipulacea Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 30 (1862) (pro syn.)

species :

Euphorbia alborzensis Pahlevani & Frajman; Pl. Biosystems 159(1): 109 (2025)

Distribution: Iran

34 IRN

species :

Euphorbia albrechtii Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 459 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, Western Australia)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia alcicornis Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 22: 517 (1887)

Distribution: N- & W-Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia imerina Cremers; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 54: 51 (1984)

species :

Euphorbia aleppica L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 458 (1753)

Name: Aleppo-Wolfsmilch (DE); Aleppo Spurge (EN)

Distribution: France; Corsica; Italy; Sicily; Croatia; ?Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (rare C-Greece, Attiki, NE-Peloponnisos); Ukraine; Crimea; ?Morocco; Tunisia; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Chios, Kasos, Kos, Rhodos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, NW-Syria); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, Judean Desert); Sinai peninsula (N-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania)

12 COR FRA 13 BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS NMA SIC TUE 14 KRY UKR 20 TUN 33 ARM AZE GEO 34 EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SIN SYR TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula aleppica (L.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 149 (1869)

= Esula juncoides Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 157 (1812)

= Euphorbia aleppica var. prostrata Kasapligil; J. Arnold Arbor. 47: 170 (1966)

= Euphorbia condensata Fisch. ex M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 322 (1819)

= Euphorbia juncea Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 2: 142 (1789)

= Euphorbia juncoides (Haw.) Sweet; Hort. Suburb. Lond. 108 (1818)

= Euphorbia pinifolia Willd.; Enum. Pl. [Willdenow], Suppl. 28 (1814), nomen

= Galarhoeus aleppicus (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 151 (1812)

= Galarhoeus junceus (Aiton) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 150 (1812)

= Tithymalus aleppicus (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 84 (1860)

= Tithymalus connata Raf.; Autik. Bot. 92 (1840)

species :

Euphorbia alfredii Rauh; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 59(5): 209 (1987)

Distribution: N-Madagascar (Ankarana Mts.)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia allocarpa S.Carter; Kew Bull. 39(3): 644 (1984)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia alluaudii Drake; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 43 (1903)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia alluaudii subsp. oncoclada (Drake) F.Friedmann & Cremers; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 16(2): 256 (1976)

= Euphorbia leucodendron Drake; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 9: 46 (1903)

= Euphorbia leucodendron subsp. oncoclada (Drake) Rauh & Koutnik; Succ. & Xeroph. Pl. Madagascar 2: 106 (1998)

= Euphorbia oncoclada Drake; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 9: 44 (1903)

= Tirucalia alluaudii (Drake) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 87 (1996)

= Tirucalia alluaudii subsp. oncoclada (Drake) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 87 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia alpina C.A.Mey.; Icon. Pl. Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 2: 26 (1830)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai); Kazakhstan; China (Xinjiang); Mongolia

30 SIB 32 KAZ 36 CHI 37 MON

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia alpina var. rupicola Baikov; Turczaninowia 4(4): 54 (2001)

= Euphorbia cerinthifolia Fisch. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 123 (1862)

= Euphorbia drastica Siev.; Neueste Nord. Beytr. Phys. Geogr. Erd- Völkerbeschreib. 7: 236 (1796), nomen

= Euphorbia sibirica Fisch. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 123 (1862)

= Tithymalus alpinus (C.A.Mey.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 70 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia alsinifolia Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 16 (1860)

Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia alsinoides Miq.; Linnaea 26: 222 (1854)

Distribution: India

40 IND

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Euphorbia alta Norton; Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 108 (1900)

Distribution: USA (Arizona, New Mexico); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Veracruz, etc.)

76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus altus (Norton) Wooton & Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 145 (1913)

species :

Euphorbia altaica C.A.Mey.; Icon. Pl. Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 2: 26 (1830)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; China (Xinjiang, N-China)

30 SIB 32 KAZ 36 CHI

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia altaica var. sajanensis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 138 (1862)

= Euphorbia ambukensis Stepanov; Florogenet. Anal. Na Primere Sev.-Vost. Chasti Zap. Sayana 1: 83 (1994)

= Euphorbia sajanensis (Boiss.) Baikov; Turczaninowia 4(4): 59 (2001)

= Tithymalus altaicus (Ledeb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 79 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia altissima Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 5: 52 (1844)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Cyprus (N-Cyprus)

34 CYP IRQ TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus altissimus (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 80 (1860)

variant :

var. glabrescens Boiss. ex M.S.Khan; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 25: 97 (1964)

Distribution: Turkey; Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria

34 LEB SYR TUR

species :

Euphorbia altotibetica Paulsen; S. Tibet [Hedin] 6(3): 56 (1922)

Distribution: China (Gansu, Qinghai); Tibet

36 CHI TIB

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia przewalskii Prokh.; Izv. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 6, 10: 1370 in obs., 1383 in clavi (1926)

= Galarhoeus altotibeticus (Paulsen) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 26 (1941)

= Tithymalus altotibeticus (Paulsen) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 34, in clavi, 68, in obs. (1933)

= Tithymalus przewalskii (Prokh.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia amandi Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 44 (1989), nom. nov.

Name: J´alpa [Chile]

Distribution: Argentina (Catamarca, Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta, San Juan); Chile (Arica y Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta)

85 ARG CLE

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia minuta Phil.; Anales Mus. Nac., Santiago de Chile (1891) 76 (non Loscos & Pardo)

species :

Euphorbia ambacensis N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 1041 (1913)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia ambarivatoensis Rauh & Bard.-Vauc.; Succulentes 22(3): 7 (1999)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia ambohimiangarana J.-P.Castillon; Euphorbia World 18(2): 35 (2023)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia ambonaivoensis Rebmann; Cact. Succ. 8(2): 34 (2016)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia ambovombensis Rauh & Razaf.; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 59(6): 251 (1987)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ambatomenahensis Rebmann; Cact. Succ. 2(1): 31 (2010), nom. inval., et Cact. Succ. 5(1): 4 (2013)

= Euphorbia ambovombensis var. ambatomenaensis Rebmann; Succulentes 2003(3): 20 (2003), nom. inval., et Cact. Succ. 2(1): 30 (2010), nom. inval.

species :

Euphorbia ambroseae L.C.Leach; Kirkia 4: 15 (1964)

Distribution: S-Malawi; Mozambique

26 MLW MOZ

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ambroseae var. spinosa L.C.Leach; Kirkia 10(2): 397 (1977)

species :

Euphorbia amicorum S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 73(4): 177 (2001)

Distribution: Djibouti

24 DJI

species :

Euphorbia ammatotricha Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 10 (1860)

Distribution: Mexico (San Luis Potosi)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce ammatotricha (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia ammophila S.Carter & Dioli; Nordic J. Bot. 23(3): 295 (2005)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia amplexicaulis Hook.f.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 183 (1851)

Distribution: Galapagos

83 GAL

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce amplexicaulis (Hook.f.) D.G.Burch.; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 56: 175 (1969)

species :

Euphorbia ampliphylla Pax; Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 6: 186 (1897)

Distribution: South Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi

24 ERI ETH SOM SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia menelikii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 632 (1907)

= Euphorbia sancta Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 632 (1907)

= Euphorbia winkleri Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30: 342 (1901)

species :

Euphorbia amygdaloides L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 463 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. amygdaloides

Name: Mandelblättrige Wolfsmilch (DE), Wood Spurge (EN)

Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I], Isles of Scilly); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I], Northern Ireland [I]); Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; France; Channel Isl.; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; N-Greece (incl. Athos, Thasos, Kerkyra, NE-Greece); Ukraine; Crimea; Algeria; Tunisia; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan (Talysh); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, WN-Anatolia); Iran (N-Iran); New Zealand [I]

10 GRB ire 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO CIS FRA POR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 KRY UKR 20 ALG TUN 33 AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR 51 nzl

Remarks: amygdaloides agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Characias amygdaloides (L.) Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 260 (1821 publ. 1822)

= Esula amygdaloides (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 154 (1812)

= Esula sylvatica (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 153 (1812)

= Euphorbia amygdaloides f. biennis (Maire) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 184 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia amygdaloides f. fissicornis Hayek; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 94: 134 (1917)

= Euphorbia amygdaloides f. ligulata (Chaub.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 1: 84 (1974)

= Euphorbia amygdaloides f. minor (Gaudin) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 184 (1992)

= Euphorbia amygdaloides f. purpurata (Coss. & Germ.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 184 (1992)

= Euphorbia amygdaloides f. verticillata Merino; Brotéria, Sér. Bot. 14: 158 (1916)

= Euphorbia amygdaloides f. villosa Merino; Brotéria, Sér. Bot. 14: 158 (1916)

= Euphorbia amygdaloides subsp. chaixiana (Timb.-Lagr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 651 (1881)

= Euphorbia amygdaloides var. biennis Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 23: 228 (1935)

= Euphorbia amygdaloides var. chaixiana (Timb.-Lagr.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 170 (1862)

= Euphorbia amygdaloides var. ligulata (Chaub.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 170 (1862)

= Euphorbia amygdaloides var. sventenii (Marcet) Losa; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 7: 428 (1947)

= Euphorbia chaixiana Timb.-Lagr.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Toulouse, Sér. 4, 6: 152 (1856)

= Euphorbia ligulata Chaub.; Ann. Sci. Observ. 4: t. 6 (1830)

= Euphorbia micans Scheele; Linnaea 16: 343 (1843)

= Euphorbia nemoralis Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 390 (1796), nom. superfl.

= Euphorbia orjeni Beck; Glasn. Zemaljsk. Muz. Bosni Hercegovini 32: 97 (1920)

= Euphorbia sanguinea Thore; J. Bot. [Desvaux] 1: 195 (1809)

= Euphorbia sventenii Marcet; Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 43: 36 (1945)

= Euphorbia sylvatica L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 463 (1753)

= Euphorbia sylvatica subvar. purpurata Coss. & Germ.; Fl. Descr. Anal. Paris, éd. 2: 601 (1861)

= Euphorbia sylvatica var. minor Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 3: 281 (1828)

= Euphorbia turneri Druce; Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 4: 428 (1916 publ. 1917)

= Keraselma sylvaticum (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Tithymalus amygdaloides (L.) Garsault; Fig. Pl. Med. t. 594 (1764), opus utique oppr.

= Tithymalus amygdaloides (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/4 (1768)

= Tithymalus sylvaticus (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/4 (1768)

subspecies :

subsp. robbiae (Turrill) Stace; Watsonia 17(4): 443 (1989)

Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I], Northern Ireland [I]); European Turkey; NW-Turkey

10 grb ire 13 TUE 34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia amygdaloides var. robbiae (Turrill) Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 30(4): 698 (1975 publ. 1976)

= Euphorbia robbiae Turrill; Bot. Mag. 169: t. 208 (1953)

= Tithymalus robbiae (Turrill) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. semiperfoliata (Viv.) Radcl.-Sm.; Feddes Repert. 79: 65 (1968)

Distribution: Corsica; Sardinia

12 COR SAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia amygdaloides var. semiperfoliata (Viv.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 289 (1901)

= Euphorbia semiperfoliata Viv.; Fl. Cors. Prodr. 7 (1824)

= Tithymalus amygdaloides subsp. semiperfoliatus (Viv.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

= Tithymalus semiperfoliatus (Viv.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 95 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia anacampseros Balansa ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 174 (1862)

Distribution: Bulgaria; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia)

13 BUL 34 TUR

Remarks: myrsinites agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia anacampseros var. minor Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 174 (1862)

= Euphorbion anacampserum (Balansa ex Boiss.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 126 (1880)

= Tithymalus anacampseros (Balansa ex Boiss.) Klotzsch; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 86 (1860)

variant :

var. tmolae M.S.Khan; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 25: 145 (1964)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

species :

Euphorbia anachoreta Svent.; Index Sem. (Agron. Investig. Nat. Hispan. Inst.) 58 (1968 publ. 1969)

Distribution: Islas Selvagens (Ilheu de Fora)

21 SEL

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia despoliata (Menezes) Monod; Bol. Mus. Munic. Funchal, Suppl. 1: 34 (1990)

= Euphorbia lamarckii var. despoliata (Menezes) Oudejans; World Cat. Species Names Published Tribe Euphorbieae

= Euphorbia obtusifolia var. despoliata Menezes; J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat., Ser. 3, 4: 193 (1924)

= Tirucalia virgata var. despoliata (Menezes) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 94 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia analalavensis Leandri; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 6: 346 (1966)

Distribution: NC-Madagascar; Comores (Mayotte, etc.)

29 COM MDG

species :

Euphorbia analamerae Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 77 (1945)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia analavelonensis Rauh & Mangelsdorff; Succulentes 2000(1): 6,3 (2000)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia andrachnoides Schrenk; Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 2, 2: 197 (1844)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai); Kazakhstan; NW-China

30 SIB 32 KAZ 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia subcordata var. andrachnoides (Schrenk) Trautv. ex O.Fedtsch. & B.Fedtsch.; Consp. Fl. Turkestanicae [O.A.Fedchenko & B.A.Fedchenko] 6: 309 (1916)

= Galarhoeus andrachnoides (Schrenk) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 63 (1941)

= Tithymalus andrachnoides (Schrenk) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 88 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia angularis Klotzsch; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 250 (1859), nomen, et in Naturw. Reise Mossambique [Peters] 92 (1861)

Distribution: NE-Mozambique

26 MOZ

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia abyssinica var. mozambicensis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 84 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia angulata Jacq.; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 2: 309 (1789)

Name: Kanten-Wolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern); ?Switzerland; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Romania; Ukraine

11 AUT CZE GER HUN POL SLO 12 FRA POR SPA 13 BIH CRO ITA KOS ROM SLV SRB 14 UKR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia angulata f. nemoralis (Kit.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 184 (1992)

= Euphorbia dulcis subsp. angulata (Jacq.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 279 (1894)

= Euphorbia dulcis subsp. angulata (Jacq.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 12: 153 (1910)

= Euphorbia dulcis var. angulata (Jacq.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 279 (1901)

= Euphorbia nemoralis Kit.; Linnaea 32: 557 (1864), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus angulatus (Jacq.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1838)

species :

Euphorbia angusta Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 189 (1858)

Name: Blackfoot sandmat

Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Coahuila)

77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce angusta (Engelm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 711 (1903)

= Euphorbia nealleyi J.M.Coult. & Fisher; Bot. Gaz. 17: 351 (1892)

species :

Euphorbia angustiflora Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 82 (1904)

Distribution: Tanzania; ?Malawi

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia anisopetala (Prokh.) Prokh.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 29: 550 (1930)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Iran

32 KAZ KGZ TKM UZB 34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce anisopetala Prokh.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 29: 550 (1930)

species :

Euphorbia ankaranae Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 75 (1945)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia ankazobensis Rauh & Hofstätter; Succulentes 2000(3): 6 (2000)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia annamarieae Rauh; Euphorbia J. 7: 21 (1991)

Distribution: E-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia anthonyi Brandegee; Erythea 7: 7 (1899)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Colima, Sinaloa); Revillagigedos Isl. (Isla Socorro, Isla Clarion, Isla San Benedicto)

79 MEX RGI

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce anthonyi (Brandegee) G.A.Levin; Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 16 [Vasc. Fl. Isla Socorro]: 34 (1989)

= Euphorbia anthonyi var. clarionensis (Brandegee) I.M.Johnst.; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 20: 71 (1931)

= Euphorbia clarionensis Brandegee; Erythea 7: 7 (1899)

species :

Euphorbia antilibanotica Mouterde; Nouv. Fl. Liban Syrie 2: 494, t. CCIX, no. 3 (1970)

Distribution: Lebanon (Antilebanon)

34 LEB

Remarks: petrophila agg.

species :

Euphorbia antiquorum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 450 (1753)

Distribution: S-China; Tibet; Taiwan [I]; Pakistan; India (widespread); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (North Andamans, Middle Andamans, South Andamans, Little Andaman Isl.); Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Perlis, Langkawi Isl.); Philippines; Java; Society Isl. [I]; Tuamotu Arch. [I] (Takapoto Atoll [I]); Virgin Isl. [I] (St. Croix [I])

36 CHI TIB 38 tai 40 BAN IND PAK SRL 41 AND CBD LAO MYA THA VIE 42 JAW MLY PHI 61 sci tua 81 vir

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia antiquorum var. polygona Wight; Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 2: t. 897 (1843)

= Euphorbia antiquorum var. longa Sarojin.; Euphorbia World 19(1): 20 (2024)

= Euphorbia arborescens Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. (36) (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: 468 (1832)

= Euphorbia mayuranathanii Croizat; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 35: t. 3404 (1940)

= Tithymalus antiquorus (L.) Moench; Methodus [Moench] 665 (1794)

species :

Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc.; Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 1: 292 (1829 publ. 1830), et Flora 15(2. Beibl.): 58 (1832)

Name: Candelilla

Distribution: USA (New Mexico, Texas); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Zacatecas)

77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cerifera Alcocer; Anales Inst. Med.-Nac. Mexico 11: 155 (1911)

= Euphorbia occulta Klotzsch; Bot. Voy. Herald [Seemann] 277 (1856)

= Tirucalia antisyphilitica (Zucc.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 87 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia antonii Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 44 (1989), nom. nov.

Distribution: Uruguay

85 URU

Remarks: status doubtful

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia lanceolata Larrañaga; Escritos Damaso Antonio Larrañaga 2: 164 (1923), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia antsingiensis (Cremers) Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 492(1): 52 (2021)

Distribution: W-Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia moratii var. antsingiensis Cremers; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 54(3-4): 382 (1984)

species :

Euphorbia antso Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 45 (1921)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia anychioides Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 12 (1860)

Distribution: Mexico (Aguascalientes, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas); Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua

79 MEX 80 GUA HON NIC

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce anychioides (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916))

= Chamaesyce chalicophila (Weath.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

= Chamaesyce pilosula (Engelm. ex Boiss.) Arthur; Torreya (1911) 11: 260

= Chamaesyce rubida (Greenm.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 396 (1914)

= Euphorbia chalicophila Weath.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 45: 426 (1910)

= Euphorbia pilosula Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 39 (1862)

= Euphorbia rubida Greenm.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 39: 83 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia apatzingana McVaugh; Brittonia 13: 182 (1961)

Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Jalisco, Michoacan)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce apatzingana (McVaugh) McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 211 (1993)

species :

Euphorbia aphylla Brouss. ex Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. [Willdenow] 501 (1809)

Name: Blattlose Wolfsmilch (DE); Tolda (ES)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera)

21 CNY

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia aphylla (Brouss. ex Willd.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5: 87 (1996)

= Tithymalus aphyllus (Brouss. ex Willd.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 82 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia apicata L.C.Wheeler; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 63: 436 (1936)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Sur)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia apios L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 457 (1753)

Distribution: SE-Italy; Bulgaria; Greece (NE-, C- & S-Greece, Kerkyra, Ionian Isl., Andros, Limnos); East Aegaean Isl. (Chios, Samos, Kos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia); Cyprus; Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, C-Syrian Desert, W-Syrian Mountains)

13 BUL GRC ITA 34 CYP EAI LEB SYR TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, apios agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia anthula Lavrent. & Papan.; Sci. Ann. Fac. Phys. Math. Aristot. Univ. Thessalonika 18(1): 120 (1978)

= Euphorbia apios var. lamprocarpa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 126 (1862)

= Euphorbia pubigera Friv. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 126 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbion apium (L.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 126 (1880)

= Galarhoeus apios (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 149 (1812)

= Tithymalus apios (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 173/3 (1768)

species :

Euphorbia apocynoides Klotzsch; Bot. Voy. Herald [Seemann] 99 (1853)

Distribution: Panama

80 PAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Aklema apocynoides (Klotzsch) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 416 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia appariciana Rizzini; Revista Brasil. Biol. 49(4): 992 (1989 publ. 1990)

Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia appendiculata P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Euphorbia J. 5: 36 (1988)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia applanata Thulin & Al-Gifri; Nordic J. Bot. 15(2): 193 (1995)

Distribution: S-Yemen

35 YEM

species :

Euphorbia aprica Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 616 (1886)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia apurimacensis Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 27: 289 (1946)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

species :

Euphorbia arabica Hochst. & Steud. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 33 (1862)

Distribution: Egypt (SE-Egypt); Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Djibouti; Somalia; Kenya; Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, Asir); Qatar; United Arab Emirates; Oman (Dhofar, Mascat & Oman); Yemen (Aden Desert, coastal Hadhramaut, SW-Yemen, Tihama)

20 EGY 24 DJI ERI ETH SOM SUD 25 KEN 35 OMA QAT SAU UAE YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum arabicum (Hochst. & Steud. ex T.Anderson) Schweinf.; Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. [Schweinfurth] 34 (1867)

= Chamaesyce arabica (Hochst. & Steud. ex T.Anderson) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 168 (1972)

= Euphorbia arabica var. brevifolia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 33 (1862)

= Euphorbia propinqua R.Br. ex N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 505 (1911)

= Euphorbia seclusa N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 512 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia arabicoides N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 1037 (1913)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia arahaka H.Poiss.; Rech. Fl. Mérid. Madagascar 51 (1912)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia arahaka H.Poiss. ex Humbert & Leandri; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 6: 339 (1966)

species :

Euphorbia araucana Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 91: 508 (1895)

Distribution: Chile (Araucanía)

85 CLE

species :

Euphorbia arbuscula Balf.f.; Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 12: 93 (1884)

Distribution: Abd-al-Kuri Isl.; Samha Isl.; Soqotra

24 SOC

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia arbuscula var. montana Balf.f.; Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 12: 410 (1884)

= Tirucalia arbuscula (Balf.f.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 87 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia ardonensis Galushko; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 13: 210 (1976)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus

33 NCS

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus ardonensis (Galushko) Galushko; Fl. Severn. Kavkaza Vopr. Ist. 3: 56 (1979)

= Tithymalus ardonensis (Galushko) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 199 (1979 publ. 1980), isonym

species :

Euphorbia arenaria Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 57 (1817)

Distribution: Guatemala; Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila, Santander, Tolima, Valle); Venezuela (Lara, Merida, Trujillo); Ecuador; Peru

80 GUA 82 CLM VEN 83 ECU PER

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus arenarius (Kunth) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 249 (1859)

= Euphorbia arenaria var. quitensis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 56 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia arenarioides Gagnep.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 68: 297 (1921)

Distribution: Laos; Vietnam

41 LAO VIE

species :

Euphorbia argillosa Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 679 (1905)

Distribution: Paraguay (Concepcion)

85 PAR

species :

Euphorbia arguta Banks & Sol.; Nat. Hist. Aleppo, ed. 2 [Russell]: 2: 253 (1794)

Distribution: Libya; Egypt (Desert Oases, Great Southwestern Desert, NE-Egypt, Nile Valley, NW-coastal Egypt); Sudan; +East Aegaean Isl. (+Chios, +Kos); Turkey (S-Anatolia); Cyprus (E-Cyprus); Lebanon (coastal W-Lebanon); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania)

20 EGY LBY 24 SUD 34 CYP EAI ISR JOR LEB TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia arguta var. dasycarpa Plitmann; Fl. Palaest. [Zohary & Feinbrun-Dothan] 2: 459 (1972)

= Euphorbia calendulifolia Delile; Descr. Égypte, Hist. Nat. 2(Mém.): 233 (1813)

= Tithymalus argutus (Banks & Sol.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

= Tithymalus calendulifolius (Delile) Raf.; Autik. Bot. 92 (1840)

species :

Euphorbia arida N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5: 11. 319 (1915)

subspecies :

subsp. arida

Distribution: South Africa (Free State, N-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

subspecies :

subsp. camdebooensis Bruyns; Haseltonia 25: 31, figs. 1-2 (2018)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

species :

Euphorbia ariensis Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 57 (1817)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Sinaloa, Veracruz)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus ariensis (Kunth) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 249 (1859)

= Eumecanthus benthamianus Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 249 (1859)

= Eumecanthus physalifolius (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 415 (1916)

= Euphorbia ariensis var. villicaulis Fernald; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 43: 62 (1907)

= Euphorbia marianoi Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 47 (1989), nom. nov.

= Euphorbia mazatlamensis Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 47 (1989), nom. nov. for E. triflora Sessé & Moc.

= Euphorbia physalifolia Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 19 (1860)

= Euphorbia pulchella Sessé & Moc.; Naturaleza (Mexico City), Ser. 2, 1(App.): 81 (1888), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia triflora Sessé & Moc.; Naturaleza (Mexico City), Ser. 2, 1(App.): 81 (1888), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia aristata Schmalh.; Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 10: 292 t. 17 fig. 13 (1892)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus

33 NCS

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia soongarica subsp. aristata (Schmalh.) Prokh. & Kuzmanov

= Tithymalus aristatus (Schmalh.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 108 (1933), inobs.

= Tithymalus soongaricus subsp. aristatus (Schmalh.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia arizonica Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 186 (1858)

Name: Arizona sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Sonora)

76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce arizonica (Engelm.) Arthur; Torreya 11: 260 (1911)

= Chamaesyce portulana (S.Watson) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

= Chamaesyce purisimana (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

= Chamaesyce versicolor (Greene) Norton; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 25: 345 (1925)

= Euphorbia collina Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4: 184 (1911), non Phil. 1857-58

= Euphorbia portulana S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 24: 73 (1889)

= Euphorbia purisimana Millsp.; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, 2: 225 (1889)

= Euphorbia versicolor Greene; Bot. Gaz. 6: 184 (1881)

species :

Euphorbia armourii Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 1 (1895) 28 t. 2

Distribution: Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Veracruz, Yucatan); Guatemala; Belize

79 MEX 80 BLZ GUA

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus armourii (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 413 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia armstrongiana Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 47 (1862)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory)

50 AUS

variant :

var. distans (W.Fitzg.) Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 463 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia distans W.Fitzg.; J. Roy. Soc. Western Australia 3: 160 (1918)

species :

Euphorbia arnottiana Endl.; Ann. Wiener Mus. Naturgesch. 1: 184, No. 1564 (1836)

Distribution: Hawaii (Oahu (south Ko))

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Rare

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum virgatum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 36 (1860)

= Chamaesyce arnottiana (Endl.) O.Deg., I.Deg. & Croizat; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce hookeri (Steud.) Arthur; Torreya 22: 30 (1922)

= Euphorbia coriariifolia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 12 (1862)

= Euphorbia hookeri Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 612 (1841), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia arrecta N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 283 (1915) et ex R. E. Fr., Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Rhodesia-Kongo-Exped. 1911-1912: 1: 116 (1914)

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia

25 TAN 26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia arteagae W.R.Buck & Huft; J. Arnold Arbor. 58(3): 343 (1977)

Distribution: Mexico (Jalisco, Michoacan)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia articulata Aubl.; Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 480 (1775)

Name: Jointed sandmat, Bushy spurge (Bahamas), Bois lait (Lesser Antilles)

Distribution: Bahamas; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (Anegada, Guana, Dyke, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda); St. Martin/St. Maarten; St. Eustatius; St. Kitts; Antigua; Barbuda; Montserrat; Guadeloupe (incl. Les Saintes); Marie-Galante; Dominica; Martinique; St. Lucia; Grenadines; St. Vincent; Grenada

81 ABA BAH DOM GDL GRE MAR MTS PUE STE STK STL STM STV VIR

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum lineare (Retz.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 38 (1860)

= Anisophyllum vahlii Willd. ex Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 36 (1860)

= Chamaesyce articulata (Aubl.) Britton; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 6: 574 (1916)

= Chamaesyce linearis (Retz.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 410 (1916)

= Chamaesyce vahlii (Willd. ex Klotzsch & Garcke) P.Wilson; Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 8: 395 (1917)

= Euphorbia articulata var. lordatii Stehlé & M.Stehlé; Ann. École Natl. Agric. Montpellier 29: 10 (1854)

= Euphorbia linearis Retz.; Observ. Bot. [Retzius] 3: 32 (1783)

= Euphorbia linearis var. heterophylla Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 605 (1891)

= Euphorbia vahlii Willd. ex Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 37 (1860)

= Tithymalus linearis (Retz.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1838)

species :

Euphorbia arvalis Boiss. & Heldr. ex Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 12: 116 (1853)

subspecies :

subsp. arvalis

Distribution: Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Iraq (SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia, W-Iraq: Desert); Iran (N-Iran)

33 ARM AZE 34 IRN IRQ TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia parvula K.Koch; Linnaea 21: (1848) 731(nom. illeg.)

= Euphorbia ruderalis Scheele; Linnaea 17: 343 (1844), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus arvalis (Boiss. & Heldr.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 82 (1860)

= Tithymalus parvulus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 93 (1860)

subspecies :

subsp. longistyla (Litard. & Maire) Molero, Rovira & Vicens; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 54(1): 218 (1996)

Distribution: E-Spain; Morocco

12 SPA 20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia arvalis var. longistyla Litard. & Maire; Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 26: 35 "1930" (1931)

= Euphorbia turolensis Sennen & Pau; Pl. Espagne [Exsicc.] 1909: 845 (1910)

species :

Euphorbia asclepiadea Milne-Redh.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 35: t. 3481 (1951)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia aserbajdzhanica Bordz.; Izv. Kievsk. Bot. Sada 7-8: 19 (1928)

Distribution: Turkmenistan; Armenia; Azerbaijan (Nachichevan); Iran (EC-Iran); Afghanistan (Balkh, Kabul, Parwan); Pakistan (Swat)

32 TKM 33 ARM AZE 34 AFG IRN 40 PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pseudosororia (Prokh.) Grossh.; Fl. Kavkaza [Grossheim] 3: 28 (1932), pro syn.

= Tithymalus pseudosororius Prokh.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 29: 556 (1930)

species :

Euphorbia asthenacantha S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3865 (1982)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia astrachanica C.A.Mey. ex Trautv.; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 9(1): 156 (1888)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus

33 NCS

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia astrachanica C.A.Mey. ex Claus; Beitr. Pflanzenk. Russ. Reiches 8: 254 (nom. inval.)

= Euphorbia astrachanica C.A.Mey. ex Prokh.

= Euphorbia leptocaula var. praecox Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 159 (1862)

= Euphorbia praecox (Boiss.) B.Fedtsch. & Flerow; Fl. Evropeískoí Ross. 614 (1909)

= Euphorbia tenuifolia M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 372 (1808) non Lam.

= Galarhoeus praecox (Boiss.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 48 (1941)

species :

Euphorbia astyla Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 40 (1862)

Name: Alkali sandmat

Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon)

77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce astyla (Engelm. ex Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia atimovatae Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 492(1): 7 (2021)

Distribution: S- & W-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia atoto G.Forst.; Fl. Ins. Austr. 36 (1786)

Distribution: Wallis & Futuna (Alofi Isl., Futuna Isl., ´Uvea Isl. and islets [Wallis]); Society Isl. (Tahiti, Moorea); Tuamotu Arch. (Niau, Anaa, Rangiroa, Takaroa, Tikei, Arutua, Ahii, Takapota, Tahanea, Faite, Takume, Taiaro, Makemo, Kaukura); Austral Isl. (Tubuai)

60 WAL 61 AUI SCI TUA

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum atoto (G.Forst.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 37 (1860)

= Chamaesyce atoto (G.Forst.) Croizat; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Euphorbia atoto var. minor Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 13 (1862)

= Euphorbia taitensis Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 5 (1860)

= Euphorbia taitensis var. stenhymenia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 14 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia atrocarmesina L.C.Leach; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 42: 167 (1968)

subspecies :

subsp. atrocarmesina

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

subspecies :

subsp. arborea L.C.Leach; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 3(2): 101 (1977)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia atrococca A.Heller; Minnesota Bot. Stud. 1: 844 (1897)

Distribution: Hawaii (western Kauai)

63 HAW

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce atrococca (A.Heller) Croizat & O.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce atrococca var. kilaueana (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce atrococca var. kokeeana (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Euphorbia atrococca var. kilaueana Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 604 (1936)

= Euphorbia atrococca var. kokeeana Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 603 (1936)

= Euphorbia celastroides var. pseudoniuensis O.Deg. & Sherff; Amer. J. Bot. 43: 475 (1956)

= Euphorbia multiformis var. mohihiensis Sherff; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 17: 576 (1939)

species :

Euphorbia atroflora S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(2): 393 (1987)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia atropurpurea Brouss.; Elench. Horti Bot. Monspel. 24 (1805), nomen, Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 501

Name: Dunkelpurpurrote Wolfsmilch (DE); Tabaiba majorera (ES)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (Tenerife)

21 CNY

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia atropurpurea var. modesta Svent.; Addit. Fl. Canar. 33 (1960)

= Kanopikon atropurpureum (Brouss. ex Willd.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 114 (1836)

= Tithymalus atropurpureus (Brouss. ex Willd.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 80 (1860)

form :

f. lutea Santos; Bot. Macaronés. 16: 32 (1988)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (Tenerife)

21 CNY

species :

Euphorbia atrox F.K.Horw. ex S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12: 418 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia attastoma Rizzini; Revista Brasil. Biol. 49(4): 987 (1989 publ. 1990)

Distribution: SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais)

84 BRA

variant :

var. xanthochlora Rizzini; Revista Brasil. Biol. 49(4): 992 (1989 publ. 1990)

Distribution: SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia aucheri Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 94 (1846)

Distribution: Egypt (NW-coastal Egypt); Turkmenistan; Tajikistan; Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Bamyan, Kabul, Kunar / Nuristan, Laghman, Wardak, Parwan); Pakistan (Baluchistan, Chitral)

20 EGY 32 TKM TZK 34 AFG IRN IRQ 40 PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bounophila Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 154 (1862)

= Euphorbia bounophila var. aucheri (Boiss.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 154 (1862)

= Euphorbia chasmophila Rech.f. & Aellen; Anz. Österr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 89: 219 (1951)

= Euphorbia herpetorrhiza Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 145 (1933), pro syn.

= Euphorbia kurdica Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4(2): 1121 (1879)

= Euphorbia litwinowii Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 147 (1933), pro syn.

= Euphorbia monticola Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 93 (1846)

= Euphorbia quinqueradiata Kitam.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 17: 134 (1958)

= Tithymalus aucheri (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 93 (1860)

= Tithymalus bounophilus (Boiss.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 147 (1933)

= Tithymalus herpetorrhizus Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 145 (1933)

= Tithymalus kurdicus (Boiss.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 147 (1933)

= Tithymalus litwinowii Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 147 (1933)

= Tithymalus monticola (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 87 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia audissoui Marx; Euphorbia World 10(1): 23 (2014)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

species :

Euphorbia aulacosperma Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 12: 117 (1853)

Distribution: Greece (very rare Lefkada, C-Peloponnisos); Northern Caucasus; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, Judean Desert); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania)

13 GRC 33 NCS 34 IRQ ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR

Remarks: sulcata agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia aulacosperma var. fossulata (Boiss. & Gaill.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 140 (1862)

= Euphorbia fossulata Boiss. & Gaill.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 4: 87 (1859)

= Tithymalus aulacospermus (Boiss.) Klotzsch; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 82 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia aureoviridiflora (Rauh) Rauh; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 207 (1992)

Distribution: N-Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia neohumbertii var. aureoviridiflora Rauh; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 42: 204 (1970)

species :

Euphorbia australis Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 15 (1860)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce australis (Boiss.).D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 24(5): 640 (1976)

= Euphorbia australis var. canescens Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 310 (1927)

= Euphorbia australis var. glabrescens Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 36 (1862)

= Euphorbia australis var. semiglabra Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 310 (1927)

variant :

var. erythrantha (F.Muell.) Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 6: 48 (1873)

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia erythrantha F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 2: 152 (1861)

variant :

var. glabra Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 466 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)

50 AUS

variant :

var. hispidula Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 467 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory)

50 AUS

variant :

var. subtomentosa Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 310 (1927)

Distribution: Australia

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia austroiranica Pahlevani; Pl. Syst. Evol. 303(2): 150 (2016)

Distribution: Iran

34 IRN

species :

Euphorbia austrotexana Mayfield; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 7(2): 634 (2013)

Distribution: USA (Texas)

77 USA

variant :

var. carrii Mayfield; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 7(2): 636 (2013)

Distribution: USA (Texas)

77 USA

species :

Euphorbia avasmontana Dinter; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 53: 96 (1928)

Distribution: Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 BOT NAM SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia avasmontana var. sagittaria (Marloth) A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 817 (1941)

= Euphorbia hottentota Marloth; S. African J. Sci. 27: 336, 339 (1930)

= Euphorbia kalaharica Marloth; S. African J. Sci. 27: 338, 340 (1930)

= Euphorbia sagittaria Marloth; S. African J. Sci. 27: 337, 339 (1930)

= Euphorbia venenata Marloth; S. African J. Sci. 27: 337, 339 (1930)

= Euphorbia volkmanniae Dinter; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 53: 124 (1928)

species :

Euphorbia awashensis M.G.Gilbert; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 76 (1992)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia azorica Hochst.; Fl. Azor. [Seubert] 27 (1844)

Distribution: Azores (Santa Maria Isl., Sao Miguel Isl., Terceira, Graciosa, Sao Jorge, Pico, Faial, Flores Isl., Corvo Isl.)

21 AZO

Remarks: pinea agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pinea var. azorica (Hochst.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 146 (1862)

= Tithymalus azoricus (Hochst.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 98 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia baga A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 13: 569 (1933)

Distribution: Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Ghana; ?Benin; Nigeria

22 BKN GHA IVO MLI NGA

variant :

var. parvifolia L.E.Newton; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 94(4): 464 (1987)

Distribution: Ghana

22 GHA

species :

Euphorbia bagyrensis Stepanov; Fl. N.E. W. Sayan 128 (2006)

Distribution: Siberia (Krasnoyarsk)

30 SIB

species :

Euphorbia bahiensis (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 24 (1862)

Distribution: Honduras; Costa Rica; Panama; Jamaica; Colombia (Atlántico, Córdoba, Sucre); ?French Guiana; NE-Brazil (Bahia)

80 COS HON PAN 81 JAM 82 CLM VEN 84 BRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum bahiense Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 33 (1860)

= Chamaesyce bahiensis (Klotzsch & Garcke) Dugand & D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 54: 344 (1968)

species :

Euphorbia baioensis S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3870 (1982)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia balakrishnanii Binojk. & R.Gopalan; Rheedea 8(1): 67 (1998)

Distribution: S-India (Tamil Nadu)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce balakrishnanii (Binojk. & R.Gopalan) V.S.Raju; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28(1): 91 (2004)

species :

Euphorbia balbisii Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 11 (1860)

Distribution: Antigua; Barbuda; Guadeloupe (incl. La Désirade)

81 ABA GDL

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum affine Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859 29 (1860)

= Chamaesyce balbisii (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

= Euphorbia affinis Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 12 (1860), pro syn.

= Euphorbia serpens Balb. ex Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 12 (1860), pro syn.

species :

Euphorbia baleensis M.G.Gilbert; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 75 (1992 publ. 1993)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia ballyana Rauh; Kakteen And. Sukk. 17: 46 (1966)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia ballyi S.Carter; Fl. Pl. Africa 36: t. 1408 (1963)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia balsamifera Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 2: 137 (1789)

Name: Balsam-Wolfsmilch (DE); Tabaiba dulce (ES)

Distribution: Morocco; Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma); Mauritania; Senegal; Liberia; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Niger; N-Nigeria; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; Chad; Somalia

20 MOR 21 CNY 22 BEN BKN GHA LBR MLI MTN NGA NGR SEN TOG 23 CAF CON 24 CHA SOM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia balsamifera subsp. rogeri (N.E.Br.) Guinea; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 8: 399 (1948)

= Euphorbia balsamifera var. rogeri (N.E.Br.) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 29: 450 (1938)

= Euphorbia rogeri N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 551 (1911)

= Tithymalus balsamifer (Aiton) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 140 (1812)

species :

Euphorbia banae Rauh; Kakteen And. Sukk. 44(1): 3 (1993)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia baradii S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(4): 421 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia barbicollis P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 20: 37 (1965)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia bariensis S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(6): 675 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia barnardii A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 2: 804, App. A, 965 (1941)

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia barnesii (Millsp.) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 44 (1989)

Distribution: SW-Mexico

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Adenopetalum barnesii Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 377 (1913)

= Eumecanthus barnesii (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 413 (1916)

= Euphorbia ocymoidea var. barnesii (Millsp.) McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 228 (1993)

species :

Euphorbia barrancana Mayfield & V.Steinmann

Distribution: Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora)

79 MEX

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, possibly ined.?

species :

Euphorbia barrelieri Savi; Bot. Etrusc. 1: 143 (1808)

subspecies :

subsp. barrelieri

Distribution: Italy; Croatia

13 CRO ITA

Remarks: barrelieri agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia baselicis Ten.; Fl. Napol. 1: 29 (1811-15)

= Tithymalus barrelieri (Savi) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. hercegovina (Beck) Kuzmanov; Izv. Bot. Inst. (Sofia) 12: 120 (1963)

Distribution: Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; North Macedonia

13 BIH CRO NMA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia hercegovina Beck; Glasn. Zemaljsk. Muz. Bosni Hercegovini 32: 95 (1920)

= Tithymalus barrelieri subsp. hercegovinus (Beck) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia bartolomei Greene; Pittonia 1: 290 (1889)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce bartolomei (Greene) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia basarabica Prodan; Bul. Acad. Stud. Agron. Cluj 1: 40 (1930)

Distribution: Romania; Moldova

13 ROM 14 MLD

Remarks: status uncertain

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus basarabicus (Prodan) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 170 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia baueri Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 27 (1862)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia baylissii L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 30: 213 (1964)

Distribution: SE-Mozambique

Error

species :

Euphorbia beamanii M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 5(5): 126 (1975)

Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leon)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus beamanii (M.C.Johnst.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 148: 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

species :

Euphorbia beckii V.W.Steinm.; Phytotaxa 114(1): 24 (2013)

Distribution: Bolivia (La Paz)

83 BOL

Conservation Status: Known only from type

species :

Euphorbia begardii (Cremers) Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 488(1): 24 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia primulifolia var. begardii Cremers; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 54(3-4): 386 (1984)

species :

Euphorbia beharensis Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 164 (1946), sp. nov. ad int., et Cactus (Paris) 35: 144 (1953)

Distribution: Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia beharensis var. adpressifolia Rauh; Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 100: 13 (1999)

= Euphorbia beharensis var. guillemetii (Ursch & Leandri) Rauh; Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 100: 10 (1999)

= Euphorbia beharensis var. truncata Rauh; Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 100: 12 (1999)

= Euphorbia guillemetii Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 168 (1955)

species :

Euphorbia beillei A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 13: 559 (1933)

Distribution: Central African Republic; Chad

23 CAF 24 CHA

Synonyms: hidden

= Elaeophorbia beillei (A.Chev.) Jacobsen; Handb. Succ. Pl. [Jacobsen] 1: 391 (1960)

species :

Euphorbia belagaviensis Sarojin. & Raja Kullayisw.; Euphorbia World 14(1): 24 (2018)

Distribution: India (Karnataka)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia belgheisi Pahlevani; Kew Bull. 74(3)-49: 2 (2019)

Distribution: Iran

34 IRN

species :

Euphorbia bemarahaensis Rauh & Mangelsdorff; Succulentes 1999(1): 12 (1999)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia benthamii Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 943 (1900)

Distribution: Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Namibia

25 TAN 26 ANG ZAM ZIM 27 NAM

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Crotonoides

species :

Euphorbia berevoensis Lawant & Buddens.; Euphorbia World 4(1): 6 (2008)

Distribution: Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia nicaisei Rebmann; Cact. Succ. 5(1): 11 (2013)

species :

Euphorbia bernadettae J.-P.Castillon; Euphorbia World 20(2): 15 (2025)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia berorohae Rauh & Hofstätter; Brit. Cact. Succ. J. 13(3): 94 (1995)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia berotica N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 600 (1912)

Distribution: SW-Angola; NW-Namibia

26 ANG 27 NAM

Remarks: subgen. Esula, sect. Aphyllis, subsect. Africanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia berotica (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 88 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia berryi V.W.Steinm.; Phytotaxa 545(2): 218 (2022)

Distribution: Brazil (Maranhão)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia bertemariae Bisseret & Dioli; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 77(4): 208 (2005)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia berteroana Balb. ex Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 794 (1826)

Name: Berteron´s sandmat, Tabac a diable batard, Tabac a jacot petit, Ti teigne (Lesser Antilles)

Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz); Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola (Haiti, Dominican Republic); Puerto Rico; St. Barthélémy; Antigua; Barbuda; Guadeloupe; Martinique; Colombia; Venezuela (Delta Amacuro, Venezuela Distrito Federal); Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Potosí, Santa Cruz, Tarija); Paraguay (Pres. Hayes); Argentina (Catamarca, Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta, Santiago del Estero, San Juan, San Luis, Tucuman)

77 USA 79 MEX 81 ABA BAH CUB GDL HIS MAR PUE SBA 82 CLM VEN 83 BOL 85 ARG PAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum berteroanum (Balb. ex Spreng.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 32 (1860)

= Chamaesyce barberoana Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 186 (1943)

= Chamaesyce berteroana (Balb. ex Spreng.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 303 (1909)

= Chamaesyce microcephala (Boiss.) Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 188 (1943)

= Chamaesyce puberula (Fernald) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

= Euphorbia bicephala Bertol.; Misc. Bot. [Bertoloni] 3: 20 (1844)

= Euphorbia microcephala Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1262 (1862)

= Euphorbia puberula Fernald; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 36: 494 (1901)

= Euphorbia stipitata Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 65 (1900)

species :

Euphorbia berthelotii Bolle ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 109 (1862)

Name: Gomera-Wolfsmilch (DE); Tabaiba de gomera (ES)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (La Gomera)

21 CNY

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia lamarckii var. berthelotii (Bolle ex Boiss.) Oudejans; World Cat. Species Names Published Tribe Euphorbieae

= Tirucalia virgata var. berthelotii (Boiss.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 94 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia berythea Boiss. & C.I.Blanche; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 4: 82 (1859)

Distribution: Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Israel (coastal W-Israel, N-Israel)

34 ISR LEB

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus berytheus (Boiss. & C.I.Blanche) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 170 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia besseri (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 42 (1862)

Distribution: Chile (locality unknown)

85 CLE

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum besseri Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 30 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia betacea Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 623 (1886)

Distribution: Comores

29 COM

species :

Euphorbia betrokana J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon; Euphorbia World 16(3): 12 (2020), nom. nov.

Distribution: SE-Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

Remarks: milii agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia milii var. longifolia Rauh; Kakteen And. Sukk. 18: 182 (1967)

species :

Euphorbia betulicortex Gilbert; Kew Bull. 45: 272 (1990)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia beuginii Rebmann; Cact. Succ. 4(2): 45 (2012)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia bevilaniensis Croizat; Natl. Hort. Mag. 96 (1934)

Distribution: SE-Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

Remarks: milii agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia milii var. bevilaniensis (Croizat) Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 150 (1954 publ. 1955)

= Euphorbia splendens var. bevilaniensis (Croizat) Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 159 (1946)

species :

Euphorbia biaculeata Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 75 (1921)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia bianoensis (Malaisse & Lecron) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]

23 ZAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium bianoense Malaisse & Lecron; Bull. Séances Acad. Roy. Sci. Outre-Mer 40(3): 400 (1994 publ. 1995)

species :

Euphorbia bicolor Engelm. & A.Gray; Boston J. Nat. Hist. 5: 233 (1845)

Name: Snow on the prairie

Distribution: USA (Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas)

74 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Dichrophyllum bicolor (Engelm. & A.Gray) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 249 (1859), et in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 44 (1860)

= Euphorbia bicolor var. concolor Engelm. & A.Gray; Boston J. Nat. Hist. 5: 233 (1845)

= Lepadena bicolor (Engelm. & A.Gray) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 2: 300 (1912)

species :

Euphorbia bicompacta Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Rwanda; Kenya

23 RWA 25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Synadenium compactum N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 465 (1911)

= Euphorbia compacta (N.E.Br.) R.Kr.Singh; J. Biodivers. Conservation 9(2): 46 (2025)

variant :

var. rubra (S.Carter) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Synadenium compactum var. rubrum S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(3): 669 (1987)

= Euphorbia compacta var. rubra (S.Carter) R.Kr.Singh; J. Biodivers. Conservation 9(2): 46 (2025)

species :

Euphorbia biconvexa Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 308 (1927)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce biconvexa (Domin) D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 24(5): 640 (1976)

species :

Euphorbia bifida Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beechey Voy. 213-214 (1837)

Distribution: China (Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Guizhou, Yunnan); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; Nicobar Isl. (Central Nicobars); Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Sulawesi; Philippines; Java (incl. Madura Isl., Kangean Isl.); Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, Timor, etc.); East Timor; Moluccas; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch.; Solomon Isl.; Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales); Vanuatu; Palau (Babeldaob, Koror); Northern Marianas (Saipan, Rota); Guam; Fed. States of Micronesia (Yap)

36 CHI 38 NNS TAI 41 CBD LAO NCB THA VIE 42 JAW LSI MLY MOL NWG PHI SUL 43 BIS SOL 50 AUS 60 VAN 62 GUM MIC MRN PLU

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce bifida (Hook. & Arn.) T.Kuros.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 51(2): 212 (2000 publ. 2001)

= Chamaesyce coudercii (Gagnep.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 198 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Chamaesyce harmandii (Gagnep.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

= Chamaesyce macgillivrayi (Boiss.) D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 24(5): 640 (1976)

= Chamaesyce micradenia (Boiss.) D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 24(5): 640 (1976)

= Chamaesyce parannaquensis (Blanco) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 14: 356 (1938)

= Chamaesyce vachellii (Hook. & Arn.) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 44 (1954)

= Euphorbia backeri Pax & K.Hoffm.; Blumea 3: 60 (1938)

= Euphorbia coudercii f. glaberrima Gagnep.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 68: 299 (1921)

= Euphorbia coudercii Gagnep.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 68: 299 (1921)

= Euphorbia harmandii Gagnep.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 68: 299 (1921)

= Euphorbia macgillivrayi Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 26 (1862)

= Euphorbia macgillivrayi f. glabrata Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 311 (1927)

= Euphorbia macgillivrayi var. micradenia (Boiss.) Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 311 (1927)

= Euphorbia macgillivrayi var. pseudoserrulata Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 311 (1927)

= Euphorbia macgillivrayi var. yarrabensis Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 311 (1927)

= Euphorbia micradenia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 77 (1862)

= Euphorbia mitchelliana var. stenophylla Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 6: 47 (1873)

= Euphorbia parannaquensis Blanco; Fl. Filip., ed. 2 [Blanco] 286 (1845)

= Euphorbia reinwardtiana Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 614 (1841)

= Euphorbia serrulata Reinw. ex Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 635 (1826), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia serrulata var. pubescens Warb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 13: 347 (1891)

= Euphorbia vachellii Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beechey Voy. 213 (1837)

= Euphorbia vachellii var. pubescens (Warb.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 188 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Petalandra euphorbioides F.Muell. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 27 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia bifurcata Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 190 (1858)

Name: Forked spurge

Distribution: USA (New Mexico, Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas)

77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus bifurcatus (Engelm.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 413 (1916)

= Euphorbia uniglandulosa S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 476 (1887)

= Euphorbia wootonii Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 49 (1989), nom. nov.

= Zygophyllidium delicatulum Wooton & Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 145 (1913)

species :

Euphorbia biharamulensis S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(3): 675 (1987)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia bilobata Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 190 (1858)

Name: Blackseed spurge

Distribution: USA (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Sonora)

76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Zygophyllidium bilobatum (Engelm.) Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 13: 227 (1910)

species :

Euphorbia bindloensis (A.Stewart) Ya Yang; Taxon 61(4): 783 (2012)

Distribution: Galapagos

83 GAL

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce bindloensis (A.Stewart) D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 56: 176 (1969)

= Euphorbia articulata var. bindloensis A.Stewart; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 1: 91 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia biselegans Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia sangeetae var. elegans (S.Carter) R.Kr.Singh; J. Biodivers. Conservation 9(2): 61 (2025)

= Monadenium elegans S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(4): 909 (1987)

species :

Euphorbia bisellenbeckii Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; Kenya

24 ETH SOM 25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bisellenbeckii f. caulopodia (P.R.O.Bally) S.Carter; Euphorbia World 9(3): 7 (2013)

= Monadenium ellenbeckii f. caulopodium P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 35 (1959)

= Monadenium ellenbeckii N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 454 (1911)

= Monadenium zavattarii Chiov.; Missione Biol. Borana 103 (1939)

species :

Euphorbia bisglobosa Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium globosum P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(4): 906 (1987)

species :

Euphorbia bitataensis M.G.Gilbert; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 75 (1992 publ. 1993)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia biumbellata Poir.; Voy. Barbarie 2: 174 (1789)

Distribution: NE-Spain; Baleares; France; Corsica; Italy; Sicily

12 BAL COR FRA SPA 13 ITA SIC

Remarks: biumbellata agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula biumbellata (Poir.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 156 (1812)

= Euphorbia pouzolzii Loisel.; Fl. Gall. [Loiseleur], ed. 2, 1: 341 (1828)

= Euphorbia vinyalsii Sennen; Treb. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 15(1): 51 (1931), nomen

= Tithymalus biumbellatus (Poir.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 85 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia bivonae Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 610 (1841)

subspecies :

subsp. bivonae

Distribution: W-Sicily; Malta; Greece (Kiklades: one small island SE of Velopoula Isl.); Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (NW-coastal Egypt); Mauritania; East Aegaean Isl. (Kastellorhizo Isl.); Sinai peninsula

13 GRC MLT SIC 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 22 MTN 34 EAI SIN

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, bivonae agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bivonae var. intercedens Pamp.; Piantae Tripol. [Pampanini] 18 (1914)

= Euphorbia bivonae var. melitensis (Parl.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 276 (1901)

= Euphorbia bivonae var. montana Lojac.; Fl. Sicul. [Lojacono] 2(2): 332 (1907)

= Euphorbia fruticosa Biv.; Sicul. Pl., Cent. 1: 35 (1806), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia melitensis Parl.; Fl. Ital. [Parlatore] 4: 478 (1869)

= Euphorbia spinosa subsp. melitensis (Parl.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 648 (1881)

= Euphorbia spinosa var. bivonae (Steud.) Fiori; Nuov. Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 173 (1926)

= Euphorbia spinosa var. melitensis (Parl.) Fiori; Nuov. Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 173 (1926)

= Euphorbia spinosa var. montana (Lojac.) Fiori; Nuov. Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 173 (1926)

= Tithymalus bivonae (Steud.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

= Tithymalus fruticosus (Biv.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 78 (1860)

subspecies :

subsp. tunetana Murb.; Acta Univ. Lund. 35(3): 17 (1899)

Distribution: Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt; Madeira; Mauritania

20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 21 MDR 22 MTN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia tunetana (Murb.) Vierh. ex Buxb.; Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 76: 43 (1926 publ. 1927)

species :

Euphorbia blatteri Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 44 (1989), nom. nov.

Distribution: Pakistan (Waziristan)

40 PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia helioscopioides Blatt.; J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 36: 483 (1933) (non Loscos & Pardo)

species :

Euphorbia blepharadena O.L.M.Silva & Cordeiro; Eur. J. Taxon. 733: 74, figs. 1-2 (2021)

Distribution: Brazil (Minas Gerais)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia blepharophylla Ledeb.; Icon. Pl. Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 4: 24 (1833)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; China (Xinjiang)

32 KAZ 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus blepharophyllus (Ledeb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 73 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia blodgettii Engelm. ex Hitchc.; Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 4: 126 (1893)

Name: Limestone sandmat

Distribution: USA (Florida); Bermuda; Mexico (Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco); Guatemala; Belize; Honduras; Bahamas; Turks & Caicos Isl.; Cuba; Cayman Isl.; Jamaica; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (Anegada, Tortola)

78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ GUA HON 81 BAH BER CAY CUB JAM PUE TCI VIR

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce blodgettii (Engelm. ex Hitchc.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 712 (1903)

= Chamaesyce chiogenes Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 709 (1903)

= Chamaesyce cozumelensis (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 402 (1916)

= Chamaesyce nashii Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 709 (1903)

= Euphorbia batabanensis Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 5: 390 (1908)

= Euphorbia bermudiana Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 65 (1900)

= Euphorbia chiogenes (Small) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 44 (1989)

= Euphorbia cozumelensis Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 61 (1900)

= Euphorbia cozumelensis var. pilosulca Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 62 (1900)

species :

Euphorbia bodenghieniae (Malaisse & Lecron) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]

23 ZAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium bodenghieniae Malaisse & Lecron; Bull. Séances Acad. Roy. Sci. Outre-Mer 40(3): 402 (1994 publ. 1995)

species :

Euphorbia boerhaavioides Rusby; Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 4: 441 (1907)

Distribution: Bolivia (Bolivia)

83 BOL

Conservation Status: Known only from type

species :

Euphorbia boetica Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 36 (1860)

Distribution: S-Portugal; SW-Spain; Gibraltar

12 GIB POR SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia boetica var. pseudoraromisissima Cout.; Fl. Portugal [Coutinho] 389 (1913)

= Euphorbia carniolica Scop. ex Brot.; Fl. Lusit. 2: 317 (1804), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia trinervia Boiss.; Elench. Pl. Nov. 82 (1838), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus boeticus (Boiss.) Samp.; Anais Fac. Sci. Porto 17: 46 (1931), nom. superfl.

= Tithymalus trinervius Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 85 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia boinensis Denis ex Humbert & Leandri; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 6: 340 (1966)

Distribution: N- & W-Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia boinensis Denis ex Leandri; Cat. Pl. Madag., Euphorb. 12 (1935) (gallice)

species :

Euphorbia boissieri Baill.; Adansonia 1: 142 (1860 publ. 1861)

Distribution: E-Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia baillonii Boiss. ex Baill.; Recueil Observ. Bot. 1: 142 (1861)

= Euphorbia longifolia Baill. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 78 (1862), pro syn.

species :

Euphorbia boiteaui Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 163 (1946)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

variant :

var. ampanihyensis (Cremers) J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon; Candollea 71(1): 156 (2016)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia decaryi var. ampanihyensis Cremers; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 54(3-4): 373 (1984)

variant :

var. spirosticha (Rauh & Buchloh) J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon; Candollea 71(1): 156 (2016)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia decaryi var. spirosticha Rauh & Buchloh; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 59(1): 9 (1987)

species :

Euphorbia boivinii Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 77 (1862)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia boivinii var. minor Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 76 (1945)

= Euphorbia boivinii var. oreades Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 76 (1945)

species :

Euphorbia bokorensis H.Toyama & Tagane; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 67(2): 92 (2016)

Distribution: Cambodia

41 CBD

species :

Euphorbia bombensis Jacq.; Enum. Syst. Pl. 22 (1760)

Name: Dixie sandmat

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia); Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan); Guatemala; Belize; ?Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Cuba; Colombia; Venezuela (Anzoategui, Sucre)

77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ COS GUA NIC PAN 81 CUB 82 CLM VEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce ammannioides (Kunth) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 709 (1903)

= Chamaesyce bombensis (Jacq.) Dugand; Caldasia 10: 190 (1968)

= Chamaesyce ingallsii Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 708 (1903)

= Euphorbia ammannioides Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 55 (1817)

= Euphorbia ingallsii (Small) Cory; Rhodora 38: 406 (1936)

= Euphorbia maritima Willd. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 28 (1862)

= Euphorbia poliosperma Urb.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 28: 235 (1930)

species :

Euphorbia bongensis Kotschy & Peyr.; Pl. Tinn. 40, t. 19 (1866)

Distribution: Rwanda; South Sudan; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia

23 RWA 24 SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia djurensis Schweinf. ex Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 119 (1894)

species :

Euphorbia bongolavensis Rauh; Kakteen And. Sukk. 44(4): 70 (1993)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia boophthona C.A.Gardner; J. Dept. Agric. Western Australia 19: 89 (1942), in obs., et in J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Western Australia 27: 181 (1942)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia borbonica Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 156 (1862)

Distribution: La Réunion

29 REU

species :

Euphorbia borealis Baikov; Turczaninowia 5(4): 17 (2002)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Khabarovsk, Primorye)

30 SIB 31 RFE

species :

Euphorbia borenensis M.G.Gilbert; Kew Bull. 42(2): 391 (1987)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Kenya

24 ETH 25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia boreobaluchestanica Pahlevani; Phytotaxa 312(1): 84 (2017)

Distribution: Pakistan

40 PAK

species :

Euphorbia bosseri Leandri; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 5: 212 (1965), nom. nov.

Distribution: Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bailloni Boiss. ex Baill.; Adansonia 1: 142 (1860 publ. 1861)

= Euphorbia platyclada Rauh; Kakteen And. Sukk. 21: 46 (1970)

= Tirucalia platyclada (Rauh) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 92 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia bottae Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 95 (1862)

Distribution: Yemen (W-Yemen, Aden Desert, N-Inner Yemen, SW-Yemen)

35 YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia bottae (Boiss.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 88 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia bougheyi L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 30: 9 (1964)

Distribution: Tanzania; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique

25 TAN 26 MLW MOZ ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia halipedicola L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 36: 42 (1970)

species :

Euphorbia bourgeana J.Gay ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 108 (1862)

Name: Bourgeaus Wolfsmilch (DE); Tabaiba amarilla de Tenerife (ES)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (Tenerife, La Gomera)

21 CNY

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia lambiorum Svent.; Addit. Fl. Canar. 1: 27 (1960)

species :

Euphorbia brachycera Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 192 (1859)

Name: Horned spurge

Distribution: USA (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, Nevada, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Wyoming); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Sinaloa, Sonora)

73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia brachycera f. dichotoma (Daniels) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 184 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia brachycera var. robusta (Engelm.) Dorn; Vasc. Pl. Wyoming 296 (1988)

= Euphorbia montana Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 192 (1859), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia montana var. gracilior Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 192 (1859), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia montana var. robusta Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 192 (1859)

= Euphorbia montana var. trifaris Norton; N. Amer. Euphorbia 44 (1899)

= Euphorbia odontadenia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 148 (1862)

= Euphorbia philora (Cockerell) Tidestr.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 48: 41 (1935)

= Euphorbia robusta (Engelm.) Small; Ill. Fl. N. U.S. [Britton & Brown] 2: 381 (1897)

= Euphorbia robusta var. interioris Norton; N. Amer. Euphorbia 49 (1899)

= Galarhoeus robustus (Engelm.) Rydb.; Brittonia 1: 93 (1931)

= Tithymalus brachycerus (Engelm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] ed. 2, 1349 (1913)

= Tithymalus philorus Cockerell; Muhlenbergia 4: 56 (1908)

= Tithymalus philorus f. dichotomus Daniels; Univ. Missouri Stud., Sci. Ser. 2: 313 (1911)

= Tithymalus robustus (Engelm.) Small; Ill. Fl. N. U.S. [Britton & Brown], ed. 2, 2: 475 (1913)

species :

Euphorbia brachyphylla Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 80 (1921)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia bracteata Jacq.; Pl. Rar. Hort. Schoenbr. 3: 14, t. 276 (1798)

Distribution: Vietnam [I]; Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas)

41 vie 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Diadenaria articulata Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 108 (1860)

= Diadenaria involucrata Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 107 (1860)

= Diadenaria pavonis Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 108 (1860)

= Pedilanthus articulatus (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 6 (1862)

= Pedilanthus bracteatus (Jacq.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 6 (1862)

= Pedilanthus greggii Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 363 (1913)

= Pedilanthus involucratus (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 6 (1862)

= Pedilanthus olsson-sefferi Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 363 (1913)

= Pedilanthus pavonis (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 6 (1862)

= Pedilanthus rubescens Brandegee; Zoe 5: 209 (1905)

= Pedilanthus spectabilis B.L.Rob.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 43: 23 (1907)

= Tithymaloides articulata (Klotzsch & Garcke) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 620 (1891)

= Tithymaloides bracteata (Jacq.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 620 (1891)

= Tithymaloides involucrata (Klotzsch & Garcke) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 620 (1891)

= Tithymaloides pavonis (Klotzsch & Garcke) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 620 (1891)

= Tithymalus aztecus Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 703 (1937)

= Tithymalus bracteatus (Jacq.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937), isonym

= Tithymalus bracteatus (Jacq.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 138 (1812)

= Tithymalus eochlorus Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

= Tithymalus greggii (Millsp.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

= Tithymalus olsson-sefferi (Millsp.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

= Tithymalus spectabilis (B.L.Rob.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

= Tithymalus subpavonianus Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 703 (1937)

= Ventenatia bracteata (Jacq.) Tratt.; Gen. Pl. [Trattinnick] 87 (1802)

species :

Euphorbia brakdamensis N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 324 (1915)

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

species :

Euphorbia brandegeei Millsp.; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, 2: 226 (1889)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Sur)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce brandegeei Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia brassii P.I.Forst.; Austrobaileya 4(2): 246 (1994), nom. nov.

Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)

42 NWG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia plumerioides var. macrocarpa Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8: 86 (1980)

species :

Euphorbia braunsii N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 326 (1915)

Distribution: Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov., Free State)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia marientalii Dinter; Neue Pfl. Südw.-Afr. [Dinter] 31 (1914)

= Euphorbia rangeana Dinter; Neue Pfl. Südw.-Afr. [Dinter] 31 (1914), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia rudis N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 322 (1915)

species :

Euphorbia bravoana Svent.; Bol. Inst. Nac. Invest. Agron. 14: No. 30, 33 (1954)

Name: Bravo-Wolfsmilch (DE); Tabaiba de Bravo (ES)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (La Gomera)

21 CNY

species :

Euphorbia breedlovei V.W.Steinm. & P.Carrillo; Phytotaxa 350(3): 212 (2018)

Distribution: Mexico (Morelos, Chiapas, México Distrito Federal, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia breviarticulata Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 84 (1904)

Distribution: South Sudan; Ethiopia; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania

24 ETH SOM SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia grandilobata Chiov.; Fl. Somala 2: 405 (1932)

variant :

var. trunciformis S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(3): 676 (1987)

Distribution: S-Ethiopia; N-Kenya

24 ETH 25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia brevicornu Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 88 (1909)

Distribution: Uganda; Kenya

25 KEN UGA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia euryops Bull.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1932: 492 (1932)

species :

Euphorbia brevis N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 570 (1911)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia brevitorta P.R.O.Bally; Fl. Pl. Africa 33: t. 1288 (1959)

Distribution: Kenya (mountains)

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia briquetii Emb. & Maire; Pl. Marocc. Nov. 1: 5 (1929)

Distribution: SE-Spain (between Lorca and Puerto de Lumbreras); Morocco

12 SPA 20 MOR

Remarks: biumbellata agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia clavigera Lacaita; Cavanillesia 1: 9 (1928), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia megalatlantica subsp. briquetii (Emb. & Maire) Losa & Vindt; Trav. Inst. Sci. Chérifien, Sér. Bot. 19: 456 (1960)

= Euphorbia paui Lacaita ex Losa; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 7: 418 (1946)

= Tithymalus briquetii (Emb. & Maire) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia brownii Baill.; Adansonia 6: 290 (1866)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia brunellii Chiov. ex Chiarugi; Webbia 8: 234 (1951)

Distribution: South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya

24 ETH SSU 25 KEN UGA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia rubella var. brunellii (Chiov.) P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 22: 262 (1967)

species :

Euphorbia bruntii (Proctor) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 44 (1989)

Distribution: Cayman Isl.

81 CAY

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce bruntii Proctor; Sloanea 1: 2 (1977)

species :

Euphorbia bruynsii L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 47(1): 103 (1981)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Dactylanthes

species :

Euphorbia bubalina Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 26 (1860)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov., KwaZulu-Natal)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia laxiflora Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 286 (1898)

= Euphorbia tugelensis N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 335 (1915)

species :

Euphorbia buchtormensis Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 2: 26 (1830)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; China (Xinjiang)

32 KAZ 36 CHI

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia subamplexicaulis Kar. & Kir.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 14: 744 (1841)

= Tithymalus buchtormensis (C.A.Mey.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 79 (1860)

= Tithymalus subamplexicaulis (Kar. & Kir.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 69 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia buhsei Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 167 (1862)

Distribution: Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., S-Iran, SW-Iran); Afghanistan (Bamyan); China (Xinjiang)

32 TKM UZB 34 AFG IRN 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia buhsei var. lasiostemon Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 167 (1862)

= Euphorbia kopetdaghensis Korovin ex Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 166 (1933)

= Galarhoeus buhsei (Boiss.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 46 (1941)

= Tithymalus buhsei (Boiss.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 51, in clavi, 166 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia bulbispina Rauh & Razaf.; Euphorbia J. 7: 31 (1991)

Distribution: N-Madagascar (Windsor Castle Rock, near Antsiranana)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia bungei Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 115 (1862)

Distribution: Turkmenistan; Tajikistan; Iran (EC-Iran, E-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Balkh, Bamyan, Ghazni, Ghorat, Herat, Kabul, Parwan, Zabul)

32 TKM TZK 34 AFG IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus bungei (Boiss.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 35, in clavi, 62 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia bupleurifolia Jacq.; Pl. Rar. Hort. Schoenbr. 1: 55. I. 106 (1797)

Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia proteifolia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 92 (1862)

= Tithymalus bupleurifolius (Jacq.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 138 (1812)

species :

Euphorbia bupleuroides Desf.; Fl. Atlant. 1: 387 (1798)

subspecies :

subsp. bupleuroides

Distribution: ?Morocco; Algeria

20 ALG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia atlantica Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 18 (1806)

= Euphorbia diversifolia Schrad. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 324 (1821), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia elongata Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 2: 621 (1812)

= Tithymalus bupleuroides (Desf.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. luteola (Coss. & Durieu ex Boiss.) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 30: 363 (1939)

Distribution: SE-Spain (La Sagra); Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia

12 SPA 20 ALG MOR TUN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia luteola Coss. & Durieu ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 150 (1862) non Kralik 1858

species :

Euphorbia buqensis Mazuch, Orlando, Awale, Elmi & Vlk; Euphorbia World 16(3): 57, figs. 1-4, 7-10, 14-16; tt. 1-2 (2020)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia burchellii Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 680 (1873)

Distribution: N-Brazil (Tocantins, Goias)

84 BRA

Remarks: sect. Anisophyllum. Recently rediscovered

species :

Euphorbia burgeri M.G.Gilbert; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 70 (1992 publ. 1993)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia burkartii Bacigalupo; Fl. Ilustr. Entre Ríos 4b: 126 (2005)

Distribution: Argentina (Corrientes, Entre Rios)

85 ARG

species :

Euphorbia burmanica Hook.f.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 16: (1886) t. 1546

Distribution: Myanmar

41 MYA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce burmanica (Hook.f.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia burmanni E.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 75 (1862)

Distribution: SW-Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: sect. Articulofruticosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Arthrothamnus bergii Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 63 (1859)

= Arthrothamnus burmanni E.Mey. ex Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 251 (1859), et Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 62 (1860)

= Euphorbia biglandulosa Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. Suppl. [Willdenow] 27 (1814), nom. illeg., non Desf. 1808

= Euphorbia burmanni var. karroensis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 75 (1862)

= Euphorbia corymbosa N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 279 (1915)

= Euphorbia karroensis (Boiss.) N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 290 (1915)

= Euphorbia macella N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 288 (1915)

= Tirucalia burmannii (E.Mey. ex Klotzsch & Garcke) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 88 (1996)

= Tirucalia corymbosa (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 89 (1996)

= Tirucalia karooensis (Boiss.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 91 (1996)

= Tirucalia macella (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 91 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia buruana Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 85 (1904)

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

species :

Euphorbia buschiana Grossh.; Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 25: 330 (1940)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus

33 NCS

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus buschianus (Grossh.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia bussei Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 286 (1903)

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia mbaluensis Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 85 (1904)

variant :

var. kibwezensis (N.E.Br.) Carter; Kew Bull. 42(3): 678 (1987)

Distribution: Kenya; N-Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia kibwezensis N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 586 (1912)

species :

Euphorbia buxoides Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 25(3): 552 (1971)

Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)

42 NWG

species :

Euphorbia bwambensis S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(3): 681 (1987)

Distribution: Uganda

25 UGA

species :

Euphorbia cactus Ehrenb. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 82 (1862)

Distribution: Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, Asir); Oman (Dhofar); Yemen (N-Inner Yemen, Tihama, W-Yemen)

24 ERI ETH SUD 35 OMA SAU YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cactus var. tortirama Rauh & Lavranos; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 38: 171 (1966)

species :

Euphorbia caducifolia Haines; Indian Forester 40: 154 (1914)

Distribution: Pakistan (Sind, Karachi, Baluchistan); India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan)

40 IND PAK

species :

Euphorbia caeladenia Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 4: 81 (1859)

Distribution: Tajikistan; Iran (NE-Iran: Mts., S-Iran, EC-Iran); Afghanistan (Badghys, Kabul); Pakistan (Baluchistan, Kurram, Waziristan)

32 TZK 34 AFG IRN 40 PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia multifurcata Rech.f., Aellen & Esfand.; Anz. Österr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 89: 217 (1951)

= Euphorbia odontophylla Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 4: 82 (1859)

= Euphorbia stocksiana Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 34 (1860)

= Euphorbia stocksiana var. ovata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 112 (1862)

= Tithymalus caeladenius (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

= Tithymalus multifurcatus (Rech.f., Aellen & Esfand.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 174 (1972)

= Tithymalus stocksianus (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia caerulescens Haw.; Philos. Mag. Ann. Chem. 276 (1826)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ledienii A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 80 (1907)

= Euphorbia ledienii var. dregei N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 366 (1915)

species :

Euphorbia calamiformis P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Kew Bull. 40(4): 824 (1985)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya

24 ETH SOM 25 KEN UGA

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia calamiformis (S.Carter) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 88 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia calcarata (Schltdl.) V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 48 (2003)

Distribution: Vietnam [I]; Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa, Tabasco, Veracruz); Guatemala

41 vie 79 MEX 80 GUA

Synonyms: hidden

= Pedilanthus calcaratus Schltdl.; Linnaea 19: 255 (1846)

= Pedilanthus ghiesbreghtianus Baill.; Adansonia 1: 340 (1860 publ. 1861)

= Pedilanthus macradenius Donn.Sm.; Bot. Gaz. 19: 263 (1894)

= Pedilanthus purpusii Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4: 377 (1913)

= Tithymaloides ghiesbreghtiana (Baill.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 620 (1891)

= Tithymalus calcaratus (Schltdl.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

= Tithymalus macradenius (Donn.Sm.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

= Tithymalus purpusii (Brandegee) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

species :

Euphorbia calcicola Fernald; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 36: 496 (1901)

Distribution: Mexico (Guerrero)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus calcicola (Fernald) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia calderoniae V.W.Steinm.; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 24: 175 (2005)

Distribution: Mexico (Michoacan)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia californica Benth.; Bot. Voy. Sulphur [Bentham] 49, t. 238 (1844)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Sur, Colima, Jalisco, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas); Revillagigedos Isl. (Isla Clarion)

79 MEX RGI

Synonyms: hidden

= Aklema comonduana (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 416 (1916)

= Euphorbia comonduana Millsp.; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, 2: 229 (1889)

= Trichosterigma californicum (Benth.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 248 (1859), et in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 42 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia caloderma S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 72(4): 189 (2000)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia calyculata Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 59 (1817)

Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosi)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbiodendron calyculatum (Kunth) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 305 (1909)

= Tithymalus calyculatus (Kunth) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 81 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia calyptrata Coss. & Kralik; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 4: 495 (1857)

Distribution: Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria); Mauritania

20 ALG LBY MOR TUN 21 CNY 22 MTN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia calyptrata var. involucrata Batt.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 4: 472 (1857)

= Tithymalus calyptratus (Coss. & Kralik) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 171 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia camagueyensis (Millsp.) Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 9: 217 (1924)

Distribution: Cuba

81 CUB

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce camagueyensis Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 392 (1914)

= Chamaesyce pinariona (Urb.) Alain; Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio De La Salle 11: 12 (1952)

= Euphorbia pinariona Urb.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 28: 234 (1930)

species :

Euphorbia cameronii N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 554 (1911) emend. Bally

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia cameronii (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 88 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia canariensis L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 450 (1753)

Name: Kanarenkaktus (DE); Cardon canario (ES)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma)

21 CNY

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia canariensis f. viridis G.Kunkel; Monogr. Biol. Canar. 3: 50 (1972)

= Euphorbia canariensis var. spiralis Bolle ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 83 (1862)

= Euphorbia tribuloides Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 415 (1788)

= Tithymalus canariensis (L.) H.Karst.; Deut. Fl. [Karsten] 587 (1882)

= Torfasadis canariensis (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 112 (1838)

species :

Euphorbia candelabrum Welw.; Proc. Linn. Soc. London 2: 329 (1855)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia conspicua N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 600 (1912), nom. superfl.

species :

Euphorbia cannellii L.C.Leach; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 2(1): 47 (1974)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia canuti Parl.; Fl. Ital. [Parlatore] 4: 462 (1869)

Distribution: SE-France; NW-Italy (Maritime Alps)

12 FRA 13 ITA

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia hyberna subsp. canuti (Parl.) Tutin; Feddes Repert. 79: 55 (1968)

= Euphorbia hyberna var. canuti (Parl.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 279 (1901)

= Tithymalus hybernus subsp. canuti (Parl.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 173 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia caperata McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 216 (1993)

Distribution: Mexico (Jalisco, Michoacan, Oaxaca)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia caperonioides R.A.Dyer & P.G.Mey.; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 6: 245 (1966)

Distribution: Namibia

27 NAM

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Crotonoides

species :

Euphorbia capillaris Gagnep.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 68: 298 (1921)

Distribution: Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam

41 CBD LAO THA VIE

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce capillaris (Gagnep.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia capitellata Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 188 (1858)

Name: Head sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Michoacan, Nuevo Leon, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas)

76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce capitellata (Engelm.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

= Chamaesyce pycnanthema (Engelm.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

= Chamaesyce rusbyi (Greene) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

= Euphorbia capitellata var. laxiflora S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 24: 74 (1889)

= Euphorbia geminiloba Millsp.; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, 2: 228 (1889)

= Euphorbia gladiosa M.E.Jones; Contr. W. Bot. 15: 144 (1929)

= Euphorbia pycnanthema Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 188 (1859)

= Euphorbia pycnanthema f. serrata Millsp.; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, 2: 224 (1889)

= Euphorbia rusbyi Greene; Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2(1): 57 (1886)

species :

Euphorbia capitulata Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 873 (1832)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Croatia; Montenegro; ?Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Greece (Mt. Olimbos, Mt. Grammos, Mt. Chelmos)

11 ger 13 ALB CRO GRC KOS MNT NMA

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Diplocyathium capitulatum (Rchb.) Heinr.Schmidt; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 22(1): 40 (1907)

= Euphorbia soliflora Vis. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 133 (1862)

= Tithymalus capitulatus (Rchb.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia capmanambatoensis Rauh; Kakteen And. Sukk. 46(9): 219 (1995)

Distribution: N-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia cap-saintemariensis Rauh; Natl. Cact. Succ. J. 25: 100 (1970)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia decaryi var. cap-saintemariensis (Rauh) Cremers; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 54(3-4): 371 (1984)

species :

Euphorbia capuronii Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 170 (1955), et Bull. Soc. Bot. France 103: 608 (1956)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia caput-aureum Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 73 (1921)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia caput-medusae L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 452 (1753)

Distribution: SW-Namibia; South Africa (W-Cape Prov., N-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Dactylanthes tuberculata (Jacq.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 133 (1812)

= Euphorbia bolusii N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 333 (1915)

= Euphorbia caput-medusae var. geminata Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 2: 136 (1789)

= Euphorbia caput-medusae var. major Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 2: 135 (1789)

= Euphorbia caput-medusae var. minor Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 2: 135 (1789)

= Euphorbia commelini DC.; Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp. 110 (1813)

= Euphorbia confluens Nel; Kakteenkunde 193 (1933)

= Euphorbia fructus-pini Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 10 (1768)

= Euphorbia fructus-pini var. geminata Sweet; Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 2: 356 (1826)

= Euphorbia geminata (Aiton) Marloth ex A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 1: 355 (1941), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia macowanii N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 334 (1915)

= Euphorbia marlothiana N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 331 (1915)

= Euphorbia medusae Panz.; Vollst. Pflanzensyst. 14: 109 (1788)

= Euphorbia muirii N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 331 (1915)

= Euphorbia parvimamma Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 86 (1862)

= Euphorbia ramiglans N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 306 (1915)

= Euphorbia ramiglans var. confluens (Nel) van Veldh.; Euphorbia World 16(1): 30 (2020)

= Euphorbia tessellata (Haw.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 111 (1821)

= Euphorbia tuberculata Jacq.; Pl. Rar. Hort. Schoenbr. 2: 43, t. 208 (1797)

= Euphorbia tuberculata var. macowanii (N.E.Br.) A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 372 (1941)

= Euphorbia tuberculatoides N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 332 (1915)

= Medusea fructus-pini (Mill.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 134 (1812)

= Medusea major Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 134 (1812)

= Medusea tessellata Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 135 (1812)

= Medusea tuberculata (Jacq.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 251 (1859)

= Treisia tuberculata (Jacq.) Haw.; Suppl. Pl. Succ. 65 (1819)

species :

Euphorbia careyi F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 11: 64 (1879)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bouleyi S.Moore; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 45: 212 (1920)

species :

Euphorbia carinifolia N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 524 (1911)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia carinulata P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Euphorbia J. 5: 36 (1988)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia carissoides F.M.Bailey; Queensland Agric. J. 16: 449 (1906)

Distribution: Australia (Queensland)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce carissoides (F.M.Bailey) D.C.Hassall ex P.I.Forst. & R.J.F.Hend.; Novon 5(4): 323 (1995)

= Euphorbia schizolepis var. glabra Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 6: 47 (1873)

species :

Euphorbia carniolica Jacq.; Fl. Austriac. [Jacquin] 5: 34 (1778)

Name: Kärntner Wolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Switzerland; Austria; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Romania; N-Greece (Nomos Xanthis); W-European Russia; Ukraine

11 AUT ger SWI 13 CRO GRC ITA ROM SLV 14 UKR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ambigua Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2: 910 (1799)

= Euphorbia angulata var. expansa (Janka) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 128 (1862)

= Euphorbia carniolica f. cordatobracteata Prodan; Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. (Fl. Republ. Socialist. Romania) 2: 672 (1953)

= Euphorbia carniolica f. elliptica Prodan; Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. (Fl. Republ. Socialist. Romania) 2: 672 (1953)

= Euphorbia carniolica f. expansa (Janka) Prodan; Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. (Fl. Republ. Socialist. Romania) 2: 322 (1953)

= Euphorbia carniolica subsp. expansa (Janka) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 649 (1881)

= Euphorbia carniolica var. ambigua (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 649 (1881)

= Euphorbia carniolica var. expansa (Janka) Porcius; Enum. Pl. Phan. Naszód. 51 (1878)

= Euphorbia expansa Janka; Linnaea 30: 600 (1859 publ. 1860)

= Euphorbia mehadiensis Kit.; Linnaea 32: 555 (1864)

= Galarhoeus carniolicus (Jacq.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 148 (1812)

= Tithymalus carniolicus (Jacq.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115, in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 77 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia carpatica Woł.; Spraw. Komis. Fizjogr. 27: 153 (1892)

Distribution: Poland; Hungary; Slovakia; Romania; Ukraine

11 HUN POL SLO 13 ROM 14 UKR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia carpatica Wołosz. ex Pilát; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 54B: 337 (1935), descr. emend.

= Euphorbia jasiewiczii (Chrtek & Krísa) Dubovik; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Nizsh. Rast. 1975: 114 (1975 publ. 1976) (without basionym page)

= Euphorbia jasiewiczii (Chrtek & Krísa) Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 36(2): 216 (1981)

= Tithymalus carpaticus (Woł.) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 114: 40 (1961)

= Tithymalus jasiewiczii Chrtek & Krísa; Novit. Bot. Inst. Horto Bot. Univ. Carol. 1972: 7 (1972 publ. 1973)

species :

Euphorbia carteriana P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 19: 148 (1964)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia carunculata Waterf.; Rhodora 50: 63 (1948)

Name: Sanddune sandmat

Distribution: USA (Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua)

74 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce carunculata (Waterf.) Shinners; Field & Lab. 20: 24 (1952)

species :

Euphorbia carunculifera L.C.Leach; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 44: 190 (1970)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia carunculifera subsp. subfastigiata L.C.Leach; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 2: 51 (1974)

= Tirucalia carunculifera (L.C.Leach) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 88 (1996)

= Tirucalia carunculifera var. fasciata P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 88 (1996), nom. nov.

species :

Euphorbia cashmeriana Royle; Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle], 329, t. 82 (1836)

Distribution: Afghanistan (Qunduz, Samangan, Kunar / Nuristan); Pakistan (Waziristan, Chitral); Nepal; India (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand)

34 AFG 40 IND NEP PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphdrbia pilosa var. cognata (Klotzsch ex Klotzsch & Garcke) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 5: 261 (1887)

= Euphorbia cognata (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 120 (1862)

= Euphorbia consanguinea Klotzsch; Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar [Klotzsch & Garcke] 114 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia cornigera var. cognata (Klotzsch & Garcke) Binojk. & N.P.Balakr.; Fam. Euphorbiaceae India 266 (2007)

= Euphorbia cornigera var. cognata (Klotzsch) Binojk. & N.P.Balakr.; Fam. Euphorbiaceae India 266 (2007)

= Euphorbia pilosa var. cognata (Boiss.) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 5: 261 (1887)

= Tithymalus cognatus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 66 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia cassia Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 12: 108 (1853)

subspecies :

subsp. cassia

Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, NW-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains)

34 LEB SYR TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus cassia (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 67 (1860)

subspecies :

subsp. rigoi (Freyn) Holmboe; Bergens Mus. Skr., n. s. 1(2): 120 (1914)

Distribution: Cyprus (C-Mountains, N-Cyprus, W-Cyprus)

34 CYP

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cypria Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 115 (1862)

= Euphorbia rigoi Boiss. ex Freyn; Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 987 (1898)

= Euphorbia troodii Post; Mém. Herb. Boissier 18: 100 (1900)

species :

Euphorbia cassythoides Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 20 (1860)

Name: Leafless Cuban spurge (Bahamas)

Distribution: Bahamas; Cuba; Cayman Isl.; Dominican Republic; Haiti

81 BAH CAY CUB HIS

Synonyms: hidden

= Arthrothamnus cassythoides (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 306 (1909)

= Tirucalia cassythoides (Boiss.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 88 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia catamarcensis (Croizat) Subils; Kurtziana 10: 150 (1977)

Distribution: Argentina (Catamarca, La Rioja, Mendoza, San Juan, San Luis)

85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce catamarcensis Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 187 (1943)

species :

Euphorbia cataractarum S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(2): 379 (1987)

Distribution: W-Tanzania; N-Zambia

25 TAN 26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia catenata (S.Carter) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006)

Distribution: S-Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium catenatum S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(4): 905 (1987)

species :

Euphorbia cattimandoo Elliot ex Wight; Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 6: t. 1993 (1853)

Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia caudiculosa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 154 (1862)

Distribution: Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); ?Syria

34 LEB

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus caudiculosus (Boiss.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 147 (1933), inobs.

species :

Euphorbia cayensis Millsp.; Torreya 4: 172 (1904)

Name: Bahama spurge

Distribution: Bahamas (San Salvador Isl., Andros Isl., Berrys Isl., Abaco Isl., Grand Bahama Isl.); Anguilla

81 AGU BAH

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce bracei (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 302 (1909)

= Chamaesyce cayensis (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 301 (1909)

= Euphorbia bracei Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 159 (1906)

species :

Euphorbia celastroides Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 11 (1862)

Distribution: Hawaii (Nihoa, Niihau, Kauai)

63 HAW

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce celastroides (Boiss.) Croizat & O.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: Chamaesyce leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. haupuana (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. humbertii (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. kealiana (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. nematopoda (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Euphorbia annulata Nutt. ex Sherff; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 25: 33 (1938 publ. 1937), pro syn.

= Euphorbia celastroides var. haupuana Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 594 (1936)

= Euphorbia celastroides var. humbertii Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 596 (1936)

= Euphorbia celastroides var. kealiana Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 597 (1936)

= Euphorbia celastroides var. nematopoda Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 597 (1936)

= Euphorbia multiformis var. celastroides A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 7: 202 (1867)

variant :

var. amplectens Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 598 (1936)

Distribution: Hawaii (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Kahoolawe Isl., Hawaii Isl.)

63 HAW

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce celastroides f. kahanana (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. amplectens (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. halawana (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. ingrata (O.Deg. & Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. kohalana (O.Deg. & Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. saxicola (O.Deg. & Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. waikoluensis (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce multiformis var manoana (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Euphorbia celastroides f. kahanana Sherff

= Euphorbia celastroides var. arenisaxosa H.St.John; Phytologia 63(6): 466 (1987)

= Euphorbia celastroides var. halawana Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 596 (1936)

= Euphorbia celastroides var. ingrata O.Deg. & Sherff; Bot. Leafl. 9: 7 (1954)

= Euphorbia celastroides var. kohalana Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 595 (1936)

= Euphorbia celastroides var. saxicola O.Deg. & Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 596 (1936)

= Euphorbia celastroides var. waikoluensis Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 594 (1936)

= Euphorbia multiformis var. manoana Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 591 (1936)

variant :

var. hanapepensis Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 597 (1936)

Distribution: Hawaii (Kauai)

63 HAW

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. hanapepensis (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. nelsonii (H.St.John) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 40: 391 (1978)

= Euphorbia celastroides var. limahuliensis H.St.John; Phytologia 64(6): 487 (1988)

= Euphorbia celastroides var. nelsonii H.St.John; Pacific Sci. 30(1): 15 (1976)

= Euphorbia rivularis A.Heller; Minnesota Bot. Stud. 1: 846 (1897)

variant :

var. kaenana Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 594 (1936)

Distribution: Hawaii (Oahu)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Endangered, USA Status: Endangered

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. niuensis (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Euphorbia celastroides var. niuensis Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 598 (1936)

variant :

var. laehiensis O.Deg., I.Deg. & Sherff; Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 23: 122 (1964)

Distribution: Hawaii (Lanai, East Maui)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Endangered

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. laehiensis (O.Deg., I.Deg. & Sherff) Koutnik; Brittonia 37: 398 (1985)

variant :

var. lorifolia (A.Gray ex H.Mann) Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 597 (1936)

Distribution: Hawaii (Lanai, Maui)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Vulnerable

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. lorifolia (A.Gray ex H.Mann) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. mauiensis (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. odonatoides (O.Deg. & Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce lorifolia (A.Gray ex H.Mann) Croizat & O.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: Chamaesyce leafl. 4 (1936)

= Euphorbia celastroides var. mauiensis Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 601 (1936)

= Euphorbia celastroides var. odonatoides O.Deg. & Sherff; Amer. J. Bot. 38: 55 (1951)

= Euphorbia lorifolia (A.Gray ex H.Mann) Hillebr.; Fl. Hawaiian Isl. [Hillebrand] 395 (1888)

= Euphorbia multiformis var. lorifolia A.Gray ex H.Mann; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 7: 202 (1866 publ. 1867)

variant :

var. stokesii (C.N.Forbes) Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 593 (1936)

Distribution: Hawaii (Niihau, Kauai, Molokai, Kahoolawe)

63 HAW

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. moomomiana (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. stokesii (C.N.Forbes) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Euphorbia celastroides var. moomomiana Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 593 (1936)

= Euphorbia stokesii C.N.Forbes; Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 5: No. 3, 26 (1913)

variant :

var. tomentella (Boiss.) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 44 (1989)

Distribution: +Hawaii (+Oahu)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Extinct

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce celastroides var. tomentella (Boiss.) Koutnik; Brittonia 37(4): 397 (1985)

= Chamaesyce multiformis var. kaalana (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce multiformis var. perdita (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce multiformis var. tomentella (Boiss.) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Euphorbia multiformis var. kaalana Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 590 (1936)

= Euphorbia multiformis var. perdita Sherff; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 25: 53 (1937)

= Euphorbia multiformis var. tomentella Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 12 (1862)

= Euphorbia oahuensis Skottsb.; Acta Horti Gothob. 1: 122 (1935 publ. 1936)

species :

Euphorbia celata R.A.Dyer; Bothalia 11(3): 278 (1974)

Distribution: S-Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Pseudeuphorbium

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia miscella L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 50(3): 341 (1984)

= Euphorbia namuskluftensis L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 49(3): 189 (1983)

species :

Euphorbia celerieri (Emb.) Emb. ex Vindt; Trav. Inst. Sci. Chérifien, Sér. Bot. 6: 143 (1953)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Remarks: segetalis agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pinea subsp. celerieri Emb.; Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 11: 182 (1931)

= Euphorbia segetalis subsp. celerieri (Emb.) Emb. & Maire

= Tithymalus celerieri (Emb.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia centralis B.G.Thomson; Nuytsia 8(3): 353 (1992)

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce centralis (B.G.Thomson) P.I.Forst. & R.J.F.Hend.; Novon 5(4): 323 (1995)

species :

Euphorbia centunculoides Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 51 (1817)

Distribution: Bahamas; Cuba

81 BAH CUB

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum centunculoides (Kunth) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 38 (1860)

= Chamaesyce centunculoides (Kunth) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

= Chamaesyce insulisalis Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 395 (1914)

= Chamaesyce pachypoda (Urb.) Alain; Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio De La Salle 11: 12 (1952)

= Euphorbia pachypoda Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 9: 216 (1924)

species :

Euphorbia ceratocarpa Ten.; Fl. Napol. 1: 268 (1815)

Distribution: S-Italy; Sicily

13 ITA SIC

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia muscosa Ten.; Fl. Napol. 1: 269 (1815), pro syn.

= Tithymalus ceratocarpus (Ten.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia cereiformis L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 451 (1753)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.?)

27 SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia leviana Croizat; Euphorb. Antiq. 102 (1934)

= Euphorbia odontophylla Willd.; Enum. Pl. [Willdenow], Suppl. 28 (1814), non Boiss.

= Euphorbia polygonata G.Lodd.; Bot. Cab. 14: t. 1344 (1828), nom. subnud.

species :

Euphorbia ceroderma I.M.Johnst.; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 12: 1066 (1924)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Sur, Sonora)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia cerralvensis Maya-Lastra & V.W.Steinm.; Phytotaxa 221(3): 271 (2015)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Sur)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia cervicornu Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 878 (1890)

Distribution: Nigeria; Cameroon; São Tomé; Congo [Brazzaville]

22 NGA 23 CMN CON SAO

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia calabarica Burkill; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1901: 133 (1901)

= Euphorbia quintasii Pax; Bol. Soc. Brot. 10: 156 (1892)

= Euphorbia zenkeri Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 536 (1897)

species :

Euphorbia cespitosa Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 421 (1788)

Distribution: Uruguay (Cerro Largo, Florida Prov., Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano); Argentina (Buenos Aires)

85 ARG URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cespitosa subsp. ventanicola Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 179 (1943)

= Euphorbia cespitosa var. angustifolia Hauman; Fac. Filos. Letras Buenos Aires, Publ. Inst. Invest. Geogr. 10: 32 (1925), nom. nud.

= Euphorbia cespitosa var. ventanicola (Croizat) Subils; Kurtziana 10: 209 (1977)

= Tithymalus cespitosus (Lam.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 148: 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

species :

Euphorbia chaborasia Gomb.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 102: 339 (1956)

Distribution: Iraq (NW-Iraq, W-Iraq: Desert); Lebanon (Antilebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, Jazira)

34 IRQ LEB SYR

Remarks: petrophila agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia mesopotamica M.L.S.Khan; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 24: 233 (1963)

= Tithymalus chaborasius (Gomb.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

= Tithymalus mesopotamicus (M.L.S.Khan) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 174 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia chaculana Donn.Sm.; Bot. Gaz. 27: 441 (1899)

Distribution: Honduras

80 HON

species :

Euphorbia chaetocalyx (Boiss. ex Wooton & Standl.) Tidestr.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 48: 40 (1935)

Name: Bristlecup sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas); Mexico (Coahuila)

76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce chaetocalyx (Boiss.) Wooton & Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 144 (1913)

= Chamaesyce fendleri var. chaetocalyx (Boiss.) Shinners; Field & Lab. 17: 70 (1949)

= Euphorbia fendleri var. chaetocalyx Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 39 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia chamaecaula Weath.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 45: 426 (1910)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce chamaecaula (Weath.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia chamaeclada Ule; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 224 (1908)

Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia chamaepeplus Boiss. & Gaill.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 4: 88 (1859)

Distribution: Egypt (Eastern Desert); Iraq (NE-Iraq, W-Iraq: Desert); Lebanon (Antilebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, Negev Desert, N-Israel, Judean Desert); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai, N-Sinai, S-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (Asir); Kuwait

20 EGY 34 IRQ ISR JOR LEB SIN SYR 35 KUW SAU

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia chamaepeplus var. angustifolia Danin; Bocconea 3: 104 (1992)

= Euphorbia chamaepeplus var. sinaica Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 142 (1862)

= Euphorbia sinaica Hochst. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 142 (1862)

= Tithymalus chamaepeplus (Boiss. & Gaill.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia chamaerrhodos Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 3 (1860)

Distribution: N-Brazil (Pará); NE-Brazil (Maranhão, Bahia); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); Paraguay (Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazu, Concepcion, Misiones, Paraguari)

84 BRA 85 PAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum nanum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 32 (1860)

= Chamaesyce chamaerrhodos (Boiss.) Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 184 (1943)

= Chamaesyce nana (Klotzsch & Garcke) M.P.Simmons & W.J.Hayden; Brittonia 49(2): 166 (1997)

= Euphorbia chamaerrhodos var. hirsuta Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 681 (1905)

= Euphorbia nana Klotzsch ex Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 8 (1860), pro syn.

species :

Euphorbia chamaesula Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 38 (1860)

Name: Mountain spurge

Distribution: USA (Arizona, New Mexico); Mexico (Chihuahua, Ciudad de Mexico, Coahuila, Durango, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz)

76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce mathewsii Small; Man. S.E. Fl. [Small] 797 (1933)

= Euphorbia chamaesula var. subdentata (Engelm.) Norton; N. Amer. Euphorbia 47 (1899)

= Euphorbia esuliformis var. subdentata Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 192 (1859)

= Tithymalus chamaesula (Boiss.) Wooton & Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 145 (1913)

species :

Euphorbia chamaesyce L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 455 (1753)

Name: Graue Schiefblattwolfsmilch (DE); Chirriguela cana (ES); Prostrate Spurge (EN)

Distribution: Netherlands [I]; Germany [I]; Switzerland [I]; Austria [I]; Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; Baleares; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (widespread incl. many islands); Crete; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (Great Southwestern Desert); Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera); Cape Verde Isl. (Santo Antao Isl., Sao Vicente Isl., Santa Luzia Isl., Sal Isl., Ilha da Boa Vista, Ilha de Maio, Ilha de Sao Tiago); Botswana [I]; South Africa [I]; Eswatini [Swaziland] [I]; Siberia (Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Samos, Kalimnos, Kos, Simi, Chalki, Rhodos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran, W-Iran); Iran (N-Iran, W-Iraq: Desert); Afghanistan (Balkh, Herat, Kabul); Cyprus (C-Mountains); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, C-Syrian Desert, NW-Syria); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel); Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, Asir); Pakistan (Baluchistan, Quetta, Kurram); Peru [I]

11 aut ger net swi 12 BAL COR FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA PTL ROM SIC SLV SRB TUE 14 KRY RUS UKR 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 21 CNY CVI 27 bot saf swz 30 SIB 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 AFG CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR LEB SYR TUR 35 SAU 40 PAK 83 per

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum chamaesyce (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 160 (1812)

= Anisophyllum vaticanum Gand.; Fl. Eur. [Gandoger] 20: 143 (1890), opus utique oppr.

= Chamaesyce canescens (L.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 15, in clavi, 19 (1933)

= Chamaesyce canescens subsp. glabra (Roep.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

= Chamaesyce chamaesyce (L.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 283 (1954), nom. inval.

= Chamaesyce libassii (Lojac.) Giardina & Raimondo; Bocconea 20: 11 (2007)

= Chamaesyce vulgaris Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 8 (1941), nom. nov.

= Ditrita rotundifolia Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 115 (1838)

= Euphorbia canescens L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus], ed. 2: 652 (1762)

= Euphorbia chamaesyce subf. integrifolia (Thell.) Hegi & Beger; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(1): 145 (1924)

= Euphorbia chamaesyce f. glabra (Roep.) Hegi & Beger; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(1): 145 (1924)

= Euphorbia chamaesyce subsp. canescens (L.) Ces.; Not. Nat. Civ. Lombardia [Cattaneo] 1: 312 (1844)

= Euphorbia chamaesyce subsp. canescens (L.) Holmboe; Stud. Veg. Cyprus 119 (1914), isonym

= Euphorbia chamaesyce var. canescens (L.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 35 (1862), isonym

= Euphorbia chamaesyce var. canescens (L.) Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 1: 324 (1809)

= Euphorbia chamaesyce var. glabra C.A.Mey.; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 4: 196 (1833), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia chamaesyce var. glabra Roep.; Enum. Euphorb. Germ. Pannon. 38 (1824)

= Euphorbia chamaesyce var. glabriuscula Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 3: 489 (1877)

= Euphorbia chamaesyce var. integrifolia Thell.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 7(9): 759 (1907)

= Euphorbia chamaesyce var. pilosa C.A.Mey.; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 4: 196 (1833), non Roep.

= Euphorbia libassii Lojac.; Fl. Sicul. [Lojacono] 2(2): 329 (1907)

= Euphorbia perforata Tineo ex Lojac.; Fl. Sicul. [Lojacono] 2(2): 329 (1907), pro syn.

= Euphorbia pinnulosa Lojac.; Fl. Sicul. [Lojacono] 2(2): 329 (1907)

= Euphorbia prostrata Burch. ex Hemsl.; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Bot. 1(2): 82 (1884), pro syn.

= Euphorbia reichenbachiana Lojac.; Fl. Sicul. [Lojacono] 2(2): 330 (1907), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia vaticana Gand.; Nov. Consp. Fl. Eur. 417 (1910)

= Tithymalus chamaesyce (L.) Moench; Methodus [Moench] 666 (1794)

= Tithymalus nummularius Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 101 (1779)

= Xamesike palestina Raf.; Autik. Bot. 97 (1840)

= Xamesike vulgaris Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1836), nom. illeg.

= Xamesike xamobala Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1836)

variant :

var. massiliensis (DC.) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 265 (1936)

Name: Marseiller Schiefblattwolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; S-Spain; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Croatia; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; ?Tunisia; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; etc.

11 ger 12 SAR SPA 13 BUL CRO GRC ITA ROM SIC 14 KRY UKR 20 MOR 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce canescens subsp. massiliensis (DC.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

= Chamaesyce massiliensis (DC.) Galushko; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 11: 299 (1974)

= Chamaesyce vulgaris subsp. massiliensis (DC.) Benedí & J.J.Orell; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 46 (1992), et 22: 151 (1993)

= Euphorbia chamaesyce subsp. massiliensis (DC.) Thell.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 7: 457 (1917)

= Euphorbia massiliensis DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 6: 357 (1815)

= Euphorbia massiliensis var. villosa DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 6: 357 (1815)

species :

Euphorbia chamaesycoides B.Nord.; Dinteria 11: 20 (1974)

Distribution: Namibia

27 NAM

Remarks: sect. Anisophyllum, subsect. Hypericifoliae

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce chamaesycoides (B.Nord.) Koutnik; S. African J. Bot. 3(4): 263 (1984)

species :

Euphorbia chamanbidensis Nasseh; Nordic J. Bot. 36(5)-e01413: 27 (2018)

Distribution: Iran

34 IRN

species :

Euphorbia chamissonis (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 14 (1862)

Distribution: Japan; Ryukyu Isl.; Java [I]; New Caledonia (widespread); Fiji; American Samoa (Tutuila, Aunu´u, Ofu, Ta´u); [Western] Samoa (Aleipata Islands, ´Upolu, Savai´i); Tuvalu (Nui Atoll); Gilbert Isl. (Butaritari, Tarawa, Tabiteuea, Onotoa, Beru); Nauru; Tuamotu Arch. (Makatea Isl.); Palau (Kayangel, Babeldaob, Urukthapel, Ngeanges, Angaur, Sonsorol, Pulu Anna); Northern Marianas (Rota); Guam; Fed. States of Micronesia (Yap, Ulithi, Woleai, Ifalik, Satawal, Puluwat, Namonuito, Nomwin, Fefan, Fanano, Shiki Isl., Nama, Lukunor, Satawan, Kapingamarangi, Pohnpei, Pingelap); Marshall Isl. (Enewetok, Bikini, Utirik, Ujelang, Ujae, Wotho, Lae, Kwajalein, Ailuk, Likiep, Aur, Ailinglapalap, Arno, Majuro, Jaluit)

38 JAP NNS 42 jaw 60 ASA FIJ GIL NRU NWC SAM TUV 61 TUA 62 GUM MIC MRN MRS PLU

Remarks: see also E. atoto and E. pallens which are often confused

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum chamissonis Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859 22 (1860)

= Chamaesyce chamissonis (Klotzsch & Garcke) F.C.Ho; Trop. Pl. Taiwan Colour 3: 28, 355 (1982)

species :

Euphorbia chapmanii Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 44 (1989), nom. nov.

Name: Chapman´s spurge

Distribution: USA (Florida)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia nudicaulis Chapm.; Fl. South. U.S. 402 (1825), non Perr.

species :

Euphorbia characias L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 463 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. characias

Name: Palisaden-Wolfsmilch (DE); Mediterranean Spurge (EN)

Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I], Isles of Scilly [I]); Ireland [I] (SE-Ireland [I], Northern Ireland [I]); Germany [I]; Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; Baleares; France; Monaco; Andorra; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; San Marino [I]; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; European Turkey; Greece (scattered to rare); Crete; Morocco; Libya; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Samos, Chalki, Rhodos, Karpathos); USA [I] (California [I]); Argentina [I]

10 grb ire 11 ger 12 ADO BAL COR FRA GIB MCO POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA SIC sma SRB TUE 20 LBY MOR 34 EAI 76 usa 85 arg

Remarks: characias agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Characias purpurea (Lam.) Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 259 (1821)

= Esula characias (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 153 (1812)

= Euphorbia characias f. maritima P.Monts.; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 3: 413 (1951), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia characias proles eriocarpa (Bertol.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 12: 158 (1910)

= Euphorbia characias subsp. veneta (Willd.) Litard.; Prodr. Fl. Corse 2(2): 99 (1936)

= Euphorbia characias var. eriocarpa (Bertol.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 651 (1881)

= Euphorbia characias var. lusitanica O.Bolòs; Mem. Soc. Brot. 21: 325 (1971)

= Euphorbia characias var. veneta (Willd.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 289 (1901)

= Euphorbia cretica Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 28 (1768)

= Euphorbia cuatrecasasii Pau; Trab. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona 12: 353 (1929)

= Euphorbia eriocarpa Bertol.; Comment. Itin. Neapol. 22 (1837)

= Euphorbia rubens Chaix; Pl. Vapinc. 44 (1785)

= Euphorbia veneta Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. [Willdenow] 2: 507 (1809)

= Galarhoeus creticus (Mill.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 149 (1812)

= Tithymalus characias (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/4 (1768)

= Tithymalus purpureus Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 98 (1779)

= Tithymalus serotina Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1838)

= Tithymalus venetus (Willd.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 95 (1860)

subspecies :

subsp. wulfenii (Hoppe ex W.D.J.Koch) Radcl.-Sm.; Feddes Repert. 79(1-2): 55 (1968)

Name: Wulfen-Wolfsmilch

Distribution: Italy; Sicily; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; European Turkey; Greece (widespread lowlands, incl. some islands); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); New Zealand [I]

13 ALB BIH CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA SIC SLV SRB TUE 34 TUR 51 nzl

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia characias var. melapetala (Gasp. ex Guss.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 289 (1901)

= Euphorbia lycia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 172 (1862)

= Euphorbia melapetala Gasp. ex Guss.; Fl. Sicul. Prodr., Suppl. 152 (1830)

= Euphorbia melapetala var. leiocarpa Guss. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 172 (1862)

= Euphorbia messeniaca Heldr. ex Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 3: 104 (1904), pro syn.

= Euphorbia sibthorpii Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 39 (1860)

= Euphorbia wulfenii Hoppe ex W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 628 (1837)

= Tithymalus melapetalus (Gasp. ex Guss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 81 (1860)

= Tithymalus sibthorpii (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

= Tithymalus wulfenii (Hoppe ex W.D.J.Koch) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 177 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia charleswilsoniana V.Vlk; Kaktusy (Brno) 33(2): 47 (1997), nom. nov.

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia wilsonii V.Vlk; Kaktusy (Brno) 33(1): 23 (1997), homonym, non Correll (1980)

species :

Euphorbia cheiradenia Boiss. & Hohen.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 12: 112 (1853)

Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, N-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran, W-Iran); Syria (C-Syrian Desert); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania)

34 IRN IRQ JOR SYR TUR

Remarks: petrophila agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bothriosperma Boiss. & Kotschy; Cent. Euphorb. 36 (1860)

= Euphorbia elwendica Stapf; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 51: 45 (1886) (ellwendica)

= Euphorbia schizadenia Boiss. & Hohen. ex Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 12: 113 (1853)

= Tithymalus cheiradenius (Boiss. & Hohen.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 98 (1860)

= Tithymalus elwendicus (Stapf) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 172 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia cheirolepis Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Karelin; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3(2): 558 (1850)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Iran (EC-Iran, S-Iran); Afghanistan (Faryab); Pakistan (Baluchistan)

32 KAZ TKM TZK UZB 34 AFG IRN 40 PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum cheirolepis (Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Karelin) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 21 (1860)

= Cystidospermum cheirolepis (Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Karelin) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 26 (1933)

= Dematra cheirolepis (Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Karelin) J.Sojak; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 148: 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Euphorbia cheirolepis var. heterophylla Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 70 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia chenopodifolia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1264 (1866)

Distribution: Bolivia (La Paz, Santa Cruz)

83 BOL

species :

Euphorbia chersonesa Huft; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 71(4): 1023 (1984 publ. 1985)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Sur)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia chevalieri (N.E.Br.) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006)

Distribution: Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]

23 CAF ZAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium chevalieri N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 1035 (1913)

species :

Euphorbia chiribensis V.W.Steinm. & Felger; Aliso 16: 52 (1997)

Distribution: Mexico (Sonora)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia christophei Rebmann; Bull. Obregonia 2023: 25 (2023)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia chrysophylla (Klotzsch & Boiss.) Klotzsch ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 194 (1862)

Distribution: Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Tucuman)

85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia collina var. chrysophylla (Klotzsch & Garcke) Subils; Kurtziana 10: 215 (1977)

= Tithymalus chrysophyllus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 72 (1860)

= Tithymalus collinus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 93 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia cinerascens Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 186 (1858)

Name: Ashy sandmat

Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas)

77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce cinerascens (Engelm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 710 (1903)

= Euphorbia melanadenia var. subinappendiculata Engelm.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 5: 172 (1861)

species :

Euphorbia cinerea W.Fitzg.; J. Roy. Soc. Western Australia 3: 161 (1918)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia citrina S.Carter; Kew Bull. 45(2): 331 (1990)

Distribution: Zimbabwe; Mozambique

26 MOZ ZIM

species :

Euphorbia clandestina Jacq.; Pl. Rar. Hort. Schoenbr. 4: 43, t. 484 (1804)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

species :

Euphorbia clarae (Malaisse & Lecron) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]

23 ZAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium clarae Malaisse & Lecron; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 59(3-4): 478 (1989)

species :

Euphorbia clarkeana Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 5: 253 (1887)

Distribution: Pakistan (Sind, Baluchistan, N. W. Frontier Prov., Pakistani Punjab, Lahore, Jhelum, Baltistan); India (Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Maldives

40 IND MDV PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce clarkeana (Hook.f.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

= Euphorbia heyneana var. scindica Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 36 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia classenii P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Kew Bull. 29(3): 507 (1974)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia clava Jacq.; Icon. Pl. Rar. [Jacquin] 1: 9, t. 85 (1784)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia canaliculata Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 417 (1788)

= Euphorbia clavata Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 389 (1796)

= Euphorbia coronata Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 86 (1800)

= Treisia clava (Jacq.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 131 (1812)

species :

Euphorbia clavarioides Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 25 (1860)

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo, Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov., N-Cape Prov.); Lesotho

27 LES SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia basutica Marloth; Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 1: 408 (1910)

= Euphorbia clavarioides var. truncata (N.E.Br.) A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 309 (1941)

= Euphorbia truncata N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 309 (1915), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia clavidigitata Gage; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 239 (1914)

Distribution: Myanmar

41 MYA

species :

Euphorbia clavigera N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 362 (1915)

Distribution: Mozambique; South Africa (E-Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]

26 MOZ 27 SAF SWZ

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia persistens R.A.Dyer; Fl. Pl. South Africa 18: t. 713 (1938)

= Euphorbia umfoloziensis Peckover; Aloe 28(2): 37 (1991)

species :

Euphorbia claytonioides Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 533 (1897)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

Remarks: sect. Tenellae

species :

Euphorbia clementei Bourg. ex Boiss.; Elench. Pl. Nov. 82 (1838)

subspecies :

subsp. clementei

Distribution: S-Portugal; S-Spain; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia

12 POR SPA 20 ALG MOR TUN

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, clementei agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia atlantica Coss. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 130 (1862), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia atlantica var. leiocarpa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 130 (1862)

= Euphorbia atlantica var. major Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 130 (1862)

= Euphorbia atlantis f. major (Boiss.) Vindt; Trav. Inst. Sci. Chérifien, Sér. Bot. 2: 69 (1953), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia atlantis Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 32: 215 (1941)

= Euphorbia atlantis var. leiocarpa (Boiss.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 184 (1992)

= Euphorbia atlantis var. major (Boiss.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 184 (1992)

= Euphorbia clementei f. angustifolia Lange; Suppl. Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 260 (1893), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia clementei f. hozmariensis Pau; Mem. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 383 (1924)

= Euphorbia clementei f. maroccana (Maire) Vindt; Trav. Inst. Sci. Chérifien, Sér. Bot. 2: 67 (1953)

= Euphorbia clementei var. angustifolia Lange; Suppl. Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 260 (1893)

= Euphorbia clementei var. maroccana Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 26: 228 (1935)

= Euphorbia rupicola var. clementei (Boiss.) Pau; Mem. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona, Ser. Bot. 1(1): 68 (1922)

= Euphorbia squamigera subsp. clementei (Boiss.) Losa & Vindt; Arch. Inst. Aclim. Cons. Super. Invest. Ci. 13: 105 (1968)

= Euphorbia tetuanensis Pau; Monde Pl. 30: No. 181, 1 (1929)

= Tithymalus atlantis (Maire) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

= Tithymalus clementei (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 76 (1860)

subspecies :

subsp. faurei (Maire) Vicens, Molero & C.Blanché; Candollea 51(1): 66 (1996)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia squamigera var. faurei Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 23: 215 (1932)

subspecies :

subsp. villosa (Faure & Maire) Vicens, Molero & C.Blanché; Candollea 51(1): 67 (1996)

Distribution: Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia

20 ALG MOR TUN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia atlantica var. villosa Faure & Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 20: 202 (1929)

= Euphorbia atlantis var. villosa (Faure & Maire) Vindt; Trav. Inst. Sci. Chérifien, Sér. Bot. 2: 69 (1953)

= Euphorbia clementei var. villifolia Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 26: 229 (1935)

species :

Euphorbia clivicola R.A.Dyer; Bothalia 6: 221 (1951)

subspecies :

subsp. clivicola

Distribution: S-Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]

26 MOZ 27 SAF SWZ

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

subspecies :

subsp. calcritica Bruyns; Phytotaxa 436(3): 207 (2020)

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo)

27 SAF

species :

Euphorbia clusiifolia Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beechey Voy. 95 (1832)

Distribution: Hawaii (Oahu)

63 HAW

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum nodosum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 22 (1860)

= Chamaesyce clusiifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Arthur; Torreya 22: 30 (1922)

= Chamaesyce forbesii (Sherff) Croizat & O.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Euphorbia forbesii Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 582 (1936)

species :

Euphorbia coalcomanensis (Croizat) V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 48 (2003)

Distribution: Mexico (Michoacan, Nayarit)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Pedilanthus coalcomanensis Croizat; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 33: 19 (1943)

species :

Euphorbia coccinea B.Heyne ex Roth; Nov. Pl. Sp. 228 (1821)

Distribution: NW-India (Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce coccinea (B.Heyne ex Roth) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia coerulans Pax; Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 739 (1898)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia coghlanii F.M.Bailey; Bot. Bull. Dept. Agric. Queensland 13: 12 (1896)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce coghlanii (F.M.Bailey) D.C.Hassall ex P.I.Forst. & R.J.F.Hend.; Novon 5(4): 323 (1995)

species :

Euphorbia collenetteae Al-Zahrani & El Karemy; Edinburgh J. Bot. 64(2): 131 (2007)

Distribution: Sudan; Eritrea; Saudi Arabia

24 ERI SUD 35 SAU

species :

Euphorbia colletioides Benth.; Bot. Voy. Sulphur [Bentham] 163 (1846)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas); Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica

79 MEX 80 COS HON NIC

Synonyms: hidden

= Aklema colletioides (Benth.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 416 (1916)

= Aklema ligustrina (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 416 (1916)

= Aklema plicata (S.Watson) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 417 (1916)

= Euphorbia junciformis Sessé & Moc.; Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 122 (1894) (inciformis)

= Euphorbia ligustrina Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 21 (1860)

= Euphorbia padifolia Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 54 (1914) non (L.) Guss.

= Euphorbia plicata S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 21: 438 (1886), et 22: 450 (1887)

= Euphorbia recta Klotzsch; Bot. Voy. Herald [Seemann] 277 (1856)

species :

Euphorbia colliculina A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 1: 401 2: App. A, 963 (1941)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

species :

Euphorbia colligata V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 48 (2003)

Distribution: Mexico (Jalisco)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Pedilanthus connatus Dressler & Sacamano; Acta Bot. Mex. 18: 21 (1992)

species :

Euphorbia collina Phil.; Linnaea 29: 41 (1857 publ. 1858)

Distribution: WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chubut, Cordoba, La Pampa, Mendoza, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, San Juan, San Luis); Chile (Coquimbo, Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins, Maule, Ñuble, Biobío, Araucanía, Magallanes)

84 BRA 85 ARG CLE

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia portulacoides subsp. collina (Phil.) Croizat; Darwiniana 6: 188 (1943)

= Euphorbia portulacoides var. collina (Phil.) Croizat; Darwiniana 6: 188 (1943)

= Tithymalus collinus (Phil.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 93 (1860)

= Tithymalus collinus (Phil.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 199 (1979 publ. 1980), isonym

variant :

var. andina (Phil.) Subils; Kurtziana 10: 214 (1977)

Distribution: Argentina (Mendoza, Neuquén, Santa Cruz); Chile (Maule, Araucanía, Magallanes)

85 ARG CLE

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia andina Phil.; Linnaea 29: 41 (1857)

= Euphorbia dasyclada Dusén; Rep. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, Botany 8: Suppl. 169 (1914)

variant :

var. glaucescens (Chodat & Wilczek) Subils; Kurtziana 10: 217 (1977)

Distribution: Argentina (Chubut, Mendoza, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Santa Cruz, San Juan)

85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia portulacoides var. glaucescens Chodat & Wilczek; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 6: 532 (1906)

variant :

var. minor (Hicken) Subils; Kurtziana 10: 218 (1977)

Distribution: Argentina (Mendoza, Neuquén, Santa Cruz); Chile (Magallanes)

85 ARG CLE

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia portulacoides var. minor Hicken; Darwiniana 1: 57 (1922)

variant :

var. nahuelhuapina (Croizat) Subils; Kurtziana 10: 219 (1977)

Distribution: Argentina (Chubut, Mendoza, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Santa Cruz)

85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia portulacoides subsp. nahuelhuapina Croizat; Darwiniana 6: 189 (1943)

variant :

var. patagonica (Hieron.) Subils; Kurtziana 10: 219 (1977)

Distribution: Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chubut, Mendoza, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Santa Cruz, San Juan, Tierra del Fuego)

85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia patagonica Hieron.; Bol. Acad. Ci. (Córdoba) 3: 337 (1879)

variant :

var. spathulata (Chodat & Wilcz.) Subils; Kurtziana 10: 220 (1977)

Distribution: Argentina (Chubut, Mendoza, Neuquén, Rio Negro); Chile (Aisén)

85 ARG CLE

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia portulacoides var. spathulata Chodat & Wilczek; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 6: 532 (1906)

species :

Euphorbia colorata Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 190 (1858)

Distribution: Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Poinsettia colorata (Engelm.) Dressler; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 48: 336 (1962)

species :

Euphorbia colubrina P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3868 (1982)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Kenya

24 ETH 25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia columnaris P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 19: 151 (1964)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia commersonii Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 623 (1886)

Distribution: SE-Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia elliotii Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 74 (1945)

species :

Euphorbia commutata Engelm. ex A.Gray; Manual [A.Gray], ed. 2: 389 (1856)

Name: Tinted woodland spurge

Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia austrina (Small) Jabl.; Phytologia 28: 127 (1974), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia commutata var. erecta Norton; N. Amer. Euphorbia 35 (1899)

= Euphorbia ohiotica Steud. & Hochst. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 142 (1862)

= Galarhoeus austrinus (Small) Small; Man. S.E. Fl. [Small] 801 (1933)

= Galarhoeus commutatus (Engelm. ex A.Gray) Small ex Rydb.; Fl. Plains N. Amer. 520 (1932)

= Galarhoeus commutatus var. erectus (Norton) Small; Man. S.E. Fl. [Small] 801 (1933)

= Tithymalus austrinus Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 720 (1903)

= Tithymalus commutatus (Engelm. ex A.Gray) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 82 (1860)

= Tithymalus commutatus var. erectus (Norton) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 720 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia comosa Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 202 5: t. 15 (1825 publ. 1829)

Distribution: Colombia (Magdalena); Venezuela (Anzoategui, Aragua, Bolívar, Carabobo, Falcon, Guarico, Merida, Sucre, Trujillo, Zulia); ?Surinam; NE-Brazil (Bahia); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro)

82 CLM VEN 84 BRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia lupulina Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 23 (1825 publ. 1829)

species :

Euphorbia complanata Warb.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 196 (1894)

Distribution: New Guinea [I]

42 nwg

species :

Euphorbia compressa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 41 (1862)

Distribution: Venezuela (Aragua, Guarico)

82 VEN

species :

Euphorbia concanensis Janarth. & S.R.Yadav; Rheedea 5(2): 148 (1995)

Distribution: India (Maharashtra, Goa)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce concanensis (Janarth. & S.R.Yadav) V.S.Raju; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28(1): 91 (2004), isonym

= Chamaesyce concanensis (Janarth. & S.R.Yadav) S.R.Dutta & M.R.Almeida; J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 100(2-3): 580 (2003)

species :

Euphorbia condylocarpa M.B.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 377 (1808)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (N-Iran, S-Iran, W-Iran)

33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN IRQ TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, apios agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia amplexicaulis Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 567 (1850), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia cardiophylla Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 12: 107 (1853)

= Tithymalus amplexicaulis Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 80 (1860)

= Tithymalus cardiophyllus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 78 (1860)

= Tithymalus condylocarpus (M.Bieb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 78 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia conferta (Small) B.E.Sm.; J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 62: 82 (1946)

Name: Everglade Key sandmat

Distribution: USA (Florida)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce conferta Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 713 (1903)

= Euphorbia conferta (Small) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 44 (1989), isonym

species :

Euphorbia confinalis R.A.Dyer; Bothalia 6: 222 (1951)

subspecies :

subsp. confinalis

Name: Lebombo Euphorbia (EN)

Distribution: E-Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga)

26 MOZ ZIM 27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

subspecies :

subsp. rhodesiaca L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 32: 174 (1966)

Distribution: Zimbabwe

26 ZIM

species :

Euphorbia congestiflora L.C.Leach; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 44: 197 (1970)

Distribution: SW-Angola; NW-Namibia

26 ANG 27 NAM

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Tirucalli

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia congestifolia (L.C.Leach) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 89 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia coniosperma Boiss. & Buhse; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 12: 196 (1860)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia); Iran (N-Iran)

33 ARM AZE GEO 34 IRN TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ancyrensis Azn. ex Khan; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 25: 106 (1964)

= Tithymalus ancyrensis (Azn. ex Khan) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4). 170 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia connata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 112 (1862)

Distribution: Iran (EC-Iran, S-Iran, W-Iran)

34 IRN

species :

Euphorbia consanguinea Schrenk; Enum. Pl. Nov. [Fischer & Meyer] 1: 88 (1841)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Tajikistan

32 KAZ TKM TZK

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus consanguineus (Schrenk) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 64 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia consoquitlae Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 7: 327 (1920)

Distribution: Mexico (Veracruz)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia contorta L.C.Leach; Kirkia 4: 17 (1964)

Distribution: N-Mozambique

26 MOZ

species :

Euphorbia convolvuloides Hochst. ex Benth.; Niger Fl. [W.J.Hooker] 499 (1849)

Distribution: Mauritania; Senegal; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; Chad; Sudan; Ethiopia; Malawi

22 BEN BKN GNB GUI IVO MLI MTN NGA SEN TOG 23 CAF CMN CON 24 CHA ETH SUD 26 MLW

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum convolvuloides (Hochst. ex Benth.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 34 (1860)

= Chamaesyce prieuriana (Baill.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

= Euphorbia convolvuloides Hochst. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 46 (1862)

= Euphorbia prieuriana Baill.; Recueil Observ. Bot. 1: 61 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia conzattii V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 48 (2003), nom. nov.

Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Pedilanthus pulchellus Dressler; Contr. Gray Herb. 182: 111 (1957)

species :

Euphorbia cooperi N.E.Br. ex A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 83 (1907 publ. 1906)

Name: Transvaal Candelabra Tree

Distribution: Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]

26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT SAF SWZ

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

variant :

var. calidicola L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 36: 34 (1970)

Distribution: Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique

26 MLW MOZ ZIM

variant :

var. ussanguensis (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 36: 31 (1970)

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi

25 TAN 26 MLW ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ussanguensis N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 587 (1912)

species :

Euphorbia copiapina Phil.; Linnaea 29: 42 (1857)

Distribution: Chile (Antofagasta, Atacama)

85 CLE

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia calderensis Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 91: 510 (1895)

= Euphorbia subumbellata Steud. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 103 (1862), pro syn.

species :

Euphorbia corallioides L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 460 (1753)

Name: Korallen-Wolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: C-Italy; S-Italy; Sicily; +Algeria

13 ITA SIC 20 ALG

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia dulcis var. lanuginosa (Lam.) Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 16 (1806) (fide Kravanja et al. 2025)

= Euphorbia lanuginosa Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 436 (1788) (fide Kravanja et al. 2025)

= Euphorbia corallioides var. denudata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 117 (1862)

= Euphorbia denudata Bertol.; Fl. Ital. [Bertoloni] 5: 91 (1842)

= Galarhoeus corallioides (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 146 (1812)

= Tithymalus corallioides (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1838)

species :

Euphorbia cordatella Oudejans; Phytologia 67: 45 (1989)

Distribution: Uruguay

85 URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cordata Larrañaga; Escritos Damaso Antonio Larrañaga 2: 164 (1923), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia cordeiroae P.Carrillo & V.W.Steinm.; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 68(2): 170 (2011)

Distribution: Brazil (Goiás)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia cordifolia Elliott; Sketch Bot. S. Carolina [Elliott] 2: 656 (1821)

Name: Heartleaf sandmat

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas)

77 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce cordifolia (Elliott) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 709 (1903)

= Euphorbia ludoviciana Featherm.; Rep. Bot. Surv. S. & Centr. Louisiana 71, 105 (1871), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia ludoviciana Raf.; Fl. Ludov. 111 (1817)

species :

Euphorbia cornastra (Dressler) Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 32(2): 482 (1978)

Distribution: Mexico (Guerrero)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Poinsettia cornastra Dressler; Bol. Soc. Bot. México 35: 17 (1975)

species :

Euphorbia corneliae Bruyns; Haseltonia 25: 48, figs. 25-27 (2018)

Distribution: SW-Namibia

27 NAM

Remarks: subgen. Esula, sect. Esula

species :

Euphorbia corniculata R.A.Dyer; Fl. Pl. Africa 27: t. 1076 (1949)

Distribution: NE-Mozambique

26 MOZ

species :

Euphorbia cornigera Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 122 (1862)

Distribution: N-Pakistan (Swat, Dir, Hazara, Murree); NW-India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir)

40 IND PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pilosa var. cornigera (Boiss.) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 5: 261 (1887)

species :

Euphorbia corollata L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 459 (1753)

Name: Flowering spurge

Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Agaloma arundelana (Bartlett) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 2: 300 (1912)

= Agaloma corollata (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 117 (1836)

= Agaloma joorii (Norton) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 2: 300 (1912)

= Agaloma marilandica (Greene) House; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 7: 130 (1921)

= Agaloma olivacea (Small) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 2: 300 (1912)

= Euphorbia arundelana Bartlett; Rhodora 13: 164 (1911)

= Euphorbia corollata var. glauca Millsp.; Bot. Gaz. 26: 267 (1898)

= Euphorbia corollata var. grandiflora Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 67 (1862)

= Euphorbia corollata var. hirsuta Macnab; Edinburgh New Philos. J. 19: 63 (1835)

= Euphorbia corollata var. joorii Norton; Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 9: 155 (1898)

= Euphorbia corollata var. molle Millsp.; Bot. Gaz. 26: 267 (1898)

= Euphorbia corollata var. subpetiolata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 67 (1862)

= Euphorbia corollata var. viridiflora Farw.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 8: 273 (1923)

= Euphorbia discolor Bertol.; Misc. Bot. [Bertoloni] 10: 37 (1851), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia marilandica Greene; Pittonia 3: 345 (1898)

= Euphorbia olivacea Small; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 613 (1898)

= Galarhoeus corollatus (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 146 (1812)

= Tithymalopsis arundelana (Bartlett) Small; Ill. Fl. N. U.S. [Britton & Brown], ed. 2, 2: 470 (1913)

= Tithymalopsis corollata (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 249 (1859)

= Tithymalopsis corollata (L.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 717 (1903), isonym

= Tithymalopsis corollatus (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 249 (1859)

= Tithymalopsis joorii (Norton) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 717 (1903)

= Tithymalopsis olivacea (Small) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 717 (1903)

= Tithymalus marilandicus (Greene) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 717 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia correllii M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 5(5): 130 (1975)

Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, ?Tamaulipas)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus correllii (Johnst.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

species :

Euphorbia correntina Parodi; Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 11: 49 (1881)

Distribution: Argentina (Corrientes)

85 ARG

species :

Euphorbia corsica Req.; Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 5: 384 (1825)

Distribution: Corsica

12 COR

Remarks: corsica agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula corsica (Req.) Gand.; Fl. Eur. [Gandoger] 20: 115, 139 (1890), opus utique oppr.

= Euphorbia rigida Loisel.; Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 414 (1827)

= Tithymalus corsicus (Req.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia cossoniana Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 135 (1862)

Distribution: Morocco; N-Algeria; Tunisia

20 ALG MOR TUN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cossoniana var. maroccana Batt.; Contr. Fl. Atl. 80 (1919)

= Tithymalus cossonianus (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4). 171 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia cotinifolia L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 453 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. cotinifolia

Name: Poison Spurge

Distribution: Guinea [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; Benin [I]; Cameroon [I]; D.R.Congo [Zaire] [I]; China [I] (Fujian [I]); Taiwan [I]; Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Puebla, Sinaloa, Veracruz); Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Cayman Isl.; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Montserrat; Martinique; Grenadines; St. Vincent; Tobago; Trinidad; Bonaire; Curacao; Colombia (Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Cesar, Chocó, Cundinamarca, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Norte de Santander, Quindío, Santander, Tolima, Valle); Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoategui, Aragua, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Sucre, Tachira, Zulia); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador; Peru

22 ben bkn gui 23 cmn zai 36 chi 38 tai 79 MEX 80 COS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 BON CAY CUR HIS MAR MTS PUE STV TRT 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 ECU PER

Synonyms: hidden

= Aklema cotinifolia (L.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 416 (1916)

= Aklema scotanum (Schltdl.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 417 (1916)

= Aklema yavalquahuitl (Schltdl.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 417 (1916)

= Alectoroctonum caracasanum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 40 (1860)

= Alectoroctonum cotinifolium (L.) Schltdl.; Linnaea 19: 252 (1846)

= Alectoroctonum riedelianum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 41 (1860)

= Alectoroctonum scotanum Schltdl.; Linnaea 19: 252 (1847)

= Alectoroctonum willdenowii Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 41 (1860)

= Alectoroctonum yavalquahuitl Schltdl.; Linnaea 19: 252 (1847)

= Euphorbia caracasana (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 60 (1862)

= Euphorbia cotinifolia (L.) Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 46 (1817)

= Euphorbia scotanum Schltdl.; Linnaea 19: 250 (1847)

= Euphorbia scotanum var. yavalquahuitl Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 60 (1862)

= Euphorbia venenata Schltdl.; Linnaea 19: 250 (1847)

= Tithymalus cotinifolius (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 141 (1812)

subspecies :

subsp. cotinoides (Miq.) Christenh.; Harvard Pap. Bot. 7(1): 3 (2002)

Distribution: S-India [c]; Bangladesh [c]; Thailand [c]; Venezuela (Bolívar); Bolivia (La Paz, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Pará)

40 ban ind 41 tha 82 VEN 83 BOL 84 BRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Alectoroctonum cotinoides (Miq.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 248 (1859)

= Euphorbia cotinoides Miq.; Linnaea 21: 473 (1848)

= Euphorbia cotinoides var. riedeliana (Klotzsch & Garcke) Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 669 (1874)

= Euphorbia cotinoides var. verrucosa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 60 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia cowellii (Millsp. ex Britton) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 45 (1989)

Distribution: Dominican Republic; Puerto Rico

81 HIS PUE

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce cowellii Millsp. ex Britton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 457 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia craspedia Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 95 (1846)

Distribution: Turkey (SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (W-Iran)

34 IRN IRQ TUR

Remarks: denticulata agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus craspedius Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 87 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia crassa (Cremers) Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 492(1): 55 (2021)

Distribution: C-Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia enterophora subsp. crassa Cremers; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 17(3): 348 (1978)

= Euphorbia xylophylloides subsp. crassa (Cremers) S.Carter; Euphorbia World 10(2): 19 (2014)

species :

Euphorbia crassicaulis (Rauh) Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 488(1): 27 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia decaryi var. crassicaulis (Rauh) J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon; Candollea 71(1): 153 (2016)

= Euphorbia francoisii var. crassicaulis Rauh; Euphorbia J. 10: 183 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia crassimarginata Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 480 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia crassinodis Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 1: 340 (1899)

Distribution: S-Cuba

81 CUB

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce crassinodis (Urb.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia crassipes Marloth; Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 1: 318 (1909)

Distribution: S-Namibia; South Africa (W-Cape Prov., N-Cape Prov., North-West Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia baliola N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 327 (1915)

= Euphorbia eendornensis Dinter; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 30: 196 (1932)

= Euphorbia fusca Marloth; Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 2: 38 (1910)

= Euphorbia hopetownensis Nel; Kakteenkunde 192 (1933)

= Euphorbia inornata N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 585, 586 (1925)

species :

Euphorbia creberrima McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 218 (1993)

Distribution: Mexico (Aguascalientes, Durango, Jalisco, Zacatecas)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia cremersii Rauh & Razaf.; Euphorbia J. 7: 23 (1991)

Distribution: N- & W-Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cremersii f. viridifolia Rauh; Euphorbia J. 7: 25 (1991)

variant :

var. rakatozafyi (Cremers) Rauh; Succ. & Xeroph. Pl. Madagascar 1: 172 (1995)

Distribution: N- & W-Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia francoisii var. rakotozafyi Cremers; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 54(3-4): 377 (1984)

species :

Euphorbia crenata (N.E.Br.) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006)

Distribution: Zimbabwe; Mozambique

26 MOZ ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium crenatum N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 461 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia crenulata Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 192 (1858)

Name: Chinese caps

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, Oregon)

73 USA 76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia crenulata var. franciscana Norton; N. Amer. Euphorbia 38 (1899)

= Euphorbia leptocera Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 143 (1862)

= Euphorbia leptocera Engelm. ex Torr.; Pacif. Railr. Rep. 4(5, no. 4), Bot. [Whipple]: 135 (1857)

= Euphorbia leptocera var. crenulata (Engelm.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 143 (1862)

= Euphorbia manca A.Nelson; Bot. Gaz. 47: 437 (1909)

= Euphorbia nortoniana A.Nelson; Bot. Gaz. 47: 437 (1909)

= Tithymalus crenulatus (Engelm.) A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 1: 55 (1922)

= Tithymalus franciscanus (Norton) A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 1: 56 (1904)

= Tithymalus leptocerus (Engelm. ex Boiss.) Arthur; Torreya 22: 30 (1922)

= Tithymalus mancus (A.Nelson) A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 9: 67 (1913)

species :

Euphorbia crepitata L.C.Wheeler; Contr. Gray Herb. 127: 60 (1939)

Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce crepitata (L.C.Wheeler) Mayfield; Phytologia 75(2): 179 (1993)

variant :

var. longa M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 5(5): 139 (1975)

Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce crepitata var. longa (M.C.Johnst.) Mayfield; Phytologia 75(2): 179 (1993)

species :

Euphorbia crepuscula (L.C.Wheeler) V.W.Steinm. & Felger; Madroño 42(4): 455 (1995 publ. 1996)

Distribution: Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia villifera var. crepuscula L.C.Wheeler; Contr. Gray Herb. 127: 61 (1939)

species :

Euphorbia cressoides M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 5(5): 123 (1975)

Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, Durango)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus cressoides (M.C.Johnst.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 148: 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

species :

Euphorbia cristata B.Heyne ex Roth; Nov. Pl. Sp. 226 (1821)

Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam

40 BAN IND SRL 41 MYA THA VIE

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce cristata (B.Heyne ex Roth) G.L.Webster; J. Arnold Arbor. 48: 424 (1967)

= Chamaesyce cristata (B.Heyne ex Roth) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

= Chamaesyce fimbriata subsp. burmanica (Panigrahi) K.S.Rao & M.N.V.Prasad; Taxon 36(4): 762 (1987)

= Chamaesyce laciniata subsp. burmanica (Panigrahi) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 37(5): 454 (1977)

= Euphorbia cristata var. major Roth; Nov. Pl. Sp. 226 (1821)

= Euphorbia laciniata subsp. burmanica Panigrahi; Kew Bull. 30: 532 (1975)

= Lophobios cristata (B.Heyne ex Roth) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

species :

Euphorbia crossadenia Pax & K.Hoffm.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 19: 174 (1923)

Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia crotonoides Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 98 (1862)

subspecies :

subsp. crotonoides

Distribution: Sudan; Ethiopia; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga)

24 ETH SUD 25 KEN TAN 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Crotonoides

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia holstii var. hebecarpa Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 374 (1904)

= Euphorbia systyloides var. hebecarpa (Pax) N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 521 (1911)

subspecies :

subsp. narokensis S.Carter; Kew Bull. 39(3): 651 (1984)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia cruentata Graham; Edinburgh New Philos. J. 13: 361 (1832)

Distribution: USA (Missouri)

75 USA

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed

species :

Euphorbia crypta Ewest; Euphorbia World 11(1): 26 (2015)

Distribution: N-Chile

85 CLE

species :

Euphorbia cryptocaulis M.G.Gilbert; Kew Bull. 42(1): 231 (1987)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia cryptorubra N.C.Taylor & M.Terry; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 10(1): 2 (2016)

Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua)

77 USA 79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia cryptospinosa P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 18: 351 (1963)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; Kenya

24 ETH SOM 25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia cubensis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1265 (1862)

Distribution: Cuba

81 CUB

Conservation Status: endangered (Red List of the Vascular Flora of Cuba)

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cyanogala C.Wright ex Griseb.; Cat. Pl. Cub. [Grisebach] 21 (1866)

= Euphorbiodendron cubense (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 306 (1909)

species :

Euphorbia cuchumatanensis Standl. & Steyerm.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 23: 169 (1944)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas); Guatemala

79 MEX 80 GUA

species :

Euphorbia culminicola Ant.Molina; Ceiba 11(1): 67 (1965)

Distribution: Honduras

80 HON

species :

Euphorbia cumbrae Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 16 (1860)

Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi); Guatemala; Honduras

79 MEX 80 GUA HON

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce cumbrae (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia cumulata R.A.Dyer; Rec. Albany Mus. 4: 92 (1931)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

species :

Euphorbia cumulicola (Small) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 45 (1989)

Name: Coastal dune sandmat

Distribution: USA (Florida)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce cumulicola Small; Man. S.E. Fl. [Small] 794 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia cuneata Vahl; Symb. Bot. [Vahl] 2: 53 (1791)

subspecies :

subsp. cuneata

Distribution: Egypt (SE-Egypt); ?Togo; ?Benin; Nigeria; Chad; Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; Mozambique; Saudi Arabia (C-Saudi Arabia, NE-Saudi Arabia, Hejaz, Asir); Yemen (Aden Desert, coastal Hadhramaut, SW-Yemen, Tihama, W-Yemen)

20 EGY 22 NGA 24 CHA ERI ETH SOM SUD 25 KEN TAN 26 MOZ 35 SAU YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia carpasus Ehrenb. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 98 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia cuneata var. carpasus Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 97 (1862)

= Euphorbia cuneata var. perrottetii (Jaub. & Spach) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 97 (1862)

= Euphorbia fruticosa Edgew.; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 16: (1847) 1219

= Euphorbia perrottetii Jaub. & Spach; Ill. Pl. Orient. 5: 72, t. 464 (1855)

= Lyciopsis cuneata Schweinf.; Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. [Schweinfurth] 37 (1867)

= Tirucalia cuneata (Vahl) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 89 (1996)

subspecies :

subsp. cretacea S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(6): 686 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

subspecies :

subsp. lamproderma S.Carter; Kew Bull. 35(2): 428 (1980)

Distribution: S-Ethiopia; N-Kenya

24 ETH 25 KEN

subspecies :

subsp. spinescens (Pax) Carter; Kew Bull. 35(2): 429 (1980)

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cuneata var. spinescens (Pax) S.Carter; Kew Bull. 35(2): 429 (1980)

= Euphorbia lyciopsis Pax; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 242 (1895)

= Euphorbia spinescens Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 120 (1894)

variant :

var. pumilans S.Carter; Kew Bull. 35(2): 430 (1980)

Distribution: SE-Kenya; NE-Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

subspecies :

subsp. wajirensis S.Carter; Kew Bull. 35(2): 428 (1980)

Distribution: SE-Ethiopia; ?S-Somalia; NW-Kenya

24 ETH 25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia cuneifolia Guss.; Pl. Rar. Neapol. [Gussone] 190 (1826)

Distribution: Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Algeria; Tunisia

12 COR SAR 13 ITA SIC 20 ALG TUN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia stellulata Salzm. ex Loisel.; Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 415 (1827)

= Tithymalus cuneifolius (Guss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 76 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia cuneneana L.C.Leach; Dinteria 12: 21 (1976)

subspecies :

subsp. cuneneana

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

subspecies :

subsp. rhizomatosa L.C.Leach; Dinteria 12: 24 (1976)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia cuphosperma (Engelm.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 73 (1862)

Name: Hairy-fruit spurge

Distribution: USA (Arizona, New Mexico); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Mexico State, Morelos, Oaxaca, Sonora)

76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia dentata f. cuphosperma (Engelm.) Fernald; Rhodora 50: 148 (1948)

= Euphorbia dentata var. cuphosperma Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 190 (1859)

= Poinsettia cuphosperma (Engelm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 721 (1903)

= Poinsettia dentata var. cuphosperma (Engelm.) Mohlenbr.; Ill. Fl. Illinois, Fl. Pl. Basswoods-Spurges 198 (1982)

species :

Euphorbia cupricola (Malaisse & Lecron) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]

23 ZAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium cupricola Malaisse & Lecron; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 60(3-4): 301 (1990)

species :

Euphorbia cuprispina S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(2): 378 (1987)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia cupularis Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 23 (1860)

Name: Dead-man´s Tree, Crying Tree

Distribution: Malawi; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]

26 MLW 27 SAF SWZ

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia arborescens E.Mey.; Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Docum. [Drège] 184 (1843), nomen

= Euphorbia synadenia Baill.; Adansonia 3: 142 (1862 publ. 1863)

= Synadenium arborescens Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 187 (1862)

= Synadenium cupulare (Boiss.) L.C.Wheeler ex A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 953 (1941)

species :

Euphorbia currorii N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 545 (1911)

Distribution: Angola; NW-Namibia

26 ANG 27 NAM

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Lyciopsis

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ohiva Swanepoel; S. African J. Bot. 75(2): 249 (2009)

species :

Euphorbia curtisii Engelm.; Fl. South. U.S. 401 (1860)

Name: Curtis´ spurge

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Agaloma curtisii (Engelm.) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 2: 300 (1912)

= Agaloma eriogonoides (Small) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 2: 299 (1912)

= Euphorbia curtisii var. longipes Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 67 (1862)

= Euphorbia eriogonoides Small; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 614 (1898)

= Euphorbia ruegeliana Shuttlew. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 67 (1862), pro syn.

= Tithymalopsis curtisii (Engelm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 716 (1903)

= Tithymalopsis eriogonoides (Small) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 716 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia cuspidata Bertol.; Misc. Bot. [Bertoloni] 2: 9 (1843)

Distribution: Iraq (W-Iraq: Desert); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, Jazira); Jordania (W-Jordania)

34 IRQ JOR SYR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia chesneyi (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 152 (1862)

= Euphorbia fieldii Širj.; Pap. Peabody Mus. Amer. Archaeol. 48(2): 74 (1956)

= Euphorbia palmyrena Mouterde; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 109: 194 (1963)

= Tithymalus chesneyi Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 37: 99 (1860)

= Tithymalus palmyrenus (Mouterde) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia cussonioides P.R.O.Bally; Bothalia 7: 29 (1958)

Distribution: Kenya (mountains)

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia cyanofolia Ewest; Euphorbia World 11(2): 21 (2015)

Distribution: N-Chile

85 CLE

species :

Euphorbia cyathophora Murray; Commentat. Soc. Regiae Sci. Gott. 7: 81 (1786)

Name: Mexican Fire Plant, Wild Poinsettia (EN); Maravilla (ES)

Distribution: Canary Isl. [I] (Gran Canaria [I], La Gomera [I], Fuerteventura [I], Lanzarote [I]); Togo [I]; Zambia [I]; Zimbabwe [I]; Namibia [I]; Botswana [I]; South Africa [I]; St. Helena [I]; Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Seychelles [I]; Chagos Arch. [I] (Diego Garcia [I]); Qatar [I]; China [I]; Ryukyu Isl. [I]; Volcano Isl. [I] (Iwo-Jima Isl. [I]); India [I] (throughout); Maldives [I]; Thailand [I]; Cambodia [I]; Vietnam [I]; South China Sea Isl. [I]; Philippines [I]; Cocos [Keeling] Isl. [I]; Christmas Isl. [Austr.] [I]; New Guinea [I]; Australia [I] (Northern Territory [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I]); Lord Howe Isl. [I]; Vanuatu [I]; Tonga [I]; Niue [I]; Fiji [I]; [Western] Samoa [I] (´Upolu [I]); American Samoa [I] (Tutuila [I], Ta´u [I]); Phoenix Isl. [I] (Kanton [I], Orona [I], Manra [I], Nikumaroro [I]); Gilbert Isl. [I] (Butaritari [I], Tarawa [I], Tabiteuea [I]); Nauru [I]; N-Line Isl. [I] (Palmyra Atoll [I], Teraina [I], Tabueran [I], Kiritimati [I]); Cook Isl. [I] (Rarotonga [I], Mangaia [I], Aitutaki [I], Palmerston [I], Penrhyn [I]); Society Isl. [I] (Tahiti [I], Raiatea [I]); Palau [I] (Babeldaob [I], Peleliu [I], Angaur [I]); Northern Marianas [I] (Saipan [I], Tinian [I], Rota [I]); Guam [I]; Fed. States of Micronesia [I] (Yap [I], Ulithi [I], Fais [I], Woleai [I], Faraulep [I], Lamotrek [I], Truk [I], Udot [I], Piis [I], Pohnpei [I], Mokil [I], Kosrae [I]); Marshall Isl. [I] (Utirik [I], Kwajalein [I], Ailuk [I], Likiep [I], Majuro [I], Arno [I], Jaluit [I]); Wake Isl. [I]; Hawaii [I] (Midway Isl. [I], Kauai [I], Oahu [I], Molokai [I], Maui [I]); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin); Bermuda; Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas); Belize; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Bahamas; Turks & Caicos Isl.; Cuba; Cayman Isl.; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (St. Croix, St. Thomas, Virgin Gorda); St. Barthélémy; Saba; Antigua; Redonda; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; St. Lucia; Grenada; Tobago; Trinidad; San Andres y Providencia (San Andres, Providencia y Santa Catalina); Colombia (Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Huila, Santander, Tolima, Valle); Venezuela (Aragua, Guarico, Lara); Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador; Bolivia (Santa Cruz); NE-Brazil (Bahia); S-Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); Paraguay (Guaira); Argentina (Cordoba, Entre Rios, Jujuy, Misiones, Salta, Santiago del Estero); Chile [I] (Antofagasta [I])

21 cny 22 tog 26 zam zim 27 bot nam saf 28 sth 29 cgs mau reu sey 35 qat 36 chi 38 kzn nns 40 ind mdv 41 cbd tha vie 42 cki nwg phi scs xms 50 aus lhi 60 asa fij gil nru nue phx sam ton van 61 coo lin sci 62 gum mic mrn mrs plu wak 63 haw 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ COS HON NIC PAN 81 ABA BAH BER CAY CUB DOM GDL GRE HIS JAM MAR PUE SAB SBA STL TCI TRT VIR 82 CLM FRG SUR VEN 83 BOL ECU 84 BRA 85 ARG cle PAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia barbellata Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 190 (1858)

= Euphorbia cyathophora var. graminifolia Chapm.; Fl. South. U.S. 402 (1860)

= Euphorbia graminifolia Michx.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Michaux] 2: 210 (1803)

= Euphorbia havanensis Willd. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 73 (1862)

= Euphorbia heterophylla f. cyathophora (Murray) Voss; Vilm. Blumengärtn. ed. 3 [Siebert & Voss], 1: 898 (1895)

= Euphorbia heterophylla var. barbellata (Engelm.) Holz.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 216 (1892)

= Euphorbia heterophylla var. cyathophora (Murray) Griseb.; Fl. Brit. W. I. [Grisebach] 45 (1859)

= Euphorbia heterophylla var. graminifolia (Chapm.) Chapm.; Fl. South. U.S., ed. 3: 424 (1897), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia heterophylla var. graminifolia Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 190 (1859)

= Euphorbia heterophylla var. minor Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 73 (1862)

= Euphorbia pandurifolia Roth; Bot. Abh. Beobacht. 48 (1787)

= Poinsettia barbellata (Engelm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 722 (1903)

= Poinsettia cyathophora (Murray) Bartl.; Index Sem. (Göttingen) 1839: 6 (1839)

= Poinsettia cyathophora (Murray) F.C.Ho; Trop. Pl. Taiwan Colour 3: 30 (1982), isonym

= Poinsettia cyathophora (Murray) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 253 (1859), isonym

= Poinsettia cyathophora (Murray) S.Br.; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 61: 492 (1909 publ. 1910), isonym

= Poinsettia cyathophora var. graminifolia (Chapm.) Mohlenbr.; Ill. Fl. Illinois, Fl. Pl. Basswoods-Spurges 197 (1982)

= Poinsettia edwardsii Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 253 (1859)

= Poinsettia graminifolia (Chapm.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 304 (1909)

= Poinsettia havanensis (Willd. ex Boiss.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 722 (1903)

= Tithymalus cyatophorus (Murray) Moench; Methodus [Moench] 667 (1794)

species :

Euphorbia cybirensis Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 89 (1846)

Distribution: East Aegaean Isl. (Kalimnos, to, Rhodos); Turkey (W-Anatolia)

34 EAI TUR

Remarks: valerianifolia agg.; probably deserves species rank fide Strid (2024)

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cybirensis var. acutifolia Boiss.; (1862)

= Euphorbia cybirensis var. dehiscens Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 119 (1862)

= Euphorbia cybirensis var. longifolia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 119 (1862)

= Euphorbia cybirensis var. microcarpa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 119 (1862)

= Tithymalus cybirensis (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 79 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia cylindrica Marloth ex A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 1: 247 2: App. A, 962 (1941)

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

species :

Euphorbia cylindrifolia Marn.-Lap. & Rauh; Kakteen And. Sukk. 12: 69 (1961)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cylindrifolia var. tuberifera Rauh; Kakteen And. Sukk. 14: 5 (1963)

species :

Euphorbia cylindroclada Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 488(1): 57 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia cymbifera (Schltdl.) V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 48 (2003)

Distribution: Mexico (Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Pedilanthus aphyllus Boiss.; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 253 (1859), nomen, et in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 106 (1860)

= Pedilanthus cymbifer Schltdl.; Linnaea 19: 253 (1846)

= Tithymaloides aphylla (Boiss. ex Klotzsch) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 620 (1891)

= Tithymalus cymbifer (Schltdl.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

species :

Euphorbia cymbiformis Rusby; Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 4: 255 (1895)

Distribution: Bolivia (La Paz)

83 BOL

species :

Euphorbia cymosa Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 2: 611 (1812)

Distribution: Mexico (Guerrero, Michoacan, Quintana Roo, Yucatan); Jamaica; St. Vincent; Colombia (Atlántico)

79 MEX 81 JAM STV 82 CLM

Synonyms: hidden

= Aklema nudiflora (Jacq.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 114 (1836)

= Alectoroctonum nudiflorum (Jacq.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 40 (1859)

= Euphorbia nudiflora Jacq.; Collectanea [Jacquin] 3: 180 (1791), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus nudiflorus (Jacq.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 142 (1812)

species :

Euphorbia cyparissias L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 461 (1753)

Name: Cypress spurge (EN), Zypressen-Wolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I], Isles of Scilly [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I]); Denmark [I]; Norway [I]; Sweden [I]; Finland [I]; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; Andorra; ?Baleares; France; Channel Isl. [I]; Italy; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; N-Greece (south to Mt. Olimbos); Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Siberia (W-Siberia); Russian Far East [I] (Primorye [I]); Japan [I] (Hokkaido [I], Honshu [I]); Australia [I] (South Australia [I]); New Zealand [I]; Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], Manitoba [I], New Brunswick [I], Newfoundland [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Prince Edward Isl. [I], Québec [I], Saskatchewan [I]); USA [I] (Alabama [I], Arkansas [I], California [I], Colorado [I], Connecticut [I], District of Columbia [I], Delaware [I], Georgia [I], Iowa [I], Idaho [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Kansas [I], Kentucky [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Missouri [I], Montana [I], North Carolina [I], North Dakota [I], Nebraska [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oklahoma [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], South Carolina [I], South Dakota [I], Tennessee [I], Texas [I], Utah [I], Virginia [I], Vermont [I], Washington State [I], Wisconsin [I], West Virginia [I], Wyoming [I]); Mexico [I]; Colombia [I]

10 den fin grb ire nor swe 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO cis FRA SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 rfe 38 jap 50 aus 51 nzl 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa 79 mex 82 clm

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula cupressina Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 259 (1821 publ. 1822)

= Esula cyparissias (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 155 (1812)

= Esula minor Garsault; Fig. Pl. Med. t. 264 (1764)

= Euphorbia cyparissias var. degeneri Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 3: 278 (1828)

= Euphorbia cyparissias var. denudata Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 281 (1843)

= Euphorbia cyparissias var. esuloides DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 6: 362 (1815)

= Euphorbia cyparissias var. major Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 160 (1862), nom. superfl.

= Euphorbia cyparissias var. picta Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 3(8): 122 (1852)

= Euphorbia degener Hoffm.; Deutschl. Fl. Bot. Taschenb. [Hoffmann] 168 (1791)

= Euphorbia degenerata D.Dietr.; Fl. March. 227 (1841)

= Euphorbia esuloides (DC.) Ten.; Syll. Pl. Fl. Neapol. 238 (1831)

= Euphorbia punctata Krock.; Fl. Siles. [Krocker] 2(1): 97 (1790), pro syn.

= Euphorbia stenophylla Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 595 (1866), non (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss. 1862

= Euphorbia tyraica Klokov & Artemczuk; Fl. URSR 7: 631 (1955)

= Galarhoeus cyparissias (L.) Small ex Rydb.; Fl. Plains N. Amer. 520 (1932)

= Keraselma cyparissias (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Tithymalus acicularis Dulac; Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées 156 (1867)

= Tithymalus angustifolius Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 209 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Tithymalus cinerea Raf.; Autik. Bot. 91 (1840)

= Tithymalus cyparissias (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/4 (1768)

species :

Euphorbia cyparissioides Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 123 (1894)

Distribution: Nigeria; Cameroon; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Saudi Arabia (Asir, Rub al Khali)

22 NGA 23 CMN ZAI 24 ETH SSU 25 TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 35 SAU

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cyparissioides var. minor N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 543 (1911)

= Euphorbia dejecta N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 541 (1911)

= Euphorbia ericifolia Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 288 (1903)

= Euphorbia huillensis Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 27 (1899)

species :

Euphorbia cyri V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 48 (2003), nom. nov.

Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Pedilanthus tomentellus B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 3, 1: 164 (1895)

= Tithymalus tomentellus (B.L.Rob. & Greenm.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

species :

Euphorbia cyrtophylla (Prokh.) Prokh.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 29: 556 (1930)

Distribution: Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; ?Iran; Afghanistan (Badakshan, Kunar / Nuristan); Pakistan (Chitral)

32 TZK UZB 34 AFG 40 PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus cyrtophyllus Prokh.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 29: 556 (1930)

= Euphorbia cyrtophylla (Prokh.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 240 (1954), isonym

species :

Euphorbia czerepanovii Geltman; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 82(3): 122 (1997)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus (Daghestan); Georgia [Caucasus]

33 GEO NCS

species :

Euphorbia daghestanica Geltman; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 82(3): 122 (1997)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus (Daghestan)

33 NCS

species :

Euphorbia dahurica Peschkova; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 15: 238 (1979)

Distribution: Siberia (Chita); Russian Far East (Amur, Primorye)

30 SIB 31 RFE

species :

Euphorbia dalettiensis M.G.Gilbert; Kew Bull. 42(2): 391 (1987)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia dallachyana Baill.; Adansonia 6: 285 (1866)

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce dallachyana (Baill.) D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 24(5): 640 (1976)

= Euphorbia minutifolia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1268 (1866)

species :

Euphorbia damarana L.C.Leach; Bothalia 11(4): 500 (1975)

Distribution: SW-Angola; NW-Namibia

26 ANG 27 NAM

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Tirucalli

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia damarana (L.C.Leach) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 89 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia damasoi Oudejans; Phytologia 67: 45 (1989), nom. nov.

Distribution: Uruguay

85 URU

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ovata Larrañaga; Escritos Damaso Antonio Larrañaga 2: 164 (1923), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia daphnoides Balf.f.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 21 (1877)

Distribution: +Rodrigues

29 ROD

species :

Euphorbia darbandensis N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 1040 (1913)

Distribution: Central African Republic

23 CAF

species :

Euphorbia dasyacantha S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(4): 419 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia dauana S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(2): 376 (1987)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia davidii Subils; Kurtziana 17: 125 (1984)

Name: David´s spurge

Distribution: Greece [I]; Northern Caucasus [I]; Georgia [Caucasus] [I]; Canada [I] (Ontario [I], Québec [I]); USA [I] (Arkansas [I], Arizona [I], California [I], Colorado [I], Connecticut [I], Florida [I], Iowa [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Kansas [I], Kentucky [I], Massachusetts [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Missouri [I], North Carolina [I], Nebraska [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New Mexico [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oklahoma [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], South Dakota [I], Tennessee [I], Texas [I], Utah [I], Virginia [I], Vermont [I], Wisconsin [I], West Virginia [I], Wyoming [I]); Mexico [I]; Argentina (Cordoba, San Luis)

13 grc 33 geo ncs 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa 79 mex 85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia dentata var. gracillima Millsp.; Pittonia 2: 90 (1890)

= Euphorbia dentata var. lancifolia Farw.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 8: 273 (1923)

species :

Euphorbia daviesii E.A.Bruce; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 51 (1940)

Distribution: Tanzania; Malawi

25 TAN 26 MLW

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia imbricata Bruce; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1933: 468 (1933) (non Vahl)

species :

Euphorbia davisii M.L.S.Khan; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 25: 140, t. 10 (1964)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia)

34 TUR

Remarks: amygdaloides agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus davisii (M.L.S.Khan) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 171 (1972), no basionym page.

species :

Euphorbia davyi N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 305 (1915)

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo, Gauteng)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

species :

Euphorbia dawei N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 583 (1912)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; Uganda; Tanzania

23 BUR RWA ZAI 25 TAN UGA

species :

Euphorbia debilispina L.C.Leach; Excelsa 15: 13 (1991 publ. 1992)

Distribution: Zambia

26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia decaryi Guillaumin; Cactus (Mont St. Amaud) 3: No. 6, 3, nomen, et in Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 6: 120 (1934), descr.

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia francoisii Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 161 (1946)

= Euphorbia francoisii f. rubrifolia Rauh; Euphorbia J. 10: 183 (1996)

variant :

var. robinsonii Cremers; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 54(3-4): 373 (1984)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia deccanensis V.S.Raju; Taxon 34(3): 519 (1985), nom. nov.

Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu); Cambodia; Vietnam

40 IND 41 CBD VIE

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce katrajensis var. kasaragodensis (V.J.Nair, Binojk. & R.Ansari) V.S.Raju; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28(1): 92 (2004)

= Chamaesyce linearifolia (Roth) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-41: 169 (1972)

= Euphorbia katrajensis var. kasaragodensis V.J.Nair, Binojk. & R.Ansari; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 14(2): 471 (1990)

= Euphorbia linearifolia Roth; Nov. Pl. Sp. 224 (1821), non E. linarifolia Willd.

= Euphorbia linearis B.Heyne; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 7712 (1821) ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 225

variant :

var. nallamalayana (J.L.Ellis) V.S.Raju; Taxon 34(3): 520 (1985)

Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce linearifolia var. nallamalayana (J.L.Ellis) K.S.Rao & M.N.V.Prasad; Taxon 36(4): 762 (1987)

= Chamaesyce linearifolia var. nallamalyana (J.L.Ellis) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 37(5): 454 (1977)

= Euphorbia linearifolia var. nallamalayana J.L.Ellis; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 8: 345 (1966)

species :

Euphorbia decepta N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 320 (1915)

subspecies :

subsp. decepta

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia albertensis N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 323 (1915)

= Euphorbia astrophora Marx; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 68(6): 311 (1996)

= Euphorbia brevirama N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 317 (1915)

= Euphorbia brevirama var. astrophora (Marx) Marx & van Veldh.; Euphorbia World 11(2): 8 (2015)

= Euphorbia brevirama var. supraterra Marx & van Veldh.; Euphorbia World 11(2): 9 (2015)

= Euphorbia suppressa Marx; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 71: 33 (1999)

subspecies :

subsp. gamkensis (Marx) Bruyns; Euphorbia S. Africa 1: 297 (2022)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia gamkensis Marx; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 71: 38 (1999)

species :

Euphorbia decidua P.R.O.Bally & L.C.Leach; Candollea 18: 347 (1963), et Kirkia 10(1): 293 (1975)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; N-Mozambique

23 ZAI 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM

species :

Euphorbia decorsei Drake; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 44 (1903)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia dedzana L.C.Leach; Excelsa 15: 20 (1991 publ. 1992)

Distribution: Malawi

26 MLW

species :

Euphorbia deflexa Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 1: 328 (1809)

subspecies :

subsp. deflexa

Distribution: Albania; Greece (NW-, C-Greece, N-Peloponnisos, Athos, Evvoia, Attiki); Crete (Dikti)

13 ALB GRC KRI

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia antunesii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 79 (1904)

= Euphorbia deflexa var. athoa Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 141 (1843)

= Euphorbia deflexa var. lassitica Rech.f.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 84: 182 (1935)

= Euphorbia pendula (Haw.) Sweet; Hort. Suburb. Lond. 107 (1818)

= Euphorbia pythinsa Friv. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 654 (1881), pro syn.

= Tithymalus deflexus (Sm.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 84 (1860)

= Tithymalus pendulus Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 138 (1812)

subspecies :

subsp. purpureosuffusa (Rech.f.) Biel & Kit Tan; Phytol. Balcan. 19(3): 376 (2013)

Distribution: NE-Greece (Samothraki)

13 GRC

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia deflexa var. purpureosuffusa Rech.f.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 100: 119 (1938)

species :

Euphorbia defoliata Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 7: 264 (1912)

Distribution: Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)

81 HIS

species :

Euphorbia degeneri Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 583 (1936)

Distribution: Hawaii (Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Hawaii Isl.)

63 HAW

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum cordatum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 38 (1860)

= Chamaesyce cordata (Klotzsch & Garcke) Arthur; Torreya 22: 30 (1922)

= Chamaesyce degeneri (Sherff) Croizat & O.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce degeneri f. minuscula (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce degeneri var. molokaiensis (Sherff) O.Deg. & Croizat; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Euphorbia cordata Meyen; Observ. Bot. [Meyen] 2: 150 (1834), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia degeneri f. minuscula Sherff; Bot. Leafl. 9: 7 (1954)

= Euphorbia degeneri var. molokaiensis Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 583 (1936)

species :

Euphorbia deightonii Croizat; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 58 (1938)

Distribution: Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Chad

22 BEN GHA LBR NGA SIE TOG 23 CMN 24 CHA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia garuana N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 598 (1912)

species :

Euphorbia dekindtii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 73 (1904)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia fraterna N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 580 (1912)

species :

Euphorbia delicatissima S.Carter; Kew Bull. 45(2): 328 (1990)

Distribution: Zimbabwe

26 ZIM

species :

Euphorbia delicatula Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 19 (1860)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Sinaloa, Zacatecas)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus delicatulus (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

= Euphorbia edulis Sessé & Moc.; Naturaleza (Mexico City), Ser. 2, 1(App.): 81 (1888), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia subcaerulea B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 32: 37 (1896)

= Euphorbia tenuissima M.E.Jones; Contr. W. Bot. 18: 55 (1933-5)

= Zygophyllidum delicatulum (Boiss.) Wooton & Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 145 (1913)

species :

Euphorbia delphinensis Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 166 (1955)

Distribution: S-Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia beharensis var. squarrosa Rauh; Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 100: 14 (1999), nom. inval.

species :

Euphorbia deltobracteata Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 457 (1933)

Distribution: Turkmenistan

32 TKM

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus deltobracteatus (Prokh.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 49, in clavi, 149 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia deltoidea Engelm. ex Chapm.; Fl. South. U.S., Suppl. 647 (1883)

subspecies :

subsp. deltoidea

Name: Wedge sandmat

Distribution: USA (Florida)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce deltoidea (Engelm. ex Chapm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 710 (1903)

subspecies :

subsp. adhaerens (Small) Oudejans; World Cat. Species Names Published Tribe Euphorbieae; Cumulative Suppl. I: 11 (1993)

Distribution: USA (Florida)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce adhaerens Small; Torreya 27: 104 (1927 publ. 1928)

= Chamaesyce deltoidea subsp. adhaerens (Small) A.Herndon; Rhodora 95(881): 48 (1993)

= Chamaesyce deltoidea var. adhaerens (Small) D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 99 (1966)

= Euphorbia adhaerens (Small) Jabl.; Phytologia 28: 123 (1974), nom. inval.

subspecies :

subsp. pinetorum (Small) Oudejans; World Cat. Species Names Published Tribe Euphorbieae; Cumulative Suppl. I: 11 (1993)

Distribution: USA (S-Florida)

78 USA

Remarks: not to be confused with E. pinetorum

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce deltoidea subsp. pinetorum (Small) A.Herndon; Rhodora 95(881): 49 (1993)

= Chamaesyce pinetorum Small; Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 3: 429 (1905)

= Euphorbia smallii Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 48 (1989), nom. nov., without replaced synonym date, et Phytologia 67(3): 236 (1989), with replaced synonym date

subspecies :

subsp. serpyllum (Small) Ya Yang; Taxon 61(4): 783 (2012)

Distribution: USA (Florida)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce deltoidea subsp. serpyllum (Small) D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 99 (1966)

= Chamaesyce serpyllum Small; Fl. Florida Keys 81 (1913)

= Euphorbia deltoidea var. serpyllum (Small) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 45 (1989)

species :

Euphorbia demissa L.C.Leach; Dinteria 12: 10 (1976)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia dendroides L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 462 (1753)

Name: Bäumchen-Wolfsmilch (DE); Tree Spurge (EN)

Distribution: NE-Spain; Baleares; France; Monaco; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; ?Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Greece (widespread lowlands and coastal, incl. most islands); Crete (widespread); Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (NW-coastal Egypt); ?Madeira; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread, incl. Rhodos); Turkey (SW-Anatolia); Israel (coastal W-Israel); Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], South Australia [I]); USA [I] (California [I])

12 BAL COR FRA MCO SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA PEL PTL SIC 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 34 EAI ISR TUR 50 aus 76 usa

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula dendroides (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 153 (1812)

= Euphorbia dendroides f. angustifolia Marcos; Cavanillesia 8: 31 (1936)

= Euphorbia dendroides var. longeradiata Sennen; Diagn. Nouv. 175 (1936)

= Euphorbia divaricata Jacq.; Icon. Pl. Rar. [Jacquin] 1: 9, t. 87 (1784)

= Euphorbia laeta Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 2: 141 (1789)

= Euphorbion dendroideum (L.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 126 (1880)

= Tithymalus arboreus Tourn. ex Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 94 (1779)

= Tithymalus dendroides (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/4 (1768)

= Tithymalus laetus (Aiton) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 140 (1812)

species :

Euphorbia denisiana Guillaumin; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 1: 446, 448 (1929)

Distribution: N-Madagascar (Ankarana Mts.)

29 MDG

Remarks: only known from the type material

variant :

var. ankarensis (Boiteau) Houyelle; Euphorbia World 14(1): 12 (2018)

Distribution: N-Madagascar (Montagnes des Francais, Falaise de l´Ankarana)

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ankarensis Boiteau; Bull. Trimestriel Acad. Malgache, n. s. 24: 86 (1942)

variant :

var. maromokotrensis (Rebmann) Houyelle; Euphorbia World 14(1): 13 (2018)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia maromokotrensis Rebmann; Cact. Succ. 1(2): 44 (2009)

species :

Euphorbia denisii Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 45 (1989), nom. nov.

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia obcordata Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 56 (1921) (non Balf.f.)

species :

Euphorbia densa Schrenk; Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 2, 3: 308 (1845)

subspecies :

subsp. densa

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Iraq (NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia, S-Iraq, W-Iraq: Desert); Iran (EC-Iran, E-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, S-Iran); Afghanistan (Herat, Kandahar); Syria (C-Syrian Desert); Jordania (S-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (NE-Saudi Arabia); Bahrain; Kuwait; Pakistan (Baluchistan, Quetta)

32 KAZ TKM TZK UZB 34 AFG IRN IRQ JOR SYR 35 BAR KUW SAU 40 PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus densus (Schrenk) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 65 (1860)

subspecies :

subsp. badghysi V.P.Bochantsev; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62(8): 1201 (1977)

Distribution: Turkmenistan

32 TKM

species :

Euphorbia densiflora (Klotzsch) Klotzsch; Naturw. Reise Mossambique [Peters] 94 (1861)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Colima, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Guatemala; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia

79 MEX 80 COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 82 CLM

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum densiflorum Klotzsch; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 28 (1860)

= Chamaesyce densiflora (Klotzsch) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 391 (1914)

species :

Euphorbia densispina S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 23(3): 296 (2005)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia densiuscula Popov; Trudy Turkestansk. Nauchn. Obshch. 1: 38 (1923)

Distribution: Uzbekistan

32 UZB

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus densiusculus (Popov) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 45, in clavi, et 137 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia densiusculiformis (Pazij) V.P.Bochantsev; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62(8): 1201 (1977)

Distribution: Uzbekistan; Tajikistan

32 TZK UZB

Synonyms: hidden

= Galarhoeus densiusculiformis Pazij; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Zool. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 11: 26 (1948)

= Tithymalus densiusculiformis (Pazij) Pazij; Fl. Uzbekist. 4: 119 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia dentata Michx.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Michaux] 2: 211 (1803)

Name: Toothed spurge (EN)

Distribution: Germany [I]; European Russia [I]; China [I] (Beijing [I]); South Korea [I]; Australia [I] (Northern Territory [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I]); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado [I], Georgia [I], Iowa, Illinois [I], Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Baja California Sur, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas); Guatemala; Honduras; Paraguay (Paraguari); Uruguay (Flores Prov.); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Cordoba, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Salta, Santa Fe, San Luis, Tucuman)

11 ger 14 rus 36 chi 38 kor 50 aus 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 GUA HON 85 ARG PAR URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum dentatum (Michx.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 162 (1812)

= Euphorbia aureocincta Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 181 (1943)

= Euphorbia dentata var. linearis Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 72 (1862)

= Euphorbia dentata var. rigida Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 190 (1859)

= Euphorbia herronii Riddell; Syn. Fl. West. States 32 (1835)

= Euphorbia purpureomaculata T.J.Feng & J.X.Huang; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 13(1): 65-67, f. 1 (1993)

= Poinsettia dentata (Michx.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 253 (1859)

= Poinsettia dentata (Michx.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 722 (1903), isonym

species :

Euphorbia denticulata Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 435 (1788)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran)

33 GEO 34 IRN IRQ TUR

Remarks: denticulata agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cilicica Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 4: 88 (1859)

= Euphorbia cristata D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 5: 321 (1852), pro syn.

= Euphorbia rotundata Hochst.; Wanderungen Morgenl. [Lorent] 344 (1845)

species :

Euphorbia dentosa I.M.Johnst.; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 7: 439 (1922), nom. nov.

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Durango, Sonora)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia setiloba var. dentata Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 44 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia depauperata Hochst.; Flora 24(1. Intell.): 22 (1841), nomen, ex A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 241

Distribution: Guinea; Nigeria; Cameroon; Burundi; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Australia [I] (New South Wales [I]); New Zealand [I]

22 GUI NGA 23 BUR CMN 24 ETH SOM SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 50 aus 51 nzl

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia depauperata subsp. aprica Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 631 (1907)

= Euphorbia depauperata var. pubescens Pax; Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 6: 188 (1897)

= Euphorbia depauperata var. pubiflora N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 539 (1911)

= Euphorbia lepidocarpa Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 287 (1903)

= Euphorbia multiradiata Pax & K.Hoffm.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 240 (1910)

= Euphorbia shirensis Baker f. [Trans.Linn.Soc.London, Bot., Ser.2, 4: 38 (1894)]

= Tithymalus depauperatus (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 79 (1860)

variant :

var. laevicarpa Friis & Vollesen; Kew Bull. 37(3): 470 (1982)

Distribution: South Sudan; Uganda

24 SSU 25 UGA

variant :

var. trachycarpa (Pax) S.Carter; Kew Bull. 40(4): 815 (1985)

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi

25 TAN 26 MLW ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia trachycarpa Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 288 (1903)

variant :

var. tsetserrensis S.Carter; Kew Bull. 45(2): 336 (1990)

Distribution: Zimbabwe; Mozambique

26 MOZ ZIM

species :

Euphorbia deppeana Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 6 (1860)

Distribution: Hawaii (Oahu)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Endangered, USA Status: Endangered

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum californicum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 36 (1860)

= Chamaesyce deppeana (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 409 (1916)

= Chamaesyce festiva (Sherff) Croizat & O.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Euphorbia festiva Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 589 (1936)

= Euphorbia pauciflora Nutt. ex Seem.; Fl. Vit. [Seemann] 216 (1867), nom. illeg. (non Duf.)

species :

Euphorbia derickii V.W.Steinm.; Novon 15(1): 219 (2005)

Distribution: Mexico (Guanajuato, Guerrero, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia derksenii van Jaarsv. & Marx; Haseltonia 32(1)-0104: 8 (2025)

Distribution: South Africa (Northern Prov.)

27 SAF

species :

Euphorbia descampsii (Pax) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]

23 ZAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium descampsii Pax; Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 37: 108 (1898)

species :

Euphorbia desmondii Keay & Milne-Redh.; Kew Bull. [10]: 139 (1955)

Distribution: Ghana; Niger; Nigeria; Cameroon; SW-Chad

22 GHA NGA NGR 23 CMN 24 CHA

species :

Euphorbia dhofarensis S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(6): 679 (1992)

Distribution: Oman

35 OMA

species :

Euphorbia diazlunana (J.A.Lomelí & Sahagún) V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 48 (2003)

Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Jalisco)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Pedilanthus diazlunanus J.A.Lomelí & Sahagún; Acta Bot. Mex. 25: 15 (1993)

species :

Euphorbia dichroa S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3861 (1982)

Distribution: NE-Uganda

25 UGA

species :

Euphorbia didiereoides Denis ex Leandri; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 6: 121 (1934)

Distribution: C-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia digestiva Rojas Acosta; Cat. Hist. Nat. Corrientes 179 (1897)

Distribution: Argentina (Corrientes)

85 ARG

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Euphorbia dilloniana Haager & Sedivá; Euphorbia World 10(3): 18 (2014)

Distribution: C-Chile

85 CLE

species :

Euphorbia dilobadena S.Carter; Kew Bull. 40(4): 818 (1985)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia dilunguensis (Malaisse & Lecron) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]

23 ZAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium dilunguense Malaisse & Lecron; Bull. Séances Acad. Roy. Sci. Outre-Mer 40(3): 403 (1994 publ. 1995)

species :

Euphorbia diminuta S.Carter; Kew Bull. 39(3): 646 (1984)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia dimorphocaulon P.H.Davis; Phyton (Horn) 1: 196 (1949)

Distribution: Crete (widespread); East Aegaean Isl. (Kasos, Karpathos); Turkey (SSW-Anatolia); Cyprus (N-Cyprus)

13 KRI 34 CYP EAI TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, apios agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus dimorphocaulon (P.H.Davis) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 171 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia dioeca Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 53 (1817)

Distribution: Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatan); Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; ?Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Navassa Isl.; Aruba; Bonaire; Curacao; Colombia (Atlántico, Cauca, Cundinamarca, La Guajira, Magdalena, Tolima, Valle); Venezuela (Aragua, Anzoategui, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Falcon, Guarico, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador; NE-Brazil (Bahia)

79 MEX 80 COS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 ARU BON CUR HIS NAV 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 ECU 84 BRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum dioecum (Kunth) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 31 (1860)

= Chamaesyce bryophylla (Donn.Sm.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

= Chamaesyce dioica (Kunth) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 384 (1914)

= Chamaesyce urbanii Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 412 (1916)

= Euphorbia bryophylla Donn.Sm.; Bot. Gaz. 56: 62 (1913)

= Euphorbia chiogenoides Rusby; Descr. S. Amer. Pl. 51 (1920)

= Euphorbia multiflora Willd. ex Klotzsch; London J. Bot. 2: 42 (1843), pro syn.

= Euphorbia urbanii (Millsp.) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 49 (1989)

= Euphorbia villosula Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 1: 340 (1899) (non Pax)

species :

Euphorbia dioscoreoides Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 22 (1860)

subspecies :

subsp. dioscoreoides

Distribution: Mexico (Chihuahua, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Veracruz, Zacatecas); ?Guatemala; ?Nicaragua

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus dioscoreoides (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

= Euphorbia mocinoi Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 47 (1989), nom. nov.

= Euphorbia peltata Sessé & Moc.; Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 122 (1894) (non Roxb.)

subspecies :

subsp. attenuata V.W.Steinm.; Aliso 14(3): 222 (1995 publ. 1996)

Distribution: Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Sinaloa, Sonora, Colima, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia discoidalis Chapm.; Fl. South. U.S. 401 (1860)

Name: Summer spurge

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas)

77 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Agaloma corollata var. angustifolia (Elliott) Raf.; Autik. Bot. 95 (1840)

= Agaloma discoidalis (Chapm.) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 2: 300 (1912)

= Euphorbia corollata var. angustifolia Elliott; Sketch Bot. S. Carolina [Elliott] 2: 659 (1824)

= Tithymalopsis angustifolia Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 249 (1859)

= Tithymalopsis discoidalis (Chapm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 717 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia discoidea (P.R.O.Bally) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006)

Distribution: Zambia; N-Zimbabwe

26 ZAM ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium discoideum P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 26 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia discrepans S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42: 380 (1987)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia dispersa L.C.Leach; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 2(1): 48 (1974)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia dissitispina L.C.Leach; Kirkia 10(2): 394 (1977)

Distribution: Zimbabwe

26 ZIM

species :

Euphorbia distinctissima L.C.Leach; Excelsa 15: 12 (1991 publ. 1992)

Distribution: Zambia

26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia diuretica Larrañaga; Escritos Damaso Antonio Larrañaga 2: 164 (1923)

Distribution: Uruguay

85 URU

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Euphorbia djimilensis Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4(2): 1104 (1879)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus] (Adzharia, Abkhazia); Turkey (NE-Anatolia, S-Anatolia)

33 GEO 34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus djimilensis (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia dolichoceras S.Carter; Kew Bull. 35(2): 418 (1980)

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi

25 TAN 26 MLW ZAM

species :

Euphorbia doloensis M.G.Gilbert; Kew Bull. 45(2): 271 (1990)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia douliotii (Poiss.) J.-P.Castillon; Euphorbia World 17(2): 35 (2021), et 18(1): 21 (2022)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia rubrostriata var. douliotii Poiss.; Rech. Fl. Mérid. Madagascar 38 (1912)

species :

Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 428 (1788)

subspecies :

subsp. dracunculoides

Distribution: Morocco; S-Algeria; Tunisia; S-Libya; Egypt (SE-Egypt); Mauritania; Niger; N-Chad (Tibesti); Sudan; Djibouti; Mauritius; La Réunion; Iraq (S-Iraq); Saudi Arabia (C-Saudi Arabia, Dahana, Hejaz, Nejd Desert); Qatar; United Arab Emirates; Oman (Mascat & Oman); China (Yunnan); Pakistan (Karachi, Baluchistan, N. W. Frontier Prov., Pakistani Punjab, Swat, Gilgit); Nepal; India (Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu); Bangladesh

20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 22 MTN NGR 24 CHA DJI SUD 29 MAU REU 34 IRQ 35 OMA QAT SAU UAE 36 CHI 40 BAN IND NEP PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia angustifolia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 62 (1825), nom. illeg., non Glaz.

= Euphorbia glauca Ehrenb. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 140 (1862) non Steud. 1821

= Euphorbia hamiltonii Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 46 (1989), nom. nov.

= Euphorbia lanceolata Biehler; Pl. Nov. Herb. Spreng. 22 (1807)

= Tithymalus dracunculoides (Lam.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 84 (1860)

subspecies :

subsp. flamandii (Batt.) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 31: 40 (1940)

Distribution: Morocco; S-Algeria; Mauritania

20 ALG MOR 22 MTN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia dracunculoides var. africana Rikli & Schröt.; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 57: 127 (1912)

= Euphorbia dracunculoides var. flamandii (Batt.) Maire; Étud. Fl. Vég. Sahara 147 (1933)

= Euphorbia flamandii Batt.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 47: 253 (1900)

= Tithymalus dracunculoides subsp. flamandii (Batt.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. glebulosa (Coss. & Durieu) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 20: 202 (1929)

Distribution: Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia

20 ALG MOR TUN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia glebulosa Coss. & Durieu; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 4: 493 (1857)

= Euphorbia globulosa var. peplidea Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 139 (1862)

= Tithymalus dracunculoides subsp. glebulosus (Coss. & Durieu) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. hesperia Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 29: 449 (1938)

Distribution: Morocco; ?Mauritania

20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus dracunculoides subsp. hesperius (Maire) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. inconspicua (Ball) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 20: 202 (1929)

Distribution: SE-Spain (Cabo de Gata, Almeria); Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia

12 SPA 20 ALG MOR TUN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia dracunculoides f. elongata H.Lindb.; Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 1(2) (Itin. Medit.): 97 (1932)

= Euphorbia dracunculoides f. subrotunda H.Lindb.; Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 1(2) (Itin. Medit.): 97 (1932)

= Euphorbia dracunculoides var. ballii Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 20: 201 (1929)

= Euphorbia dracunculoides var. pseudoafricana Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 31: 39 (1940)

= Euphorbia dracunculoides var. taourirtensis (Batt. & Trab.) Batt.; Contr. Fl. Atl. 81 (1919)

= Euphorbia glebulosa subsp. inconspicua (Ball) Maire; Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 15: 51 (1927)

= Euphorbia glebulosa var. almeriensis Lange; Diagn. pl. Iber. 1: 15 (1878)

= Euphorbia glebulosa var. taourirtensis (Batt.) Maire; Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 21: 16 (1930)

= Euphorbia inconspicua Ball; J. Bot. 13: 205 (1875)

= Euphorbia inconspicua f. elongata H.Lindb.; Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 1(2) (Itin. Medit.): 97 (1932)

= Euphorbia inconspicua f. subrotunda H.Lindb.; Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 1(2) (Itin. Medit.): 97 (1932)

= Euphorbia taourirtensis Batt. & Trab.; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 9: 16 (1918)

= Tithymalus dracunculoides subsp. inconspicuus (Ball) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. intermedia (Maire) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 20: 202 (1929)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia glebulosa subsp. intermedia Maire; Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 15: 51 (1927)

= Tithymalus dracunculoides subsp. intermedius (Maire) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. volutiana Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 28: 379 (1937)

Distribution: Algeria; ?Tunisia; Libya

20 ALG LBY

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia dracunculoides var. occidentalis Faure & Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 29: 450 (1938)

= Tithymalus dracunculoides subsp. volutianus (Maire) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia dregeana E.Mey.; Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Docum. [Drège] 184, nomen, Boiss. in Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 95 (1862)

Distribution: SW-Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Pseudeuphorbium

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia elastica Marloth; Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 2: 37 (1910), nom. illeg.

= Tirucalia dregeana (E.Mey. ex Boiss.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5: 89 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia dressleri V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 48 (2003) nom. nov.

Distribution: Mexico (Guerrero)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Pedilanthus gracilis Dressler; Contr. Gray Herb. 182: 109 (1957)

species :

Euphorbia drummondii Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 14 (1860)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania); ?New Caledonia

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce drummondii (Boiss.) D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 24(5): 640 (1976), isonym

= Chamaesyce drummondii (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

= Euphorbia chamaesyce Baill.; Adansonia 6: 285 (1866), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia drummondii var. dallachyana Baill.; Adansonia 6: 285 (1866)

= Euphorbia drummondii var. erythropeplis Baill.; Adansonia 6: 285 (1866)

species :

Euphorbia drupifera Thonn.; Beskr. Guin. Pl. [Schumacher] 250 (1827)

Distribution: Guinea-Bissau; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Niger; Nigeria; Cameroon; Principe Isl.; São Tomé; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Chad; Uganda; Angola

22 BEN GHA GNB IVO LBR NGA NGR SIE TOG 23 CAF CMN CON GAB PRI SAO ZAI 24 CHA 25 UGA 26 ANG

Synonyms: hidden

= Elaeophorbia drupifera (Thonn.) Stapf; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 29: t. 2823 (1906)

= Euphorbia elastica Poiss. & Pax; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 8: 60 (1902), nom. prov.

= Euphorbia renouardii Pax; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 8: 61 (1902)

= Euphorbia toxicaria Afzel. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 615 (1841), nomen

species :

Euphorbia dubovikii Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 45 (1989), nom. nov.

Distribution: Northern Caucasus

33 NCS

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pinetorum Dubovik; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Nizsh. Rast. 1976: 105 (1976 publ. 1977) (non (Small) G. L. Webster (1967))

species :

Euphorbia duckei (Croizat) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 45 (1989)

Distribution: N-Brazil (Amazonas)

84 BRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce duckei Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 185 (1943)

species :

Euphorbia duerrii Sarojin. & Raja Kullayisw.; Taiwania 69(4): 531 (2024)

Distribution: India (Maharashtra)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia dugandiana Croizat; Caldasia 2: 129 (1943)

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca)

82 CLM

species :

Euphorbia dulcis L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 457 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. dulcis

Name: Süße Wolfsmilch (DE), Sweet Spurge (EN)

Distribution: Germany (Brandenburg, E-Bayern, Niedersachsen [I], Schleswig-Holstein [I], Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; E-Italy; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; ?Romania; ?Bulgaria; ?Ukraine

11 AUT CZE GER HUN POL SLO 13 BIH CRO ITA KOS SLV SMA SRB

Remarks: dulcis agg. Occupies the eastern part of the species distribution. Greek records refer to E. oblongata fide Strid (2024)

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia angulata subsp. deseglisei (Boreau ex Bois.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 649 (1881)

= Euphorbia cordata Schrank; Baier. Fl. 1: 747 (1789)

= Euphorbia deseglisei Boreau ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 128 (1862)

= Euphorbia dulcis proles deseglisei (Boreau ex Boiss.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 12: 153 (1910)

= Euphorbia dulcis f. lanuginosa Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 184 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia dulcis f. longeradiata Bolzon; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1908: 8 (1908)

= Euphorbia dulcis var. alpigena (A.Kern.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 649 (1881)

= Euphorbia dulcis var. chloradenia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 127 (1862)

= Euphorbia dulcis var. deseglisei (Boreau ex Bois.) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 269 (1936)

= Euphorbia dulcis var. laevis Merino; Fl. Galicia [Merino] 3: 613 (1909)

= Euphorbia dulcis var. lanuginosa Peterm.; Anal. Pfl.-Schlüss. 395 (1846), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia dulcis var. lasiocarpa Neilr.; Fl. Nied.-Oesterr. 845 (1859)

= Euphorbia dulcis var. trichocarpa Neilr.; Fl. Wien 578 (1846), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia hiberna Lepech.; Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reich. 1: 221 (1774), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia solisequa Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 756 (1832)

= Euphorbia viridiflora Waldst. & Kit.; Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 3: 309 (1812)

= Galarhoeus dulcis (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 147 (1812)

= Pythius dulcis (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1836)

= Tithymalus alpigena (A.Kern.) Woerl.; Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 3: 136 (1893)

= Tithymalus deseglisei (Boreau ex Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

= Tithymalus dulcis (L.) Scop.; Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 334 (1771)

subspecies :

subsp. diploidea Kravanja & Frajman; Perspect. Pl. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 67: 125861, p. 13 (2025)

Distribution: SE-France (Alpes Maritimes); NW-Italy (Liguria)

12 FRA 13 ITA

Remarks: diploid, restricted range

subspecies :

subsp. incompta (Ces.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 275 (1890)

Distribution: S-Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz, Hessen, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern); E-France; Switzerland; Liechtenstein; W-Austria; N-Italy

11 AUT GER LIE SWI 12 FRA 13 ITA

Remarks: triploid, occupies the north-central part of distribution

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia alpigena A.Kern.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 16: 337 (1866)

= Euphorbia dulcis var. incompta (Ces.) Hegi & Beger; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(1): 155 (1924), isonym

= Euphorbia dulcis var. incompta (Ces.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 649 (1881)

= Euphorbia fallax Hagenb.; Tent. Fl. Basil. 1: 435 (1821)

= Euphorbia incompta Ces.; Bibliot. Ital. (Milan) 91: 348 (1838)

= Tithymalus dulcis subsp. incomptus (Ces.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. purpurata (Thuill.) Murr; Neue Übers. Bl.-Pfl. Vorarlberg Liechtenstein 2: 193 (1923)

Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I]); Ireland [I] (Northern Ireland [I]); Denmark [I]; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland); Switzerland; N-Portugal; N-Spain; France (widespread in the Center and South); Corsica; Italy

10 den grb ire 11 BGM GER LUX NET SWI 12 COR FRA POR SPA 13 ITA

Remarks: tetraploid, occupies the western part of distribution

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia dulcis subsp. purpurata (Thuill.) Rothm.; Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 67: 7 (1963), isonym

= Euphorbia dulcis var. leiocarpa Neilr.; Fl. Wien 578 (1846)

= Euphorbia dulcis var. purpurata (Thuill.) W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 628 (1837)

= Euphorbia dulcis var. viridiflora (Waldst. & Kit.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 649 (1881)

= Euphorbia purpurata Thuill.; Fl. Env. Paris, éd. 2: 235 (1799)

= Euphorbia purpurata var. elliptica Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 16 (1806)

= Euphorbia solisequa var. purpurata (Thuill.) Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 756 (1832), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia verrucosa subsp. purpurata (Thuill.) Ces.; Not. Nat. Civ. Lombardia [Cattaneo] 1: 312 (1844)

= Tithymalus dulcis subsp. ellipticus (Pers.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

= Tithymalus dulcis subsp. purpuratus (Thuill.) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8(2): 174 (1973)

= Tithymalus dulcis var. purpuratus (Thuill.) Asch.; Fl. Brandenburg 1(2): 602 (1864)

species :

Euphorbia dumalis S.Carter; Kew Bull. 40(4): 816 (1985)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

species :

Euphorbia dumeticola P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. Gr. Brit. 38(3): 66 (1976), nom. nov.

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia platyacantha Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 84 (1904) non Drake

species :

Euphorbia dumosoides Bruyns; Phytotaxa 423(2): 95 (2019), nom. nov.

Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Esula, sect. Esula

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia dumosa E.Mey.; Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Docum. [Drège] 184 (1843), nomen, Boiss. in Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 168

species :

Euphorbia dunensis S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(6): 687 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia durandoi Chabert; J. Bot. [Morot] 14: 70 (1900)

Distribution: Algeria

20 ALG

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Euphorbia duranii Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 160 (1955)

Distribution: C-Madagascar

29 MDG

variant :

var. ankaratrae Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 160 (1955)

Distribution: C-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia durispina Haev. & Hett.; Euphorbia World 17(2): 14 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia duriuscula Pax & K.Hoffm. ex Herzog; Blumea 5: 641 (1945)

Distribution: Bolivia (Santa Cruz)

83 BOL

Conservation Status: Known only from type

species :

Euphorbia duseimata R.A.Dyer; Fl. Pl. South Africa 14: t. 530 (1934)

subspecies :

subsp. duseimata

Distribution: Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Free State, N-Cape Prov.)

27 BOT SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bergii A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 1: 477 2: App. A, 963 (1941)

subspecies :

subsp. pseudoduseimata (A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane) Bruyns; Euphorbia S. Africa 1: 304 (2022)

Distribution: Namibia

27 NAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pseudoduseimata A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 1: 413, in obs. 2: App. A, 963 (1941)

= Euphorbia pseudohypogaea Dinter; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 265 (1921)

species :

Euphorbia dussii Krug & Urb. ex Duss; Ann. Inst. Colon. Marseille 3: 44 (1896 publ. 1897)

Distribution: Martinique; St. Lucia

81 MAR STL

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbiodendron dussii (Krug & Urb. ex Duss) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 306 (1909)

species :

Euphorbia duvalii Lecoq & Lamotte; Cat. Pl. Plateau Central 327 (1847 publ. 1848)

Distribution: S-France (S-Plateau Central: Corbières)

12 FRA

Remarks: dulcis agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia duvalii subsp. ruscinonensis (Boiss.) Kerguélen; Coll. Patrim. Nat. 8 (Index Synonym. Fl. France): 13 (1993)

= Euphorbia duvalii var. lanceolata Timb.-Lagr.; Rev. Bot. Bull. Mens. 10: 107 (1892)

= Euphorbia flavicoma var. ruscinonensis (Boiss.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 1: 85 (1974)

= Euphorbia papillosa Pouzolz ex Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France [Grenier] 3: 81 (1855), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia ruscinonensis Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 33 (1860)

= Tithymalus duvalii (Lecoq & Lamotte) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 152(1): 22 (1983)

= Tithymalus papillosus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 77 (1860)

= Tithymalus pouzolzii Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 109 (1897)

= Tithymalus ruscinonensis (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia dwyeri D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 54: 182 (1967)

Distribution: Panama; Ecuador

80 PAN 83 ECU

species :

Euphorbia eanophylla Croizat; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 10 (1939)

Distribution: Bolivia (La Paz, Santa Cruz)

83 BOL

species :

Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 20: no. 3, 71 (1904)

Distribution: China (Hebei, Anhui); North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu)

36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NKO

Remarks: sect. Holophyllum

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ebracteolata f. coreana (Hurus.) M.Kim; Korean Endemic Pl. 321 (2004)

= Euphorbia ebracteolata f. magna Y.N.Lee; Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 28(1): 28 (1998)

= Euphorbia ebracteolata var. anhweiensis (Hurus.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 184 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia ebracteolata var. coreana Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16(11): 645 (1940)

= Galarhoeus ebracteolatus (Hayata) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 11: 384 (1935)

= Galarhoeus ebracteolatus var. anhweiensis Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 251 (1954)

= Galarhoeus ebracteolatus var. coreanus (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 251 (1954)

= Tithymalus ebracteolatus (Hayata) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 53 (1954)

species :

Euphorbia echinulata (Stapf) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Tanzania; Zambia

23 ZAI 25 TAN 26 ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium aculeolatum Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 89 (1909)

= Monadenium asperrimum Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 90 (1909)

= Monadenium echinulatum f. glabrescens P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 35 (1959)

= Monadenium echinulatum Stapf; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 27: t. 2666 (1901)

species :

Euphorbia ecklonii (Klotzsch & Garcke) Baill.; Adansonia 3(5): 144 (1863)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ecklonii (Klotzsch & Garcke) A.Hässl.; Bot. Not. 335, 338 (1931), isonym

= Euphorbia pistiifolia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 93 (1862)

= Tithymalus ecklonii Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 68 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia ecorniculata Kitam.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 17: 132 (1958)

Distribution: ?Iran; Afghanistan (Bamyan)

34 AFG

species :

Euphorbia edgeworthii Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 120 (1862)

Distribution: China (Xinjiang); NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir); Pakistan (Pakistani Kashmir)

36 CHI 40 IND PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus edgeworthii (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 172 (1972)

= Euphorbia trapezoidalis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1268 (1866), nom. illeg., non Viv.

species :

Euphorbia eduardoi L.C.Leach; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 42: 161 (1968)

Name: Kaoko Euphorbia

Distribution: S-Angola; NW-Namibia

26 ANG 27 NAM

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia eggersii Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 1: 343 (1899)

Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti

81 HIS

species :

Euphorbia eglandulosa V.W.Steinm.; Aliso 14(3): 223 (1995 publ. 1996)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Mexico State, Morelos)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia eichleri Müll.Arg.; J. Bot. 12: 232 (1874)

Distribution: Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Pres. Hayes); Argentina (Catamarca, Chaco, Cordoba, Formosa, La Rioja, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, San Juan, San Luis)

85 ARG PAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce eichleri (Müll.Arg.) Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 185 (1943))

species :

Euphorbia eilensis S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(4): 414 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia elastica Jum.; Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 115: 1048 (1905)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pirahazo Jum.; Caoutchouc & Gutta-Percha 2: 3 (1905)

species :

Euphorbia elburensis Baldesi & S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 39(10)-e03360: 2 (2021)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia eleanoriae (Lorence & Wagner) Govaerts; World Checkl. & Bibliogr. Euphorbiaceae 717 (2000)

Distribution: Hawaii (Kauai)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Rare

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce eleanoriae Lorence & W.L.Wagner; Novon 6(1): 68 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia elegans Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 794 (1826)

Distribution: India (Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce elegans (Spreng.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

= Euphorbia dichotoma Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: 471 (1832), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia elegans var. laxa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 19 (1862)

= Euphorbia platylepis Decne.; Voy. Inde [Jacquemont] 156, t. 157 (1844)

= Euphorbia strobilifera Dalzell; Hooker´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 229 (1851)

= Euphorbia variegata B.Heyne ex Roth; Nov. Pl. Sp. 225 (1821)

species :

Euphorbia elegantissima P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Kew Bull. 29(3): 507 (1974)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia ellenbeckii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 285 (1903)

Distribution: S-Ethiopia; Somalia; N-Kenya

24 ETH SOM 25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia ellipsifolia Gilli; Feddes Repert. 92(9-10): 678 (1981)

Distribution: Ecuador

83 ECU

species :

Euphorbia elliptica Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 425 (1788)

Distribution: Colombia (Cauca)

82 CLM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia heterophylla var. elliptica (Lam.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 605 (1891)

species :

Euphorbia elodes Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 29 (1860)

Distribution: SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina)

84 BRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia discolor Klotzsch ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 104 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia elodes var. minor Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 104 (1862)

= Tithymalus selloi Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 66 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia elquiensis Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 91: 509 (1895)

Distribution: Chile (Atacama, Coquimbo)

85 CLE

species :

Euphorbia elymaitica Bornm.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 28(2): 501 (1911)

Distribution: Iran

34 IRN

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Euphorbia emetica Padilla; Anales Mus. Nac., El Salvador 1: 562 (1903)

Distribution: Guatemala

80 GUA

species :

Euphorbia engelmannii Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 15 (1860)

Name: Engelmann-Schiefblattwolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; S-Europe [I]; Chile (Atacama, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins)

11 ger 85 CLE

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce engelmannii (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

= Euphorbia engelmannii var. depressa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 43 (1862)

= Euphorbia hortensis Engelm. ex Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 15 (1860) (pro syn.)

= Euphorbia inclinata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 42 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia rotundifolia Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beechey Voy. 44 (1830), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia engleri Pax; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 242 (1895)

Distribution: Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN UGA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pseudoengleri Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 87 (1909)

species :

Euphorbia enormis N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 362 (1915)

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia ensifolia Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 20: 251 (1884)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia ephedroides E.Mey.; Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Docum. [Drège] 184 (1843), nomen, ex Boiss. in Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 75 (1862)

subspecies :

subsp. ephedroides

Distribution: SW-Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: sect. Articulofruticosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ephedroides var. debilis L.C.Leach; S. African J. Bot. 56(1): 73 (1990)

= Tirucalia ephedroides (E.Mey. ex Boiss.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5: 89 (1996)

= Tirucalia ephedroides var. debilis (L.C.Leach) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 90 (1996)

subspecies :

subsp. gamsbergensis Bruyns; Haseltonia 25: 47, figs. 23 (map), 24 (2018)

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

subspecies :

subsp. imminuta (L.C.Leach & G.Will.) Bruyns; Haseltonia 25: 47, figs. 23 (map) (2018)

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ephedroides var. imminuta L.C.Leach & G.Will.; S. African J. Bot. 56(1): 72 (1990)

= Tirucalia ephedroides var. imminuta (L.C.Leach & G.Will.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 90 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia ephedromorpha Bartlett; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 43: 54 (1907)

Distribution: Guatemala

80 GUA

species :

Euphorbia epiphylloides Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42(2): 247 (1873)

Distribution: Andaman Isl. (South Andamans); Nicobar Isl. (North Nicobars, Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.)

41 AND NCB

species :

Euphorbia epithymoides L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus], ed. 2: 656 (1762)

subspecies :

subsp. epithymoides

Name: Vielfarbige Wolfsmilch (DE), Cushion spurge (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg [I], +Bayern, Rheinland-Pfalz [I], Sachsen [I]); Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; N-Greece (south to Mt. Pelion, Mt. Athos); Ukraine; Libya; Turkey (NW-Anatolia: Bithynia); Canada [I] (Ontario [I]); USA [I] (Montana [I], New York [I])

11 AUT CZE GER HUN POL SLO 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB 14 UKR 20 LBY 34 TUR 72 cdn 73 usa 75 usa

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, epithymoides agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia epithymoides f. glabrescens Rostański; Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 22: 297 (1976)

= Euphorbia epithymoides var. glaberrima H.Lindb.; Öfvers. Finska Vetensk.-Soc. Förh. 48(13): 69 (1906)

= Euphorbia epithymoides var. jacquinii Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 277 (1901)

= Euphorbia epithymoides var. laxiphylla Láng; Syll. Pl. Nov. 1: 187 (1824)

= Euphorbia epithymoides var. microsperma Murb.

= Euphorbia epithymoides var. macrocarpa Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 593 (1866)

= Euphorbia epithymoides var. polychroma (A.Kern.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 649 (1881)

= Euphorbia fragifera Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 593 (1866), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia jacquinii Fenzl ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 136 (1862)

= Euphorbia microsperma (Murb.) K.Malý; God. Biol. Inst. u Sarajevu 1(2): 41 (1949)

= Euphorbia polychroma A.Kern.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 25: 395 (1875)

= Euphorbia polychroma f. denticulata Rohlena; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vĕstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk., Tř. Mat.-Přír.) 1910(8): 110 (1910 publ. 1911)

= Euphorbia polychroma f. longifolia Beck; Glasn. Zemaljsk. Muz. Bosni Hercegovini 32: 89 (1920)

= Euphorbia polychroma subsp. microsperma (Murb.) Beck; Glasn. Zemaljsk. Muz. Bosni Hercegovini 32: 89 (1920)

= Euphorbia polychroma var. microsperma Murb.; Beitr. Fl. Südbosnien [Acta Univ. Lund. 27(5)]: 41 (1891)

= Euphorbia villosa Friv. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 125 (1862)

= Galarhoeus epithymoides (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 147 (1812)

= Pythius epithymoides (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1836)

= Tithymalus epithymoides (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 79 (1860)

= Tithymalus epithymoides subsp. microspermus (Murb.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

= Tithymalus jacquinii (Fenzl ex Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. gregersenii (F.Malý ex Beck) Frajman; Perspect. Pl. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 65: 16 (2024)

Distribution: Bosnia & Hercegovina

13 BIH

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia gregersenii F.Malý ex Beck; Glasn. Zemaljsk. Muz. Bosni Hercegovini 32: 90 (1920)

= Tithymalus gregersenii (K.Malý ex Beck) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

species :

Euphorbia equisetiformis A.Stewart; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 1: 91 (1911)

Distribution: Galapagos

83 GAL

species :

Euphorbia eranthes R.A.Dyer & Milne-Redh.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1937: 413 (1937)

Distribution: Zambia

26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia eriantha Benth.; Bot. Voy. Sulphur [Bentham] 51 (1844)

Name: Beetle spurge

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Nuevo Leon, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas)

76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia exclusa S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 18: 150 (1882 publ. 1883)

= Poinsettia eriantha (Benth.) Rose & Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 13 (1912)

species :

Euphorbia erigavensis S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(4): 409 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia erinacea Boiss. & Kotschy; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 4: 87 (1859)

Distribution: Libya; Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Israel; Palestine; Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai, N-Sinai)

20 LBY 34 ISR LEB PAL SIN

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus erinaceus (Boiss. & Kotschy) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia eriophora Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 5: 51 (1844)

Distribution: Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, W-Iran); Lebanon (Antilebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, Jazira, NW-Syria, Jbel Druze)

33 ARM AZE 34 IRN IRQ LEB SYR TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia lasiocarpa K.Koch; Linnaea 21: 721 (1848)

= Tithymalus eriophorus (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 65 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia erlangeri Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 286 (1903)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; Kenya

24 ETH SOM 25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia erubescens Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 90 (1846)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Iraq (W-Iraq, S-Iraq); Lebanon (C-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains)

34 IRQ LEB SYR TUR

Remarks: amygdaloides agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia macrostegia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 171 (1862), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia macrostegia var. pauciradiata Bornm.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 7(63): 39 (1917)

= Tithymalus erubescens (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 96 (1860)

= Tithymalus macrostegius (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia erythradenia Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 92 (1846)

Distribution: Iran (EC-Iran, S-Iran, SW-Iran)

34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia erythradenia var. obovata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 152 (1862)

= Euphorbia heteradena Boiss. & Buhse; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 12: 198 (1860), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus erythradenius (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 86 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia erythrocephala P.R.O.Bally & Milne-Redh.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 35: t. 3480 (1951)

Distribution: Zambia

26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia erythroclada Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 25 (1862)

Distribution: India (Goa, Karnataka Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce erythroclada (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

= Chamaesyce erythroclada (Boiss.) K.S.Rao & M.N.V.Prasad; Pl. Syst. Evol. 160(3-4): 192 (1988), isonym

= Euphorbia oligantha Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 19 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia erythrocucullata Mangelsdorff; Haseltonia 11: 3 (2005)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia erythrodon Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 12: 114 (1853)

Distribution: Crimea; Northern Caucasus; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia)

14 KRY 33 NCS 34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia kotovii Klokov; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Nizsh. Rast. 1976: 102 (1976 publ. 1977)

= Euphorbia oschtenica Galushko; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 325 (1973)

= Tithymalus erythrodon (Boiss. & Heldr.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 87 (1860)

= Tithymalus oschtenicus (Galushko) Galushko; Fl. Severn. Kavkaza Vopr. Ist. 3: 56 (1979)

= Tithymalus oschtenicus (Galushko) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 199 (1979 publ. 1980), isonym

species :

Euphorbia erythroxyloides Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 20: 252 (1884)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia mangorensis Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 73 (1945)

species :

Euphorbia esculenta Marloth; Kapland 247 (1908)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia inermis var. laniglans N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 328 (1915)

species :

Euphorbia espinosa Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 120 (1894)

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Namibia (Caprivi Strip); E-Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo)

25 KEN TAN 26 ANG MLW ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF

Remarks: sect. Espinosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia gynophora Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 374 (1904)

= Euphorbia nebrownii Merr.; J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 352, in obs. (1938)

= Euphorbia nodosa N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 548 (1911), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia estevesii N.Zimm. & P.J.Braun; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 72(6): 318 (2000)

Distribution: N-Brazil (Tocantins)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia esula L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 461 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. esula

Name: Esels-Wolfsmilch (DE), Leafy spurge (EN)

Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Scotland [I]); Denmark [I]; Norway [I]; Sweden [I]; Finland [I]; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland [I]; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; France; Channel Isl. [I]; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; ?Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Primorye, Sakhalin); Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Iran; Afghanistan (Takhar); China (Guizhou, Yunnan, etc.); Tibet; Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea (incl. Cheju Isl.); Japan (Honshu); India [I] (Jammu & Kashmir [I]); Canada [I] (Alberta [I], British Columbia [I], Manitoba [I], New Brunswick [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Prince Edward Isl. [I], Québec [I], Saskatchewan [I], Yukon [I]); USA [I] (Arizona [I], California [I], Colorado [I], Connecticut [I], Delaware [I], Iowa [I], Idaho [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Kansas [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Missouri [I], Montana [I], North Dakota [I], Nebraska [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New Mexico [I], Nevada [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], South Dakota [I], Utah [I], Virginia [I], Vermont [I], Washington State [I], Wisconsin [I], West Virginia [I], Wyoming [I])

10 den fin grb nor swe 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LUX NET POL SLO swi 12 cis FRA POR SPA 13 BIH BUL CRO ITA KOS MNT ROM SLV SRB 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 34 AFG IRN 36 CHI TIB 37 MON 38 JAP KOR NKO 40 ind 70 cdn 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, esula agg. The group contains lots of taxa with doubtful status (see other listed species in esula agg.). There is ongoing confusion about the delimitation (lumping vs. splitting, especially in the former USSR). Also it might be possible that the introduced species in North America is not esula s. str. but something else.

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula angustifolia Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 156 (1812)

= Esula ararica (Jord.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Esula dalechampii Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 155 (1812)

= Esula major Garsault; Fig. Pl. Méd. 1: 265 (1764), opus utique oppr.

= Esula pseudocyparissias (Jord.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Esula riparia (Jord.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Esula salicetorum (Jord.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Esula vulgaris Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Euphorbia acuta Bellardi ex Colla; Herb. Pedem. 5: 132 (1836), nom. rej.

= Euphorbia androsaemifolia Schousb. ex Willd.; Enum. Pl. [Willdenow], Suppl. 27 (1814)

= Euphorbia androsaemifolia subsp. salicetorum (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 652 (1881)

= Euphorbia angustifolia (Haw.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 323 (1821)

= Euphorbia ararica Jord.; Annot. Fl. France Allemagne 27 (1855)

= Euphorbia baxanica Galushko; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 6: 216 (1970)

= Euphorbia borodinii Sambuk; Izv. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 7, Otd. Fiz.-Math. Nauk 45 (1928)

= Euphorbia chankoana Vorosch.; Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada 40: 51 (1961)

= Euphorbia croizatii (Hurus.) Kitag.; J. Jap. Bot. 31: 304 (1956), in obs., non Leandri (1946)

= Euphorbia cyparissias var. pinifolia (Lam.) Bogenh.; Taschenb. Fl. Jena 331 (1850)

= Euphorbia discolor f. gracilis Popov; Konspekt Fl. Pober. Baikal 214 (1966)

= Euphorbia discolor Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 577 (1851)

= Euphorbia discolor subsp. karoi (Freyn) Bassargin; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 66: 430 (1981)

= Euphorbia discolor var. glabra Loschk. & Polozhij; Sist. Zametki Mater. Gerb. Krylova Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. Kuybysheva 86: 15 (1979) (without type)

= Euphorbia discolor var. pilosa Loschk. & Polozhij; Sist. Zametki Mater. Gerb. Krylova Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. Kuybysheva 86: 16 (1979)

= Euphorbia esula proles paludosa Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 12: 165 (1910)

= Euphorbia esula f. esulifolia (Thell.) Kuzmanov; Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 7: 162 (1979)

= Euphorbia esula f. mosana (Lej.) Hegi & Beger; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(1): 171 (1924)

= Euphorbia esula f. octoradiata (H.Lév. & Vaniot) M.Kim; Korean Endemic Pl. 544 (2017)

= Euphorbia esula f. salicetorum (Jord.) Hegi & Beger; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(1): 171 (1924)

= Euphorbia esula f. segetalis (Willd.) Hegi & Beger; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(1): 171 (1924)

= Euphorbia esula subsp. aragonensis Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 652 (1881)

= Euphorbia esula subsp. chankoana (Vorosch.) Vorosch.; Florist. Issl. Razn. Raionakh S.S.S.R. [A.K.Skvortsov] 180 (1985)

= Euphorbia esula subsp. mosana (Lej.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 12: 164 (1910)

= Euphorbia esula subsp. pinifolia (Lam.) Hegi & Beger; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(1): 171 (1924)

= Euphorbia esula subsp. pinifolia (Lam.) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 274 (1936), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia esula subsp. pseudocyparissias (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 652 (1881)

= Euphorbia esula subsp. tristis (Besser) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 12: 164 (1910)

= Euphorbia esula subsp. tristis (M.Bieb.) R.C.V.Douin; Fl. Ill. France 14 (1929)

= Euphorbia esula var. angustifolia Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 596 (1866)

= Euphorbia esula var. ararica (Jord.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 652 (1881)

= Euphorbia esula var. cyparissioides Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 161 (1862)

= Euphorbia esula var. elata C.A.Mey.; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 4: 194 (1833)

= Euphorbia esula var. gracilis (Klotzsch & Garcke) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 652 (1881)

= Euphorbia esula var. lanceolata Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France [Grenier] 3: 88 (1855)

= Euphorbia esula var. latifolia (Ledeb.) Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 576 (1850)

= Euphorbia esula var. latifolia H.Mart.; Prodr. Fl. Mosq., Ed. Alt. 84 (1817)

= Euphorbia esula var. loreyi (Jord.) Douin; Fl. Ill. France 10: 14 (1929)

= Euphorbia esula var. mosana (Lej.) DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 6: 361 (1815)

= Euphorbia esula var. parvifolia Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 596 (1866)

= Euphorbia esula var. pinifolia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 161 (1862)

= Euphorbia esula var. pseudocyparissias (Jord.) Syme; Engl. Bot., ed. 3B, 8: 107 (1868)

= Euphorbia esula var. riparia (Jord.) Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 596 (1866)

= Euphorbia esula var. salicetorum (Jord.) T.Durand; Cat. Fl. Liègeoise 56 (1877)

= Euphorbia esula var. subracemosa Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 596 (1866)

= Euphorbia esula var. tristis (M.Bieb.) Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 761 (1832)

= Euphorbia filicina Port.; Enum. Pl. Dalmatia 15, t. 8 (1824)

= Euphorbia filicina var. alpina Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 163 (1862)

= Euphorbia filicina var. montana Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 163 (1862)

= Euphorbia fleurotii Jord.; Annot. Fl. France Allemagne 27 (1855)

= Euphorbia glomerulans (Prokh.) Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 429 (1949), pro syn.

= Euphorbia gmelinii Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 612 (1841)

= Euphorbia gmelinii var. angustifolia Krylov; Fl. Zapadnoi Sibiri 8: 1877 (1935 publ. 1934)

= Euphorbia gracilis Besser; Cat. Hort. Cremeneci 56 (1816)

= Euphorbia gracilis Besser ex M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 324 (1819), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia imperfoliata Vis.; Fl. Slovenia (Dalmatia) 3: 227 (1852)

= Euphorbia intermedia Bréb.; Fl. Normandie, éd. 3: 271 (1859)

= Euphorbia kaleniczenkoi Czern.; Konspekt´ Rast. Kar´kova 55 (1859)

= Euphorbia kaleniczenkoi var. nana Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 394 (1940)

= Euphorbia karoi Freyn; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 46: 58 (1896)

= Euphorbia leoncroizatii Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 46 (1989), nom. nov. for E. croizatii (Hurus.) Kitag.

= Euphorbia loreyi Jord.; Annot. Fl. France Allemagne 26 (1855)

= Euphorbia lunulata Bunge; Enum. Pl. China Bor. 59 (1833)

= Euphorbia lunulata var. obtusifolia Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 397 (1940)

= Euphorbia maackii Meinsh.; Nachr. Wilni-Geb. 204 (1871), ex Trautv., Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 9: 160 (1884)

= Euphorbia mandshurica Maxim.; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 29: 203 (1884), et Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 11: 360 (1891)

= Euphorbia meyeriana Galushko; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 6: 216 (1970)

= Euphorbia minxianensis W.T.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 10(1): 43 (1988)

= Euphorbia mosana Lej.; Fl. Spa 1: 218 (1811)

= Euphorbia nakaiana H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 183 (1913)

= Euphorbia nakaii f. caespitosa Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 459 (1940)

= Euphorbia nakaii f. littoralis Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 459 (1940)

= Euphorbia nakaii Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 457 (1940), et in Icon. Pl. As. Or. 3: 279 (1940)

= Euphorbia nakaii var. hondoensis Hurus.; Iconogr. Pl. Asiae Orient. 3-4: 280 (1940)

= Euphorbia octoradiata H.Lév. & Vaniot; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 5: 281 (1908)

= Euphorbia paludosa Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 12: 165 (1910)

= Euphorbia pinifolia Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 437 (1788)

= Euphorbia pseudagraria N.P.Smirn.; Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol., n. s. 49(2): 85 (1940)

= Euphorbia pseudocyparissias Jord.; Annot. Fl. France Allemagne 28 (1855)

= Euphorbia racemosa Tausch ex Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 761 (1832), pro syn.

= Euphorbia riparia Jord.; Annot. Fl. France Allemagne 27 (1855)

= Euphorbia rossica P.A.Smirn.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 26: 233 (1929)

= Euphorbia salicetorum Jord.; Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci., Sér. 2, 1: 138 (1852)

= Euphorbia takouensis H.Lév. & Vaniot; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 5: 281 (1908)

= Euphorbia tarokoensis Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 7: 34-35, t. 9 (1918)

= Euphorbia tristis Besser; Cat. Jard. Bot. Krzemieniec, Suppl. 4: 27 (1815)

= Euphorbia virgata f. esulifolia Thell.; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(1): 175 (1924)

= Euphorbia ×gmelinii Steud. ex Prokh.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 233 (1964), pro spec.

= Euphorbion esulum (L.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 126 (1880)

= Galarhoeus borodinii (Sambuk) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 71 (1941)

= Galarhoeus croizatii Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 249 (1954)

= Galarhoeus esula (L.) Rydb.; Brittonia 1: 93 (1931)

= Galarhoeus esula f. caespitosus (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 247 (1954)

= Galarhoeus esula f. littoralis (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 247 (1954)

= Galarhoeus esula f. maackii (Meinsh.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 248 (1954)

= Galarhoeus esula subsp. cyparissioides (Boiss.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 248 (1954)

= Galarhoeus esula subsp. maackii (Meinsh.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 248 (1954)

= Galarhoeus esula subsp. nakaii (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 246 (1954)

= Galarhoeus esula var. cyparissioides (Boiss.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 249 (1954)

= Galarhoeus esula var. hondoensis (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 248 (1954)

= Galarhoeus esula var. maackii (Meinsh.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 248 (1954)

= Galarhoeus esula var. nakaii (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 246 (1954)

= Galarhoeus gmelinii (Steud.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 50 (1941)

= Galarhoeus kaleniczenkii (Czern.) Kitag.; Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 1: 263 (1937)

= Galarhoeus lunulatus (Bunge) Kitag.; Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo, Sect. IV, 4 (Index Fl. Jehol.) 89 (1936)

= Galarhoeus lunulatus var. obtusifolius (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6-6: 239 (1954)

= Galarhoeus mandshuricus Kitag.; Bull. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 1(3): p. 4 (1937)

= Galarhoeus nakaii Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 458 (1940)

= Galarhoeus octoradiatus (H.Lév. & Vaniot) Nakai ex H.Lév.; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo 31: 70 (1952)

= Galarhoeus pseudagrarius (N.P.Smirn.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 68 (1941)

= Galarhoeus tarokoensis (Hayata) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 14: 356 (1938)

= Keraselma esula (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Tithymalus androsaemifolius (Schousb. ex Willd.) Samp.; Anais Fac. Sci. Porto 17: 46 (1931)

= Tithymalus baxanicus (Galushko) Galushko; Fl. Severn. Kavkaza Vopr. Ist. 3: 56 (1979)

= Tithymalus chankoanus (Vorosch.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

= Tithymalus discolor (Ledeb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 97 (1860)

= Tithymalus esula (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/4 (1768)

= Tithymalus esula subsp. mosanus (Lej.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

= Tithymalus esula subsp. pseudocyparissias (Jord.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

= Tithymalus esula subsp. riparia (Jord.) Chrtek & Krísa; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 152(4): 226 (1983 publ. 1984)

= Tithymalus esula subsp. tristis (Besser ex M.Bieb.) Chrtek & Krísa; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 152(4): 226 (1983 publ. 1984)

= Tithymalus esula var. mosanus (Jord.) Asch.; Fl. Brandenburg 1(2): 940 (1864)

= Tithymalus esula var. pinifolius (Lam.) Asch.; Fl. Brandenburg 1(2): 603 (1864)

= Tithymalus esula var. salicetorum (Jord.) Asch.; Fl. Brandenburg 1(2): 603 (1864)

= Tithymalus filicinus (Port.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

= Tithymalus glomerulans Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 183 (1933)

= Tithymalus gmelinii (Steud.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 53, in clavi, et 174 (1933)

= Tithymalus gracilis Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 92 (1860)

= Tithymalus imperfoliatus (Vis.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

= Tithymalus linifolius Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 95 (1779)

= Tithymalus lunulatus (Bunge) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

= Tithymalus mandshuricus (Maxim.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

= Tithymalus meyerianus (Galushko) Galushko; Fl. Severn. Kavkaza Vopr. Ist. 3: 56 (1979)

= Tithymalus nakaianus (H.Lév.) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 54 (1954)

= Tithymalus tarokoensis (Hayata) S.S.Ying; Coloured Ill. Fl. Taiwan 4: 753 (1992), isonym

= Tithymalus tarokoensis (Hayata) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 177 (1972)

= Tithymalus tristis (Besser) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 92 (1860)

subspecies :

subsp. maglicensis (Rohlena) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30 (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc.): 132 (1924)

Distribution: Serbia; Montenegro

13 MNT SRB

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia esula subsp. maglicensis (Rohlena) Govaerts, Frodin & Radcl.-Sm.; World Checkl. & Bibliogr. Euphorbiaceae 2: 723 (2000), isonym

= Euphorbia esula var. maglicensis (Rohlena) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30 (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc.): 132 (1924)

= Euphorbia maglicensis Rohlena; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vĕstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk., Tř. Mat.-Přír.) 1912(1): 111 (1913)

= Euphorbia pancicii Beck; Glasn. Zemaljsk. Muz. Bosni Hercegovini 32: 95 (1920)

= Tithymalus pancicii (Beck) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia esuliformis S.Schauer; Linnaea 20: 729 (1847)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Coahuila, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia campestris Schltdl. & Cham.; Linnaea 5: 84 (1830), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia campestris var. esuliformis (Nees & Schauer) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 147 (1862)

= Euphorbia campestris var. foliosa Millsp.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 16: 66 (1889)

= Euphorbia campestris var. seemannii (Klotzsch) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 147 (1862)

= Euphorbia furcillata var. ribana M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 5: 128 (1975)

= Euphorbia seemannii Klotzsch; Bot. Voy. Herald [Seemann] 276 (1856)

= Tithymalus esuliformis (S.Schauer) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 84 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia etuberculosa P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Kew Bull. 40(4): 811 (1985)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia eugeniae Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 735 (1949)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]

33 GEO NCS

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

species :

Euphorbia euonymoclada Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 16: 357 (1940)

Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)

42 NWG

species :

Euphorbia excelsa A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 2: 919, App. A, 966 (1941)

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia excisa Urb. & Ekman; Ark. Bot. 22A(8): 66 (1929)

Distribution: Hispaniola (Haiti)

81 HIS

species :

Euphorbia exigua L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 456 (1753)

Name: Kleine Wolfsmilch (DE); Dwarf spurge (EN); Lechetrezna enana (ES)

Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, +Scotland); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, +Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, +Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; Gibraltar; Baleares; France; Channel Isl. (Guernsey); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Malta; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (widespread lowlands, incl. most islands); Crete (widespread); Estonia [I]; Belarus; C-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Azores (Santa Maria Isl., Sao Miguel Isl., Terceira, Sao Jorge, Pico, Faial); Madeira (Madeira Isl.); Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Palma, Fuerteventura); Northern Caucasus; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread, incl. Rhodos); Turkey (N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iran (N-Iran); Cyprus (C-Mountains); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, C-Syrian Desert, NW-Syria, Jbel Druze); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, N-Negev Desert); Australia [I] (South Australia [I], Tasmania [I]); New Zealand [I]; Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I]); USA [I] (California [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Pennsylvania [I], Texas [I], West Virginia [I])

10 DEN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO BAL CIS COR FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MLT MNT NMA PEL ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR est RUS UKR 20 ALG LBY MOR TUN 21 AZO CNY MDR 33 NCS 34 CYP EAI IRN ISR LEB SYR TUR 50 aus 51 nzl 71 cdn 72 cdn 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula diffusa (Jacq.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 158 (1812)

= Esula exigua (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 158 (1812)

= Esula tricuspidata (Lapeyr.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 149 (1869)

= Euphorbia diffusa Jacq.; Misc. Austriac. [Jacquin] 2: 311 (1781)

= Euphorbia exigua f. acuta (L.) Hegi & Beger; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(1): 187 (1924), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia exigua f. caespitosa Bolzon; Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1911: 58 (1911)

= Euphorbia exigua f. diffusa (Jacq.) Hegi & Beger; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(1): 187 (1924)

= Euphorbia exigua f. retusa (L.) Vollm.; Fl. Bayern [Vollmann] 507 (1914)

= Euphorbia exigua subsp. acuta (L.) Ehrh.; Hannover. Mag. 18: 223 (1780)

= Euphorbia exigua subsp. diffusa (Jacq.) Ces.; Not. Nat. Civ. Lombardia [Cattaneo] 1: 312 (1844)

= Euphorbia exigua subvar. tricuspidata (Lapeyr.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 655 (1881)

= Euphorbia exigua var. acuta L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 456 (1753), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia exigua var. melillensis Sennen; Diagn. Nouv. 115 (1936)

= Euphorbia exigua var. obtusa Rosén & Wahlenb.; Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. 8: 238 (1821)

= Euphorbia exigua var. pycnophylla K.U.Kramer & Westra; Acta Bot. Neerl. 21: 59 (1972)

= Euphorbia exigua var. pycnophylla Kramer & Westra; Acta Bot. Neerl. 21(1): 59 (1972)

= Euphorbia exigua var. retusa L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 456 (1753)

= Euphorbia exigua var. rubra (Cav.) Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 759 (1832)

= Euphorbia exigua var. tricuspidata (Lapeyr.) W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv., ed. 2, 2: 731 (1844)

= Euphorbia exigua var. truncata W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv., ed. 2, 2: 731 (1844), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia melillensis Sennen & Mauricio; Cat. Fl. Rif Orient. 106 (1933), nomen

= Euphorbia pycnophylla (K.U.Kramer & Westra) C.Brullo & Brullo; Gruppi Crit. Fl. Ital. 43 (2009), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia sommieriana C.Brullo & Brullo; Fl. End. Illustr. Sicilia 162 (2020), nom. nov. for E. pycnophylla (K. U. Kramer & Westra) C. Brullo & Brullo

= Euphorbia tricuspidata Lapeyr.; Hist. Pl. Pyrénées 271 (1813)

= Keraselma exiguum (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Keraselma retusum (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Nisomenes diffusa (Jacq.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Tithymalus exiguus (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/3 (1768)

= Tithymalus exiguus (L.) Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 100 (1779), isonym

= Tithymalus exiguus var. retusus (L.) Jess.; Deut. Excurs.-Fl. 214 (1879)

variant :

var. merinoi (M.Laínz) M.Laínz; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 13: 475 (1956)

Distribution: Portugal; Spain; France; Morocco

12 FRA POR SPA 20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia exigua subsp. merinoi Laínz; Broteria, Ser. Bot. 24: 141 (1955)

species :

Euphorbia exilis L.C.Leach; S. African J. Bot. 56(1): 76 (1990)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., N-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: sect. Articulofruticosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia glandularis L.C.Leach & G.Will.; S. African J. Bot. 56(1): 75 (1990)

species :

Euphorbia exilispina S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(2): 382 (1987)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia exserta (Small) Coker; Pl. Life Hartsville, S.C. 88 (1912)

Name: Coastal sand spurge

Distribution: USA (Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Agaloma elliottii House; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 7: 130 (1921)

= Agaloma exserta (Small) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 2: 300 (1912)

= Agaloma gracilis Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 2: 299 (1912)

= Euphorbia exserta (Small) B.E.Sm.; J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 62: 83 (1946), isonym

= Euphorbia gracilior Cronquist; Castanea 14: 102 (1949)

= Euphorbia gracilis Elliott; Sketch Bot. S. Carolina [Elliott] 2: 657 (1824), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia gracilis var. rotundifolia Alph.Wood; Class-book Bot. (ed. copyrighted 1881): 627 (1881)

= Euphorbia ipecacuanhae var. gracilis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 101 (1862)

= Tithymalopsis exserta Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 717 (1903)

= Tithymalopsis gracilis (Elliott) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 716 (1903)

= Tithymalus elliottii Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 67 (1860)

= Xamesike gracilis (Elliott) Raf.; Autik. Bot. 98 (1840)

species :

Euphorbia exstipulata Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 189 (1858)

Name: Squareseed spurge

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Zacatecas)

73 USA 74 USA 76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce exstipulata (Engelm.) Rydb.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 1913. 40: 53

= Euphorbia aliceae A.Nelson; Bot. Gaz. 42: 50 (1906)

= Euphorbia exstipulata var. lata Warnock & M.C.Johnst.; Southw. Naturalist 14: 127 (1969)

= Zygophyllidum exstipulatum (Engelm.) Wooton & Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 146 (1913)

species :

Euphorbia eyassiana P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3864 (1982)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia eylesii Rendle; J. Bot. 43: 52 (1905)

Distribution: Zambia; Zimbabwe; Namibia; Botswana

26 ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM

Remarks: sect. Anisophyllum, subsect. Hypericifoliae

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce eylesii (Rendle) Koutnik; S. African J. Bot. 3(4): 263 (1984)

= Euphorbia leshumensis N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 513 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia falcata L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 456 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. falcata

Name: Sichel-Wolfsmilch (DE); Sickle Spurge (EN)

Distribution: Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, +Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [I], Nordrhein-Westfalen [I], Rheinland-Pfalz, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; Baleares; France; Corsica; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (widespread mailand, rare Samothraki, Kiklades, Ionian Isl., Kerkyra); Crete; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Siberia (Altai); Russian Far East (Primorye); Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Ikaria, Samos, Kos, Tilos, Simi, Kasos, Karpathos, Rhodos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia, S-Iraq, W-Iraq: Desert); Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Balkh, Bamyan, Ghazni, Kabul, Kandahar, Kunar / Nuristan, Logar, Parwan); Cyprus (C-Mountains, W-Cyprus); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, Jbel Druze, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, N-Negev Desert); Sinai peninsula (N-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (Asir); United Arab Emirates; Oman (Mascat & Oman); Pakistan (Baluchistan, Quetta, Kurram, Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Pakistani Punjab, Gilgit); NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir); Australia [I] (South Australia [I], New South Wales [I]); USA [I] (Iowa [I], Kentucky [I], Maryland [I], Ohio [I], Pennsylvania [I], Virginia [I], West Virginia [I]); Chile [I] (Metropolitana de Santiago [I])

11 AUT CZE GER HUN POL SLO SWI 12 ADO BAL COR FRA POR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR KRY RUS 20 ALG LBY MOR TUN 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 AFG CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SIN SYR TUR 35 OMA SAU UAE 40 IND PAK 50 aus 74 usa 75 usa 78 usa 85 cle

Remarks: falcata agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula falcata (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 159 (1812)

= Esula obscura (Loisel.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Euphorbia acuminata Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 426 (1788)

= Euphorbia arenaria Willd. ex Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 570 (1850), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia arvensis Kit. ex Schult.; Oesterr. Fl., ed. 2, 2: 16 (1814)

= Euphorbia arvensis Schleich. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 323 (1821), pro syn.

= Euphorbia caesaraugustana Willk. & Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 3: 505 (1877), nomen

= Euphorbia caudata Boiss. & Hausskn.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1267 (1866)

= Euphorbia erythrosperma A.Kern.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 1867: 30 (1867)

= Euphorbia falcata f. rubra (Cav.) Nikolić; Fl. Srbije 3: 556 (1972)

= Euphorbia falcata subsp. lusitanica (Daveau) Cout.; Fl. Portugal [Coutinho] 388 (1913)

= Euphorbia falcata subsp. obscura (Loisel.) Ces.; Not. Nat. Civ. Lombardia [Cattaneo] 1: 312 (1844)

= Euphorbia falcata subsp. rubra (Cav.) Mateo & Figuerola; Fl. Analit. Valencia 368 (1987)

= Euphorbia falcata subvar. maroccana (Murb.) Vindt; Trav. Inst. Sci. Chérifien, Sér. Bot. 2: 131 (1960)

= Euphorbia falcata var. acuminata (Lam.) St.-Amans; Fl. Agen. [St.-Amans] 189 (1818)

= Euphorbia falcata var. carunculata Loscos & J.Pardo; Ser. Inconf. Pl. Aragon. 95 (1863)

= Euphorbia falcata var. congesta Daveau; Bol. Soc. Brot. 3: 25 (1885)

= Euphorbia falcata var. croizatii Sennen & Mauricio; Diagn. Nouv. 242 (1936)

= Euphorbia falcata var. ecornuta Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4(2): 1111 (1879)

= Euphorbia falcata var. falciformis Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 139 (1843)

= Euphorbia falcata var. galilaea (Boiss.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 140 (1862)

= Euphorbia falcata var. latifolia Font Quer; Iter Marocc. [Font Quer], Exsicc. 1930: no. 412 (1932)

= Euphorbia falcata var. laxa Albert; Cat. Pl. Vasc. Var [Albert & Jahandiez] 429 (1908)

= Euphorbia falcata var. lusitanica Daveau; Bol. Soc. Brot. 3: 25 (1885)

= Euphorbia falcata var. maroccana Murb.; Contr. Fl. Maroc [Murbeck] 2: 6 (1923)

= Euphorbia falcata var. minor W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv., ed. 2, 2: 731 (1844)

= Euphorbia falcata var. mucronata (Lam.) Fiori; Nuov. Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 178 (1925)

= Euphorbia falcata var. obscura (Loisel.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 655 (1881)

= Euphorbia falcata var. peploiforme Sennen; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 78: 190 (1931)

= Euphorbia falcata var. rubra (Cav.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 140 (1862)

= Euphorbia falcata var. vernalis Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 282 (1901)

= Euphorbia galilaea Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 12: 116 (1853)

= Euphorbia mucronata Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 427 (1788)

= Euphorbia nervosa Kit.; Linnaea 32: 559 (1864)

= Euphorbia obscura Loisel.; J. Bot. [Desvaux] 2: 332 (1809)

= Euphorbia ×palatinata F.Zimm.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 14: 375 (1916), nomen

= Euphorbia pseudograeca Grossh.; Izv. Azerbaidžansk. Fil. 1: 44 (1941)

= Euphorbia purpurascens Deysson; Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 62: 35 (1907), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia rubra Cav.; Icon. [Cavanilles] 1: 21 (1791)

= Euphorbia rubra f. autumnalis Willk.; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 3: 498 (1880)

= Euphorbia rubra f. vernalis Willk.; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 3: 498 (1880)

= Euphorbia rugosa Kit.; Pl. Banat. Rar. 26 (1828), nomen

= Euphorbia tatianae Fed.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 16: 241 (1954)

= Galarhoeus falcatus (L.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 35 (1941)

= Keraselma falcatum (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Keraselma rubrum (Cav.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Tithymalus falcatus (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Fl. N. Mitt.-Deutschland, ed. 4: 292 (1858)

= Tithymalus falcatus subsp. acuminatus (Lam.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

= Tithymalus galilaeus (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 83 (1860)

= Tithymalus mucronatus Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 94 (1897)

= Tithymalus ruber (Cav.) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 93 (1897)

subspecies :

subsp. macrostegia (Bornm.) O.Schwarz; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 36: 129 (1934)

Distribution: Turkey

34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia falcata var. macrostegia Bornm.; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, N. F. 24: 111 (1908)

= Tithymalus falcatus subsp. macrostegius (Bornm.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia famatamboay F.Friedmann & Cremers; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 16(2): 253 (1976)

subspecies :

subsp. famatamboay

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cedrorum Rauh & Hebding; Succulentes 1993(4): 5 (1993)

subspecies :

subsp. itampolensis F.Friedmann & Cremers; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 16(2): 254 (1976)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia fanjahiraensis Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 488(1): 32 (2021), nom. nov.

Distribution: Madagascar (Fianarantsoa)

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia isalensis Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 163 (1946), nom. inval.

species :

Euphorbia fanshawei L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 39(1): 8 (1973)

Distribution: Zambia

26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia fascicaulis S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 49(4): 181 (1977)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia fasciculata Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 86 (1800)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

species :

Euphorbia faucicola L.C.Leach; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 3(2): 99 (1977)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia fauriei H.Lév. & Vaniot; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 5: 281 (1908)

Distribution: South Korea

38 KOR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia fauriei var. filiformis H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 5: 281 (1908)

= Euphorbia hakutosanensis Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 581 (1940)

= Euphorbia pekinensis subsp. fauriei (H.Lév. & Vaniot) T.Kuros. & H.Ohashi; J. Jap. Bot. 69(5): 278 (1994)

= Euphorbia pekinensis var. fauriei (H.Lév. & Vaniot) Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 638 (1940)

= Galarhoeus fauriei (H.Lév. & Vaniot) Nakai ex H.Lév.; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo 31: 69 (1952)

= Galarhoeus hakutosanensis (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 261 (1954)

= Galarhoeus pekinensis var. fauriei (H.Lév. & Vaniot) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 259 (1954)

= Galarhoeus pekinensis var. intermedius Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 260 (1954)

species :

Euphorbia feddemae McVaugh; Brittonia 13: 183 (1961)

Distribution: Mexico (Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Jalisco)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce feddemae (McVaugh) McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 211 (1993)

species :

Euphorbia fendleri Torr. & A.Gray; Pacif. Railr. Rep. 2: 175 (1856)

Name: Fendler´s sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Nevada, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Wyoming); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon)

73 USA 74 USA 76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum fendleri (Torr. & A.Gray) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 26 (1860)

= Chamaesyce fendleri (Torr. & A.Gray) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 710 (1903)

= Chamaesyce gooddingii Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 405 (1916)

= Chamaesyce greenei (Millsp.) Rydb.; Fl. Rocky Mts. 544 (1917)

= Euphorbia fendleri var. dissimilis Payson; Bot. Gaz. 60: 379 (1915)

= Euphorbia greenei Millsp.; Pittonia 2: 88 (1890)

= Euphorbia rupicola Scheele; Linnaea 22: 153 (1849), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus fendleri (Torr. & A.Gray) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 85 (1860), non (Boiss.) Croizat

species :

Euphorbia ferdinandi Baill.; Adansonia 6: 284 (1866)

Distribution: Australia

50 AUS

variant :

var. appendiculata Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 488 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland)

50 AUS

variant :

var. saxosiplaniticola Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 490 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, South Australia)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia ferdowsiana Pahlevani; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 177(3): 359 (2015)

Distribution: Iran

34 IRN

species :

Euphorbia ferganensis B.Fedtsch.; Consp. Fl. Turkestanicae [O.A.Fedchenko & B.A.Fedchenko] 6: 304 (1916)

Distribution: Siberia (W-Siberia); Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan

30 SIB 32 KGZ TZK UZB

Remarks: sect. Holophyllum

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus ferganensis (B.Fedtsch.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 39: 77 (1933), in clavi

species :

Euphorbia ferox Marloth; Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 3: 122 (1913)

subspecies :

subsp. ferox

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., N-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia aggregata A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 92 (1907)

= Euphorbia aggregata var. alternicolor (N.E.Br.) A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 616 (1941)

= Euphorbia alternicolor N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 344 (1915)

= Euphorbia captiosa N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 345 (1915)

subspecies :

subsp. calitzdorpensis Bruyns; Haseltonia 25: 38, figs. 13-16 (2018)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

species :

Euphorbia fianarantsoae Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 164 (1955)

Distribution: C-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia fiherenensis Poiss.; Rech. Fl. Mérid. Madagascar 53 (1912)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia fiherenensis (Poiss.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 90 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia filicaulis Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 9: 217 (1924)

Distribution: Cuba

81 CUB

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce filicaulis (Urb.) Alain; Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio De La Salle 11: 12 (1952)

species :

Euphorbia filiflora Marloth; Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 3: 123 (1913)

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia filiflora var. nana G.Will.; Bradleya 21: 49 (2003)

= Euphorbia meyeri Nel; Kakteenkunde 134 (1933), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia nelii A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 1: 484 2: App. A, 963 (1941) (nom. nov. pro E. meyeri Nel)

= Euphorbia versicolores G.Will.; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 67(5): 284 (1995)

species :

Euphorbia filiformis (P.R.O.Bally) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Zambia; Malawi

23 ZAI 26 MLW ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium chevalieri var. filiforme P.R.O.Bally; Gen. Monaden. 32 (1961)

= Monadenium filiforme (P.R.O.Bally) S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(4): 905 (1987)

species :

Euphorbia fimbrilligera Mart.; Index Sem. (München) 1845: 4 (1845), et Linnaea 19: 407 (1847)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Sonora, Veracruz)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus subreniformis (S.Watson) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 415 (1916)

= Euphorbia ocymoidea var. subreniformis (S.Watson) McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 229 (1993)

= Euphorbia subreniformis S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 21: 439 (1886)

species :

Euphorbia finkii (Boiss.) V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 48 (2003)

Distribution: Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Pedilanthus finkii Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1261 (1862)

= Tithymaloides finkii (Boiss.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 620 (1891)

species :

Euphorbia fischeri Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 117 (1894)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Remarks: sect. Anisophyllum, subsect. Hypericifoliae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia mossambicensis var. fischeri (Pax) N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 510 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia fischeriana Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 611 (1841)

Distribution: Siberia (Chita); Russian Far East (Amur); China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong); Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea

30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI 37 MON 38 KOR NKO

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia fischeriana f. glaberrima (Maxim.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 184 (1992)

= Euphorbia lathyris Georgi; Beschr. Nation. Russ. Reich. 3(4): 993 (1800), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia pallasiana Turcz. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.; Index Sem. (St. Petersburg [Petropolitanus]) 1: 8 (1835)

= Euphorbia pallasii f. glaberrima (Maxim.) Kitag.; Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 429 (1979)

= Euphorbia pallasii Turcz. ex Ledeb.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 11(2): 1004 (1838)

= Euphorbia pallasii var. glaberrima Maxim.; Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 11: 833 (1883)

= Euphorbia verticillata Fisch.; Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 3: 81 (1812), nom. illeg.

= Galarhoeus fischerianus (Steud.) Kitag.; Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 1: 296 (1937)

= Galarhoeus pallasii (Turcz. ex Ledeb.) Hatus. ex Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 238 (1954)

= Tithymalus fischeranus (Steud.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

= Tithymalus pallasii (Turcz. ex Ledeb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 75 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia fissispina P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(2): 375 (1987)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia fistulosa M.L.S.Khan; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 25: 111, t. 7 (1964)

Distribution: Turkey (SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia); Syria (NW-Syria)

34 SYR TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus fistulosus (M.L.S.Khan) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 172 (1972), no basionym page

species :

Euphorbia fitzroyensis Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 491 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia flanaganii N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 314 (1915)

Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia discreta N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 316 (1915)

= Euphorbia ernestii N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 307 (1915)

= Euphorbia franksiae N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 315 (1915)

= Euphorbia gatbergensis N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 310 (1915)

= Euphorbia passa N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 313 (1915)

= Euphorbia woodii N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 315 (1915)

species :

Euphorbia flaviana Carn.-Torres & Cordeiro; Syst. Bot. 37(3): 688 (2012)

Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia flavicoma DC.; Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp. 110 (1813)

subspecies :

subsp. flavicoma

Distribution: Germany; Austria; Spain; France; Italy

11 AUT GER 12 FRA SPA 13 ITA

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, verrucosa agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia brittingeri subsp. flavicoma (DC.) Ladero; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 31(1): 124 (1974)

= Euphorbia brochonii Deysson; Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 62: 30 (1907)

= Euphorbia carniolica DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 3: 342 (1805), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia epithymoides f. villosa Fiori & Paol.; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 278 (1901)

= Euphorbia epithymoides var. flavicoma (DC.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 277 (1901)

= Euphorbia flavicoma f. ciliatifolia Marcet; Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 45: 237 (1945)

= Euphorbia flavicoma subsp. mariolensis (Rouy) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 1: 85 (1974)

= Euphorbia flavicoma var. hispanica Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 31: 56 (1884), nomen

= Euphorbia flavicoma var. mariolensis (Rouy) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 38: 85 (1974)

= Euphorbia mariolensis Rouy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 29: 127 (1882)

= Euphorbia polygalifolia proles mariolensis (Rouy) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 12: 182 (1910)

= Euphorbia polygalifolia f. puberula Loscos ex Willk.; Suppl. Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 260 (1893), nomen

= Euphorbia polygalifolia subsp. mariolensis (Rouy) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 269 (1936)

= Euphorbia suffruticulosa Lecoq & Lamotte; Cat. Pl. Plateau Central 327 (1847 publ. 1848)

= Euphorbia uliginosa Lange; Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn, Ser. 2, 6: 125 (1865) non Welw. ex Boiss.

= Euphorbia verrucosa subsp. flavicoma (DC.) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 616 (1882)

= Euphorbia verrucosa subsp. flavicoma (DC.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 280 (1894), isonym

= Euphorbia verrucosa subsp. mariolensis (Rouy) Vives; Acta Geobot. Barcinon. 1: 29 (1964)

= Euphorbia verrucosa var. flavescens Benth.; Cat. Pl. Pyrénées 79 (1826)

= Galarhoeus flavicomus (DC.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 149 (1869)

= Tithymalus flavicomus (DC.) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 108 (1897)

= Tithymalus mariolensis (Rouy) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 11(1): 83 (1976)

= Tithymalus polygalifolius subsp. mariolensis (Rouy) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. bermejense Hidalgo-Triana, Pérez Lat. & Cabezudo; Phytotaxa 273(3): 160 (2016)

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

subspecies :

subsp. giselae J.Simon; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 55(1): 199 (1997)

Distribution: S-Spain; SE-France

12 FRA SPA

subspecies :

subsp. occidentalis M.Laínz; Bol. Inst. Estud. Asturianos, Supl. Ci. 22 (Aport. Conoc. Fl. Cantabro -Astur, xi.): 7 (1976)

Distribution: N- & NW-Spain

12 SPA

species :

Euphorbia flindersica Halford & W.K.Harris; J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 24: 43 (-46, fig. 1) (2010)

Distribution: Australia (South Australia)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia floribunda Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 39 (1862)

Distribution: Mexico (Jalisco)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce floribunda (Engelm. ex Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 409 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia florida Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 189 (1858)

Name: Chiricahua Mountain sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Chihuahua, Jalisco, Sinaloa, Sonora)

76 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce florida (Engelm.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 409 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia floridana Chapm.; Fl. South. U.S. 401 (1860)

Name: Greater Florida spurge

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia sphaerosperma Shuttlew. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 102 (1862)

= Galarhoeus floridanus (Chapm.) Small; Man. S.E. Fl. [Small] 801 (1933)

= Tithymalus sphaerospermus (Shuttlew. ex Boiss.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 719 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia fluminis S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3854 (1982)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia foliolosa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 24 (1862)

Distribution: SE-Brazil (São Paulo)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia fontqueriana Greuter; Candollea 20: 170 (1965)

Distribution: Baleares (Mallorca)

12 BAL

Remarks: corsica agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia myrsinites subsp. litardierei Font Quer & Garcias Font; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 37: 55 (1949)

= Tithymalus fontquerianus (Greuter) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia forolensis L.E.Newton; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 67(6): 358 (1995)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia forskaolii J.Gay; Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.) 3(2, 3): 240 (1847)

Distribution: ?Morocco; Libya; Egypt (Desert Oases, Eastern Desert, Great Southwestern Desert, NE-Egypt, Nile Delta, Nile Valley, NW-coastal Egypt, SE-Egypt); Cape Verde Isl. (Santo Antao Isl., Sao Vicente Isl., Santa Luzia Isl., Sal Isl., Ilha da Boa Vista, Ilha de Maio, Ilha de Sao Tiago, Fogo Isl., Ilha Brava); Mauritania; Senegal; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Niger; Nigeria; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; Central African Republic; Chad (incl. Ennedi); Sudan; Ethiopia; Somalia; Namibia; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan (Talysh); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley); Sinai peninsula (N-Sinai); Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, Asir)

20 EGY LBY 21 CVI 22 BEN BKN GHA GUI IVO LBR MLI MTN NGA NGR SEN SIE TOG 23 BIO CAF CMN 24 CHA ETH SOM SUD 27 NAM 33 AZE GEO 34 ISR SIN 35 SAU

Remarks: forskaolii agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum aegyptiacum (Boiss.) Schweinf.; Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. [Schweinfurth] 34 (1867)

= Anisophyllum burmannianum (J.Gay) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 25 (1860)

= Anisophyllum forskaolii (J.Gay) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 25 (1860)

= Chamaesyce forskaolii (J.Gay) Parolly; Willdenowia 37: 251 (2007), isonym

= Chamaesyce forsskaolii (J.Gay) Figueiredo; Fl. Cabo Verde 54: 48 (1996)

= Euphorbia aegyptiaca Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 13 (1860)

= Euphorbia aegyptiaca var. indica Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 35 (1862)

= Euphorbia austrooccidentalis Thell.; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 61: 431 (1916)

= Euphorbia burmanniana J.Gay; Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.) 3(2, 3): 239 (1847)

= Phyllanthus forskaolii Lepr. ex Baill.; Adansonia 1: 59 (1860 publ. 1861)

species :

Euphorbia fortissima L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 30: 209 (1964)

Distribution: Zambia; Zimbabwe

26 ZAM ZIM

species :

Euphorbia fortuita A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 1: 397 2: App. A, 962 (1941)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

species :

Euphorbia fosbergii (Florence) Govaerts; World Checkl. & Bibliogr. Euphorbiaceae 730 (2000)

Distribution: Cook Isl. (Rarotonga, Mangaia, Manuae, Ngaputoru Group, Takutea, ?Aitutaki); Society Isl. (Bora Bora, Huahine, Maupiti, Moorea, Tahaa, Tahiti, Tupai); Tuamotu Arch. (Ahe, Anaa, Fakareva, Hiti, Kaukura, Makatea, Makemo, Manihi, Niau, Rangiroa, Raroia, Tahanea, Taiaro, Takapoto, Takaroa, Takume, Tikehau, Tikei); Austral Isl. (Raivavae, Rurutu)

61 AUI COO SCI TUA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce fosbergii J.Florence; Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 18: 243, fig. 1 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia fractiflexa S.Carter & J.R.I.Wood; Kew Bull. 37: 75 (1982)

Distribution: Saudi Arabia (Asir); Yemen (W-Yemen)

35 SAU YEM

species :

Euphorbia fragifera (Klotzsch & Garcke) Jan; Cat. Pl. Phaen. 76 (1818) ex Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 16

Name: Zerbrechliche Wolfsmilch

Distribution: Germany [I]; NE-Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; ?Albania

11 ger 13 CRO ITA SLV

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, epithymoides agg. Records from the SE-Balkans and Greece are probably wrong fide Strid (2024)

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia epithymoides f. glabrescens K.Rostański; Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 22(3): 297 (1976)

= Euphorbia epithymoides var. fragifera (Jan ex Link) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 277 (1901)

= Euphorbia fragifera (Jan ex Link) Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 593 (1866)

= Euphorbia rablensis Wulfen ex Schrank; Syll. Pl. Nov. 2: 223 (1828)

= Tithymalus fragiferus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 79 (1800)

species :

Euphorbia franchetii B.Fedtsch.; Consp. Fl. Turkestanicae [O.A.Fedchenko & B.A.Fedchenko] 6: 310, f. 9 (1916)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; ?Iran; Afghanistan (Badakshan, Badghys, Baghlan, Faryab, Kabul, Kunar / Nuristan, Samangan, Takhar,); China (Xinjiang)

32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 34 AFG 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia hissarica Lipsky ex Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 140 (1933)

= Euphorbia turkestanica Franch.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 5, 18: 248 (1884), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus franchetii (B.Fedtsch.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 46, in clavi, et 140 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia franckiana A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 78 (1907 publ. 1906)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: insufficiently known

species :

Euphorbia francoana Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 22 (1860)

Distribution: Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz); Guatemala; Honduras

79 MEX 80 GUA HON

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus francoanus (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia frankii Lavranos; Kakteen And. Sukk. 56(9): 241 (2005)

Distribution: N-Yemen

35 YEM

species :

Euphorbia fraseri Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 55 (1862)

Distribution: Colombia (Cauca); Ecuador

82 CLM 83 ECU

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia popayanensis Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 507 (1899)

species :

Euphorbia friedrichiae Dinter; Neue Pfl. Südw.-Afr. [Dinter] 29 (1914)

subspecies :

subsp. friedrichiae

Distribution: Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia multiramosa Nel; Jahrb. Deutsch. Kakteen-Ges. 1: 29 (1935)

subspecies :

subsp. pofadderensis Bruyns; Haseltonia 25: 32, figs. 3-5 (2018)

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

species :

Euphorbia friesii (N.E.Br.) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006)

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Zimbabwe

25 TAN 26 ZAM ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium friesii N.E.Br.; Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Rhodesia-Kongo-Exped. 1911-1912 1: 115 (1914)

species :

Euphorbia friesiorum (A.Hässl.) S.Carter; Kew Bull. 40: 818 (1985)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia grantii var. friesiorum A.Hässl.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 42 (1930)

species :

Euphorbia fruticosa Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 94 (1775)

Distribution: Yemen (W-Yemen)

35 YEM

species :

Euphorbia fruticulosa Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 38 (1862)

Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce fruticosa (Engelm. ex Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 409 (1916)

variant :

var. hirtella M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 5(5): 141 (1975)

Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce fruticulosa var. hirtella (M.C.Johnst.) Mayfield; Phytologia 75(2): 179 (1993)

species :

Euphorbia fuentesii V.W.Steinm.; Phytotaxa 114(1): 26 (2013)

Distribution: Bolivia (Santa Cruz)

83 BOL

species :

Euphorbia fulgens Karw. ex Klotzsch; Allg. Gartenzeitung [Otto & Dietrich] 2: 26 (1834)

Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia jacquiniiflora Hook.; Bot. Mag. 65: t. 3673 (1838)

= Euphorbia jacquiniiflora Neumann; Ann. Fl. Pomone 1837-1838: 185 (1838)

= Trichosterigma fulgens (Karw. ex Klotzsch) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 248 (1859)

species :

Euphorbia furcata N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 566 (1911)

Distribution: SE-Kenya; NE-Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

species :

Euphorbia furcatifolia M.G.Gilbert; Kew Bull. 45(2): 266 (1990)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia furcillata Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 60 (1817)

Distribution: Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Guatemala

79 MEX 80 GUA

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus furcillatus (Kunth) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 86 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia fuscoclada Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 492(1): 9 (2021)

Distribution: N-Madagascar (Antsiranana)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia fuscolanata Gilli; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 74: 438 (1970 publ. 1971)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia fusiformis Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 62 (1825)

Distribution: Nepal; India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Bangladesh

40 BAN IND NEP

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia acaulis Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 472 (1824)

= Euphorbia humilis Royle; Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle], 329, t. 82, f. 2 (1836)

species :

Euphorbia fwambensis (N.E.Br.) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006)

Distribution: Zambia; Zimbabwe

26 ZAM ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium fwambense N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 461 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia gaditana Coss.; Notes Pl. Crit. 1(2): 46 (1849)

Distribution: SW-Spain (Sanlucar de Barrameda, N of Cádiz); Algeria; Tunisia

12 SPA 20 ALG TUN

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, platyphyllos agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia reboudiana Coss. ex Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 794 (1890)

= Tithymalus reboudianus (Coss. ex Batt. & Trab.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia gaillardotii Boiss. & C.I.Blanche; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 4: 84 (1859)

Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia); Iraq (NW-Iraq); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, Jazira, NW-Syria); Jordania (W-Jordania)

34 IRQ JOR LEB SYR TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia guestii Blakelock; Kew Bull. [5]: 452 (1951)

= Tithymalus gaillardotii (Boiss. & C.I.Blanche) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 74 (1860)

= Tithymalus guestii (Blakelock) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia galapageia B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 3, 1: 144 (1895)

Distribution: Galapagos

83 GAL

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce galapageia (B.L.Rob. & Greenm.) D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 56: 177 (1969)

= Euphorbia stevensii A.Stewart; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 1: 92 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia galgalana S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(4): 407 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia gammaranoi G.Will.; Euphorbia World 2(3): 9 (2006)

Distribution: Zambia

26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia garanbiensis Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 103 (1920)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce garanbiensis (Hayata) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 14: 355 (1935)

species :

Euphorbia garberi Engelm. ex Chapm.; Fl. South. U.S., Suppl. 646 (1883)

Name: Garber´s sandmat

Distribution: USA (Florida)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce adicioides Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 710 (1903)

= Chamaesyce brachypoda Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 709 (1903)

= Chamaesyce garberi (Engelm. ex Chapm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 710 (1903)

= Chamaesyce mosieri Small; Torreya 27: 93 (1927)

species :

Euphorbia gariepina Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 28 (1860)

subspecies :

subsp. gariepina

Distribution: Angola; Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

26 ANG 27 NAM SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Pseudeuphorbium

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bergeriana Dinter; Neue Pfl. Südw.-Afr. [Dinter] 28 (1914)

= Euphorbia halleri Dinter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 9: 39 (1937)

= Euphorbia schaeferi Dinter; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 304 (1921)

subspecies :

subsp. balsamea (Welw. ex Hiern) L.C.Leach; Excelsa Taxon. Ser. 2: 78 (1980)

Distribution: Angola; Namibia

26 ANG 27 NAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia balsamea Welw. ex Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 951 (1900)

species :

Euphorbia garkeana Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 38 (1862)

Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti

81 HIS

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum ramosissimum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859 30 (1860)

= Chamaesyce garkeana (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 409 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia gasparrinii Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 125 (1862)

subspecies :

subsp. gasparrinii

Distribution: C-Italy; Sicily

13 ITA SIC

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, epithymoides agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia epithymoides var. gasparrinii (Boiss.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 277 (1901)

= Tithymalus gasparrinii (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. samnitica (Fiori) Pignatti; Giorn. Bot. Ital. 107(5): 219 (1973)

Distribution: C-Italy

13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia epithymoides var. samnitica Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 277 (1901)

= Euphorbia verrucosa var. glabra Ten.; Fl. Napol. 1: 236 (1811)

species :

Euphorbia gaubae (Soják) Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 36: 216 (1981)

Distribution: Iran (EC-Iran, S-Iran)

34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia gaubae var. velutina (Bornm. & Gauba) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 184 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia halophila Bornm. & Gauba; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 47: 61 (1939) non Miq. (1852)

= Euphorbia halophila var. velutina Bornm. & Gauba; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 47: 62 (1939)

= Tithymalus gaubae Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 172 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia gaudichaudii Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 7 (1860)

Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Palau (Babeldaob); Northern Marianas (Saipan, Rota); Guam; Fed. States of Micronesia (Yap)

42 NWG 62 GUM MIC MRN PLU

species :

Euphorbia gaumeri Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 1: 372 (1898)

Distribution: Mexico (Quintana Roo, Yucatan)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Aklema gaumeri (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 416 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia gayi Salis; Flora 17(2. Beibl.): 6 (1834)

Distribution: Baleares; Corsica; Sardinia

12 BAL COR SAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus gayi (Salis) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 88 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia gebelica Brullo; Boll. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania 27(347): 258 (1994 publ. 1996)

Distribution: Libya

20 LBY

species :

Euphorbia gedrosiaca Rech.f.; Anz. Österr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 88: 220 (1951)

Distribution: Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, S-Iran, W-Iran)

34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus gedrosiacus (Rech.f., Aellen & Esfand.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia geldorensis S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(4): 405 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia gemmea P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3863 (1982)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia genistoides P.J.Bergius; Descr. Pl. Cap. 146 (1767)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Esula, sect. Esula

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia artifolia N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 263 (1915)

= Euphorbia corifolia Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 430 (1788)

= Euphorbia dilatata E.Mey.; Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Docum. [Drège] 184 (1843), nomen

= Euphorbia ericoides Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 430 (1788)

= Euphorbia erythrina Link; Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 12 (1822)

= Euphorbia erythrina var. burchellii Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 169 (1862)

= Euphorbia erythrina var. meyeri N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 262 (1915)

= Euphorbia foliosa (Klotzsch & Garcke) N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 262 (1915)

= Euphorbia genistoides var. corifolia (Lam.) N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 204 (1915)

= Euphorbia genistoides var. leiocarpa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 168 (1862)

= Euphorbia genistoides var. major Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 168 (1862)

= Euphorbia genistoides var. puberula N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 264 (1915)

= Euphorbia linifolia Burm.f.; Fl. Ind. [N.L.Burman] Prodr. Fl. Cap. 14 (1768), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia meyeri Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 35 (1860), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia striata Eckl. & Zeyh. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 169 (1862)

= Euphorbia taxifolia Burm.f.; Fl. Ind. [N.L.Burman] Prodr. Fl. Cap. 14 (1768)

= Galarhoeus genistoides (P.J.Bergius) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 144 (1812)

= Keraselma corifolium (Lam.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Keraselma genistoides (P.J.Bergius) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Tithymalus confertus (Lam.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 94 (1860)

= Tithymalus erythrinus (Link) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 91 (1860)

= Tithymalus foliosus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 67 (1800)

= Tithymalus genistoides (P.J.Bergius) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 97 (1860)

= Tithymalus revolutus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 99 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia genoudiana Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 172 (1954 publ. 1955)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia gentilis N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 289 (1915)

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: sect. Articulofruticosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia gentilis subsp. tanquana L.C.Leach; S. African J. Bot. 54(6): 538 (1988)

= Euphorbia vaalputsiana L.C.Leach; S. African J. Bot. 54(6): 534 (1988)

= Tirucalia gentilis (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 90 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia gentryi V.W.Steinm. & T.F.Daniel; Madroño 42(4): 450 (1995 publ. 1996)

Distribution: Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia georgiana Mayfield; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 7(2): 639 (2013)

Distribution: USA (Georgia)

78 USA

species :

Euphorbia germainii Phil.; Linnaea 29: 40 (1857 publ. 1858)

Distribution: Chile (Coquimbo, Metropolitana de Santiago)

85 CLE

species :

Euphorbia geroldii Rauh; Succulentes 1994(1): 5 (1994)

Distribution: SE-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia gerstneriana Bruyns; Bothalia 42(2): 236 (2012), nom. nov.

Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia franksiae var. zuluensis A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 2: 962 (1941)

species :

Euphorbia geyeri Engelm. & A.Gray; Boston J. Nat. Hist. 5: 260 (1845)

Name: Geyer´s sandmat

Distribution: Canada (Manitoba); USA (Colorado, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wisconsin, Wyoming); Mexico (Chihuahua)

71 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum geyeri (Engelm. & A.Gray) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 23 (1860)

= Chamaesyce geyeri (Engelm. & A.Gray) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 709 (1903)

= Chamaesyce polyclada (Boiss.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 711 (1903)

= Euphorbia geyeri var. microsperma A.Gray; Manual [A.Gray], ed. 3: 386 (1862)

= Euphorbia polyclada Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 10 (1860)

variant :

var. wheeleriana Warnock & M.C.Johnst.; Southw. Naturalist 14: 128 (1969)

Name: Wheeler´s sandmat

Distribution: USA (New Mexico, Texas)

77 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce geyeri var. wheeleriana (Warnock & M.C.Johnst.) Mayfield; Phytologia 75(2): 179 (1993)

species :

Euphorbia giessii L.C.Leach; Dinteria 16: 27 (1982)

Distribution: W-Namibia

27 NAM

Remarks: sect. Articulofruticosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia giessii (L.C.Leach) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 90 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia gigantea J.-P.Castillon; Adansonia, Sér. 3, 40(2): 164 (2018)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Remarks: sect. Goniostema, rubrostriata group

species :

Euphorbia gilbertiana Bisseret & Specks; Haseltonia 12: 15 (2007)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia gillettii P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 49(4): 179 (1977)

subspecies :

subsp. gillettii

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

subspecies :

subsp. tenuior S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 49(4): 181 (1977)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia giumboensis A.Hässl.; Bot. Not. 320, in clavi, et 328 (1931)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia glaberrima K.Koch; Linnaea 21: 726 (1848)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan

33 ARM AZE GEO NCS

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia iteophylla Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 39 (1860)

= Tithymalus glaberrimus (K.Koch) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 95 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia gladiata (P.R.O.Bally) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 412 (2006)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium gladiatum (P.R.O.Bally) S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42: 913 (1987)

= Monadenium yattanum var. gladiatum P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 34 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia glanduligera Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 142 (1894)

Distribution: Angola; Zimbabwe; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (N-Cape Prov., Limpopo)

26 ANG ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF

Remarks: sect. Tenellae

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce glanduligera (Pax) Koutnik; S. African J. Bot. 3(4): 263 (1984)

= Euphorbia anomala Pax; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 8: 636 (1908), non Boiss. 1862

= Euphorbia glaucella Pax; Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 737 (1898)

= Euphorbia kwebensis N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1909: 137 (1909)

= Euphorbia pfeilii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 534 (1897)

species :

Euphorbia glareosa Pall. ex M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 373 (1808)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Italy [I]; Romania; Bulgaria; S-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Armenia; Turkey (NE-Anatolia)

11 ger 13 BUL ita ROM 14 KRY RUS UKR 33 ARM 34 TUR

Remarks: often included in E. nicaeensis as infraspecific taxon

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cadrilateri Prodan; Bul. Acad. Stud. Agron. Cluj 5(1): 255 (1935)

= Euphorbia dobrogensis f. latibracteata Prodan; Bul. Acad. Stud. Agron. Cluj 5(1): 254 (1935)

= Euphorbia dobrogensis Prodan; Bul. Acad. Stud. Agron. Cluj 5(1): 254 (1935), et Consp. Fl. Dobr. 2: 254 (1936)

= Euphorbia glareosa subsp. cadrilateri (Prodan) Kuzmanov; Izv. Bot. Inst. (Sofia) 8: 155 (1961), et Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 7: 145 (1979)

= Euphorbia glareosa subsp. maleevii (Tamamsch.) Tamamsch.; Fl. Armen. 6: 108 (1973)

= Euphorbia glareosa var. minor Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4: 1129 (1878)

= Euphorbia glareosa var. varnensis Velen.; Fl. Bulg. [Velenovský], Suppl.: 250 (1898)

= Euphorbia japygica subsp. prostrata (Fiori) Del Guacchio & Frajman; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. boad066: 14 of 17 (2023)

= Euphorbia maleevii Tamamsch.; Dokl. Akad. Nauk Armyanskoi S.S.R. 1(1-2): 45 (1944)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis f. latibracteata (Prodan) Kuzmanov; Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 7: 145 (1979)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis f. varnensis (Velen.) Kuzmanov; Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 7: 145 (1979)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. cadrilateri (Prodan) Kuzmanov; Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 7: 145 (1979)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. dobrogensis (Prodan) Kuzmanov; Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 7: 145 (1979)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. glareosa (Pall. ex M.Bieb.) Radcl.-Sm.; Feddes Repert. 79: 55 (1968)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. maleevii (Tamamsch.) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 47 (1989)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. prostrata (Fiori) Arrigoni; Inform. Bot. Ital. 12(2): 140 (1980 publ. 1981)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. volgensis (Krysht.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 186 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis var. glareosa (Pall. ex M.Bieb.) Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 573 (1850)

= Euphorbia provincialis Noë ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 653 (1881), pro syn.

= Euphorbia pseudosaxatilis Kanitz; Pl. Roman. [Kanitz] 111 (1880)

= Euphorbia pulverulenta Kit.; Oesterr. Fl., ed. 2, 2: 21 (1814) ex Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs. 762

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. prostrata Fiori; Nuov. Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 183 (1926)

= Euphorbia sigeri Lerchenf.; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4(5): 95 (1853), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia volgensis Krysht.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 28: 378 (1929)

= Galarhoeus glareosus (Pall. ex M.Bieb.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 40 (1941)

= Galarhoeus volgensis (Krysht.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 38 (1941)

= Tithymalus cadrilateri (Prodan) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

= Tithymalus dobrogensis (Prodan) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

= Tithymalus nicaeensis subsp. cadrilateri (Prodan) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 152(1): 22 (1983)

= Tithymalus nicaeensis subsp. glareosus (Pall. ex M.Bieb.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 152(1): 22 (1983)

= Tithymalus volgensis (Krysht.) Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 403 (1949)

species :

Euphorbia glauca G.Forst.; Fl. Ins. Austr. 36 (1786)

Distribution: Norfolk Isl.; New Zealand (endangered, incl. Stewart Isl.); Chatham Isl.

50 NFK 51 CTM NZL

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia sexangularis Spreng.; Gartenzeitung (Halle) 3: 139 (1805)

species :

Euphorbia glaucophylla Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 2: 613 (1812)

Distribution: Cape Verde Isl. (Ilha da Boa Vista, Ilha de Maio, Ilha de Sao Tiago, Fogo Isl.); Mauritania; Senegal; Gambia; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Niger; Nigeria; Cameroon; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Angola

21 CVI 22 BEN GAM GHA GNB GUI IVO LBR MTN NGA NGR SEN SIE TOG 23 CMN CON GAB 26 ANG

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum glaucophyllum (Poir.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 35 (1860)

= Chamaesyce glaucophylla (Poir.) Croizat; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 3 (1937)

= Euphorbia trinervia Schumach. & Thonn.; Beskr. Guin. Pl. [Schumacher] 253 (1827)

species :

Euphorbia globosa (Haw.) Sims; Bot. Mag. t. 2624 (1826)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Dactylanthes

Synonyms: hidden

= Dactylanthes globosa Haw.; Philos. Mag. J. 62: 382 (1823)

= Euphorbia globulosa (Haw.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 139 (1862)

= Euphorbia glomerata A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 104 (1906)

= Medusea globosa (Haw.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 251 (1859)

species :

Euphorbia globulicaulis S.Carter; Kew Bull. 45: 653-659 (1990)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia glochidiata Pax; Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 6: 187 (1897)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; Kenya

24 ETH SOM 25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 186 (1858)

Name: Ribseed sandmat

Distribution: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec, Saskatchewan); USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin, Wyoming); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas)

71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 712 (1903)

= Chamaesyce glyptosperma var. integrata Lunell; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 142 (1913)

= Chamaesyce glyptosperma var. pubescens (Boiss.) Millsp.; Living Fl. W. Virginia 5A(1): 294 (1913)

= Euphorbia glyptosperma var. pubescens Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 48 (1862)

= Euphorbia glyptosperma var. tenerrima Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 187 (1859)

species :

Euphorbia godana Buddens., Lawant & Lavranos; Kakteen And. Sukk. 56(2): 43 (2005)

Distribution: Djibouti

24 DJI

species :

Euphorbia gokanensis S.R.Yadav, Malpure & Chandore; Nordic J. Bot. 34(3): 380 (2016)

Distribution: India (Karnataka)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia goliana Comm. ex Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 423 (1788)

Distribution: La Réunion

29 REU

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum golianum (Comm. ex Lam.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 29 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia gollmeriana Klotzsch ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 65 (1862)

Distribution: Venezuela (Aragua, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Lara, Merida, Miranda)

82 VEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia lutzenbergeriana Croizat; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 39: 144 (1967)

species :

Euphorbia golondrina L.C.Wheeler; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 53: 8 (1940)

Name: Boquillas sandmat

Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon)

77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce golondrina (L.C.Wheeler) Shinners; Field & Lab. 17: 70 (1949)

species :

Euphorbia gorenflotii Mobayen; Iran. J. Bot. 2(2): 160 (1984)

Distribution: Iran

34 IRN

species :

Euphorbia gorgonis A.Berger; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 230 (1910)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

species :

Euphorbia gossypina Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 119 (1894)

subspecies :

subsp. gossypina

Distribution: ?Ethiopia; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania

24 SOM 25 KEN TAN UGA

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia gossypina (Pax) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 90 (1996)

= Euphorbia implexa Stapf; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1908: 408 (1908)

= Euphorbia merkeri N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 555 (1911)

variant :

var. coccinea Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 120 (1894)

Distribution: Kenya; N-Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia gossypina var. coccinea (Pax) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 90 (1996)

subspecies :

subsp. mangulensis S.Carter; Kew Bull. 54(4): 959 (1999 publ. 2000)

Distribution: Zimbabwe

26 ZIM

species :

Euphorbia gottlebei Rauh; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 64(1): 15 (1992)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia goyazensis Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 28 (1860)

Distribution: Brazil (Goiás)

84 BRA

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Euphorbia gracilicaulis L.C.Leach; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 43: 175 (1969)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia graciliramea Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 78 (1904)

Distribution: Uganda; Tanzania

25 TAN UGA

species :

Euphorbia graciliramulosa Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 492(1): 32 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

Remarks: sect. Goniostema, rubrostriata group

species :

Euphorbia gracillima S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 21: 438 (1886)

Name: Mexican sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona); Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas)

76 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce gracillima (S.Watson) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 409 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia gradyi V.W.Steinm. & Ram.-Roa; Haseltonia 6: 102 (1998 publ. 1999)

Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca, Puebla)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia graminea Jacq.; Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist. 151 (1763)

Distribution: Hawaii [I] (Oahu [I]); USA [I] (Florida [I]); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Cuba; St. Lucia; Aruba; Bonaire; Curacao; Colombia (Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Huila, Magdalena, Nariño, Quindío, Santander, Tolima, Valle); Venezuela (Anzoategui, Aragua, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Portuguesa, Tachira); ?Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (Santa Cruz); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais); Argentina (Jujuy)

63 haw 78 usa 79 MEX 80 BLZ COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 ARU BON CUB CUR STL 82 CLM FRG VEN 83 BOL ECU PER 84 BRA 85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Adenopetalum boerhaaviifolium Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859 (1860) 250, et Abh. Acad. Berl. 47 (1860)

= Adenopetalum discolor Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859 (1860) 250, et Abh. Acad. Berl. 49 (1860)

= Adenopetalum ellipticum Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 250 (1860)

= Adenopetalum gramineum (Jacq.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 250 (1860)

= Adenopetalum hoffmannii Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 250 (1859), et in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 47 (1860)

= Adenopetalum irasuense Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 250 (1859), et in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 50 (1860)

= Adenopetalum mexicanum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 50 (1860)

= Adenopetalum oerstedii Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 250 (1859), et in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 48 (1860)

= Adenopetalum pictum (Jacq.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 250 (1860)

= Adenopetalum pubescens Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 250 (1859), et in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 49 (1860)

= Adenopetalum sphaerorhizum Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 250 (1860)

= Adenopetalum subsinuatum Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 250 (1859), et in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 48 (1860)

= Agaloma graminea (Jacq.) D.B.Ward; Phytologia 89(2): 226 (2007)

= Aklema elliptica (Klotzsch & Garcke) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 416 (1916)

= Anisophyllum humboldtii Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 160 (1812)

= Anisophyllum mexicanum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 50 (1860)

= Eumecanthus boerhaviifolius (Klotzsch & Garcke) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 413 (1916)

= Eumecanthus colimae (Rose) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

= Eumecanthus discolor (Klotzsch & Garcke) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

= Eumecanthus gramineus (Jacq.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 413 (1916)

= Eumecanthus hoffmannii (Klotzsch & Garcke) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

= Eumecanthus mexicanus (Klotzsch & Garcke) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

= Eumecanthus pedunculosus (A.Rich.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 415 (1916)

= Eumecanthus pubescens (Klotzsch & Garcke) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 415 (1916)

= Eumecanthus subsinuatus (Klotzsch & Garcke) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 415 (1916)

= Euphorbia boerhaviifolia (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 54 (1862)

= Euphorbia canaliculata Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 13 (1806), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia colimae Rose; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 356 (1895)

= Euphorbia discolor (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 54 (1862), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia graminea var. acutifolia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 54 (1862)

= Euphorbia graminea var. lancifolia Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 1: 372 (1898)

= Euphorbia graminea var. pedunculosa (A.Rich.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 54 (1862)

= Euphorbia graminea var. picta (Jacq.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 54 (1862)

= Euphorbia graminea var. subsinuata (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 54 (1862)

= Euphorbia graminea var. virgata Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 1: 372 (1898)

= Euphorbia humboldtii Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. [Willdenow] 503 (1809)

= Euphorbia leptalea S.Schauer; Linnaea 20: 728 (1847)

= Euphorbia longepetiolata M.E.Jones; Contr. W. Bot. 18: 55 (1933), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia nuda Lam. ex Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 13 (1806), pro syn.

= Euphorbia nudiflora Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 426 (1788)

= Euphorbia pedunculosa A.Rich.; Hist. Fis. Cuba, Bot. 11: 198 (1850)

= Euphorbia picta Jacq.; Collectanea [Jacquin] 3: 178 (1791)

= Peccana glauca Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 115 (1838)

= Tithymalus leptaleus (S.Schauer) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 65 (1860)

= Tithymalus pictus (Jacq.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 143 (1812)

form :

f. foliosa McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 225 (1993)

Distribution: Mexico (Nayarit, Jalisco, Sinaloa, Zacatecas)

79 MEX

variant :

var. novogaliciana McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 227 (1993), nom. nov.

Distribution: Mexico

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia galiciana McVaugh; Brittonia 13: 173 (1961)

species :

Euphorbia graminifolia Vill.; Fl. Delphinalis 47 (1786)

Distribution: France; Italy

12 FRA 13 ITA

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, esula agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula tenuifolia (Lam.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Euphorbia bupleuroides Willd. ex Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 571 (1850) (in syn.)

= Euphorbia gracilis Loisel.; Fl. Gall. [Loiseleur] 728 (1807)

= Euphorbia leptophylla Vill.; Hist. Pl. Dauphiné [Villars] 3: 825 (1789)

= Euphorbia tenuifolia Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 428 (1788)

= Keraselma leptophyllum (Vill.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Tithymalus graminifolius (Vill.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 172 (1972)

= Tithymalus tenuifolius (Lam.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 92 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia grammata (McVaugh) Oudejans; World Cat. Species Names Published Tribe Euphorbieae; Cumulative Suppl. I: 11 (1993)

Distribution: Mexico (Michoacan)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce grammata McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 211 (1993)

species :

Euphorbia grandicornis A.Blanc; Hints Cacti, ed. 2: 68 (1888)

subspecies :

subsp. grandicornis

Distribution: Mozambique; South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpulamanga); Eswatini [Swaziland]; India [c]

26 MOZ 27 SAF SWZ 40 ind

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia grandicornia K.I.Goebel; Pflanzenbiol. Schilderungen [Goebel] 1: 42, fig. 15 (1889), nom. illeg., non A. Blanc 1888

= Euphorbia grandicornis J.E.Weiss; Neubert´s Deutsch. Gart.-Mag. 46: 291 (1893), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia grandialata R.A.Dyer; Fl. Pl. South Africa 17: t. 641 (1937)

subspecies :

subsp. sejuncta L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 36: 39 (1970)

Distribution: NE-Mozambique

26 MOZ

species :

Euphorbia grandidens Haw.; Philos. Mag. Ann. Chem. 33 (1825)

Name: Valley-bush Euphorbia (EN)

Distribution: Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]

26 MOZ 27 SAF SWZ

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia arborescens Salm-Dyck; Hort. Dyck. 104 (1834), nomen

= Euphorbia evansii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 86 (1909)

= Euphorbia magnidens Haw. ex Salm-Dyck; Hort. Dyck. 105 (1834)

species :

Euphorbia grandidieri Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 615 (1886)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia grandifolia Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 130 (1812)

Distribution: Senegal; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Cameroon; Gabon; Central African Republic; Angola

22 BEN GHA GNB GUI IVO LBR SEN SIE TOG 23 CAF CMN GAB 26 ANG

Synonyms: hidden

= Elaeophorbia grandifolia (Haw.) Croizat; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 15: 109 (1938)

= Elaeophorbia leonensis (N.E.Br.) Jacobsen; Handb. Succ. Pl. [Jacobsen] 1: 392 (1960), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia leonensis N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 563 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia graniticola L.C.Leach; Kirkia 4: 18 (1964)

Distribution: Malawi; Mozambique

26 MLW MOZ

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia decliviticola L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 39(1): 13 (1973)

species :

Euphorbia grantii Oliv.,; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 29: 144 (1875)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia

23 BUR RWA ZAI 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia mulemae Rendle; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 209 (1905)

species :

Euphorbia granulata Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 94 (1775)

Name: Körnige Schiefblattwolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: Morocco; S-Algeria; Western Sahara; S-Tunisia; Libya (Tibesti); Egypt (Eastern Desert, Great Southwestern Desert, NE-Egypt, Nile Valley, SE-Egypt); Cape Verde Isl. (Sao Vicente Isl., Sal Isl., Ilha da Boa Vista, Ilha de Sao Tiago, Fogo Isl.); Mauritania; Chad (incl. Tibesti); Sudan; Ethiopia; Djibouti; Somalia; Abd-al-Kuri Isl.; Samha Isl.; Kenya; Tanzania; ?Angola; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); Iraq (NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia, S-Iraq, W-Iraq: Desert); Iran (EC-Iran, E-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., S-Iran, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Bamyan, Farah, Helmand, Herat, Jawzjan / Sar-e-Pol, Kabul, Kandahar, Laghman, Nangarhar, Qunduz); Syria (C-Syrian Desert); Israel (Rift Valley); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai, S-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (C-Saudi Arabia, Dahana, NE-Saudi Arabia, N-Saudi Arabia, Nafud Desert, Hejaz, Asir, Nejd Desert); Kuwait; Bahrain; United Arab Emirates; Oman (Dhofar, Mascat & Oman); Yemen (Aden Desert, coastal Hadhramaut, SW-Yemen, Tihama, W-Yemen); China (Xinjiang); Pakistan (Karachi, Baluchistan, Quetta, Waziristan, Pakistani Punjab, N. W. Frontier Prov.); India (Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh); Bangladesh

20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN WSA 21 CVI 22 MTN 24 CHA DJI ETH SOC SOM SUD 25 KEN TAN 32 KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE 34 AFG IRN IRQ ISR JOR SIN SYR 35 BAR KUW OMA SAU UAE YEM 36 CHI 40 BAN IND PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Agaloma graminifolia (Vill.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 117 (1836)

= Anisophyllum granulatum (Forssk.) Schweinf.; Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. [Schweinfurth] 34 (1867)

= Chamaesyce granulata (Forssk.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

= Chamaesyce sistanica (Dinelli & De Marco) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 150(3-4): 138 (1981 publ. 1982)

= Euphorbia arillata Edgew.; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 16: (1847) 1218

= Euphorbia forsskalii var. granulata (Forssk.) J.Gay; Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.) 3(2, 3): 242 (1847)

= Euphorbia fragilis Decne.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 2: 241 (1834)

= Euphorbia granulata f. subnuda (Maire) Vindt; Trav. Inst. Sci. Chérifien, Sér. Bot. 2: 29 (1960)

= Euphorbia granulata var. fragilis Sennen & Mauricio; [nom. nud.]

= Euphorbia granulata var. glaberrima Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 34 (1862)

= Euphorbia granulata var. hirtula (J.Gay) Thell.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 5(1): 463 (1917)

= Euphorbia granulata var. subnuda Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 21: 273 (1929)

= Euphorbia kralikii Coss. ex Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 791 (1890), as ´kralickii´

= Euphorbia sistanica Dinelli & De Marco; Ann. Bot. (Rome) 35-36: 139 1976-77 (1978)

= Tithymalus granulatus (Forssk.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1838)

variant :

var. glabrata (Gay) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 34 (1862)

Distribution: Egypt; Sudan; Ethiopia; Somalia; Kenya; Saudi Arabia; Qatar; Oman; Yemen; Pakistan (Sind, Baluchistan, Pakistani Punjab, Rawalpindi)

20 EGY 24 ETH SOM SUD 25 KEN 35 OMA QAT SAU YEM 40 PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce granulata var. glabrata (J.Gay) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 40: 391 (1978)

= Euphorbia forsskalii var. glabrata J.Gay; Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.) 3(2, 3): 242 (1847)

= Euphorbia granulata var. glabrata (J.Gay) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 34 (1862)

variant :

var. turcomanica (Boiss.) Hadidi; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43(1-2): 93 (1973)

Distribution: Turkmenistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Armenia; Iraq (SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Iran (EC-Iran, E-Iran, S-Iran, W-Iran); Afghanistan

32 KGZ TKM TZK 33 ARM 34 AFG IRN IRQ

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce granulata var. turcomanica (Boiss.) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 40(5): 391 (1978)

= Chamaesyce turcomanica (Boiss.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 15, in clavi, et 21 (1933)

= Euphorbia tigridis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 84 (1862)

= Euphorbia turcomanica Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 13 (1860)

= Euphorbia turcomanica var. tigridis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 34 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia greenwayi P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Kew Bull. 29(3): 512 (1974)

subspecies :

subsp. greenwayi

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

subspecies :

subsp. breviaculeata S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(2): 381 (1987)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia gregaria Marloth; Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 2: 36 (1910)

Distribution: S-Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Tirucalli

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia gregaria (Marloth) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 90 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia greggii Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 147 (1862)

Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, Hidalgo, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia brachycera var. greggii (Boiss.) M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 5(5): 129 (1975)

species :

Euphorbia gregoriensis Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 494 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia greuteri N.Kilian, Kürschner & P.Hein; Willdenowia 36(1): 442 (2006)

Distribution: S-Yemen

35 YEM

species :

Euphorbia griffithii Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 5(14): 259 (1887)

Distribution: China (Yunnan, Sichuan); Tibet; Nepal; Bhutan; Myanmar

36 CHI TIB 40 BHU NEP 41 MYA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bulleyana Diels; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5(25): 219-220 (1912)

= Euphorbia cyanophylla H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12(325-330): 287 (1913)

= Euphorbia cyanophylla H.Lév. ex Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 226 (1931) (descr. ampl.)

= Euphorbia erythrocoma H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12(325-330): 287 (1913)

= Euphorbia erythrocoma H.Lév. ex Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 227 (1931) (descr. ampl.)

= Euphorbia porphyrastra Hand.-Mazz.; Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 62: 226 (1925)

= Euphorbia rubriflora H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12(325-330): 287 (1913)

= Euphorbia sericocarpa Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7(2): 227 (1931)

= Tithymalus griffithii (Hook.f.) H.Hara; Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo Bull. 2: 69 (1971)

= Tithymalus griffithii (Hook.f.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972), isonym

variant :

var. bhutanica (Fisch.) D.G.Long; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44(1): 167 (1986)

Distribution: Bhutan

40 BHU

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia sikkimensis subsp. bhutanica Fisch.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1940: 159 (1940)

species :

Euphorbia grisea Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 41 (1862)

Distribution: Mexico (Tamaulipas)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce grisea (Engelm. ex Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 409 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia griseola Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 375 (1904)

subspecies :

subsp. griseola

Name: Valley-bush Euphorbia (EN)

Distribution: Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; E-Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo)

26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

subspecies :

subsp. mashonica L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 33: 257 (1967)

Distribution: Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique

26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM

subspecies :

subsp. zambiensis L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 33: 261 (1967)

Distribution: Zambia

26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia grisophylla Khan; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 25: 94, t. 5 (1964)

Distribution: Turkey (E-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia)

34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus grisophyllus (Khan) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia grosseri Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 288 (1903)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; Kenya

24 ETH SOM 25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia sacchii Chiov.; Ric. Idrogeol. Bot. Entomol. Somalia Ital. Merid. [Stefanini & Paoli] 1: 1: 160 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia grossheimii (Prokh.) Prokh.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 29: 551 (1930)

Distribution: Armenia; Azerbaijan (Nachichevan); Iraq (S-Iraq, W-Iraq: Desert); Iran (S-Iran); Syria (C-Syrian Desert); Israel (Negev Desert); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, Asir, Nejd Desert); Kuwait; Pakistan (Baluchistan)

33 ARM AZE 34 IRN IRQ ISR JOR SIN SYR 35 KUW SAU 40 PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cheirolepioides Rech.f.; Dansk Bot. Ark. 15 4: 48 (1955)

= Euphorbia isthmia Täckh.; Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 26: 374 (1932)

= Euphorbia mariae Tamamsch.; Dokl. Akad. Nauk Armyanskoi S.S.R. 1: 43 (1944)

= Tithymalus cheirolepioides (Rech.f.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

= Tithymalus grossheimii Prokh.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 29: 551 (1930)

= Tithymalus isthmius (Täckh.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia guachanca Azara; Voy. Amér. Mér. [1781-1801] 2: 497 (1809)

Distribution: Peru; Bolivia (La Paz, Santa Cruz); Argentina (Catamarca, Tucuman)

83 BOL PER 85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia huanchahana (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 103 (1862)

= Euphorbia huanchahana subsp. penazuelensis Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 179 (1943)

= Euphorbia huanchahana var. peperomioides Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 179 (1943)

= Euphorbia penicillata (Millsp.) R.E.Schult.; Bot. Mus. Leafl. 14: 29 (1949)

= Tithymalus huanchahanus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 71 (1860)

= Tithymalus penicillatus Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 95 (1925)

species :

Euphorbia guadalajarana S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 449 (1887)

Distribution: Mexico (Jalisco, Nayarit, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus guadalajaranus (S.Watson) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia guadalhorcensis Casim.-Sor.Solanas & Hidalgo-Triana; Phytotaxa 579(1): 3 (2022)

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

species :

Euphorbia guanarensis Pittier; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 19: 356 (1929)

Distribution: Venezuela (Anzoategui, Portuguesa)

82 VEN

species :

Euphorbia guaraniorum P.Carrillo & V.W.Steinm.; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 68(2): 168 (2011)

Distribution: Paraguay

85 PAR

species :

Euphorbia guatemalensis Standl. & Steyerm.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 23: 119 (1944)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas); Guatemala; Honduras

79 MEX 80 GUA HON

species :

Euphorbia gueinzii Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 71 (1862)

Distribution: South Africa (Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]

27 LES SAF SWZ

Remarks: sect. Gueinziae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia albovillosa Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 373 (1904)

= Euphorbia gueinzii var. albovillosa (Pax) N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 252 (1915)

species :

Euphorbia guentheri (Pax) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium guentheri Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 89 (1909)

species :

Euphorbia guerichiana Pax ex Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 143 (1894)

Name: Paperbark Milkbush (EN)

Distribution: Angola; Zimbabwe; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, N-Cape Prov.)

26 ANG ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF

Remarks: sect. Espinosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia commiphoroides Dinter; Deutsch-Südw.-Afr. 90 (1909)

= Euphorbia frutescens N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 270 (1915)

species :

Euphorbia guiengola W.R.Buck & Huft; J. Arnold Arbor. 58(3): 345 (1977)

Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca, Chiapas)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia guillauminiana Boiteau; Bull. Trimestriel Acad. Malgache, n. s. 24: 87 (1942)

Distribution: N-Madagascar (Analalava)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia guineensis Brot. ex N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 602 (1912)

Distribution: Guinea

22 GUI

Remarks: status uncertain

species :

Euphorbia gulestanica Podlech; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 17: 481 (1981)

Distribution: Afghanistan (Farah)

34 AFG

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus gulestanicus (Podlech) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 152(1): 22 (1983)

species :

Euphorbia gumaroi J.Meyrán; Cact. Suc. Mex. 45(3): 68 (2000)

Distribution: Mexico (Hidalgo)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia gummifera Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 26 (1860)

Distribution: SW-Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Tirucalli

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia sessiliflora E.Mey.; Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Docum. [Drège] 184 (1843), nomen, non Roxb.

= Tirucalia gummifera (Boiss.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 90 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia gundlachii Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 5: 392 (1908)

Distribution: Cuba

81 CUB

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce adenoptera subsp. gundlachii (Urb.) D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 98 (1966)

= Chamaesyce gundlachii (Urb.) Alain; Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio De La Salle 11: 12 (1952)

= Euphorbia adenoptera subsp. gundlachii (Urb.) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 44 (1989)

species :

Euphorbia guntensis Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 201 (1933)

Distribution: Tajikistan

32 TZK

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus guntensis Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 55, in clavi, et 201 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia gutierrezii García-Beltrán & J.L.Gómez; Cat. Plantas de Cuba 481 (2024), nom. nov.

Distribution: Cuba

81 CUB

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia helenae subsp. grandifolia Borhidi & O.Muñiz; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17(1-2): 11 (1971 publ. 1972)

species :

Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss. & Reut.; Mém. Acad. Natl. Sci. Lyon, Cl. Sci. 1 (Pug. Pl. Nov. Gall.): 109 (1852)

Distribution: S-Morocco; S-Algeria; S-Tunisia; S-Libya

20 ALG LBY MOR TUN

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus guyonianus (Boiss. & Reut.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 82 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia gymnocalycioides M.G.Gilbert & S.Carter; Bradleya 2: 9 (1984)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia gymnoclada Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 20 (1860)

Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia gymnonota Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 5: 396 (1908)

Distribution: Bahamas (Great Inagua Isl., Crooked and Acklins Isl., Rum Cay Isl., San Salvador Isl.); Turks & Caicos Isl.

81 BAH TCI

Synonyms: hidden

= Adenorima gymnonota (Urb.) Millsp.; Bahama Fl. [Britton & Millspaugh] 234 (1920)

= Euphorbiodendron gymnonotum (Urb.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 305 (1909)

species :

Euphorbia gypsicola Rech.f. & Aellen; Anz. Österr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 88: 218 (1951)

Distribution: Iran (EC-Iran)

34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus gypsicola (Rech.f. & Aellen) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia gypsophila S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(6): 687 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia hadramautica Baker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1894: 341 (1894)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; Samha Isl.; Soqotra; ?Kenya; Oman (Dhofar); Yemen (coastal Hadhramaut, Inner Hadhramaut)

24 ETH SOC SOM 35 OMA YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia napoides Pax; Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 6: 187 (1897)

= Euphorbia oblongicaulis Baker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 1895: 185 (1895)

species :

Euphorbia haeleeleana Herbst; Pacific Sci. 25(4): 489 (1971)

Distribution: Hawaii (Kauai, Oahu)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Endangered, USA Status: Endangered

species :

Euphorbia haematantha Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 63 (1862)

Distribution: Ecuador

83 ECU

species :

Euphorbia haevermansii X.Aubriot & Lowry; Phytotaxa 159(3): 225 (2014)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia hainanensis Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 21(4): 505-506 (1940)

Distribution: China (Hainan)

36 CHI

species :

Euphorbia hajhirensis Radcl.-Sm.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 37: t. 3696 (1971)

Distribution: Soqotra

24 SOC

species :

Euphorbia halemanui Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 582 (1936)

Distribution: Hawaii (northwest Kauai)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Endangered, USA Status: Endangered

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce halemanui (Sherff) Croizat & O.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce remyi var. leptopoda (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce remyi var. molesta (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Chamaesyce remyi var. wilkesii (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Euphorbia remyi var. leptopoda Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 582 (1936)

= Euphorbia remyi var. molesta Sherff; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 25: 19 (1938 publ. 1937)

= Euphorbia remyi var. wilkesii Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 587 (1936)

species :

Euphorbia hallii R.A.Dyer; J. S. African Bot. 19: 135 (1953)

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

species :

Euphorbia hamaderoensis A.G.Mill.; Ethnofl. Soqotra Archipelago 723 (2004)

Distribution: Soqotra

24 SOC

species :

Euphorbia hamata (Haw.) Sweet; Hort. Brit. [Sweet], ed. 3: 597 (1818)

Distribution: Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Pseudeuphorbium

Synonyms: hidden

= Dactylanthes hamata Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 133 (1812)

= Dactylanthes medusa Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 112 (1838)

= Euphorbia cervicornis Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 27 (1860)

= Euphorbia peltigera E.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 91 (1862)

= Medusea hamata (Haw.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 251 (1859)

variant :

var. pedemontana (L.C.Leach) Bruyns; Euphorbia S. Africa 1: 437 (2022)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pedemontana L.C.Leach; S. African J. Bot. 54(5): 501 (1988)

species :

Euphorbia hammeri K.Bradley & Sadle; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 15: 33 (2021)

Distribution: USA (Florida)

78 USA

species :

Euphorbia handeniensis S.Carter; Kew Bull. 40(4): 822 (1985)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia handiensis Burchard; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 48 (Beibl. 107): 15 (1912)

Name: Jandia-Wolfsmilch (DE); Cardon de Jandia (ES)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (Fuerteventura)

21 CNY

species :

Euphorbia hardyi (Rauh) Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 488: 60 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia platyclada var. hardyi Rauh; Kakteen And. Sukk. 21: 46 (1970)

= Tirucalia platyclada var. hardyi (Rauh) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 92 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia hassallii Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 496 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia haussknechtii Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1267 (1866)

Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia); Syria (Jazira)

34 SYR TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, helioscopia agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia helioscopia Hausskn. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2,2): 1267 (1866) non L.

= Euphorbia helioscopia var. haussknechtii (Boiss.) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4(2): 1107 (1879)

= Tithymalus haussknechtii (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia hebecarpa Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 8: 90 (1846)

Distribution: Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (NE-Iran: Mts., Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran, W-Iran)

34 IRN IRQ

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus hebecarpus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 88 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia hedigeriana (Malaisse) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]

23 ZAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium hedigerianum Malaisse; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 60(3-4): 295 (1990)

species :

Euphorbia hedyotoides N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 515 (1911)

Distribution: S-Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia decariana Croizat; Natl. Hort. Mag. 98 (1934)

species :

Euphorbia heishuiensis W.T.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 10(1): 42 (1988)

Distribution: China (Gansu, Sichuan)

36 CHI

species :

Euphorbia heldreichii Orph. ex Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3(4): 90 (1859)

Distribution: S-Albania; Greece (mountains of NW-, C-Greece, Peloponnisos, Evvoia)

13 ALB GRC

Remarks: amygdaloides agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia amygdaloides subsp. heldreichii (Orph. ex Boiss.) Aldén; Mountain Fl. Greece [Strid] 1: 575 (1986)

= Euphorbia heldreichii var. roeseri Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 4: 90 (1859)

= Euphorbia roeseri (Boiss.) Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 3: 102 (1904)

= Euphorbia semiverticillata Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 3: 103 (1904)

= Tithymalus heldreichii (Orph. ex Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

= Tithymalus heldreichii subsp. semiverticillatus (Halácsy) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia helenae Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 5: 393 (1908)

Distribution: Cuba

81 CUB

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia nipensis Carabia; Ecol. Monogr. 15: 331 (1946)

= Euphorbia shaferi (Millsp.) L.G.Gonzáles & Bisse; Wiss. Z. Friedrich-Schiller-Univ. Jena, Math.-Naturwiss. Reihe 24(4): 375 (1975)

= Euphorbiodendron helenae (Urb.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 305 (1909)

= Euphorbiodendron shaferi Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 373 (1913)

species :

Euphorbia heleniana Thell. & Stapf; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1916: 201 (1916)

Distribution: St. Helena

28 STH

species :

Euphorbia helioscopia L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 459 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. helioscopia

Name: Sonnwend-Wolfsmilch (DE); Madwoman´s milk, Sun Spurge (EN); Lechetrezna mamona (ES)

Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Orkney Isl., Shetland Isl., Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; Gibraltar; Baleares; France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey, Sark); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Malta; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (widespread, incl. almost most islands); Crete; Estonia [I]; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (Desert Oases, Great Southwestern Desert, Nile Delta, Nile Valley, NW-coastal Egypt); Azores (Pico, Faial); Madeira (Madeira Isl., Porto Santo Isl.); Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma, Fuerteventura); Namibia [I]; South Africa [I]; Siberia (Altai, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread, incl. Rhodos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia, W-Iraq: Desert); Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Bamyan, Helmand, Herat, Kabul, Kandahar, Kunar / Nuristan, Nangarhar, Orozgan / Daykundi, Parwan); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, Jbel Druze); Israel (Rift Valley, N-Israel); Sinai peninsula (N-Sinai); Jordania (E-Jordania, S-Jordania, W-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (C-Saudi Arabia, Dahana, N-Saudi Arabia, Hejaz, Asir, Nejd Desert); United Arab Emirates; Oman (Mascat & Oman); Yemen (N-Inner Yemen, W-Yemen); China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Guangdong, Hainan, Xinjiang); Tibet; South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; Pakistan (widespread); Nepal; India (Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Bangladesh; Vietnam; Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], South Australia [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I], Tasmania [I]); New Zealand [I]; Chatham Isl. [I]; Canada [I] (Alberta [I], British Columbia [I], New Brunswick [I], Newfoundland [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Prince Edward Isl. [I], Québec [I], Saskatchewan [I]); St. Pierre et Miquelon [I]; USA [I] (Alabama [I], Arkansas [I], California [I], Connecticut [I], District of Columbia [I], Delaware [I], Georgia [I], Illinois [I], Kansas [I], Louisiana [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Montana [I], North Carolina [I], North Dakota [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], South Carolina [I], South Dakota [I], Tennessee [I], Texas [I], Virginia [I], Vermont [I], Washington State [I], Wisconsin [I], West Virginia [I], Wyoming [I]); Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Tarapacá [I], Atacama [I], Coquimbo [I], Valparaíso [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I], Biobío [I], Araucanía [I], Los Lagos [I])

10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO BAL CIS COR FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MLT MNT NMA PEL PTL ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR est KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 21 AZO CNY MDR 27 nam saf 30 SIB 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 AFG EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SIN SYR TUR 35 OMA SAU UAE YEM 36 CHI TIB 38 JAP KOR NNS TAI 40 BAN IND NEP PAK 41 VIE 50 aus 51 ctm nzl 71 cdn 72 cdn spm 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa 85 arg cle

Remarks: helioscopia agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia dominii Rohlena; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vĕstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk., Tř. Mat.-Přír.) 1904(38): 83 (1905), et in Magyar Bot. Lapok 3: 233

= Euphorbia helioscopia f. litoralis (Hurus.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 184 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia helioscopia f. major (Mutel) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 185 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia helioscopia f. praecox Junge; Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. 22(Beih. 3): 181 (1909)

= Euphorbia helioscopia f. purpureomaculata H.Lindb.; Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 1(2) (Itin. Medit.): 97 (1932)

= Euphorbia helioscopia f. waisbeckeri Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11: 245 (1965)

= Euphorbia helioscopia subsp. dominii (Rohlena) K.Malý; Magyar Bot. Lapok 4(8): 16 (1908)

= Euphorbia helioscopia var. ceretana Sennen; Diagn. Nouv. 62 (1936)

= Euphorbia helioscopia var. major Mutel; Fl. Franç. [Mutel] 3: 150 (1836)

= Euphorbia helioscopia var. perramosa Waisb.; Magyar Bot. Lapok 7: 48 (1908)

= Euphorbia helioscopia var. pusilla Láng; Syll. Pl. Nov. 1: 187 (1824)

= Euphorbia helioscopia var. simplex Hartm.; Handb. Skand. Fl. 189 (1820)

= Euphorbia serrata f. truncata Marcet; Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 45: 237 (1947)

= Euphorbion helioscopium (L.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 126 (1880)

= Galarhoeus helioscopius (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 152 (1812)

= Galarhoeus helioscopius f. litoralis Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 238 (1954)

= Galarhoeus helioscopius f. pilosus Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 237 (1954)

= Tithymalus dominii (Rohlena) Chrtek & Krísa; Novit. Bot. Univ. Carol. 6: 72 (1990 publ. 1991)

= Tithymalus helioscopius (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/3 (1768)

= Tithymalus helioscopius subsp. dominii (Rohlena) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

= Tithymalus obovata Raf.; Autik. Bot. 92 (1840)

= Tithymalus serratus Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 207 (1782), opus utique oppr.

subspecies :

subsp. helioscopioides (Loscos & Pardo) O.Bolòs, Font Quer & Vigo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 1: 85 (1974)

Name: Kleine Sonnwend-Wolfsmilch (DE); Small Sun Spurge (EN)

Distribution: Spain; Algeria; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Rhodos)

12 SPA 20 ALG 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 EAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia helioscopia proles helioscopioides (Loscos & J.Pardo) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 12: 142 (1910)

= Euphorbia helioscopia subsp. hiemalis A.P.Khokhr.; Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 94(6): 96 (1989)

= Euphorbia helioscopia var. caruncula-obsoleta Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1267 (1866)

= Euphorbia helioscopioides Loscos & J.Pardo; Ser. Inconf. Pl. Aragon. 93 (1863)

= Tithymalus helioscopioides (Loscos & J.Pardo) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 12: 428 (1977)

= Tithymalus helioscopius subsp. helioscopioides (Loscos & J.Pardo) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 173 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia helleri Millsp.; Bot. Gaz. 26: 268 (1898)

Name: Heller´s spurge

Distribution: USA (Louisiana, Texas); Mexico (Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Coahuila)

77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus helleri (Millsp.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 719 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia helwigii Urb. & Ekman; Ark. Bot. 22A(8): 65 (1929)

Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti

81 HIS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce helwigii (Urb. & Ekman) D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 98 (1966)

species :

Euphorbia henricksonii M.C.Johnst.; Madroño 22(7): 374 (1974)

Distribution: Mexico (Chihuahua)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia hepatica Urb. & Ekman; Ark. Bot. 22A(16): 10 (1929), nomen, et in Ark. Bot. 22A(17): 113 (1929), descr.

Distribution: Hispaniola (Dominican Republic); Navassa Isl.

81 HIS NAV

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce hepatica (Urb. & Ekman) D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 98 (1966)

species :

Euphorbia heptagona L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 450 (1753)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

Synonyms: hidden

= Anthacantha desmetiana Lem.; Ill. Hort. 5(Misc.): 64 (1858), nom. superfl.

= Euphorbia atrispina N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 342 (1915)

= Euphorbia atrispina var. viridis A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 964 (1941)

= Euphorbia enopla Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 27 (1860)

= Euphorbia enopla var. dentata A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 95 (1906)

= Euphorbia enopla var. viridis A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 964 (1941)

= Euphorbia heptagona var. dentata (A.Berger) N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 351 (1915)

= Euphorbia heptagona var. fulvispina A.Berger; Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 12: 109 (1902)

= Euphorbia heptagona var. ramosa A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 964 (1941)

= Euphorbia heptagona var. subsessilis A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 964 (1941)

= Euphorbia heptagona var. viridis A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 964 (1941)

= Euphorbia morinii A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 98 (1907 publ. 1906)

species :

Euphorbia heptapotamica Golosk.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk Kazakhsk. S.S.R. 10: 32 (1977)

Distribution: Kazakhstan

32 KAZ

species :

Euphorbia heraldiana (Millsp.) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 46 (1989)

Distribution: NE-Mexico

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce heraldiana Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 409 (1916)

= Euphorbia glaberrima Klotzsch; Bot. Voy. Herald [Seemann] 276 (1853) (non K. Koch 1848)

species :

Euphorbia herbacea (Pax) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Zambia

23 ZAI 26 ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium herbaceum Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 241 (1910)

species :

Euphorbia herbstii (Wagner) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 46 (1989)

Distribution: Hawaii (Oahu)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Endangered, USA Status: Endangered

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce herbstii W.L.Wagner; Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 28: 75 (1988)

species :

Euphorbia herman-schwartzii Rauh; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 63(5): 246 (1991)

Distribution: N-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia herniariifolia Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2: 902 (1800)

Distribution: Albania; Greece (mountains of NW-, C-Greece, Peloponnisos, Evvoia, Attiki); Crete (mountains); East Aegaean Isl. (Chios, Ikaria, Samos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Cyprus (C-Mountains); Syria (W-Syrian Mountains); USA [I] (Maryland [I])

13 ALB GRC KRI 34 CYP EAI SYR TUR 78 usa

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cikaea F.K.Mey.; Haussknechtia Beih. 15: 96 (2011) [fide Pils (2016)]

= Euphorbia herniariifolia var. hebecarpa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 155 (1862)

= Euphorbia pumila Sm.; Fl. Graec. Prodr. [Sibthorp] 1: 324 (1809)

= Euphorbia pycnophylla K.Koch; Linnaea 19: 17 (1846)

= Tithymalus herniariifolius (Willd.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 87 (1860)

= Tithymalus pumilus (Sm.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 87 (1860)

variant :

var. glaberrima Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 3: 109 (1904)

Distribution: Greece; Crete; Turkey

13 GRC KRI 34 TUR

species :

Euphorbia herrei A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 1: 196 2: App. A, 962 (1941)

Distribution: SW-Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: sect. Articulofruticosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia herrei (A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 90 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia hervei Houyelle; Euphorbia World 18(2): 47 (2023)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia heteradena Jaub. & Spach; Ill. Pl. Orient. 2: 42, t. 131 (1845)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Armenia; Azerbaijan (Nakhichevan); Turkey (E-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran, W-Iran)

33 ARM AZE NCS 34 IRN IRQ TUR

Remarks: sect. Chylogala

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia coriacea K.Koch; Linnaea 21: 730 (1848)

= Euphorbia froedinii Rech.f.; Symb. Bot. Upsal. 2, 5: 48, t. 24 (1952)

= Euphorbia ispahanica Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 91 (1846)

= Euphorbia kurioca Bornm.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 47: 61 (1939), in obs., pro syn.

= Euphorbia megalantha Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 95 (1846)

= Euphorbia megalantha var. denticulata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 112 (1862)

= Euphorbia megalantha var. gracilis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 112 (1862)

= Euphorbia megalantha var. hirtiflora Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 112 (1862)

= Euphorbia persica C.A.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 111 (1862)

= Tithymalus heteradenus (Jaub. & Spach) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

= Tithymalus ispahanicus (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 89 (1860)

= Tithymalus megalanthus (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 91 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia heterochroma Pax; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 242 (1895)

subspecies :

subsp. heterochroma

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia heterochroma var. mitis (Pax) N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 572 (1911)

= Euphorbia impervia A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 64 (1907 publ. 1906)

= Euphorbia mitis Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 70 (1904)

= Euphorbia stuhlmannii Schweinf. ex Volkens; Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 267 (1899) (non Pax)

subspecies :

subsp. tsavoensis S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(2): 387 (1987)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia heterodoxa Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 701 (1873)

Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia)

84 BRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia foliiflua Ule; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 225 (1908)

species :

Euphorbia heterophylla L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 453 (1753)

Name: Knick-Wolfsmilch (DE); Mexican Fireplant (EN); Lechecillo, Acerca amor (ES); Joseph´s Coat (Trinidad & Tobago)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Sicily [I]; Malta [I]; European Turkey [I]; Greece [I]; Crete [I]; Algeria [I]; Libya [I]; Egypt [I] (Desert Oases [I], Great Southwestern Desert [I], Nile Valley [I], NW-coastal Egypt [I]); Egypt [I] (Nile Delta [I]); Canary Isl. [I] (Gran Canaria [I], Tenerife [I]); Cape Verde Isl. [I] (Santo Antao Isl. [I], Sao Vicente Isl. [I], Ilha de Sao Nicolau [I], Ilha de Sao Tiago [I], Fogo Isl. [I], Ilha Brava [I]); Guinea [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; Togo [I]; Benin [I]; Cameroon [I]; São Tomé [I]; Gabon [I]; Congo [Brazzaville] [I]; Central African Republic [I]; D.R.Congo [Zaire] [I]; Chad [I]; Sudan [I]; South Sudan [I]; Zambia [I]; Zimbabwe [I]; Mozambique [I]; Namibia [I]; Botswana [I]; South Africa [I]; Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; East Aegaean Isl. [I] (Rhodos [I]); Lebanon [I] (coastal W-Lebanon [I]); Israel [I] (coastal W-Israel [I], Rift Valley [I], N-Israel [I]); Sinai peninsula [I] (N-Sinai [I]); Saudi Arabia [I] (Hejaz [I]); Qatar [I]; United Arab Emirates [I]; Oman [I] (Dhofar [I]); China [I] (Sichuan [I], Yunnan [I], Guangdong [I]); Ryukyu Isl. [I]; Bonin Isl. [I] (Hahajima [I]); Volcano Isl. [I] (Iwojima [I]); Taiwan [I]; Pakistan [I]; Nepal [I]; India [I] (throughout in tropical regions); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives] [I]; Maldives [I]; Bangladesh [I]; Thailand [I]; Laos [I]; Cambodia [I]; Vietnam [I]; peninsular Malaysia [I]; Singapore [I]; South China Sea Isl. [I]; Borneo [I]; Sulawesi [I]; Philippines [I]; Java [I]; Lesser Sunda Isl. [I] (Bali [I], Timor [I]); East Timor [I]; Christmas Isl. [Austr.] [I]; New Guinea [I]; Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], Northern Territory [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I]); Lord Howe Isl. [I]; New Caledonia [I]; Vanuatu [I]; [Western] Samoa [I] ; Hawaii [I] (Midway Isl. [I], Niihau [I], Kauai [I], Oahu [I], Lanai [I], Maui [I], Kahoolawe Isl. [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); USA (Alabama [I], Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Texas); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas); Revillagigedos Isl. [I] (Isla Socorro [I]); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Bahamas; Turks & Caicos Isl.; Cuba; Cayman Isl.; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (Guana, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda); Anguilla; St. Martin/St. Maarten; Saba; St. Eustatius; Antigua; Barbuda; Montserrat; Dominica; Martinique; St. Lucia; Grenadines; Grenada; Barbados; Tobago; Trinidad; Colombia (Atlántico, Bolívar, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Nariño, Quindío, Tolima, Valle); Isla Margarita; Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure, Aragua, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Tachira, Zulia); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana [I]; Peru; Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Pará, Amazonas, Rondônia); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Paraguari); Uruguay (Canelones, Colonia, Salto); Argentina (Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, Misiones, Salta, Santa Fe, Tucuman)

11 ger 13 grc kri mlt sic tue 20 alg egy lby 21 cny cvi 22 ben bkn gui tog 23 caf cmn con gab sao zai 24 cha ssu sud 26 moz zam zim 27 bot nam saf 29 mau reu 34 eai isr leb sin 35 oma qat sau uae 36 chi 38 kzn nns oga tai 40 ban ind ldv mdv nep pak 41 cbd lao tha vie 42 bor jaw lsi mly nwg phi scs sng sul xms 50 aus lhi 60 nwc sam van 63 haw 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX rgi 80 BLZ COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 ABA AGU BAH BBD CAY CUB DOM GRE HIS JAM MAR MTS PUE SAB STE STL STM STV TCI TRT VEN VIR 82 CLM frg GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL PER 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Agaloma angustifolia Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 117 (1838)

= Cyathophora ciliata Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 117 (1836)

= Cyathophora heterophylla (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 117 (1836)

= Cyathophora picta Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 117 (1836)

= Euphorbia angustifolia Lockh. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 73 (1862)

= Euphorbia angustifolia Lockh. ex G.Don; Hort. Brit. [Sweet], ed. 3: 598 (1839), nomen

= Euphorbia calyciflora Sessé & Moc.; Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 123 (1894)

= Euphorbia epilobiifolia W.T.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 10(1): 46, f. 4, 1-3 (1988)

= Euphorbia frangulifolia Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 62 (1817)

= Euphorbia geniculata (Klotzsch & Garcke) Ortega; Nov. Pl. Descr. Dec. 2: 18 (1797)

= Euphorbia heterophylla f. hirticaulis Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 286 (1898)

= Euphorbia heterophylla var. brasiliensis Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 695 (1874)

= Euphorbia heterophylla var. eriocarpa Millsp.; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, 2: 230 (1889)

= Euphorbia heterophylla var. geniculata (Ortega) M.Gómez; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 23: 46 (1894)

= Euphorbia heterophylla var. linifolia Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 605 (1891)

= Euphorbia linifolia Vahl; Symb. Bot. [Vahl] 2: 53 (1791), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia lockhartii Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 613 (1841), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia morisoniana Klotzsch; Bot. Voy. Herald [Seemann] 100 (1853)

= Euphorbia pandurata Huber; Cat. Gen. 1871-1872: 3 (1871)

= Euphorbia prunifolia f. silvatica Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 679 (1905)

= Euphorbia prunifolia Jacq.; Pl. Rar. Hort. Schoenbr. 3: 115, t. 277 (1798)

= Euphorbia prunifolia var. angustifolia Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 695 (1874)

= Euphorbia prunifolia var. repanda Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 694 (1874)

= Euphorbia taiwaniana S.S.Ying; Coloured Ill. Fl. Taiwan 2: 685 (1987)

= Euphorbia trachyphylla A.Rich.; Hist. Fis. Cuba, Bot. 11: 198 (1850)

= Poinsettia frangulifolia (Kunth) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 253 (1859)

= Poinsettia geniculata (Ortega) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 253 (1859)

= Poinsettia heterophylla (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 253 (1859)

= Poinsettia morisoniana (Klotzsch) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 253 (1859)

= Poinsettia prunifolia (Jacq.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 253 (1859)

= Poinsettia ruiziana Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 253 (1859)

= Poinsettia taiwaniana (S.S.Ying) S.S.Ying; Coloured Ill. Fl. Taiwan 4: 761 (1992)

= Tithymalus heterophyllus (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 141 (1812)

= Tithymalus prunifolius (Jacq.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 143 (1812)

species :

Euphorbia heteropodum Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 374 (1904)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium guentheri var. mamillare P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 35 (1959)

= Monadenium heteropodum (Pax) N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 453 (1911)

variant :

var. formosa (P.R.O.Bally) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium heteropodum var. formosum (P.R.O.Bally) S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42: 916 (1987)

= Monadenium schubei var. formosum P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 36 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia heterospina S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(2): 389 (1987)

subspecies :

subsp. heterospina

Distribution: Uganda; Kenya

25 KEN UGA

subspecies :

subsp. baringoensis S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(2): 390 (1987)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia hexadenia Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 49 (1921)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia daphnoides Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: (1887) 671 (non Balf.f. 1877)

species :

Euphorbia hexagona Nutt. ex Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 791 (1826)

Name: Sixangle spurge

Distribution: USA (Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming)

73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia heterantha Nutt.; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 5: 171 (1835)

= Zalitea linearis Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 99 (1838)

= Zygophyllidium hexagonum (Nutt. ex Spreng.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 714 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia hexagonoides S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 25: 161 (1890)

Distribution: Mexico (Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia heyligersiana P.I.Forst.; Austrobaileya 4(2): 251 (1994)

Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)

42 NWG

species :

Euphorbia heyneana Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 791 (1826)

subspecies :

subsp. heyneana

Distribution: Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Rodrigues [I]; Seychelles [I]; China (Fujian, etc.); Pakistan (Baluchistan, Pakistani Punjab, Jhelum); India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives]; Bangladesh; Myanmar; Laos; Vietnam; Java

29 mau reu rod sey 36 CHI 40 BAN IND LDV PAK 41 LAO MYA VIE 42 JAW

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce heyneana (Spreng.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 169 (1972)

= Chamaesyce heyneana subsp. galioides (Boiss.) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 37(5): 453 (1977)

= Chamaesyce orbiculata subsp. galioides (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Euphorbia bombaiensis Santapau; Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 8: 17 (1954), reimpr.

= Euphorbia chamaesyce Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. (36) (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: 473 (1832), nom. illeg., non L.

= Euphorbia dissimilis Cordem.; Fl. Réunion [Cordemoy] 336 (1895)

= Euphorbia galioides Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 14 (1860)

= Euphorbia heyneana subsp. galioides (Boiss.) Panigrahi; Kew Bull. 29(4): 697 (1974 publ. 1975)

= Euphorbia microphylla B.Heyne ex Roth; Nov. Pl. Sp. 229 (1821), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia orbiculata Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2): 421 (1859), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia serpens var. indica Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 30 (1862)

= Euphorbia wallichiana Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 30 (1862), pro syn.

subspecies :

subsp. nilagirica (Miq) Panigrahi; Kew Bull. 29(4): 697 (1974 publ. 1975)

Distribution: India (Tamil Nadu)

40 IND

Conservation Status: known only from type

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce heyneana subsp. nilagirica (Miq.) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 37(5): 454 (1977)

= Chamaesyce orbiculata subsp. nilagirica (Miq.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Euphorbia nilagirica Miq.; Nieuwe Verh. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. Amsterdam, Ser. 3, 5: 17 (1852)

= Euphorbia sanguinea var. nilagirica (Miq.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 35 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia hiernii (Croizat) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 46 (1989)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

Synonyms: hidden

= Elaeophorbia hiernii Croizat; Desert Pl. Life 8: 102 (1936)

species :

Euphorbia hieroglyphica Coss. & Durieu ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 144 (1862)

Distribution: Algeria; Saudi Arabia (Hejaz); Kuwait

20 ALG 35 KUW SAU

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus hieroglyphicus (Coss. & Durieu ex Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 173 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia hieronymi Subils; Kurtziana 10: 221 (1977), nom. nov.

Distribution: Argentina (Catamarca, Chubut, Cordoba, La Rioja, Mendoza, Neuquén, Rio Negro, San Juan, San Luis)

85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia dioica f. parvifolia Hieron.; Icon. Descr. Pl. [Hieronymus] 1: 47 (1885)

= Euphorbia dioica Hieron.; Icon. Descr. Pl. [Hieronymus] 46 (1885), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia hieronymi f. parvifolia (Hieron.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 185 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Tithymalus hieronymi (Subils) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

species :

Euphorbia hierosolymitana Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 12: 110 (1853)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus] (Adzharia); Turkey (SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, N-Israel, N-Negev Desert, Judean Desert, Negev Desert); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania)

33 GEO 34 ISR JOR LEB SIN SYR TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, bivonae agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia dumosa Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 12: 110 (1853), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia louisii J.Thiébaut; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 95: 19 (1948)

= Euphorbia mucronata E.D.Clarke; Travels Eur. Asia & Africa 2: 260 (1812), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia thamnoides Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 33 (1860)

= Euphorbia thamnoides var. hierosolymitana (Boiss.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 131 (1862)

= Tithymalus dumosus (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 70 (1860)

= Tithymalus louisii (J.Thiébaut) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

= Tithymalus thamnoides (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 177 (1972)

variant :

var. ramanensis (B.R.Baum) Zohary; Fl. Palaest. [Zohary & Feinbrun-Dothan] 2: 277 (1972)

Distribution: Israel; Sinai peninsula; Jordania

34 ISR JOR SIN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ramanensis B.R.Baum; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 110: 49 (1963)

species :

Euphorbia hindsiana Benth.; Bot. Voy. Sulphur [Bentham] 51, t. 24 (1844)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Sonora)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia californica var. hindsiana (Benth.) Wiggins; Contr. Dudley Herb. 4: 346 (1955)

= Trichosterigma hindsianum (Benth.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 248 (1859)

species :

Euphorbia hinkleyorum I.M.Johnst.; Contr. Gray Herb. 70: 72 (1924)

Distribution: Peru; Argentina (Jujuy, Salta)

83 PER 85 ARG

Remarks: to be expected in Bolivia

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus hinkleyorum (Johnst.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

species :

Euphorbia hintonii L.C.Wheeler; Contr. Gray Herb. 127: 65 (1939)

Distribution: Mexico (Mexico State, Michoacan)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia hirsuta L.; Amoen. Acad., Linnaeus ed. 4: 483 (1759)

Name: Haarige Wolfsmilch (DE); Hairy Spurge (EN); Lechero (ES)

Distribution: Portugal; Spain; Baleares; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; European Turkey; Greece (scattered lowlands, incl. Kiklades, Ionian Isl., Kerkyra); Crete; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Canary Isl. (Tenerife, Gran Canaria); South Africa [I]; Georgia [Caucasus]; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Ikaria, Samos, Leros, Kos, Rhodos); Turkey; Iraq; Cyprus; Lebanon; Syria; Palestine

12 BAL COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA SIC SLV SRB TUE 20 ALG MOR TUN 21 CNY 27 saf 33 GEO 34 CYP EAI IRQ LEB PAL SYR TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bonae Mutel; Fl. Franç. [Mutel] 3: 150 (1836)

= Euphorbia crispata Willd. ex Hornem.; Hort. Bot. Hafn., Suppl. 58 (1819)

= Euphorbia erioclada Sart. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 649 (1881)

= Euphorbia gussoneana Lojac.; Fl. Sicul. [Lojacono] 2(2): 334 (1907)

= Euphorbia hirsuta f. crispata (Willd. ex Hornem.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 185 (1992)

= Euphorbia hirsuta f. glabrescens (St.-Lag.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 185 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia hirsuta f. integrifolia (Deysson) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 185 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia hirsuta f. laevis (Merino) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 185 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia hirsuta f. serrata (Lojac.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 185 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia hirsuta f. serrulatifolia (Deysson) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 185 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia hirsuta f. subglabra (Gren. & Godr.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 185 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia hirsuta var. leucotricha (Boiss.) Oudejans; World Cat. Species Names Published Tribe Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae) with their Geogr. Distrib. 5 (1990)

= Euphorbia hirsuta var. subglabra (Gren. & Godr.) Nebot, De la Torre, Mateo & Alcaraz; Anales Biol., Fac. Biol., Univ. Murcia 16: 110 (1990)

= Euphorbia leucotricha Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 565, t. 160 (1842)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos subsp. pubescens (Vahl) Knoche; Fl. Baléar. 2: 148 (1922)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. flavopurpurea Willk.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 25: 112 (1875)

= Euphorbia pubescens f. subglabra (Gren. & Godr.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 1: 85 (1974)

= Euphorbia pubescens Jacq.; Ecl. Pl. Rar. 1(7-8): 98, t. 66 (1815)

= Euphorbia pubescens subvar. integrifolia Deysson; Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 62: 33 (1907)

= Euphorbia pubescens subvar. serrulatifolia Deysson; Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 62: 33 (1907)

= Euphorbia pubescens Vahl; Symb. Bot. [Vahl] 2: 55 (1791)

= Euphorbia pubescens var. crispata (Willd. ex Hornem.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 135 (1862)

= Euphorbia pubescens var. erioclada Sart. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 649 (1881), nomen

= Euphorbia pubescens var. glabrescens St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 9 (Cat. Fl. Bass. Rhône): 665 (1882)

= Euphorbia pubescens var. laevis Merino; Fl. Galicia [Merino] 2: 532 (1906)

= Euphorbia pubescens var. leucotricha (Boiss.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 134 (1862)

= Euphorbia pubescens var. serrata Lojac.; Fl. Sicul. [Lojacono] 2(2): 333 (1907)

= Euphorbia pubescens var. subglabra Godr.; Fl. France [Grenier] 3: 79 (1855)

= Euphorbia pubescens var. subglabra Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France [Grenier] 3: 79 (1855)

= Euphorbia sera-comans Bubani; Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat. 9: 95 (1843)

= Euphorbia vahliana Guss.; Fl. Sicul. Syn. 2(2): 829 (1844), nom. superfl.

= Euphorbia vahlii J.Jacq.; Ecl. Pl. Rar. 1: 99 (1815), nom. superfl.

= Galarhoeus pubescens (Vahl) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 149 (1869)

= Tithymalus caesalpinii Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 112 (1897)

= Tithymalus mucronata Raf.; Autik. Bot. 91 (1840)

= Tithymalus pubescens (Vahl) Samp.; Anais Fac. Sci. Porto 17: 46 (1931)

= Tithymalus sera-comans (Bubani) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 111 (1897)

species :

Euphorbia hirta L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 454 (1753)

Name: Male Malomay, Malomay, Milk Head, Milk Weed, Queensland Asthma Plant (Trinidad & Tobago); Pillpod sandmat, Lechecillo

Distribution: Egypt [I] (Nile Delta [I], Nile Valley [I], NW-coastal Egypt [I]); Cape Verde Isl. [I] (Santo Antao Isl. [I], Sao Vicente Isl. [I], Ilha de Sao Nicolau [I], Ilha da Boa Vista [I], Ilha de Maio [I], Ilha de Sao Tiago [I], Fogo Isl. [I], Ilha Brava [I]); Gambia [I]; Guinea-Bissau [I]; Guinea [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; Togo [I]; Benin [I]; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo] [I]; Principe Isl. [I]; São Tomé [I]; Annobon Isl. [I]; Gabon [I]; Congo [Brazzaville] [I]; Central African Republic [I]; D.R.Congo [Zaire] [I]; Chad [I]; Sudan [I]; South Sudan [I]; Angola [I]; Zambia [I]; Zimbabwe [I]; Mozambique [I]; Botswana [I]; South Africa [I]; Eswatini [Swaziland] [I]; Ascension Isl. [I]; Mozambique Channel Isl. [Îles Éparses] [I] (Île Europa [I], Juan de Nova Isl. [I]); Mauritius [I] (incl. Cargados Carajos Isl. [I], Tromelin Isl. [I]); La Réunion [I]; Rodrigues [I]; Îles Glorieuses [I]; Aldabra [I] (Aldabra Isl. [I], Asuncio Isl. [I], Cosmoledo Isl. [I], Astove Isl. [I], Providence Isl. [I], Farquhar Isl. [I]); Agalega Isl. [I]; Seychelles [I] (incl. Remire Isl. [I], Desroches Isl. [I], Darros Isl. [I]); Chagos Arch. [I] (Diego Garcia [I]); Iraq [I] (SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia [I]); Lebanon [I] (coastal W-Lebanon [I]); Syria [I] (NW-Syria [I]); Israel [I] (coastal W-Israel [I], Rift Valley [I], N-Israel [I]); Sinai peninsula [I] (N-Sinai [I], S-Sinai [I]); Saudi Arabia [I] (Hejaz [I]); Qatar [I]; United Arab Emirates [I]; Yemen [I] (W-Yemen [I]); China [I] (Fujian [I], Guangdong [I], Guangxi [I], Guizhou [I], Hainan [I], Hunan [I], Jiangxi [I], Sichuan [I], Yunnan [I]); Japan [I] (Honshu [I], Shikoku [I], Kyushu [I], Izu Isl. [I]); Ryukyu Isl. [I]; Bonin Isl. [I] (Chichijima [I], Keetaajima [I], Anijima [I], Hahajima [I], Mukohjima [I], Hirashima [I]); Volcano Isl. [I] (Kita-Iwojima [I], Iwojima [I]); Taiwan [I]; Pakistan [I]; Nepal [I]; India [I] (throughout); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives] [I]; Maldives [I]; Bangladesh [I]; Andaman Isl. [I] (incl. Barren Isl. [I]); Nicobar Isl. [I]; Myanmar [I]; Thailand [I]; Laos [I]; Cambodia [I]; Vietnam [I]; peninsular Malaysia [I]; Singapore [I]; Sumatra [I]; South China Sea Isl. [I]; Borneo [I]; Sulawesi [I]; Philippines [I]; Java [I]; Lesser Sunda Isl. [I] ; etc.); East Timor [I]; Cocos [Keeling] Isl. [I]; Christmas Isl. [Austr.] [I]; New Guinea [I]; Bismarck Arch. [I]; Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], Northern Territory [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I]); New Zealand [I]; New Caledonia [I]; Vanuatu [I]; Rotuma Isl. [I]; Tonga [I] (Late Isl. [I], Tongatapu [I], ´Eua [I], Vava´u [I], Tafahi [I], Niuatoputapu [I]); Niue [I]; Fiji [I]; American Samoa [I] (Ta´u [I], Tutuila [I], Aunu´u [I]); [Western] Samoa [I] (Aleipata Isl. [I], ´Upolu [I], Savai´i [I]); Tokelau [I] (Nukunonu [I], Swains Isl. [I]); Phoenix Isl. [I] (Kanton [I], Enderbury [I], Orona [I]); Gilbert Isl. [I] (Butaritari [I], Tarawa [I], Tabiteuea [I]); Nauru [I]; Line Isl. [I] (Washington [I], Fanning [I]); N-Line Isl. [I] (Palmyra Atoll [I], Teraina [I], Tabueran [I], Kiritimati [I]); S-Line Isl. [I] (Caroline Atoll [I]); Cook Isl. [I] (widespread, incl. Rarotonga [I]); Marquesas Isl. [I] (Nuku Hiva [I], Fatu Hiva [I], Hiva Oa [I], Hatutaa [I], Ua Huka [I], Ua Pou [I], Tahuata [I], Mohotani [I]); Society Isl. [I] (Mopelia Atoll [I], Tahiti [I], Moorea [I], Tetiaroa Atoll [I], Raiatea [I], Maupiti [I], Tupai [I]); Gambier Isl. [I] (Mangareva [I]); Tuamotu Arch. [I] (Makatea Isl. [I], Rangiroa Atoll [I], Takapoto Atoll [I], Niau [I], etc. [I]); Austral Isl. [I] (Rurutu [I], Tubuai [I]); Pitcairn Isl. [I]; Easter Isl. [I]; Marcus Isl. [Minami-Torishima] [I]; Palau [I] (Babeldaob [I], Koror [I], Ngarakabesang [I], Malakal [I], Urukthapel [I], Ngeanges [I], Angaur [I], Tobi [I]); Northern Marianas [I] (Asuncion [I], Agrihan [I], Pagan [I], Alamagan [I], Sarigan [I], Anatahan [I], Saipan [I], Tinian [I], Rota [I]); Guam [I]; Fed. States of Micronesia [I] (Yap [I], Ulithi [I], Fais [I], Woleai [I], Faraulep [I], Namonuito [I], Murilo [I], Truk [I], Moen [I], Dublon [I], Udot [I], Piis [I], Satawan [I], Pohnpei [I], Kosrae [I]); Marshall Isl. [I] (Enewetok [I], Utirik [I], Kwajalein [I], Jemo [I], Likiep [I], Jaluit [I]); Wake Isl. [I]; Hawaii [I] (Kure Isl. [I], Midway Isl. [I], French Frigate Shoals [I], Kauai [I], Oahu [I], Molokai [I], Lanai [I], Maui [I], Kahoolawe Isl. [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); USA (Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Mexico, New York, South Carolina, Texas); Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas); Revillagigedos Isl. (Isla Socorro); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Isla del Coco; Panama; Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Navassa Isl.; Virgin Isl. (Guana, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda); St. Barthélémy; St. Eustatius; St. Kitts; Antigua; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; St. Lucia; Grenadines; St. Vincent; Grenada; Barbados; Tobago; Trinidad; Aruba; Bonaire; Curacao; San Andres y Providencia (San Andres, Providencia y Santa Catalina); Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, Caldas, Casanare, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Quindío, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle, Vichada); Isla Margarita; Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Guarico, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Sucre, Tachira, Yaracuy, Zulia); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Galapagos; Peru; Bolivia (Beni, Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz, Tarija); N-Brazil (Acre); NE-Brazil (Bahia); WC-Brazil (Goiás); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Central); Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Misiones, Salta); Chile [I] (Arica y Parinacota [I], Tarapacá [I]); Desventuradas Isl.

20 egy 21 cvi 22 ben bkn gam gnb gui tog 23 ann bio caf con gab pri sao zai 24 cha ssu sud 26 ang moz zam zim 27 bot saf swz 28 asc 29 aga ald cgs igl mau mci reu rod sey 34 irq isr leb sin syr 35 qat sau uae yem 36 chi 38 jap kzn nns oga tai 40 ban ind ldv mdv nep pak 41 and cbd lao mya ncb tha vie 42 bor cki jaw lsi mly nwg phi scs sng sul sum xms 43 bis 50 aus 51 nzl 60 asa fij gil nru nue nwc phx rot sam tok ton van 61 aui coo eas gbi lin mrq pit sci tua 62 gum mcu mic mrn mrs plu wak 63 haw 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX RGI 80 BLZ COC COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 ABA ARU BBD BON CUB CUR DOM GDL GRE HIS JAM MAR MTS NAV PUE SBA STE STK STL STV TRT VEN VIR 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL GAL PER 84 BRA 85 ARG cle DSV PAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce gemella (Lag.) Small; Fl. Miami [Small] 110 (1913)

= Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 303 (1909)

= Chamaesyce hirta f. glaberrima (Koidz.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 279 (1954)

= Chamaesyce hirta f. litoralis Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 278 (1954)

= Chamaesyce hirta var. glaberrima (Koidz.) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 120 (1940)

= Chamaesyce hirta var. laeticincta Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 188 (1943)

= Chamaesyce karwinskyi (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 407 (1916)

= Chamaesyce pekinensis var. glaberrima (Koidz.) Makino & Nemoto; Fl. Japan. [Makino & Nemoto] 644 (1925)

= Chamaesyce pilulifera var. glaberrima (Koidz.) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 14: 356 (1938)

= Chamaesyce rosei Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 402 (1916)

= Desmonema hirta (L.) Raf.; Atlantic J. 178 (1833)

= Ditrita hirta (L.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 115 (1838)

= Euphorbia bancana Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 463 (1861)

= Euphorbia capitata Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 422 (1788)

= Euphorbia chrysochaeta W.Fitzg.; J. Roy. Soc. Western Australia 3: 162 (1918)

= Euphorbia gemella Lag.; Gen. Sp. Pl. [Lagasca] 17 (1816)

= Euphorbia globulifera Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 56 (1817)

= Euphorbia hirta var. destituta L.C.Wheeler; Contr. Gray Herb. 127: 70 (1939)

= Euphorbia hirta var. glaberrima Koidz.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33: 118 (1919)

= Euphorbia karwinskyi Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 6 (1860)

= Euphorbia nodiflora Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 613 (1841)

= Euphorbia obliterata Jacq.; Enum. Syst. Pl. 22 (1760)

= Euphorbia pilulifera f. humifusa Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 312 (1927)

= Euphorbia pilulifera f. rubromaculata Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 312 (1927)

= Euphorbia pilulifera f. viridis Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 312 (1927)

= Euphorbia pilulifera var. arechavaletae Herter; Anales Mus. Nac. Montevideo, Ser. 2, 1: 71 (1911)

= Euphorbia pilulifera var. discolor Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 188 (1859)

= Euphorbia pilulifera var. glabrescens Thell.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 7: 426 (1917)

= Euphorbia pilulifera var. guaranitica Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 679 (1905)

= Euphorbia pilulifera var. hirta (L.) Thell.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 7: 425 (1917)

= Euphorbia pilulifera var. obliterata (Jacq.) Hitchc.; Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 4: 127 (1893)

= Euphorbia verticillata Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 202 (1825 publ. 1829), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia hirtella Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 7 (1860)

Distribution: N-Brazil; WC-Brazil; SE-Brazil; S-Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Uruguay (Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Florida Prov., Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo); Argentina (Corrientes)

84 BRA 85 ARG URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce hirtella (Boiss.) Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 185 (1943)

= Chamaesyce hirtella (Boiss.) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 40(5): 391 (1978), isonym

= Euphorbia hirtella var. brevifolia Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 679 (1874)

= Euphorbia hirtella var. longifolia Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 678 (1874)

= Euphorbia hirtella var. pusilla Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 679 (1874)

species :

Euphorbia hislopii N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1913(8): 304 (1913)

Distribution: C-Madagascar (Antananarivo)

29 MDG

Remarks: milii agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia milii var. hislopii (N.E.Br.) Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 148 (1954 publ. 1955)

= Euphorbia milii var. vulcani (Leandri) Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 148 (1954 publ. 1955), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia splendens var. breonii Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 159 (1946), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia splendens var. breonii Leandri ex J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon; Euphorbia World 16(3): 18 (2020)

= Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii (N.E.Br.) Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 159 (1946)

= Euphorbia splendens var. vulcani Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 159 (1946), no Latin descr.

= Euphorbia splendens var. vulcani Leandri ex J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon; Euphorbia World 16(3): 17 (2020)

= Euphorbia vulcani (Leandri ex J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon) J.-P.Castillon; Euphorbia World 18(2): 34 (2023)

= Euphorbia vulcani var. breonii (Leandri ex J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon) J.-P.Castillon; Euphorbia World 18(2): 34 (2023)

species :

Euphorbia hispaniolensis García-Beltrán; Cat. Plantas de Cuba 481 (2024), nom. nov.

Distribution: Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)

81 HIS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce adenoptera subsp. canescens Proctor; Moscosoa 2: 23 (1983)

= Euphorbia adenoptera subsp. canescens (Proctor) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 183 (1992)

species :

Euphorbia hispida Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 8 (1860)

Distribution: Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan); Kuwait; Pakistan (Baluchistan, Kurram, Dir, Chitral, Hazara, Murree, Swat, Astor, Gilgit, Baltistan); Nepal; India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Bangladesh

34 AFG 35 KUW 40 BAN IND NEP PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce emodi (Hook.f.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 169 (1972)

= Chamaesyce hispida (Boiss.) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 37(5): 454 (1977)

= Euphorbia calliadena Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 37 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia emodi Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 5: 250 (1887)

species :

Euphorbia hockii De Wild.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 3: 265 (1911)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]

23 ZAI

species :

Euphorbia hoffmanniana (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 99 (1862)

Distribution: Costa Rica

80 COS

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbiastrum hoffmannianum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 252 (1859)

species :

Euphorbia hofstaetteri Rauh; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 64(3): 112 (1992)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Remarks: sect. Goniostema, rubrostriata group

species :

Euphorbia holmesiae Lavranos; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 64(4): 195 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia holochlorina Rizzini; Revista Brasil. Biol. 49(4): 983 (1989 publ. 1990)

Distribution: NE-Brazil; SE-Brazil (Espírito Santo)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia hondurana Standl. & L.O.Williams; Ceiba 1: 150 (1950)

Distribution: Honduras

80 HON

species :

Euphorbia hooveri L.C.Wheeler; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 53: 9 (1940)

Name: Hoover´s sandmat

Distribution: USA (California)

76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce hooveri (L.C.Wheeler) Koutnik; Madroño 32(3): 188 (1985)

species :

Euphorbia hormorrhiza Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 32(2): 482 (1978), nom. nov.

Distribution: Mexico (Tamaulipas)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Poinsettia coccinea Dressler; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 48: 336 (1962)

species :

Euphorbia horwoodii S.Carter & Lavranos; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 50(1): 28 (1978)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia hsinchuensis (Lin & Chaw) C.Y.Wu & J.S.Ma; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 15(2): 115 (1993)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce hsinchuensis Lin & Chaw; Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 32: 238, f. 13 & 14 (1991)

species :

Euphorbia hubertii Pax; Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 89(2b): 1 (1911 publ. 1912)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia humayensis Brandegee; Zoe 5: 208 (1905)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Sur, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Sonora, Yucatan); Venezuela (Bolívar, Guarico, Sucre)

79 MEX 82 VEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus humayensis (Brandegee) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia humbertii Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 28 (1921)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia humifusa Willd.; Enum. Pl. [Willdenow], Suppl. 27 (1814)

Name: Niederliegende Schiefblattwolfsmilch (DE); Tartago prostrado (ES)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Switzerland [I]; Liechtenstein [I]; Austria [I]; Poland [I]; Hungary [I]; Spain [I]; France [I]; Corsica [I]; Sardinia [I]; Italy [I]; Sicily [I]; Slovenia [I]; Croatia [I]; Romania [I]; European Turkey [I]; Greece [I] (Thasos [I], Kiklades [I]); Belarus; E-European Russia; Moldova; S-Ukraine; Crimea; Canary Isl. [I] (Tenerife [I]); Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; ?Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (NW-Anatolia: Bithynia); Iran (N-Iran); China; Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Taiwan; Pakistan (Baluchistan, Waziristan)

11 aut ger hun lie pol swi 12 cor fra sar spa 13 cro grc ita rom sic slv tue 14 BLR KRY MLD RUS UKR 21 cny 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 33 AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR 36 CHI 37 MON 38 JAP KOR NKO TAI 40 PAK

Remarks: native area somewhat uncertain

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum humifusum (Willd.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859 21 (1860)

= Chamaesyce humifusa (Willd.) F.C.Ho; Trop. Pl. Taiwan Colour 3: 355 (1982) (without basionym ref.)

= Chamaesyce humifusa (Willd.) Prokh.; Izv. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 6: 195 (1927)

= Chamaesyce humifusa f. glabra (Thell.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 291 (1954)

= Chamaesyce humifusa f. pilosa (Thell.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 291 (1954)

= Chamaesyce humifusa var. glabra (Thell.) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 11: 510 (1935)

= Chamaesyce humifusa var. pilosa (Thell.) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 11: 510 (1935)

= Chamaesyce humifusa var. pseudochamaesyce (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 288 (1954)

= Chamaesyce tashiroi (Hayata) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 14: 356 (1938)

= Euphorbia chamaesyce C.A.Mey.; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 4: 196 (1833), nom. illeg., non L.

= Euphorbia chamaesyce var. glabra C.A.Mey.; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 4: 196 (1833), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia chamaesyce var. pilosa C.A.Mey.; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 4: 196 (1833), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia confusa Blume ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 30 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia goeringii Steud. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 30 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia humifusa f. glabra (Thell.) Murata; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 20: 198 (1962)

= Euphorbia humifusa f. pilosa (Thell.) S.Z.Liou; Fl. Liaoningica 1: 1016 (1988)

= Euphorbia humifusa var. glabra Thell.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 7: 449 (1917)

= Euphorbia humifusa var. pilosa Thell.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 7: 449 (1917)

= Euphorbia humifusa var. pseudochamaesyce (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Murata; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 20: 198 (1962)

= Euphorbia polygonisperma Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France [Grenier] 3: 75 (1855)

= Euphorbia pseudochamaesyce f. pilosa (C.A.Mey.) Kitag.; Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 430 (1979)

= Euphorbia pseudochamaesyce Fisch. & C.A.Mey.; Index Sem. (St. Petersburg [Petropolitanus]) 9: 73 (1842)

= Euphorbia tashiroi Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 104 (1920)

= Euphorbia thymifolia Thunb.; Fl. Jap. [Thunberg] 196 (1784)

= Tithymalus humifusus (Willd.) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 116 (1897), no basionym ref.

species :

Euphorbia humilis C.A.Mey.; Icon. Pl. Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 2: 25 (1830)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; China (Xinjiang)

32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia korovinii Pavlov; Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol., n. s. 42: 129 (1933)

= Tithymalus humilis (Ledeb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 67 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia humistrata Engelm. ex A.Gray; Manual [A.Gray], ed. 2: 386 (1856)

Name: Spreading sandmat

Distribution: S-Spain [I]; Canada (Ontario); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida [I], Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland [I], Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, New Jersey [I], Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia)

12 spa 72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum humistratum (Engelm. ex A.Gray) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 26 (1860)

= Chamaesyce humistrata (Engelm. ex A.Gray) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 713 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia hunzikeri Subils; Kurtziana 8: 71 (1975)

Distribution: Argentina (Salta, Tucuman)

85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce hunzikeri (Subils) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 12(4): 425 (1977)

species :

Euphorbia huttoniae N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 316 (1915)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia inermis var. huttoniae (N.E.Br.) A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 395 (1941)

= Euphorbia superans Nel ex A.G.J.Herre; Desert Pl. Life 22: 15 (1950)

species :

Euphorbia hyberna L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 462 (1753)

Name: Irish Spurge (EN)

Distribution: England [I] (England [I]); Ireland (SW-Ireland, Northern Ireland [I]); Portugal; Spain; France

10 grb IRE 12 FRA POR SPA

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia. See also E. canuti and E. insularis which are often included here as subspecies

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia carniolica Lapeyr.; Hist. Pl. Pyrénées 272 (1813), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia emarginata Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 2: 145 (1789), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia hibernica Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 800 (1826), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia lusitanica Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 613 (1841)

= Galarhoeus emarginatus (Aiton) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 145 (1812)

= Galarhoeus hybernus (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 145 (1812)

= Tithymalus hybernus (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/4 (1768)

species :

Euphorbia hylonoma Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7(2): 230-231 (1931)

Distribution: Siberia (Chita); Russian Far East (Primorye, Sakhalin); China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Hubei, Guizhou, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Yunnan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Henan); North Korea; South Korea

30 SIB 31 RFE 36 CHI 38 KOR NKO

Remarks: sect. Holophyllum

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia fischeriana f. pilosa (Regel) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 184 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia fischeriana var. komaroviana (Prokh.) G.L.Chu; Fl. Pl. Herb. Chin. Bor.-Or. 6: 40 (1977)

= Euphorbia fischeriana var. pilosa (Regel) Kitag.; Lin. Fl. Manshur. 303 (1939)

= Euphorbia komaroviana Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 343-344, pl. 18: 2 (1949)

= Euphorbia pallasii f. pilosa Regel; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 128 (1861)

= Euphorbia pallasii var. komaroviana (Prokh.) S.Z.Liu; Clav. Pl. Chin. Bor.-Or., ed. 2 (ed. P. Y. Fu) 385 (1995), isonym

= Euphorbia pallasii var. komaroviana (Prokh.) Y.C.Zhu; Pl. Medic. Chinae Bor.-orient. 682 (1989)

= Euphorbia pallasii var. pilosa Regel; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 128 (1861)

= Galarhoeus fischerianus var. pilosus (Regel) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 1: p. ? (1948)

= Galarhoeus pallasii f. pilosus (Regel) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 239 (1954)

= Tithymalus komaroviana Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 343, 734 (1949), nom. altern.

species :

Euphorbia hypericifolia L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 454 (1753)

Name: Yerba nina, Euforbia blanca (ES); Graceful sandmat (EN); Johanniskrautblättrige Wolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Egypt [I] (Nile Delta [I], Nile Valley [I]); Canary Isl. [I] (Hierro [I], Tenerife [I], Gran Canaria [I], Fuerteventura [I]); Cape Verde Isl. [I] (Santo Antao Isl. [I], Sao Vicente Isl. [I], Ilha de Sao Tiago [I], Fogo Isl. [I]); Guinea [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; Congo [Brazzaville] [I]; Central African Republic [I]; Chad [I]; Mozambique [I]; +Ascension Isl. [I]; Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; East Aegaean Isl. [I] (Tilos [I], Simi [I], Chalki [I], Kasos [I], Ikaria [I], Rhodos [I], Karpathos [I]); Iraq [I] (SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia [I]); Israel [I] (N-Israel [I]); Saudi Arabia [I] (NE-Saudi Arabia [I], Asir [I], Hejaz [I]); Bahrain [I]; United Arab Emirates [I]; Oman [I] (Dhofar [I], Mascat & Oman [I]); Yemen [I] (coastal Hadhramaut [I], SW-Yemen [I], Tihama [I], W-Yemen [I]); China [I] (Hainan [I], Guangdong [I], Guangxi [I], Guizhou [I], Jiangxi [I], Hunan [I], Yunnan [I], Sichuan [I], Fujian [I]); Taiwan [I]; Nepal [I]; India [I] (throughout in tropical regions); Maldives [I]; Bangladesh [I]; Andaman Isl. [I]; Nicobar Isl. [I]; Thailand [I]; Laos [I]; Vietnam [I]; peninsular Malaysia [I]; Singapore [I]; Sumatra [I]; South China Sea Isl. [I]; Borneo [I]; Sulawesi [I]; Philippines [I]; Java [I]; Lesser Sunda Isl. [I] (Bali [I], Timor [I], etc.); East Timor [I]; New Guinea [I]; Vanuatu [I]; Niue [I]; Fiji [I]; American Samoa [I] (Ta´u [I], Tutuila [I]); [Western] Samoa [I] (´Upolu [I], Savai´i [I]); Phoenix Isl. [I] (Kanton [I], Enderbury [I]); Gilbert Isl. [I] (Butaritari [I], Tarawa [I]); N-Line Isl. [I] (Palmyra Atoll [I], Kiritimati [I]); Cook Isl. [I] (Rarotonga [I], Aitutaki [I], Penrhyn [I]); Society Isl. [I] (Tahiti [I]); Easter Isl. [I]; Palau [I] (Babeldaob [I], Angaur [I]); Fed. States of Micronesia [I] (Yap [I], Ulithi [I], Namoluk [I]); Marshall Isl. [I] (Kwajalein [I], Majuro [I], Jaluit [I]); Wake Isl. [I]; Hawaii [I] (Kure Isl. [I], Midway Isl. [I], French Frigate Shoals [I], Kauai [I], Oahu [I], Molokai [I], Lanai [I], Maui [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); USA (Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, New Mexico, South Carolina, Texas); Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Durango, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Bahamas; Turks & Caicos Isl.; Cuba; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Navassa Isl.; Virgin Isl. (Guana, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola); St. Kitts; Antigua; Barbuda; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; St. Lucia; Grenadines; St. Vincent; Grenada; Barbados; Tobago; Trinidad; Aruba; Bonaire; Curacao; San Andres y Providencia (San Andres, Providencia y Santa Catalina); Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, Caldas, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Huila, Magdalena, Nariño, Quindío, Risaralda, Santander, Tolima, Valle); Isla Margarita; Venezuela (Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolívar, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Guarico, Miranda, Nueva Esparta, Sucre, Tachira); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Peru; Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Amazonas); NE-Brazil (Bahia); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (São Paulo); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, Misiones, Rio Negro, Salta, Santa Fe, Tucuman); Chile [I] (Valparaíso [I])

11 ger 20 egy 21 cny cvi 22 bkn gui 23 caf con 24 cha 26 moz 28 asc 29 mau reu 34 eai irq isr 35 bar oma sau uae yem 36 chi 38 tai 40 ban ind mdv nep 41 and lao ncb tha vie 42 bor jaw lsi mly nwg phi scs sng sul sum 60 asa fij gil nue phx sam van 61 coo eas lin sci 62 mic mrs plu wak 63 haw 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 ABA ARU BAH BBD BON CUB CUR DOM GDL GRE HIS MAR NAV PUE STK STL STV TCI TRT VEN VIR 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL PER 84 BRA 85 ARG cle PAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum hypericifolium (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 161 (1812)

= Anisophyllum hyssopifolium Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 23 (1862) non (L.) Haw.

= Chamaesyce boliviana (Rusby) Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 27: 291 (1946)

= Chamaesyce glomerifera Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 377 (1913)

= Chamaesyce hypericifolia (L.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 302 (1909)

= Ditrita obliqua Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 115 (1838)

= Euphorbia boliviana Rusby; Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 4: 442 (1907)

= Euphorbia glomerifera (Millsp.) L.C.Wheeler; Contr. Gray Herb. 127: 78 (1939)

= Euphorbia hypericifolia var. maculata Klotzsch; Bot. Voy. Herald [Seemann] 276 (1856)

= Euphorbia papilligera Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 8 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia hypogaea Marloth; Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 2: 37 (1910)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

species :

Euphorbia hyrcana Grossh.; Trudy Tbilissk. Bot. Sada, Ser. 2, 1: 7 (1920)

Distribution: Azerbaijan (Talysh)

33 AZE

species :

Euphorbia hyssopifolia L.; Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 1048 (1759)

Name: Hyssopleaf sandmat, Pica pollo, Yerba lechera, Yerba lechosa (Cuba)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Greece [I]; Egypt [I] (Nile Delta [I]); Cape Verde Isl. [I] (Ilha de Sao Tiago [I], Fogo Isl. [I]); Guinea-Bissau [I]; Guinea [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; Togo [I]; Benin [I]; Cameroon [I]; Principe Isl. [I]; São Tomé [I]; Annobon Isl. [I]; Gabon [I]; Chad [I]; Ryukyu Isl. [I]; Bonin Isl. [I]; Taiwan [I]; India [I]; Australia [I] (Queensland [I]); Vanuatu [I]; American Samoa [I] (Tutuila [I]); [Western] Samoa [I] (´Upolu [I], Manono [I]); Hawaii [I] (Midway Isl. [I], Kauai [I], Oahu [I], Molokai [I], Lanai [I], Maui [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Mexico, South Carolina, Texas, Utah); Bermuda; Revillagigedos Isl. [I] (Isla Socorro [I]); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (Guana,St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola); St. Barthélémy; Antigua; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Dominica; St. Lucia; St. Vincent; Grenada; Tobago; Trinidad; Aruba; Bonaire; Curacao. Mexico (Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas); San Andres y Providencia (San Andres, Providencia y Santa Catalina); Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, Caldas, Casanare, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Huila, Magdalena, Meta, Nariño, Quindío, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle); Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Bolívar, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Guarico, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Galapagos; Peru; Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Tocantins, Acre); NE-Brazil (Paraíba, Bahia); WC-Brazil (Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Cordillera, Paraguari); Uruguay (Artigas, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Salto); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Formosa, Jujuy, Mendoza, Misiones, Salta, Santiago del Estero, San Juan, Tucuman)

11 ger 13 grc 20 egy 21 cvi 22 ben bkn gnb gui tog 23 ann cmn gab pri sao 24 cha 38 nns oga tai 40 ind 50 aus 60 asa sam van 63 haw 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX rgi 80 BLZ COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 ABA ARU BAH BER BON CUB DOM GDL GRE HIS JAM MTS PUE SBA STL STV TRT VIR 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL GAL PER 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum hyssopifolium (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 161 (1812)

= Chamaesyce brasiliensis (Lam.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 712 (1903)

= Chamaesyce hyssopifolia (L.) Small; Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 3: 429 (1905)

= Chamaesyce jenningsii Millsp. ex Britton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 465 (1916)

= Chamaesyce jonesii (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 410 (1916)

= Chamaesyce nirurioides Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 394 (1914)

= Euphorbia blanchetii Miq. ex Boiss.; Linnaea 22: 797 (1850)

= Euphorbia brasiliensis f. angustior Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 680 (1905)

= Euphorbia brasiliensis f. latior Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 680 (1905)

= Euphorbia brasiliensis f. major Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 680 (1905)

= Euphorbia brasiliensis f. pruinosa Chodat; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 1: 399 (1901)

= Euphorbia brasiliensis f. subsessilis Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 681 (1905)

= Euphorbia brasiliensis Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 423 (1786)

= Euphorbia brasiliensis var. blanchetii (Miq. ex Boiss.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 24 (1862)

= Euphorbia brasiliensis var. hyssopifolia (L.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 24 (1862)

= Euphorbia brasiliensis var. paraguayensis Chodat; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 1: 399 (1901)

= Euphorbia brasiliensis var. pruinosa (Chodat) Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 681 (1905)

= Euphorbia brasiliensis var. pulchella (Kunth) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 24 (1862)

= Euphorbia brasiliensis var. uniflora Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 681 (1905)

= Euphorbia domingensis Spreng. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 24 (1862)

= Euphorbia hypericifolia var. falciformis Klotzsch; London J. Bot. 2: 42 (1843)

= Euphorbia hyssopifolia var. blanchetii (Miq. ex Boiss.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 185 (1992)

= Euphorbia hyssopifolia var. paraguayensis (Chodat) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 185 (1992)

= Euphorbia hyssopifolia var. pruinosa (Chodat) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 185 (1992)

= Euphorbia hyssopifolia var. pubescenticocca Christenh.; Harvard Pap. Bot. 7: 6 (2002)

= Euphorbia hyssopifolia var. pulchella (Boiss.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 185 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia hyssopifolia var. uniflora (Chodat & Hassl.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 185 (1992)

= Euphorbia jonesii Millsp.; Pittonia 2: 89 (1890)

= Euphorbia klotzschiana Miq.; Stirp. Surinam. Select. 95 (1851)

= Euphorbia nirurioides (Millsp.) Fawc. & Rendle; Fl. Jamaica [Fawcett & Rendle] 4: 339 (1920)

= Euphorbia pubescenticocca (Christenh.) Christenh.; Global Fl. 4: 128 (2018)

= Euphorbia pulchella Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 56 (1817), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia serrulata Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 203 (1825 publ. 1829), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia stenomeres S.F.Blake; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24: 13 (1922)

species :

Euphorbia iancannellii Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium cannellii L.C.Leach; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 1(1-2): 35 (1973)

species :

Euphorbia iberica Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 38 (1860)

Name: Georgische Wolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan)

11 ger 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN IRQ TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia iberica var. intermedia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 163 (1862)

= Euphorbia intermedia Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 163 (1862)

= Euphorbia kemulariae Ter-Chatsch.; Zametki Syst. Geogr. Rast. 23: 92 (1963)

= Euphorbia latifolia Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 39 (1860), pro syn.

= Euphorbia sanasunitensis Hand.-Mazz.; Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 26: 139, f. 1, t. II, f.4 (1912)

= Euphorbia vedica Ter-Chatsch.; Zametki Syst. Geogr. Rast. 24: 24 (1965)

= Galarhoeus ibericus (Boiss.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 71 (1941)

= Tithymalus ibericus (Boiss.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 183 (1933), in obs.

= Tithymalus sanasunitensis (Hand.-Mazz.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia iharanae Rauh; Kakteen And. Sukk. 46(9): 221 (1995)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia illirica Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 435 (1788)

Name: Wollige Wolfsmilch, Illyrische Wolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: Germany (Bayern); Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania; Romania; European Turkey; Greece (very rare NE-, N-, C-Greece, Athos, S-Peloponnisos); S-European Russia; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; Crimea; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey

11 AUT CZE GER HUN POL SLO 12 FRA SPA 13 ALB BIH CRO GRC ITA KOS ROM SLV SRB TUE 14 BLR KRY MLD RUS UKR 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, esula agg.; species delimitation is critical and disputed

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia austriaca A.Kern.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 25: 397 (1875), et Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. [Kerner] 3: 62 (1884)

= Euphorbia austriaca subsp. tauricola (Prokh.) Chrtek & Krísa; Preslia 42: 263 (1970)

= Euphorbia cantabrica Rouy; Rev. Sci. Nat. (Montpellier), Sér. 3, 3: 247 (1883), pro syn.

= Euphorbia carinthiaca Traunf. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 116 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia cechica Opiz; Seznam [Opiz] 42 (1852), nomen

= Euphorbia costata Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 3: 122 (1852)

= Euphorbia distincta Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 65 (1853)

= Euphorbia distinguenda Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 3: 122 (1852)

= Euphorbia hirsuta Kit. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 116 (1862), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia klokovii Dubovik; Ukrayins´k. Bot. Zhurn. 30(1): 84 (1973), nom. nov.

= Euphorbia mollis C.C.Gmel.; Fl. Bad. [C.C.Gmelin] 2: 330 (1806)

= Euphorbia multiformis Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 65 (1853), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia pilosa subsp. villosa (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 275 (1890)

= Euphorbia pilosa var. austriaca (A.Kern.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 275 (1890)

= Euphorbia pilosa var. gymnocarpa Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 2(2): 281 (1829)

= Euphorbia pilosa var. illirica (Lam.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 650 (1881)

= Euphorbia pilosa var. longifolia Rouy; Rev. Sci. Nat. (Montpellier) Sér. 3, 3: 247 (1883)

= Euphorbia pilosa var. reichenbachiana (Willk.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 116 (1862)

= Euphorbia pilosa var. trigonocarpa (Fisch.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 116 (1862)

= Euphorbia pilosa var. villosa (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 650 (1881)

= Euphorbia procera var. trichocarpa W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 630 (1837)

= Euphorbia procera var. tuberculata W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 630 (1837)

= Euphorbia pseudovillosa Klokov; Fl. URSR 7: 628 (1955) (non Prodan (1953))

= Euphorbia reichenbachiana Willk.; Flora 35: 310 (1852)

= Euphorbia subcordata (Klotzsch & Garcke) Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 594 (1866), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia tauricola Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 736 (1949)

= Euphorbia trigonocarpa Fisch.; Index Sem. (St. Petersburg [Petropolitanus]) 7: 48 (1841)

= Euphorbia valdevillosocarpa Arvat & Nyár.; Bul. Grad. Bot. Univ. Cluj 15: 191 (1935 publ. 1936)

= Euphorbia villosa f. trichocarpa (W.D.J.Koch) Hegi & Beger; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(1): 149 (1924)

= Euphorbia villosa subsp. austriaca (A.Kern.) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 23(3-4): 381 (1977 publ. 1978)

= Euphorbia villosa subsp. valdevillosocarpa (Arvat & Nyár.) R.Turner; Euphorbias, gardeners´ guide 171 (1995), isonym

= Euphorbia villosa subsp. valdevillosocarpa (Arvat & Nyár.) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 23: 381 (1978)

= Euphorbia villosa var. longifolia (Rouy) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 1: 85 (1974)

= Euphorbia villosa Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2: 909 (1799)

= Euphorbia volhynica Besser ex Racib.; Fl. Polska 2: 107 (1921)

= Galarhoeus villosus (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 33 (1941)

= Tithymalus austriacus (A.Kern.) A. & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 114: 40 (1961)

= Tithymalus tauricola (Prokh.) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8(2): 175 (1973)

= Tithymalus valdevillosocarpa (Arvat & Nyár.) Chrtek & Krísa; Sborn. Nár. Muz. Praze, Řada B, Přír. Vĕdy 26(4): 76 (1970)

= Tithymalus villosus (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Pacher; Fl. Kärnten 233 (1887)

= Tithymalus villosus var. trichocarpus (W.D.J.Koch) Dostál; Folia Mus. Rerum Nat. Bohemiae Occid., Bot. 21: 9 (1984)

= Tithymalus villosus var. tuberculatus (W.D.J.Koch) Dostál; Folia Mus. Rerum Nat. Bohemiae Occid., Bot. 21: 9 (1984)

= Tithymalus volhynicus (Besser ex Racib.) A. & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 114: 40 (1961)

= Tithymalus volhynicus (Besser ex Racib.) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8: 175 (1973), isonym

species :

Euphorbia iloitaii Powys & S.Carter; CactusWorld 27: 211 (2009)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia imitata N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 570 (1911)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia immersa P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Candollea 21: 366 (1967)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia imparispina S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(4): 413 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia imperatae (Leandri ex J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon) Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 488(1): 16 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

Remarks: milii agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia milii var. imperatae Leandri ex J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon; Euphorbia World 16(3): 10 (2020)

= Euphorbia milii var. imperatae Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 150 (1954)

= Euphorbia splendens var. imperatae Leandri; Cactus (Paris) 34: 114 (1952)

species :

Euphorbia impressa Chiov.; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 36: 370 (1929)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia inaequilatera Sond.; Linnaea 23: 105 (1850)

Distribution: Morocco; Algeria; Libya (Tibesti); Egypt (Nile Delta); Canary Isl. (Tenerife); Cape Verde Isl. (Sao Vicente Isl., Sal Isl., Ilha da Boa Vista, Fogo Isl.); Mauritania; Mali; Burkina Faso; Niger; Rwanda; Burundi; Chad (Tibesti); ?Sudan; Ethiopia; Djibouti; Somalia; Abd-al-Kuri Isl.; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]; Seychelles [I]; Afghanistan (Kabul); Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, Asir); Bahrain; United Arab Emirates; Oman (Dhofar, Mascat & Oman); Yemen (N-Inner Yemen, Tihama, W-Yemen); Pakistan (Baluchistan)

20 ALG EGY LBY MOR 21 CNY CVI 22 BKN MLI MTN NGR 23 BUR RWA 24 CHA DJI ETH SOC SOM 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT LES NAM SAF SWZ 29 sey 34 AFG 35 BAR OMA SAU UAE YEM 40 PAK

Remarks: sect. Anisophyllum, subsect. Hypericifoliae

Synonyms: hidden

= Alectoroctonum sanguineum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 39 (1860)

= Anisophyllum inaequilaterum (Sond.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 22 (1860)

= Anisophyllum mundii Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 25 (1860)

= Anisophyllum setigerum E.Mey. ex Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 29 (1860)

= Chamaesyce granulata var. dentata (N.E.Br.) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 40: 391 (1978)

= Chamaesyce granulata var. glabrata (Boiss.) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 40(5): 391 (1978)

= Chamaesyce inaequilatera (Sond.) Fennane; Bocconea 8: 95 (1998), isonym

= Chamaesyce inaequilatera (Sond.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

= Euphorbia granulata f. glabra (Maire) Vindt; Trav. Inst. Sci. Chérifien, Sér. Bot. 2: 29 (1960)

= Euphorbia granulata var. dentata N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 503 (1911)

= Euphorbia granulata var. glabra Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 20: 201 (1929)

= Euphorbia haematodes Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 179 (1862), nomen

= Euphorbia hypericifolia var. pusilla Webb; Niger Fl. [W.J.Hooker] 176 (1849)

= Euphorbia inaequalis N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 512 (1911)

= Euphorbia inaequilatera var. dentata (N.E.Br.) M.G.Gilbert; Kew Bull. 48(1): 126 (1993)

= Euphorbia inaequilatera var. jemenica (Schweinf.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 185 (1992)

= Euphorbia inaequilatera var. perennis N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 246 (1915)

= Euphorbia inaequilatera var. spanothrix S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42: 370 (1987)

= Euphorbia intermedia Hochst. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 35 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia nelsii Pax; Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 737 (1898)

= Euphorbia parvifolia E.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 34 (1862)

= Euphorbia parvifolia var. laxa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 34 (1862)

= Euphorbia sanguinea Hochst. & Steud. ex Benth.; Fl. Hongk. 302 (1861), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia sanguinea var. intermedia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 35 (1862)

= Euphorbia sanguinea var. jemenica Schweinf.; Bull. Herb. Boissier 7(App. 2): 315 (1899)

= Euphorbia sanguinea var. natalensis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 35 (1862)

= Euphorbia sanguinea var. setigera (E.Mey. ex Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 35 (1862)

= Euphorbia setigera E.Mey.; Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Docum. [Drège] 184 (1843), pro syn.

species :

Euphorbia inaequispina N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 576 (1911)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia

24 ETH SOM

species :

Euphorbia inaguaensis Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 46 (1989), nom. nov.

Distribution: Bahamas (Little Inagua Isl.)

81 BAH

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia abbreviata Correll; Sida 8(4): 317 (1980), nom. illeg., non Thuill. 1799

species :

Euphorbia inappendiculata Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 309 (1927)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce inappendiculata (Domin) D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 24(5): 640 (1976)

= Euphorbia inappendiculata var. queenslandica Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 309 (1927)

variant :

var. robustior Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 505 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia inarticulata Schweinf.; Bull. Herb. Boissier 7, App. 2: 324 (1899)

Distribution: Saudi Arabia (Asir); Yemen (Tihama, W-Yemen)

35 SAU YEM

species :

Euphorbia incerta Brandegee; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, 3: 171 (1891)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Sur, Colima, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora); Revillagigedos Isl. (Isla Socorro)

79 MEX RGI

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce incerta Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 409 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia inculta P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 19: 155 (1964)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia inderiensis Lees ex Kar. & Kir.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 448 (1842)

Distribution: Romania; Ukraine; Crimea; Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Armenia; Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts.); Afghanistan (Badghys, Bamyan, Kabul, Kandahar, Logar); China (Xinjiang)

13 ROM 14 KRY UKR 32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM 34 AFG IRN 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pygmaea Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 99 (1862) non Ledeb. (1849-51)

= Galarhoeus inderiensis (Less. ex Kar. & Kir.) Prokh. ex Lapin; Opred. Rast. Okr. Taschk. 1: 193 (1938)

= Tithymalus inderiensis (Less. ex Kar. & Kir.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 65 (1860)

= Tithymalus pygmaeus (Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Ledeb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 84 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia indica Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 423 (1788)

Distribution: S-Europe [I]; Egypt [I] (Nile Valley [I]); Sudan [I]; South Sudan [I]; +Soqotra [I]; Angola [I]; Zambia [I]; Zimbabwe [I]; Botswana [I]; South Africa [I]; Eswatini [Swaziland] [I]; Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Seychelles [I]; Georgia [Caucasus] [I]; Azerbaijan [I]; Iraq [I] (NW-Iraq [I]); Iran [I] (EC-Iran [I], S-Iran [I]); Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan); United Arab Emirates [I]; Oman [I] (Dhofar [I], Mascat & Oman [I]); China (Yunnan); Taiwan [I]; Pakistan (Karachi, Waziristan, Kurram, Dir, Swat, Hazara, Pakistani Punjab, Murree, Rawalpindi); India (throughout, incl. Jammu & Kashmir); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives] [I]; Maldives; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl.; Nicobar Isl.; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; Java [I]

20 egy 24 soc ssu sud 26 ang zam zim 27 bot saf swz 29 mau reu sey 33 aze geo 34 AFG irn irq 35 oma uae 36 CHI 38 tai 40 BAN IND ldv MDV PAK SRL 41 AND CBD LAO NCB VIE 42 jaw

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum indicum (Lam.) Schweinf.; Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. [Schweinfurth] 34 (1867)

= Chamaesyce indica (Lam.) Croizat; Lilloa 8: 406 (1942)

= Euphorbia androsaemoides Dennst.; Schlüssel Hortus Malab. 36 (1818)

= Euphorbia bracteolaris Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 8 (1860)

= Euphorbia cassioides C.Presl; Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Ser. 5, 3: 539 (1845)

= Euphorbia decumbens (Forssk.) Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. Suppl. [Willdenow] 27 (1814)

= Euphorbia granulata var. decumbens Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: cxii (1775)

= Euphorbia hypericifolia Hochst. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 22 (1862)

= Euphorbia hypericifolia var. bracteolaris (Boiss.) Ewart; Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, n. s. 19: 41 (1907)

= Euphorbia hypericifolia var. coimbatorensis Chandrab.; Fl. Coimbatore 266 (1988)

= Euphorbia indica var. angustifolia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 22 (1862)

= Euphorbia indica var. procumbens Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 117 (1894)

= Euphorbia indica var. pubescens Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 117 (1894)

= Euphorbia ovalifolia Kostel.; Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 5: 1724 (1836)

= Euphorbia pubera Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 655 (1826)

= Euphorbia purpurascens Schumach. & Thonn.; Beskr. Guin. Pl. [Schumacher] 253 (1827), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia uniflora Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: 473 (1832), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus uniflorus Haw.; Philos. Mag. Ann. Chem. 10: 418 (1831)

= Vallaris uniflora Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1836)

species :

Euphorbia indistincta P.I.Forst.; Austrobaileya 4(2): 254 (1994)

Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)

42 NWG

species :

Euphorbia indivisa (Engelm.) Tidestr.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 48: 40 (1935)

Name: Royal sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Zacatecas)

76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce indivisa (Engelm.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 387 (1914)

= Euphorbia adenoptera var. indivisa (Engelm.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 49 (1862)

= Euphorbia dioeca var. indivisa Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 187 (1859)

= Euphorbia multifoliosa M.E.Jones; Contr. W. Bot. 18: 54 (1933-5)

species :

Euphorbia indurescens L.C.Leach; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 2(2): 113 (1975)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia indurescens (L.C.Leach) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 90 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia inermis Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 13 (1768)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia viperina A.Berger; Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 12: 39 (1902)

species :

Euphorbia infernidialis V.W.Steinm.; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 24: 177 (2005)

Distribution: Mexico (Guerrero, Michoacan)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia ingens E.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 87 (1857), et Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 87 (1862)

Name: Common Tree Euphorbia, Candelabra Tree, Cactus Euphorbia

Distribution: Angola; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; Ethiopia; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]; Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, C-Saudi Arabia, Rub al Khali, Asir); Yemen (W-Yemen)

23 BUR RWA ZAI 24 ETH SOM 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF SWZ 35 SAU YEM

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ammak Schweinf.; Bull. Herb. Boissier 7, App. 2: 319 (1899)

= Euphorbia bilocularis N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 594 (1912)

= Euphorbia candelabrum var. bilocularis (N.E.Br.) S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42: 681 (1987)

= Euphorbia confertiflora Volkens; Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 266 (1899)

= Euphorbia reinhardtii var. bilocularis (N.E.Br.) Oudejans; World Cat. Species Names Published Tribe Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae) with their Geogr. Distrib. 5 (1990)

= Euphorbia reinhardtii Volkens; Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 263 (1899)

= Euphorbia similis A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 69 (1907 publ. 1906)

= Euphorbia tozzii Chiov.; Fl. Somala 2: 407 (1932)

species :

Euphorbia ingenticapsa L.C.Leach; Bol. Soc. Brot. 45: 356 (1971)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia innocua Wheeler; Contr. Gray Herb. 122: 62 (1939)

Name: Velvet spurge

Distribution: USA (Texas)

77 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia refugii Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 27: 290 (1946)

species :

Euphorbia insarmentosa P.G.Mey.; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 6: 246 (1966)

Distribution: Namibia

27 NAM

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Crotonoides

species :

Euphorbia insulana Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 202 5: t. 14 (1825 publ. 1829)

Distribution: Ecuador [I]; Galapagos [I]; Peru; NE-Brazil (Bahia, Alagoas); SE-Brazil (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Amambay, Pres. Hayes); Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes, Formosa, Misiones, Salta)

83 ecu gal PER 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia anomala Salzm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 59 (1862)

= Euphorbia insulana subsp. pilcomayensis Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 178 (1843)

= Euphorbia insulana var. minor Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 689 (1874)

= Euphorbia insulana var. pilcomayensis (Croizat) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 186 (1992)

= Poinsettia insulana Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 253 (1859) (nomen)

variant :

var. tovarensis (Boiss.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 185 (1992)

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Santander, Valle); Venezuela (Aragua, Barinas, Carabobo, Delta Amacuro, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Tachira, Yaracuy); Bolivia (La Paz)

82 CLM VEN 83 BOL

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia insulana subsp. tovarensis (Boiss.) Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 178 (1943)

= Euphorbia tovarensis Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 18 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia insularis Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 32 (1860)

Distribution: Corsica; Sardinia; NW-Italy

12 COR SAR 13 ITA

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia canuti subsp. insularis (Boiss.) Briq.; Prodr. Fl. Corse 2(2): 77 (1935)

= Euphorbia hyberna subsp. insularis (Boiss.) Briq.; Prodr. Fl. Corse 2(2): 77 (1935)

= Euphorbia hyberna var. insularis (Boiss.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 279 (1901)

= Tithymalus hybernus subsp. insularis (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia intisy Drake; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 260 (1900)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia intisy (Drake) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 90 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia intricata S.Carter; Kew Bull. 40(4): 821 (1985)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; Kenya

24 ETH SOM 25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia inundata Torr. ex Chapm.; Fl. South. U.S. 402 (1860)

Name: Florida pineland spurge

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galarhoeus inundatus (Torr. ex Chapm.) Small; Man. S.E. Fl. [Small] 801 (1933)

= Tithymalus inundatus (Torr. ex Chapm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 719 (1903)

variant :

var. garrettii E.L.Bridges & Orzell; Lundellia 5: 65 (2002)

Distribution: USA (Florida)

78 USA

species :

Euphorbia inundaticola L.C.Leach; Excelsa 15: 18 (1991 publ. 1992)

Distribution: Zambia

26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia invaginata Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 180 (1943)

Distribution: Paraguay (Alto Paraguay)

85 PAR

species :

Euphorbia invenusta (N.E.Br.) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium invenustum N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1909: 329 (1909)

variant :

var. angusta (P.R.O.Bally) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium invenustum var. angustum P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 35 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia ipecacuanhae L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 455 (1753)

Name: American ipecac

Distribution: USA (Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia)

75 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Agaloma ipecacuanhae (L.) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 2: 300 (1912)

= Anisophyllum ipecacuanha (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 164 (1812)

= Euphorbia atrorubens Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 101 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia ipecacuanhae f. linearis (Moldenke) Fernald; Rhodora 50: 148 (1948)

= Euphorbia ipecacuanhae var. portulacoides Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 101 (1862)

= Euphorbia polygonifolia Michx. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 101 (1862) non L.

= Euphorbia portulacoides Herb. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 102 (1862)

= Tithymalopsis ipecacuanhae (L.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 716 (1903), et Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. Ed. 2, 2: 470 (1913)

= Tithymalopsis ipecacuanhae f. linearis Moldenke; Phytologia 2: 321 (1947)

= Tithymalopsis ipecacuanhae f. orbiculata Moldenke; Phytologia 2: 474 (1948)

= Tithymalopsis ipecacuanhae f. rubra Moldenke; Phytologia 3: 117 (1949)

= Tithymalus ipecacuanhae (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 69 (1860)

= Vallaris ipecacuanhae (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1838)

= Vallaris ipecacuanhae var. linearifolia Raf.; Autik. Bot. 96 (1840)

species :

Euphorbia iranshahrii Pahlevani; Adansonia, Sér. 3, 33(1): 96 (2011)

Distribution: Iran

34 IRN

species :

Euphorbia irgisensis Litv.; Sched. Herb. Fl. Ross. 8: 102 (1922)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan

32 KAZ TKM

Synonyms: hidden

= Galarhoeus irgisensis (Litv.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 46 (1941)

= Tithymalus irgisensis (Litv.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 168 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia isacantha Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 82 (1904)

Distribution: S-Tanzania; N-Malawi

25 TAN 26 MLW

species :

Euphorbia isatidifolia Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 430 (1788)

Distribution: E-Spain

12 SPA

Remarks: sect. Holophyllum

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia isatis Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 15 (1806)

= Euphorbia vitellina Loscos & J.Pardo; Ser. Inconf. Pl. Aragon. 93 (1863)

= Tithymalus clusii Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 110 (1897)

= Tithymalus isatidifolius (Lam.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia isaurica M.L.S.Khan; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 25: 125, t. 9 (1964)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia)

34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus isauricus (M.L.S.Khan) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 173 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia itampolensis (Rauh) Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 492(1): 36 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Remarks: sect. Goniostema, rubrostriata group

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia mahafalensis var. itampolensis (Rauh) J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon; Candollea 74(2): 160 (2019)

= Euphorbia neobosseri var. itampolensis Rauh; Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 100: 8 (1999)

species :

Euphorbia itremensis Kimnach & Lavranos; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 73(1): 42 (2001)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia ivanjohnstonii M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 5(5): 129 (1975)

Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ivanjohnstonii f. longifolia B.L.Turner; Phytoneuron 14: 2 (2011)

= Tithymalus ivanjohnstonii (M.C.Johnst.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 148: 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

species :

Euphorbia jablonskii V.W.Steinm.; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 25: 231 (2007)

Distribution: WC-Brazil (Brasilia Distrito Federal)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia jacquemontii Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 113 (1862)

Distribution: S-Tibet; Pakistan (Skardu); NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir)

36 TIB 40 IND PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia jacquemontii var. lasiocarpa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 113 (1862)

= Tithymalus jacquemontii (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia jaegeri V.W.Steinm. & J.M.André; Aliso 30(1): 1, figs. 1-4 (2012)

Distribution: USA (California)

76 USA

species :

Euphorbia jaliscensis B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 29: 392 (1894)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Durango, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Puebla)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia jaliscensis var. durangensis Millsp.; Bot. Gaz. 25: 24 (1898)

= Euphorbia xeropoda Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 367 (1917)

species :

Euphorbia jamesonii Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 11 (1860)

Distribution: Ecuador

83 ECU

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce jamesonii (Boiss.) G.L.Webster; Cat. Vasc. Pl. Ecuador (Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75): 954 (1999)

species :

Euphorbia jatrophoides Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 287 (1904)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; N-Kenya; Oman (Dhofar)

24 ETH SOM 25 KEN 35 OMA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia reghinii (Chiov.) Vollesen; Kew Bull. 40: 76 (1985)

= Commiphora reghinii Chiov.; (1940)

species :

Euphorbia jeanbernardii J.-P.Castillon; Euphorbia World 20(2): 12 (2025)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia jejuna M.C.Johnst. & Warnock; Southw. Naturalist 5: 97 (1960)

Name: Dwarf sandmat

Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Coahuila)

77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce jejuna (Warnock & M.C.Johnst.) Shinners; Sida 3: 347 (1969)

species :

Euphorbia jenisseiensis Baikov; Fl. Sibir. 10: 33 (1996)

Distribution: Siberia (Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia)

30 SIB

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia alpina var. baikalensis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 123 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia jodhpurensis Blatt. & Hallb.; J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 26: 971 (1920)

Distribution: India (Rajasthan)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce jodhpurensis (Blatt. & Hallb.) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 40(5): 392 (1978)

= Euphorbia clarkeana var. erecta Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 5: 253 (1887)

species :

Euphorbia johannis S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(4): 420 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia johnstonii Mayfield; Sida 14(4): 574 (1991)

Distribution: Mexico (Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce johnstonii (Mayfield) Mayfield; Phytologia 75(2): 179 (1993)

species :

Euphorbia jolkinii Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 32 (1860)

Distribution: China (Sichuan, Yunnan); South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Izu Isl.); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan

36 CHI 38 JAP KOR NNS TAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Dichrophyllum jolkinii (Boiss.) F.C.Ho; Trop. Pl. Taiwan Colour 3: 34, 355 (1982)

= Euphorbia calonesiaca Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 97 (1938)

= Euphorbia formosana Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 262 (1911)

= Euphorbia japonica Siebold ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1266 ex parte. (1862)

= Euphorbia jolkinii f. insularis (Hurus.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 186 (1992)

= Euphorbia nematocypha Hand.-Mazz.; Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 63: 9 (1926)

= Euphorbia nematocypha var. induta Hand.-Mazz.; Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 7(2): 230 (1931)

= Euphorbia orientalis Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 20: 70 (1904), non L.

= Euphorbia regina H.Lév.; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 24: 145 (1914)

= Euphorbia shouanensis H.Keng; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 41(6): 205 (1951)

= Galarhoeus calonesiacus (Croizat) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 14: 356 (1938)

= Galarhoeus formosanus (Hayata) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 14: 356 (1938)

= Galarhoeus formosanus (Hayata) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6(6): 261, f. 26 (1954), isonym

= Galarhoeus formosanus var. hayatae Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6(6): 263, f. 26 (1954)

= Galarhoeus jolkinii (Boiss.) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 11: 385 (1935)

= Galarhoeus jolkinii f. insularis Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 254 (1954)

= Galarhoeus nematocypha (Hand.-Mazz.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 254 (1954)

= Galarhoeus shouanensis (H.Keng) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 263 (1954), isonym

= Galarhoeus shouanensis (H.Keng) Keng; Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 4: 257 (1951)

= Tithymalus calonesiacus (Croizat) S.S.Ying; Coloured Ill. Fl. Taiwan 4: 757 (1992)

= Tithymalus formosanus (Hayata) S.S.Ying; Coloured Ill. Fl. Taiwan 4: 759 (1992)

= Tithymalus jolkinii (Boiss.) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 54 (1954)

= Tithymalus shouanensis (H.Keng) S.S.Ying; Coloured Ill. Fl. Taiwan 4: 756 (1992)

species :

Euphorbia josei Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 46 (1989), nom. nov.

Distribution: Puerto Rico

81 PUE

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia litoralis Sessé & Moc.; Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 123 (1894), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia joyae P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Kew Bull. 40(4): 820 (1985)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia jubata L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 30: 7 (1964)

Distribution: Zambia

26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia juttae Dinter; Neue Pfl. Südw.-Afr. [Dinter] 30 (1914)

Distribution: Namibia; South Africa (W-Free State, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: sect. Articulofruticosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia aequoris N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 279 (1915)

= Euphorbia silicicola Dinter; Neue Pfl. Südw.-Afr. [Dinter] 31 (1914)

= Tirucalia aequoris (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 87 (1996)

= Tirucalia juttae (Dinter) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 90 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia juvoklanti Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 86 (1909)

Distribution: Cameroon

23 CMN

species :

Euphorbia kabridarensis Thulin; Kew Bull. 64(3): 471 (2009)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia kadapensis Sarojin. & R.R.V.Raju; Phytotaxa 181(3): 173 (2014)

Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia kaessneri Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 86 (1909)

Distribution: SE-Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

species :

Euphorbia kalambatitrensis Haev., Hett. & Spannring; Phytotaxa 492(1): 12 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia kalbaensis Baikov & I.V.Khan; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 90: 1893 (2005)

Distribution: Kazakhstan

32 KAZ

species :

Euphorbia kalisana S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3852 (1982)

Distribution: S-Ethiopia; Kenya

24 ETH 25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia kamerunica Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 75 (1904)

Distribution: Senegal; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ivory Coast; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad

22 BEN IVO LBR NGA SEN SIE TOG 23 CAF CMN 24 CHA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia barteri N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 597 (1912)

= Euphorbia kamerunica var. barteri (N.E.Br.) A.Chev.; Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 28: 348 (1948)

species :

Euphorbia kamponii Rauh & Petignat; Brit. Cact. Succ. J. 13(4): 131 (1995)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia kanalensis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1265 (1862)

Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch.; Solomon Isl.; New Caledonia

42 NWG 43 BIS SOL 60 NWC

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia plumerioides var. acuminata J.J.Sm.; Nova Guinea 8(2): 794 (1912)

= Euphorbia plumerioides var. microphylla Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8: 86 (1980)

species :

Euphorbia kanaorica Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 154 (1862)

Distribution: Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Pakistan (Chitral, Astor, Deosai); NW-India (Dras, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh)

32 TZK UZB 40 IND PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia kanaorica subsp. polytimetica (Prokh.) Kamelin; Fl. Ushchel. Reki Varzob 200 (2021)

= Euphorbia polytimetica (Prokh.) Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 458 (1949)

= Euphorbia prorepens Popov; Rastit. Zapovedn. Guralash 32 (1936), nom. superfl.

= Tithymalus kanaoricus (Boiss.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 144 (1933) (in obs.)

= Tithymalus polytimeticus Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 48, 142 (1933) (in clavi)

species :

Euphorbia kansuensis Proch.; Izv. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 6, 20: 1371, in obs. (1926)

Distribution: China; Tibet

36 CHI TIB

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia yinshanica S.Q.Zhou & G.H.Liu; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27(1): 77-78, f. 1 (1989)

= Tithymalus kansuensis (Prokh.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 75, in obs.(1933)

species :

Euphorbia kansui Liou ex S.B.Ho; Fl. Tsinling. 1(3): 162, 450, f. 138 (1981)

Distribution: China (Gansu)

36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia kansui Liou; Iconogr. Cormophyt. Sin. 2: 624, pl. 2978 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia kaokoensis (A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane) L.C.Leach; Dinteria 12: 33 (1976)

Distribution: NW-Namibia

27 NAM

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia subsalsa var. kaokoensis A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 965 (1941)

species :

Euphorbia karibensis S.Carter; Kew Bull. 45(2): 330 (1990)

Distribution: Zimbabwe

26 ZIM

species :

Euphorbia katrajensis Gage; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 236 (1914)

Distribution: India (Maharashtra)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce katrajensis (Gage) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia kavirensis Pahlevani; Phytotaxa 312(1): 88 (2017)

Distribution: Iran

34 IRN

species :

Euphorbia keithii R.A.Dyer; Bothalia 6: 223 (1951)

Name: Swazi Euphorbia

Distribution: SW-Mozambique; Eswatini [Swaziland]

26 MOZ 27 SWZ

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia kelleri Pax; Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 739 (1898)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia

24 ETH SOM

variant :

var. latifolia Pax; Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 740 (1898)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia kerneri Huter ex A.Kern.; Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. [Kerner] 2: 48 (1882)

Distribution: Austria; Hungary; Slovenia

11 AUT HUN 13 SLV

Remarks: often treated as E. triflora ssp. kerneri

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri (Huter ex A.Kern.) Poldini; Acta Bot. Croat. 28: 325 (1969)

= Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri (Huter ex A.Kern.) Poldini ex Pignatti; Giorn. Bot. Ital. 107(5): 220 (1973)

= Tithymalus kerneri (Huter ex A.Kern.) Pacher; Fl. Kärnten, Nachtr. 234 (1887)

= Tithymalus triflorus subsp. kerneri (Huter ex A.Kern.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 177 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia kerstingii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 285 (1903)

Distribution: Guinea; Burkina Faso; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon

22 BEN BKN GUI NGA TOG 23 CMN

species :

Euphorbia khabrica Pahlevani; Pl. Syst. Evol. 303(2): 156 (2016)

Distribution: Iran

34 IRN

species :

Euphorbia khandallensis Blatt. & Hallb.; J. Indian Bot. Soc. 2: 48 (1921)

Distribution: S-India (Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia fusiformis var. khandallensis (Blatt. & Hallb.) Binojk. & N.P.Balakr.; Fam. Euphorbiaceae India 280 (2007)

= Euphorbia panchganiensis Blatt. & McCann; J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, n. s. 26: 353 (1930 publ. 1931)

species :

Euphorbia khasyana Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 120 (1862)

Distribution: India (Meghalaya, Nagaland); Bangladesh

40 BAN IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia fimbriata Wall. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1266 (1862) non Scop.

= Tithymalus khasyanus (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia khorasanica Saeidi & Ghayorm.; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 52(1-2): 38 (2015)

Distribution: Iran

34 IRN

species :

Euphorbia kianjavatoana J.-P.Castillon; Euphorbia World 18(2): 37 (2023)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia kilwana N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 507 (1911)

Distribution: Tanzania; Zimbabwe

25 TAN 26 ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia convolvuloides var. integrifolia Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 85 (1909)

species :

Euphorbia kimberleyana (G.Will.) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006)

Distribution: Zimbabwe

26 ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium kimberleyanum G.Will.; Excelsa 19: 56 (1999)

species :

Euphorbia kimberleyensis B.G.Thomson; Nuytsia 8(3): 358 (1992)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia kingdon-wardii Binojk. & N.P.Balakr.; Kew Bull. 48(4): 798 (1993)

Distribution: Myanmar

41 MYA

species :

Euphorbia kirimzjulica Stepanov; Florogenet. Anal. Na Primere Sev.-Vost. Chasti Zap. Sayana 1: 84 (1994)

Distribution: Siberia (Krasnoyarsk)

30 SIB

species :

Euphorbia kiritensis P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Euphorbia J. 5: 35 (1988)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia kirkii (N.E.Br.) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006)

Distribution: Malawi; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Mozambique

26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Synadenium gazense N.E.Br.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 40: 190 (1911), et in Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 467 (1911)

= Synadenium kirkii N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 466 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia kischenensis Vierh.; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 71: 379 (1907)

Distribution: Soqotra

24 SOC

species :

Euphorbia klotzschii Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 46 (1989), nom. nov.

Distribution: Germany [I]; Bolivia (Cochabamba, Potosí); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Paraguari); Uruguay (Canelones, Montevideo, Paysandu, Soriano, Tacuarembo); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, San Juan, San Luis, Tucuman); Chile (Arica y Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Atacama, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins, Maule, Ñuble, Biobío, Araucanía)

11 ger 83 BOL 85 ARG CLE PAR URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum ovalifolium Engelm. ex Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 26 (1860)

= Chamaesyce ovalifolia (Engelm. ex Klotzsch) Croizat; Lilloa 6: 299 (1941)

= Euphorbia depressa Phil. ex Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 26 (1860), pro syn.

= Euphorbia klotzschii var. dentata (R.E.Fr.) Oudejans; World Cat. Species Names Published Tribe Euphorbieae

= Euphorbia montevidensis Casar. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 43 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia obliquifolia Kunze ex Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 15 (1860), pro syn.

= Euphorbia ovalifolia (Engelm. ex Klotzsch) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 43 (1862), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia ovalifolia var. dentata R.E.Fr.; Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal., Ser. 4, 1(1): 128 (1905)

= Euphorbia ovalifolia var. montevidensis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 43 (1862)

= Euphorbia serpens var. montevidensis (Boiss.) Cabrera; Man. Fl. Alrededores Buenos Aires 284 (1953)

= Euphorbia serpens var. ovalifolia (Engelm. ex Klotzsch) Allem; Revista Brasil. Biol. 37: 223 (1977)

variant :

var. argentina (Müll.Arg. ex Griseb.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 186 (1992)

Distribution: Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, San Juan, San Luis, Tucuman); Chile (Maule)

85 ARG CLE

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ovalifolia var. argentina Müll.Arg. ex Griseb.; J. Bot. 12: 232 (1874)

variant :

var. schizosepala (Engelm. ex Boiss.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 186 (1992)

Distribution: Uruguay (Colonia); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Cordoba, Entre Rios, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, San Juan, San Luis); Chile (Maule, Ñuble, Biobío, Araucanía, Los Rios, Los Lagos); Juan Fdz. Isl.

85 ARG CLE JNF URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ovalifolia var. schizosepala Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 43 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia knobelii Letty; Fl. Pl. South Africa 14: t. 521 (1934)

Distribution: South Africa (North-West Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia perangusta R.A.Dyer; Fl. Pl. South Africa 18: t. 716 (1938)

species :

Euphorbia knuthii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 83 (1904)

subspecies :

subsp. knuthii

Distribution: S-Mozambique; South Africa (Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]

26 MOZ 27 SAF SWZ

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

subspecies :

subsp. johnsonii (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 39(1): 20 (1973)

Distribution: Mozambique

26 MOZ

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia johnsonii N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 571 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia kondoi Rauh & Razaf.; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 61: 113 (1989)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia kopetdaghi (Prokh.) Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 398 (1949)

Distribution: S-Turkmenistan; Iran (NE-Iran: Mts.)

32 TKM 34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia aellenii Rech.f.; Anz. Österr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 88: 219 (1951)

= Euphorbia fuhsii Bornm. & Sint. ex O. & B.Fedtsch.; Consp. Fl. Turkestanicae [O.A.Fedchenko & B.A.Fedchenko] 6: 310 (1916), nomen, Prokh. Consp. Syst. Tithym. As. Med.(Trans. Rubber & Guttap. Inst.) 158 (1933)

= Tithymalus aellenii (Rech.f.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

= Tithymalus kopetdaghi Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 158 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia korshinskyi Geltman; Fl. Vostochnoi Evropy 9: 281 (1996)

Distribution: Siberia (W-Siberia)

30 SIB

species :

Euphorbia kotschyana Fenzl; Pug. Pl. Nov. Syr. 7 (1842)

Distribution: East Aegaean Isl. (Samos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Lebanon (C-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains)

34 EAI LEB SYR TUR

Remarks: amygdaloides agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus kotschyanus (Fenzl) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 96 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia kouandenensis Beille; Mém. Soc. Bot. France 8: 296 (1914 publ. 1917)

Distribution: Senegal; Guinea; Mali; Ghana; Togo; Benin

22 BEN GHA GUI MLI SEN TOG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia kouandenensis Beille ex A.Chev.; Explor. Bot. Afrique Occ. Franç. 1: 552 (1920) (nomen)

species :

Euphorbia kozlovii Prokh.; Izv. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 6, 20: 1370, in obs., 1383 in clavi (1926)

Distribution: China (Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai); Mongolia

36 CHI 37 MON

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia kozlovii var. angustifolia S.Q.Zhou; Fl. Intramongol. 4: 48, 207 (1979)

= Tithymalus kozlovii (Prokh.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 68, in obs.(1933)

species :

Euphorbia kraussiana Bernh.; Flora 28: 87 (1845)

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Esula, sect. Esula

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia erubescens E.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 116 (1862), non Boiss. 1849

= Euphorbia kraussiana var. erubescens N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 268 (1915), nom. inval.

= Tithymalus meyeri Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 75 (1860)

= Tithymalus truncatus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 75 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia kudrjaschevii (Pazij) Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 352 (1949)

Distribution: Uzbekistan; Tajikistan

32 TZK UZB

Synonyms: hidden

= Galarhoeus kudrjaschevii Pazij; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Zool. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 11: 27 (1948)

species :

Euphorbia kundelunguensis (Malaisse) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]

23 ZAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium kundelunguense Malaisse; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 59(5): 204 (1987)

species :

Euphorbia kuriensis Vierh.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 88 (1905)

Distribution: Abd-al-Kuri Isl.

24 SOC

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce kuriensis (Vierh.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia kurtzii Subils; Kurtziana 6: 233 (1971)

Distribution: Bolivia (La Paz); Argentina (Cordoba, Misiones, Salta, San Luis, Tucuman)

83 BOL 85 ARG

species :

Euphorbia kuwaleana O.Deg. & Sherff; Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 20: 9 (1949)

Distribution: Hawaii (Oahu)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Endangered, USA Status: Endangered

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamasyce kuwaleana (O.Deg. & Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190 (1959) (in obs.)

species :

Euphorbia labatii Rauh & Bard.-Vauc.; Succulentes 1999(4): 3 (1999)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia lacei Craib; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 456 (1911)

Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Bangladesh [I]; Andaman Isl.; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl.; East Timor

40 ban IND 41 AND LAO MYA THA 42 JAW LSI

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia barnhartii Croizat; Euphorb. Antiq. 25, 54 (1934)

= Euphorbia trigona Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. (36) (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: 468 (1832) (non Haw.)

species :

Euphorbia lacera Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 22 (1860)

Distribution: Mexico (Ciudad de Mexico, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia laciniata Panigrahi; Kew Bull. 30(3): 531 (1975)

Distribution: S-India (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka

40 IND SRL

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce fimbriata (B.Heyne ex Roth) R.R.Rao & B.A.Rao; J. Mysore Univ., B, 23(1-2): 53 (1969-70 publ. 1970)

= Chamaesyce fimbriata (B.Heyne ex Roth) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972), isonym

= Chamaesyce laciniata (Panigrahi) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 37(5): 454 (1977)

= Euphorbia capitata Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 7708 A (1832), nomen

= Euphorbia fimbriata B.Heyne ex Roth; Nov. Pl. Sp. 227 (1821), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia fimbriata var. laxa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 19 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia laciniloba Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 507 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Queensland)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia lactea Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 127 (1812)

Name: Mottled Spurge (EN), Candelero (ES)

Distribution: Benin [I]; Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Seychelles [I]; India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Thailand [c]; Society Isl [I]; Tuamotu Arch. [I]; Austral Isl. [I]; USA [I] (Florida [I]); Mexico [I]; Bahamas [I]; Cuba [I]; Jamaica [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Haiti [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Virgin Isl. [I]; Trinidad & Tobago [I]; Colombia [I]; Isla Margarita [I]

22 ben 29 mau reu sey 40 IND SRL 41 tha 61 aui tua 78 usa 79 mex 81 bah cub his jam pue trt ven vir 82 clm

species :

Euphorbia lactiflua Phil.; Fl. Atacam. 48 (1860)

Name: Lechero [Chile]

Distribution: Chile (Antofagasta, Atacama)

85 CLE

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia lactiflua (Phil.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 91 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia laevigata Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 421 (1788)

Distribution: SE-Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia lagascae Spreng.; Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. [Sprengel] 2: 115 (1820)

Distribution: SE-Spain; Sardinia; ?Sicily

12 SAR SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia kunzei Mart. ex Colla; Hortus Ripul. [Colla], App. 4: 45 (1830)

= Euphorbia martiusiana Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 613 (1841)

= Euphorbia terracina Lag.; Gen. Sp. Pl. [Lagasca] 6 (1816), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus lagascae (Spreng.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 65 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia lagunensis Huft; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 71(4): 1025 (1984 publ. 1985)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Sur)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia lagunillarum Croizat; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 39: 144 (1967)

Distribution: Venezuela (Merida)

82 VEN

species :

Euphorbia laikipiensis S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(2): 373 (1987)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia lakshminarasimhanii Malpure, Chandore, P.S.Raut & B.De Jong; Nordic J. Bot. 39(7)-e03142: 2 (2021)

Distribution: India (Maharashtra)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia lamarckii Sweet; Hort. Suburb. Lond. 107 (1818)

subspecies :

subsp. lamarckii

Name: Lamarcks Wolfsmilch (DE); Tabaiba amarga (ES)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (Tenerife)

21 CNY

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia broussonetii Willd. ex Lam.; Phys. Beschr. Canar. Ins. [Buch] 158 (1828) (preocc.)

= Euphorbia lamarckii var. broussonetii (Willd. ex Link) Molero & Rovira; Vieraea 32: 118 (2004)

= Euphorbia obtusifolia Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 2: 609 (1812), nom. illeg. (conservation rejected)

= Euphorbia virgata Desf.; Tabl. École Bot. 204 (1804), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus obtusifolius Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 74 (1860)

= Tithymalus virgatus (Desf.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 139 (1828)

subspecies :

subsp. wildpretii (Molero & Rovira) Rivas-Mart. & Gaisberg

Distribution: Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma)

21 CNY

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia obtusifolia var. wildpretii Molero & Rovira; Taxon 47: 325 (1998)

species :

Euphorbia lamprocarpa (Prokh.) Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 362 (1949)

Distribution: Siberia; C-Asia

30 SIB

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia. Distinct from E. soongarica fide molecular analyses

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia soongarica subsp. lamprocarpa (Prokh.) Prokh.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 230 (1964)

= Galarhoeus lamprocarpus (Prokh.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 27 (1941)

= Tithymalus lamprocarpus Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 105 (1933)

= Tithymalus soongaricus subsp. lamprocarpus (Prokh.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia lancifolia Schltdl.; Linnaea 7: 143 (1832)

Name: Isbut (Cuba)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Cuba [I]; Hispaniola [I]; Virgin Isl. [I] (St. Thomas [I]); Colombia (Valle)

79 MEX 80 BLZ ELS GUA HON 81 cub his vir 82 CLM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia lancifolia var. villicaulis Fernald; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 36: 496 (1901)

= Poinsettia lancifolia (Schltdl.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 253 (1859)

species :

Euphorbia laredana Millsp. ex Coult.; Pittonia 2: 88 (1890), et ex Coult. in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 390 (1894)

Name: Laredo sandmat

Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas)

77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce laredana (Millsp.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 709 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia larica Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 24 (1860)

Distribution: Iran (S-Iran); Saudi Arabia (Asir); United Arab Emirates; Oman (Mascat & Oman); Yemen (coastal Hadhramaut)

34 IRN 35 OMA SAU UAE YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia masirahensis Ghaz.; Novon 3: 258 (1993)

= Tirucalia larica (Boiss.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 91 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia larranagae Oudejans; Phytologia 67: 46 (1989), nom. nov.

Distribution: Uruguay

85 URU

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia rupestris Larrañaga; Escritos Damaso Antonio Larrañaga 2: 164 (1923), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia lasiocarpa Klotzsch; Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 19, Suppl. 1: 414 (1843)

Name: Roadside sandmat

Distribution: USA (Florida); Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz); Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Antigua; St. Lucia; Barbados; Tobago; Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Caldas, Cundinamarca, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Risaralda, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle); Isla Margarita; Venezuela (Apure, Carabobo, Delta Amacuro, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Nueva Esparta, Tachira); Ecuador; Galapagos; Peru; Bolivia (La Paz, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Acre); Argentina (Catamarca, Chaco, Cordoba, Formosa, Jujuy, Misiones, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, San Luis, Tucuman)

78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ COS ELS HON NIC PAN 81 ABA BAH BBD CUB HIS JAM PUE STL TRT VEN 82 CLM VEN 83 BOL ECU GAL PER 84 BRA 85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum lasiocarpum (Klotzsch) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859 (1860)

= Chamaesyce lasiocarpa (Klotzsch) Arthur; Torreya 11: 260 (1911)

= Euphorbia hypericifolia var. lasiocarpa (Klotzsch) Griseb.

= Euphorbia lasiocarpa var. subprostrata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1262 (1866)

species :

Euphorbia lata Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 188 (1858)

Name: Hoary sandmat

Distribution: USA (Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas); Mexico (Baja California Sur, Coahuila, Chihuahua)

73 USA 74 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce lata (Engelm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 710 (1903)

= Euphorbia dilatata Torr. & A.Gray; Pacif. Railr. Rep. 2(4), ed. 2 [Pope]: 175 (1857) (nom. illeg., non E. Mey.)

= Euphorbia rinconis M.E.Jones; Contr. W. Bot. 1908: 12 (1908)

species :

Euphorbia latericolor Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4: 377 (1913)

Distribution: Mexico (Veracruz)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus latericolor (Brandegee) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia lateriflora Schumach. & Thonn.; Beskr. Guin. Pl. [Schumacher] 252 (1827)

Distribution: Guinea; Sierra Leone; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Central African Republic

22 BEN GHA GUI NGA SIE TOG 23 CAF CMN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia togoensis Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 224 (1909)

= Tirucalia lateriflora (Schumach.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 91 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia lathyris L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 457 (1753)

Name: Spring-Wolfsmilch, Kreuzblättrige Wolfsmilch (DE); Moleplant, Caper Spurge (EN); Lechetrezna murganera (ES)

Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I], Isles of Scilly [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I], Northern Ireland [I]); Netherlands [I]; Belgium [I]; Germany [I]; Switzerland [I]; Liechtenstein [I]; Austria [I]; Slovakia [I]; Hungary [I]; Portugal [I]; Spain [I]; Andorra [I]; Baleares [I]; France [I]; Channel Isl. [I] (Alderney [I], Guernsey [I], Jersey [I], Sark [I]); Corsica [I]; Sardinia [I]; Italy [I]; San Marino [I]; Slovenia [I]; Croatia [I]; Albania [I]; Romania [I]; Bulgaria [I]; European Turkey [I]; Greece [I]; Morocco [I]; Azores [I] (Santa Maria Isl. [I], Sao Miguel Isl. [I], Terceira [I], Graciosa [I], Pico [I], Faial [I]); Madeira [I] (Madeira Isl. [I]); Canary Isl. [I] (Tenerife [I], La Palma [I]); South Africa [I] (W-Cape Prov. [I]); Kyrgyzstan; Georgia [Caucasus] [I]; Armenia [I]; Turkey [I] (N-Anatolia [I], NE-Anatolia [I]); China (Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan); Tibet; India (Jammu & Kashmir, West Bengal); Vietnam [I]; Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], South Australia [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I], Tasmania [I]); New Zealand [I]; Chatham Isl. [I]; Canada [I] (British Columbia [I], Ontario [I], Québec [I]); USA [I] (Arizona [I], California [I], Connecticut [I], Georgia [I], Idaho [I], Illinois [I], Kentucky [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Montana [I], North Carolina [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], South Carolina [I], Tennessee [I], Virginia [I], Washington State [I], West Virginia [I]); Mexico [I]; Colombia [I]; Venezuela [I]; Bolivia [I]; Brazil [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Valparaíso [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I], O´Higgins [I], Maule [I], Ñuble [I], Biobío [I], Araucanía [I], Los Rios [I], Los Lagos [I]); Juan Fdz. Isl. [I]

10 grb ire 11 aut bgm ger hun lie net slo swi 12 ado bal cis cor fra por sar spa 13 alb bul cro grc ita rom slv sma tue 20 mor 21 azo cny mdr 27 saf 32 KGZ 33 arm geo 34 tur 36 CHI TIB 40 IND 41 vie 50 aus 51 ctm nzl 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 78 usa 79 mex 82 clm ven 83 bol 84 bra 85 arg cle jnf

Synonyms: hidden

= Epurga lathyris (L.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Euphorbia decussata Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 389 (1796), nom. superfl.

= Euphorbia lathyris var. minor Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beechey Voy. 44 (1830)

= Euphorbia spongiosa Ledeb. ex Schrank; Syll. Pl. Nov. 1: 214 (1824)

= Euphorbion lathyrum (L.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 126 (1880)

= Galarhoeus decussatus Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 256 (1821 publ. 1822), nom. superfl.

= Galarhoeus lathyris (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 143 (1812)

= Keraselma lathyris (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Tithymalus cataputia Garsault; Fig. Pl. Méd. 593 (1764), opus utique oppr.

= Tithymalus lathyris (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/3 (1768)

species :

Euphorbia latifolia Ledeb.; Icon. Pl. [Ledebour], Cent. 2: 25 (1830)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia, Yakutia); Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; China (Xinjiang)

30 SIB 32 KAZ KGZ TZK 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia esula var. latifolia (Ledeb.) Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 576 (1850)

= Euphorbia latifolia Ledeb. ex C.A.Mey.; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 4: 183 (1833)

= Euphorbia latifolia var. intermedia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 161 (1862)

= Galarhoeus esula var. latifolius (Ledeb.) Kitag.; Bull. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 1(3): 2 (1937)

= Galarhoeus latifolius (Ledeb.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 73 (1941)

= Tithymalus latifolius (Ledeb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 89 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia laurifolia Juss. ex Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 418 (1788)

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Chocó, Cundinamarca, Huila, Nariño, Quindío, Tolima, Valle); Venezuela (Merida); Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (La Paz)

82 CLM VEN 83 BOL ECU PER

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cestrifolia Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 59 (1817)

= Euphorbia goudotii Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 106 (1862)

= Euphorbia latazi Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 58 (1817)

= Euphorbia latazi var. glabra Steyerm.; Fieldiana, Bot. 28: 316 (1952)

= Euphorbia lehmanniana Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 508 (1899)

= Euphorbiodendron cestrifolium (Kunth) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 305 (1909)

= Euphorbiodendron goudotii (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 306 (1909)

= Euphorbiodendron latazii (Kunth) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 305 (1909)

= Euphorbiodendron laurifolium (Juss. ex Lam.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 306 (1909)

species :

Euphorbia lavicola S.Carter; Kew Bull. 35(2): 419 (1980)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia lavrani L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 47: 807 (1981)

Distribution: Namibia

27 NAM

species :

Euphorbia lawsonii Binojk. & Dwarakan; Rheedea 4(1): 60 (1994)

Distribution: S-India (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce lawsonii (Binojk. & Dwarakan) V.S.Raju; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28(1): 92 (2004)

species :

Euphorbia leandriana Boiteau; Bull. Trimestriel Acad. Malgache, n. s. 24: 84 (1942)

Distribution: SC-Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia horombensis Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 154 (1955)

species :

Euphorbia lecheoides Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 163 (1906)

Name: Pinweed spurge (Bahamas)

Distribution: Bahamas (fairly widespread); Turks & Caicos Isl.

81 BAH TCI

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce lecheoides (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 301 (1909)

variant :

var. exumensis (Millsp.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 186 (1992)

Distribution: Bahamas (Exumas Isl., etc.)

81 BAH

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce exumensis Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 301 (1909)

= Euphorbia exumensis (Millsp.) Correll; Sida 8(4): 319 (1980)

= Euphorbia hieroglyphica Correll; J. Arnold Arbor. 58(1): 40 (1977) (non Coss. & Durieu ex Boiss. 1862)

variant :

var. wilsonii (Millsp.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 186 (1992)

Distribution: Bahamas; Turks & Caicos Isl.

81 BAH TCI

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce wilsonii Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 301 (1909)

= Euphorbia wilsonii (Millsp.) Correll; Sida 8(4): 319 (1980)

species :

Euphorbia ledebourii Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 35 (1860)

Distribution: Crimea; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia)

14 KRY 33 ARM AZE 34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pygmaea Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 569 (1850), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia ledermanniana Pax & K.Hoffm.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 241 (1910)

Distribution: Ghana; Nigeria; Cameroon; Chad

22 GHA NGA 23 CMN 24 CHA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia calva N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 522 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia leistneri R.H.Archer; S. African J. Bot. 64: 258 (1998)

Distribution: NW-Namibia

27 NAM

Remarks: sect. Frondosae

species :

Euphorbia lemesiana Hadjik., Hand, Christodoulou & Frajman; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 179: 302 (2015)

Distribution: Cyprus

34 CYP

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

species :

Euphorbia lenensis Baikov; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 30: 116 (1996); et in Fl. Sibir. (Geraniae.-Cornac.) 10: 50 (1996)

Distribution: Siberia (Irkutsk, Yakutia)

30 SIB

species :

Euphorbia lenewtonii S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 72(4): 186 (2000)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia leonardii (D.G.Burch) Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 25(1): 172 (1971)

Distribution: Hispaniola (Haiti)

81 HIS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce leonardii D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 96 (1966)

species :

Euphorbia leontopoda S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(4): 403 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia leptocaula Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 159 (1862)

Distribution: E-Romania; S-European Russia; E-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Siberia (W-Siberia)

13 ROM 14 KRY RUS UKR 30 SIB

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, esula agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia borszczowii Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 742 (1949)

= Euphorbia bupleuroides Willd. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 159 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia longifolia Gueldenst.; Reise Russland [Gueldenstaedt] 1: 192 (1787), nomen

= Galarhoeus leptocaulus (Boiss.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 46 (1941)

species :

Euphorbia leptoclada Balf.f.; Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 12: 410 (1884)

Distribution: Soqotra

24 SOC

species :

Euphorbia letestuana (Denis) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006)

Distribution: Central African Republic

23 CAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia letestuana var. rotundifolia (P.R.O.Bally) S.Carter; Euphorbia World 9(3): 7 (2013)

= Monadenium letestuanum Denis; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 28: 194 (1922)

= Monadenium letestuanum var. rotundifolium P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 36 (1959), et Gen. Monaden. 29 (1961)

species :

Euphorbia letestui J.Raynal; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 6: 576 (1966)

Distribution: Cameroon; Gabon

23 CMN GAB

Conservation Status: IUCN EN (Cameroon)

species :

Euphorbia letouzeyana (Malaisse) Bruyns; Euphorbia World 3(1): 5 (2007)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Zambia

23 ZAI 26 ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pseudonervosa Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov. for Monadenium nervosum Bally

= Monadenium letouzeyanum Malaisse; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia, Sér. 4, 11(4): 337 (1989 publ. 1990)

= Monadenium nervosum P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 29 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia leucocephala Lotsy; Bot. Gaz. 20: 350 (1895)

Name: Flor de ovejo, Pascuita

Distribution: Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; India [c]; Thailand [c]; Cook Isl. [I] (Rarotonga [I], Aitutaki [I], Mauke [I]); Society Isl. [I] (Tahiti [I]); Austral Isl. [I]; Mexico (Oaxaca, Chiapas); Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama; Cuba [I]; Jamaica [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Haiti [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Virgin Isl. [I] (St. Croix [I], St. John [I]); Trinidad & Tobago [I]; Colombia [I]

29 mau reu 40 ind 41 tha 61 aui coo sci 79 MEX 80 GUA HON NIC PAN 81 cub his jam pue trt vir 82 clm

species :

Euphorbia leucochlamys Chiov.; Fl. Somala 299 (1929)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia

24 ETH SOM

species :

Euphorbia leuconeura Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 78 (1862)

Distribution: NE-Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia fournieri Rebut; Lyon-Hort. & Hort. Nouv. 15: 22 (1893)

= Euphorbia fournieri Rebut ex André; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 68: 226 (1896)

species :

Euphorbia leucophylla Benth.; Bot. Voy. Sulphur [Bentham] 50 (1844)

subspecies :

subsp. leucophylla

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Sonora)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce leucophylla (Benth.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 410 (1916)

= Euphorbia biserrata Millsp.; Zoe 1: 347 (1890)

= Euphorbia velutina Greene; Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2(5): 57 (1886)

subspecies :

subsp. comcaacorum V.W.Steinm. & Felger; Aliso 16: 43 (1997)

Distribution: Mexico (Sonora)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia lignosa Marloth; Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 1: 316 (1909)

Distribution: Angola; Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

26 ANG 27 NAM SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Pseudeuphorbium

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia curocana L.C.Leach; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 2(2): 111 (1975)

= Euphorbia engleriana Dinter; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 263 (1921)

= Tirucalia curocana (L.C.Leach) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 89 (1996)

= Tirucalia lignosa (Marloth) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 91 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia ligustica Skubic & Frajman; Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 185-107805: 13 (2023)

Distribution: Italy

13 ITA

species :

Euphorbia limaensis Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 47 (1989), nom. nov.

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia inornata (Dressler) Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 32(2): 482 (1978)

= Poinsettia inornata Dressler; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 48: 339 (1962)

species :

Euphorbia lindenii (S.Carter) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium lindenii S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 13(5): 542 (1993)

species :

Euphorbia linearibracteata L.C.Leach; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 1(1-2): 39 (1973)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia lineata S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 21: 455 (1886)

Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Morelos, Nayarit)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce lineata (S.Watson) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 410 (1916)

= Euphorbia paludicola McVaugh; Brittonia 13: 184 (1961)

species :

Euphorbia lingiana C.Shih; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 276 (1963)

Distribution: China (Hainan)

36 CHI

species :

Euphorbia linguifolia Haev., Hett. & Spannring; Phytotaxa 497(2): 172 (2021), nom. nov.

Distribution: Madagascar (Fianarantsoa)

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia linguiformis Haev., Hett. & Spannring; Phytotaxa 492(1): 16 (2021), non McVaugh 1961

species :

Euphorbia linguiformis McVaugh; Brittonia 13: 184 (1961)

Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Michoacan)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce linguiformis (McVaugh) McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 212 (1993)

variant :

var. actinadenia (McVaugh) Oudejans; World Cat. Species Names Published Tribe Euphorbieae; Cumulative Suppl. I: 1: 12 (1993)

Distribution: Mexico (Michoacan)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia linguiformis var. actinadenia (McVaugh) Radcl.-Sm. & Govaerts; Kew Bull. 51(3): 542 (1996), isonym

= Chamaesyce linguiformis var. actinadenia McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 213 (1993)

species :

Euphorbia lingulata Heuff.; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 8: 192 (1858)

Distribution: Hungary; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Albania; S-Romania; Ukraine

11 HUN 13 ALB BIH KOS ROM SRB 14 UKR

Remarks: epithymoides agg.; status uncertain, often included in E. epithymoides s. l.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia epithymoides subsp. lingulata (Heuff.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 649 (1881)

= Euphorbia polychroma subsp. lingulata (Heuff.) Soó; Feddes Repert. 85(7-8): 441 (1974)

= Tithymalus lingulatus (Heuff.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 110(3-4): 173 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia lioui C.Y.Wu & J.S.Ma; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 14(4): 371-372, f. 1 (1992)

Distribution: China (Nei Mongol)

36 CHI

species :

Euphorbia lipskyi (Prokh.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 80 (1933)

Distribution: Uzbekistan; Tajikistan

32 TZK UZB

Remarks: sect. Holophyllum

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus lipskyi Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 39: 80 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia lissosperma S.Carter; Kew Bull. 35(2): 414 (1980)

Distribution: Burundi; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania

23 BUR 25 KEN TAN UGA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce lissosperma (S.Carter) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 150(3-4): 138 (1981 publ. 1982)

species :

Euphorbia litticola Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 508 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia liukiuensis Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 103 (1920)

Distribution: Ryukyu Isl.

38 NNS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce liukiuensis (Hayata) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 14: 356 (1938)

= Chamaesyce makinoi var. liukiuensis (Hayata) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 291 (1954)

species :

Euphorbia livida C.A.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 14 (1862)

Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: sect. Anisophyllum, subsect. Hypericifoliae

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce livida (E.Mey. ex Boiss.) Koutnik; S. African J. Bot. 3(4): 263 (1984)

species :

Euphorbia lividiflora L.C.Leach; Kirkia 4: 20 (1964)

Distribution: Tanzania; Malawi; E-Zimbabwe; Mozambique

25 TAN 26 MLW MOZ ZIM

species :

Euphorbia loandensis N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 511 (1911)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia lomelii V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 54: 49 (2003), nom. nov.

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Hexadenia macrocarpa (Benth.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 253 (1859), et in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 107 (1860)

= Pedilanthus macrocarpus Benth.; Bot. Voy. Sulphur [Bentham] 49, t. 23 (1844)

= Tithymaloides macrocarpa (Benth.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 620 (1891)

= Tithymalus macrocarpus (Benth.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

species :

Euphorbia longecornuta S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 25: 161 (1890)

Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leon)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia longetuberculosa Hochst. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 85 (1862)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; Kenya; Yemen (SW-Yemen)

24 ETH SOM 25 KEN 35 YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus braunii Schweinf.; J. Bot. 1: 295 (1863)

species :

Euphorbia longicruris Scheele; Linnaea 22: 152 (1849)

Name: Wedgeleaf spurge

Distribution: USA (Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas); Mexico (Tamaulipas)

74 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia lindheimeriana Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 142 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia peploides Nutt.; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 5: 172 (1835), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus longicruris (Scheele) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 719 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia longinsulicola S.R.Hill; Sida 6(4): 313 (1976)

Distribution: Bahamas (Long Isl.)

81 BAH

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce longinsulicola (S.R.Hill) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 40(5): 392 (1978)

= Chamaesyce longinsulicola (S.R.Hill) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 199 (1979 publ. 1980), isonym

species :

Euphorbia longipedunculata O.L.M.Silva & Riina; Eur. J. Taxon. 733: 77, figs. 2-3 (2021)

Distribution: Brazil (Goias)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia longispina Chiov.; Fl. Somala 302 (1929)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia

24 ETH SOM

species :

Euphorbia longistyla Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 9 (1860)

Distribution: S-India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce longistyla (Boiss.) Croizat; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 2 (1937) (in obs. et in adnot.)

= Chamaesyce longistyla (Boiss.) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 37(5): 454 (1977), isonym

= Euphorbia elegans B.Heyne; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 7713 (1832), nomen

species :

Euphorbia longitubicinicyathium J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon; Candollea 73(2): 188 (2018)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia lophiosperma S.Carter; Kew Bull. 39(3): 651 (1984), nom. nov.

Distribution: Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania

24 ETH 25 KEN TAN UGA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia systyloides var. lata N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 521 (1911)

= Euphorbia systyloides var. pedunculata N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 520 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia lophogona Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 417 (1789)

Distribution: E-Madagascar; Society Isl. [I]

29 MDG 61 sci

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia fournieri Leandri; Cactus (Paris) 32: 44 (1952) non Rebut

= Euphorbia madagascariensis Comm. ex Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 417 (1788) (pro syn.)

variant :

var. tenuicaulis Rauh; Euphorbia J. 7: 23 (1991)

Distribution: E-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia lorentzii Müll.Arg.; J. Bot. 12: 231 (1874)

Distribution: Uruguay; Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Cordoba, Entre Rios, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, San Juan, San Luis, Tucuman)

85 ARG URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce lorentzii (Müll.Arg.) Croizat; Lilloa 8: 405 (1942)

= Euphorbia brasiliensis var. lorentzii (Müll.Arg.) Griseb.; Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 19: 99 (1874)

species :

Euphorbia loricata Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 416 (1788)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., N-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia armata Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 86 (1800)

= Euphorbia eustacei N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1913: 122 (1913)

= Euphorbia hystrix Jacq.; Pl. Rar. Hort. Schoenbr. 2: 43, t. 207 (1797)

= Treisia hystrix (Jacq.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 131 (1812)

species :

Euphorbia lorifolia (P.R.O.Bally) Malaisse; Fl. Upper Katanga Copperbelt 180 (2016)

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia

25 TAN 26 ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pseudoracemosa var. lorifolia (P.R.O.Bally) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006)

= Monadenium pseudoracemosum var. lorifolium P.R.O.Bally; Gen. Monaden. 49 (1961)

species :

Euphorbia lottiae V.W.Steinm.; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 24: 179 (2005)

Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia louwii L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 46(2): 207 (1980)

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia luapulana L.C.Leach; Excelsa 15: 16 (1991 publ. 1992)

Distribution: Zambia

26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia lucida Waldst. & Kit.; Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 1: 54 (1801)

Name: Glanz-Wolfsmilch (DE), Shining spurge (EN)

Distribution: Germany (Brandenburg, Bayern, Rheinland-Pfalz); Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Belarus; C-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Siberia (W-Siberia); Russian Far East [I] (Primorye [I]); Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Georgia [Caucasus]; Canada [I] (Ontario [I]); USA [I] (Iowa [I], New York [I], Pennsylvania [I])

11 AUT CZE GER HUN POL SLO 13 BIH BUL CRO KOS ROM SLV SRB TUE 14 BLR RUS UKR 30 SIB 31 rfe 32 KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 GEO 72 cdn 74 usa 75 usa

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, esula agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia androsaemifolia (Haw.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 323 (1821), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia esula var. triumfetti (Bertol.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 652 (1881)

= Euphorbia lucida f. angustifolia (Tausch) Slavík; Preslia 45(2): 120 (1973)

= Euphorbia lucida f. leiocarpa (Tausch) Slavík; Preslia 45(2): 120 (1973)

= Euphorbia lucida var. angustifolia Tausch; Exsicc. (Herb. Fl. Bohem.) 1851: no. 1359c (1851)

= Euphorbia lucida var. esulolucida Andrae; Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 13: 914 (1855)

= Euphorbia lucida var. latifolia W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 632 (1837), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia lucida var. latifolia Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 2(2): 282 (1829)

= Euphorbia lucida var. leiocarpa Tausch; Flora 12(2): 117 (1829)

= Euphorbia lucida var. linearifolia Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 2(2): 282 (1829)

= Euphorbia lucida var. salicifolia W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 632 (1837), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia lucida var. salicifolia Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 2(2): 282 (1829)

= Euphorbia triumfetti Bertol.; Fl. Ital. [Bertoloni] 5: 85 (1842)

= Galarhoeus androsaemifolius Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 146 (1812)

= Galarhoeus lucidus (Waldst. & Kit.) Rydb.; Brittonia 1: 93 (1931)

= Keraselma lucidum (Waldst. & Kit.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Tithymalus lucidus (Waldst. & Kit.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Fl. N. Mitt.-Deutschland, ed. 4: 292 (1858)

= Tithymalus salicifolius var. lucidus (Waldst. & Kit.) Asch.; Fl. Brandenburg 1(2): 604 (1864)

species :

Euphorbia lucii-smithii B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 32: 36 (1896)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Puebla)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia lucorum Rupr.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 239 (1859)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye); China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning); North Korea; South Korea

31 RFE 36 CHI 38 KOR NKO

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia lucorum f. glabrata (Maxim.) Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 513 (1940)

= Euphorbia lucorum f. latifolia Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 514 (1940)

= Euphorbia lucorum var. glabrata Maxim.; Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 11: 834 (1883)

= Euphorbia lucorum var. simplicior Rupr.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 239 (1859)

= Galarhoeus lucorum (Rupr.) Kitag.; Bull. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 1(3): 3 (1937)

= Galarhoeus lucorum f. glabratus (Maxim.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 3: 6-6: 255 (1954)

= Galarhoeus lucorum f. latifolius (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 255 (1954)

= Galarhoeus lucorum f. simplicior (Rupr.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 255 (1954)

= Galarhoeus lucorum var. glabrata (Maxim.) Nakai; Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 585 (1979)

species :

Euphorbia lugardiae (N.E.Br.) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006)

Distribution: Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]

26 MLW MOZ ZIM 27 BOT SAF SWZ

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Monadenium

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium lugardiae N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1909: 138 (1909)

species :

Euphorbia lukoseana S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 72(4): 188 (2000)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia lundelliana Croizat; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 29: 476 (1943)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia lupatensis N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 514 (1911)

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique

25 TAN 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM

species :

Euphorbia lurida Engelm.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 5: 173 (1861)

Name: Woodland spurge

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah); Mexico (Baja California Norte)

76 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia lurida var. pringlei Norton; N. Amer. Euphorbia 39 (1899)

= Euphorbia palmeri Engelm.; Bot. California [W.H.Brewer] 2: 75 (1880)

= Euphorbia palmeri var. peplifolia Norton; N. Amer. Euphorbia 41 (1899)

= Euphorbia palmeri var. subpubens (Engelm.) L.C.Wheeler; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 30: 473 (1940)

= Euphorbia peplifolia Engelm.; Checkl. N. Amer. Pl. 114 (1887), nomen

= Euphorbia subpubens Engelm.; Bot. California [W.H.Brewer] 2: 76 (1880)

= Tithymalus luridus (Engelm.) Wooton & Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 145 (1913)

= Tithymalus palmeri (Engelm. ex S.Watson) Dayton; Misc. Publ. U.S.D.A. 101: 93 (1931) (in obs.)

= Tithymalus subpubens (Engelm.) Norton; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 25: 342 (1925)

species :

Euphorbia luteoviridis D.G.Long; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44(1): 163 (1986)

Distribution: Nepal; India (Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal)

40 IND NEP

species :

Euphorbia lutosa S.Carter; Kew Bull. 35(2): 416 (1980)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia lutulenta (Croizat) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 47 (1989)

Distribution: Uruguay (Florida)

85 URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce lutulenta Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 195 (1945)

species :

Euphorbia luzoniensis Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 16: 578 (1920)

Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)

42 PHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce luzoniensis (Merr.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia lycioides Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 29 (1860)

Distribution: NE-Brazil (Piauí)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia lydenburgensis Schweick. & Letty; Fl. Pl. South Africa 13: t. 486 (1933)

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

variant :

var. minor Bruyns; Haseltonia 25: 55, figs. 39-42 (2018)

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo)

27 SAF

species :

Euphorbia macdonaldii Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 510 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Queensland)

50 AUS

variant :

var. potentillina (Baill.) Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 513 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Queensland)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia australis var. potentillina Baill.; Adansonia 6: 283 (1866)

species :

Euphorbia machrisiae Steyerm.; Contr. Sci. Mus. Nat. Hist. Los Angeles 21: 11 (1958)

Distribution: WC-Brazil (Goiás); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia maconochieana B.G.Thomson; Nuytsia 8(3): 354 (1992)

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, Western Australia)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia macra Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 941 (1900)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

Remarks: sect. Tenellae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia nenensis Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 942 (1900)

= Euphorbia tenella Pax; Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 738 (1898), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia macraulonia Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 91: 507 (1895)

Distribution: Chile (Metropolitana de Santiago)

85 CLE

species :

Euphorbia macrocarpa Boiss. & Buhse; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 12: 197 (1860)

Distribution: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran)

33 ARM AZE 34 IRN IRQ TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus macrocarpus (Boiss. & Buhse) Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 350 (1949), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus notabilis Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 174 (1972), nom. nov.

species :

Euphorbia macroceras Fisch. & C.A.Mey.; Index Sem. [St. Petersburg (Petropolitanus)] 4: 36 (1837)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (NE-Anatolia); Iran (N-Iran)

33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR

Remarks: macroceras agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus macroceras (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 95 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia macroclada Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 5: 54 (1844)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (EC-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, Jazira, NW-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania)

33 ARM GEO 34 IRN IRQ JOR LEB SYR TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia damascena Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 12: 113 (1853)

= Euphorbia lorentii Hochst.; Wanderungen Morgenl. [Lorent] 344 (1845)

= Euphorbia macroclada var. aceras Hand.-Mazz.; Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 26: 140 (1912)

= Euphorbia noeana Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 166 (1862)

= Euphorbia schizoceras Boiss. & Hohen.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 5: 55 (1844)

= Euphorbia syspirensis K.Koch; Linnaea 21: 727 (1848)

= Euphorbia tetraceras Szov. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 166 (1862)

= Euphorbia tinctoria Boiss. & A.Huet; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 166 (1862)

= Euphorbia tinctoria var. schizoceras (Boiss.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 166 (1862)

= Tithymalus damascenus (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 96 (1860)

= Tithymalus macrocladus (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 97 (1860)

= Tithymalus schizoceras (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 98 (1860)

= Tithymalus syspirensis (K.Koch) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 97 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia macroglypha Lem.; Ill. Hort. 4(Misc.): 72 (1857)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia arborescens Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 82 (1862), pro syn.

species :

Euphorbia macrophylla Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 122 (1894)

Distribution: Senegal; Guinea-Bissau; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Ghana; ?Togo; Benin; Central African Republic; S-Chad; South Sudan; ?Tanzania

22 BEN BKN GHA GNB IVO MLI SEN 23 CAF 24 CHA SSU

species :

Euphorbia macropodoides B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 3, 1: 164 (1895)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca); Guatemala

79 MEX 80 GUA

Synonyms: hidden

= Zygophyllidium macropodoides (B.L.Rob. & Greenm.) Arthur; Torreya 24: 52 (1924)

species :

Euphorbia macropus (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 52 (1862)

Name: Huachuca Mountain spurge

Distribution: USA (Arizona, New Mexico); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Honduras

76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX 80 HON

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum crassipes Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 38 (1860)

= Anisophyllum macropus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 33 (1860)

= Eumecanthus tener (S.Watson) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 415 (1916)

= Euphorbia biformis S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 18: 151 (1882 publ. 1883)

= Euphorbia plummerae S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 18: 195 (1883)

= Euphorbia retroscabra S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 449 (1887)

= Euphorbia tenera S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 18: 150 (1882 publ. 1883)

= Zygophyllidum biforme (S.Watson) Arthur; Torreya 11: 260 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia macrorrhiza C.A.Mey.; Icon. Pl. Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 2: 26 (1830)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai); Kazakhstan; China (Xinjiang); N-China

30 SIB 32 KAZ 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus macrorrhizus (C.A.Mey.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 79 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia maculata L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 455 (1753)

Name: Gefleckte Schiefblattwolfsmilch (DE); Spotted sandmat, Spotted Spurge (EN); Chirriguela pintada (ES)

Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I]); Germany [I]; Switzerland [I]; Liechtenstein [I]; Austria [I]; Hungary [I]; Portugal [I]; Spain [I]; Gibraltar [I]; France [I]; Channel Isl. [I]; Sardinia [I]; Italy [I]; Sicily [I]; Slovenia [I]; Croatia [I]; Bosnia & Hercegovina [I]; Romania [I]; Bulgaria [I]; Greece [I]; Crete [I]; Belarus [I]; European Russia [I]; Algeria [I]; Azores [I] (Terceira [I], Sao Jorge [I], Pico [I], Faial [I], Flores Isl. [I]); Canary Isl. [I] (Gran Canaria [I]); Russian Far East [I] (Primorye [I]); Tajikistan [I]; Northern Caucasus [I]; Georgia [Caucasus] [I]; Armenia [I]; Azerbaijan [I]; East Aegaean Isl. [I] (incl. Rhodos [I]); Turkey [I] (S-Anatolia [I]); Israel [I] (coastal W-Israel [I], N-Israel [I]); Sinai peninsula [I] (N-Sinai [I], S-Sinai [I]); China [I] (Hebei [I], Henan [I], Hubei [I], Jiangxi [I], Jiangsu [I], Zhejiang [I]); South Korea [I]; Japan [I] (Honshu [I], Shikoku [I], Kyushu [I]); Taiwan [I]; Vietnam [I]; Australia [I] (South Australia [I]); Lord Howe Isl. [I]; New Zealand [I]; Cook Isl. [I] (Rarotonga [I], Aitutaki [I]); Society Isl. [I] (Tahiti [I], Raiatea [I]); Marshall Isl. [I] (Kwajalein [I]); Hawaii [I] (Kure Isl. [I], Midway Isl. [I], Sand Island); Canada (British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz); Belize; Bahamas; Aruba; Bonaire; Curacao; Colombia [I]; Guyana [I]; Ecuador [I]; Bolivia [I]; Uruguay [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Atacama [I], Coquimbo [I], Valparaíso [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I], O´Higgins [I], Maule [I], Ñuble [I], Biobío [I])

10 grb 11 aut ger hun lie swi 12 cis fra gib por sar spa 13 bih bul cro grc ita kri rom sic slv 14 blr rus 20 alg 21 azo cny 31 rfe 32 tzk 33 arm aze geo ncs 34 eai isr sin tur 36 chi 38 jap kor tai 41 vie 50 aus lhi 51 nzl 61 coo sci 62 mrs 63 haw 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ 81 ARU BAH BON CUR 82 clm guy 83 bol ecu 85 arg cle uru

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum maculatum (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 162 (1812)

= Chamaesyce jovetii (Huguet) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8(2): 176 (1973)

= Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 713, 1333 (1903)

= Chamaesyce pseudonutans Thell.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 7: 431 (1917)

= Chamaesyce supina (Raf.) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 119 (1940), in obs., japonice

= Chamaesyce supina (Raf.) Moldenke; Annot. Classified List Moldenke Collect. Numbers 135 (1939)

= Chamaesyce tracyi Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 713 (1903)

= Euphorbia depressa Torr. ex Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 794 (1826)

= Euphorbia jovetii Huguet; Botaniste 54(1-6): 153 (1971)

= Euphorbia maculata var. detonsa Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 47 (1862)

= Euphorbia maculata var. parvula Riddell; Syn. Fl. West. States 32 (1835)

= Euphorbia polygonifolia Jacq.; Collectanea [Jacquin] 5 (Suppl.): t. 13, f. 3 (1797) non L.

= Euphorbia supina Raf.; Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 2: 119 (1817)

= Euphorbia supina Raf. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 47 (1862)

= Euphorbia thymifolia Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. [Pursh] 2: 606 (1814) non L.

= Tithymalus maculatus (L.) Moench; Methodus [Moench] 666 (1794)

= Xamesike depressa (Torr. ex Spreng.) Raf.; Autik. Bot. 97 (1840)

= Xamesike littoralis Raf.; Autik. Bot. 97 (1840)

= Xamesike maculata (L.) Raf.; Autik. Bot. 97 (1840)

= Xamesike supina (Raf. ex Boiss.) Raf.; Autik. Bot. 97 (1840)

species :

Euphorbia macvaughii Carvajal & Lomelí; Phytologia 49(3): 189 (1981)

Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia maddenii Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 141 (1862)

Distribution: Pakistan (Dir, Swat, Hazara, Murree); Nepal; India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh)

40 IND NEP PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus maddenii (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia madinahensis Fayed & Al-Zahrani; Edinburgh J. Bot. 64(2): 117 (2007)

Distribution: Saudi Arabia

35 SAU

species :

Euphorbia mafingensis (Hargr.) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006)

Distribution: Zambia; Malawi

26 MLW ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium mafingense Hargr.; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 53(6): 292 (1981)

species :

Euphorbia magdalenae Benth.; Bot. Voy. Sulphur [Bentham] 50 (1844)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce magdalenae (Benth.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 410 (1916)

= Chamaesyce watsonii (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 412 (1916)

= Euphorbia blepharostipula Millsp. ex N.E.Rose; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 77 (1890)

= Euphorbia espirituensis M.E.Jones; Contr. W. Bot. 18: 50 (1933)

= Euphorbia watsonii Millsp.; Zoe 1: 347 (1890)

species :

Euphorbia magnicapsula S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(3): 678 (1987)

Distribution: South Sudan; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania

24 SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA

variant :

var. lacertosa S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(3): 679 (1987)

Distribution: Uganda; Kenya

25 KEN UGA

species :

Euphorbia magnifica (E.A.Bruce) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium magnificum E.A.Bruce; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1940: 51 (1940)

species :

Euphorbia mahaboana Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 492(1): 16 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar (Fianarantsoa, Toamasina)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia mahabobokensis Rauh; Brit. Cact. Succ. J. 13(1): 19, 17 (1995)

Distribution: SC-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia mahafalensis Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 78 (1921), et in Rev. Gén. Bot. 34: 110 (1922)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Remarks: sect. Goniostema, rubrostriata group

species :

Euphorbia mainty Denis ex Leandri; Cat. Pl. Madag., Euphorb. 16 (1935), nom. inval., et Adansonia, Sér. 2, 6: 344 (1966)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia mainty (Leandri) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 91 (1996)

= Euphorbia intisy var. mainty Poiss.; Rech. Fl. Mérid. Madagascar 51 (1912)

species :

Euphorbia major (Pax) Bruyns; Euphorbia World 3(1): 5 (2007)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia

24 ETH SOM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia neoerubescens Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006), nom. nov.

= Lortia erubescens Rendle; J. Bot. 36: 30 (1898)

= Lortia major Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 289 (1903)

= Lortia major Pax ex Engl.; Sitzungsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 730 (1906) (nomen)

= Monadenium erubescens (Rendle) N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 457 (1911)

= Monadenium majus (Pax) N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 457 (1911)

= Monadenium majus f. bloribunda P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 36 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia makallensis S.Carter; Kew Bull. 36(1): 31 (1981)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia makayensis Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 492(1): 18 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia makinoi Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 262-263 (1911)

Distribution: China (Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Hongkong); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan

36 CHI 38 NNS TAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce makinoi (Hayata) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 356 (1938)

species :

Euphorbia maleolens E.Phillips; Fl. Pl. South Africa 12: 459 (1932)

Distribution: Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo)

27 BOT SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia davyi subsp. maleolens (E.Phillips) Hargr.; Euphorbiaceae Study Group Bull. 8(3): 100 (1995)

species :

Euphorbia malevola L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 30: I (1964)

Distribution: Zambia; Malawi; NE-Zimbabwe; NW-Mozambique

26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM

species :

Euphorbia malleata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 153 (1862)

Distribution: Iran (EC-Iran, SW-Iran)

34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus malleatus (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia malurensis Rech.f.; Anz. Österr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 100: 52 (1963)

Distribution: Afghanistan (Faryab)

34 AFG

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus malurensis (Rech.f.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia malvana Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 31: 41 (1940)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus malvanus (Maire) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia mamfwensis (Malaisse & Lecron) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]

23 ZAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium mamfwense Malaisse & Lecron; Bull. Séances Acad. Roy. Sci. Outre-Mer 40(3): 405 (1994 publ. 1995)

species :

Euphorbia mammillaris L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 451 (1753)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cereiformis K.Schum.; Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 8: 55 (1898), non L. 1753

= Euphorbia cereiformis var. echinata Salm-Dyck ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 88 (1862)

= Euphorbia cereiformis var. submamillaris A.Berger; Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 12: 106 (1902)

= Euphorbia echinata Salm-Dyck; Hort. Dyck. 342 (1834), nomen

= Euphorbia enneagona Haw.; Misc. Nat. 184 (1803)

= Euphorbia erosa Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. Suppl. [Willdenow] 27 (1814)

= Euphorbia fimbriata Scop.; Delic. Fl. Faun. Insubr. 3: 8 (1788)

= Euphorbia mammillaris var. spinosior A.Berger; Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 12: 109 (1902)

= Euphorbia mammillaris var. submammillaris A.Berger; Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 12: 125 (1902)

= Euphorbia platymammillaris Croizat; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 4: 333 (1932)

= Euphorbia scopoliana Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 615 (1841), nom. superfl.

= Euphorbia submamillaris (A.Berger) A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 95 (1907 publ. 1906)

= Treisia erosa (Willd.) Haw.; Suppl. Pl. Succ. 66 (1819)

= Vallaris fimbriata (Scop.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1838)

species :

Euphorbia mananarensis Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 69 (1945)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia mandravioky Leandri; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 104: 499 (1958)

Distribution: N- & W-Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia capuronii Leandri; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 103: 608 (1957), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia mangelsdorffii Rauh; Kakteen And. Sukk. 49: 44 (1998)

Distribution: C-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia mangokyensis Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 80 (1921)

Distribution: Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

Remarks: sect. Goniostema, rubrostriata group

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia razafindratsirae Lavranos; Succulentes 2002(3): 7 (2002)

species :

Euphorbia maoershanensis F.N.Wei & J.S.Ma; Phytotaxa 87(3): 45 (2013)

Distribution: China (Guangxi)

36 CHI

species :

Euphorbia marayensis Subils; Kurtziana 8: 73 (1975)

Distribution: Argentina (Catamarca, Salta, San Juan)

85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce marayensis (Subils) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 12(4): 425 (1977)

species :

Euphorbia marciae V.W.Steinm.; Taxonomy 2(3): 292 (2022)

Distribution: Mexico (Guerrero, México State)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia maresii Knoche; Fl. Balear. 2: 161 (1922)

subspecies :

subsp. maresii

Distribution: Baleares (Mallorca, Menorca)

12 BAL

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia maresii var. minoriscensis Knoche; Fl. Baléar. 2: 163 (1922)

= Euphorbia rivasii P.Palau; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 11(2): 510 (1953)

= Tithymalus maresii (Knoche) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 174 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. balearica (Willk.) Malag.; Subesp. Variación Geogr. 5 (1973) ex Molero, Mus, Rosselló & J. Vallès, Acta Bot. Gallica, 140(1): 78 (1993)

Distribution: Baleares (Mallorca)

12 BAL

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia gayi var. balearica Willk.; Ill. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm] 2: 152 (1892)

= Euphorbia balearica (Willk.) Romo; Fl. Silvestres Baleares 205 (1994)

species :

Euphorbia margalidiana Kuhbier & Lewej.; Veröff. Überseemus. Bremen, A, Naturwiss. 5: 25 (1978)

Distribution: Baleares (Islotes de Ses Margalides near Ibiza)

12 BAL

Conservation Status: IUCN CR. Known only from a single site on an islet close to Ibiza

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia squamigera subsp. margalidiana (Kuhbier & Lewej.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Fl. Man. Països Catalans 2: 580 (1990)

species :

Euphorbia margaretae S.Carter; Euphorbia J. 4: 147 (1987), et Nordic J. Bot. 12(4): 407 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia marginata Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. [Pursh] 2: 607 (1814)

Name: Snow on the mountain (EN), Weißrandige Wolfsmilch, Schnee-auf-dem-Berge (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Slovakia [I]; Hungary [I]; Croatia [I]; Belarus [I]; South Africa [I]; Siberia [I] (Altai [I]); Northern Caucasus [I]; China [I]; Taiwan [I]; India [c]; Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I]); Vanuatu [I]; Canada (Manitoba, Ontario, Québec); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming); Mexico (Campeche, Coahuila, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz); S-Brazil [I]; Argentina [I]

11 ger hun slo 13 cro 14 blr 27 saf 30 sib 33 ncs 36 chi 38 tai 40 ind 50 aus 60 van 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 84 bra 85 arg

Synonyms: hidden

= Agaloma marginata (Pursh) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 114: 40 (1961)

= Dichrophyllum marginata (Pursh) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 249 (1859), et in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 44 (1860)

= Euphorbia bejariensis DC.; Atti Riunione Sci. Ital. 2: 157 (1841)

= Euphorbia bonplandii Sweet; Hort. Brit. [Sweet], ed. 2: 456 (1830)

= Euphorbia leucoloma Raf.; Herb. Raf. 22 (1833)

= Euphorbia marginata Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 61 (1817), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia marginata var. uloleuca Engelm. & A.Gray; Boston J. Nat. Hist. 5: 261 (1845)

= Euphorbia torrida DC.; Atti Riunione Sci. Ital. 2: 158 (1841)

= Euphorbia variegata Sims; Bot. Mag. t. 1747 (1815)

= Lepadena leucoloma (Raf.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 114 (1838)

= Lepadena marginata (Pursh) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 2: 300 (1912)

= Tithymalus marginatus (Pursh) Cockerell; Torreya 9: 119 (1909)

= Tithymalus marginatus (Pursh) Haw.; (1819)

= Tithymalus marginatus f. inornata Daniels; Fl. Boulder Colorado [Daniels] 165 (1911)

= Tithymalus marginatus var. tetramerus Cockerell; Fl. Boulder Colorado [Daniels] 165 (1911)

= Tithymalus variegatus (Sims) Haw.; Suppl. Pl. Succ. 68 (1819)

species :

Euphorbia marie-cladieae Rzepecky; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 85(1): 10 (2013)

Distribution: Soqotra

24 SOC

species :

Euphorbia maritae Rauh; Brit. Cact. Succ. J. 17(4): 217 (1999)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia marotsipoyana Rebmann; Cact. Succ. 11(2): 43 (2019)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia marrupana Bruyns; Novon 16(4): 456 (2006)

Distribution: N-Mozambique

26 MOZ

species :

Euphorbia marsabitensis S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3857 (1982)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia marschalliana Kotschy ex Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 94 (1846)

subspecies :

subsp. marschalliana

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia); Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan)

33 ARM AZE GEO 34 IRN TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia myrsinites Pall. ex Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 579 (1850)

= Tithymalus marschallianus (Kotschy ex Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 86 (1860)

subspecies :

subsp. armena (Prokh.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 186 (1992)

Distribution: Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); NE-Turkey

33 ARM AZE 34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia armena Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 741 (1949)

= Tithymalus marschallianus subsp. armenus (Prokh.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 174 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. woronowii (Grossh.) Prokh.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 232 (1964)

Distribution: Armenia

33 ARM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia woronowii Grossh.; Trudy Tiflissk. Bot. Sada 14: 24 (1916)

= Tithymalus marschallianus subsp. woronowii (Grossh.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 174 (1972), et Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 199, (1979 publ. 1980)

= Tithymalus woronowii (Grossh.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 209, in obs.(1933)

species :

Euphorbia martinae Rauh; Succulentes 22(3): 12 (1999)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia maryrichardsiae G.Will.; Euphorbia World 4(3): 10 (2008)

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia

25 TAN 26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia matabelensis Pax; Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 15: 51 (1900)

Distribution: ?Ethiopia; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia (Caprivi Strip); N-Botswana

24 SOM 25 KEN TAN 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Lyciopsis

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia inelegans N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 547 (1911)

= Euphorbia jaegeriana Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 87 (1909)

species :

Euphorbia matritensis Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 35 (1860)

Distribution: E-Portugal; C- & S-Spain

12 POR SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia matritensis var. ramosissima Daveau; Bol. Soc. Brot. 3: 29 (1885)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis Coss. ex Willk. & Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 3: 501 (1877), nom. illeg., non All.

= Tithymalus matritensis (Boiss.) Samp.; Anais Fac. Sci. Porto 17: 46 (1931)

species :

Euphorbia mauritanica L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 452 (1753)

Distribution: Egypt [I] (Nile Delta [I], NW-coastal Egypt [I]); Namibia; South Africa (Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Sinai peninsula [I] (N-Sinai [I]); India [c]

20 egy 27 LES NAM SAF 34 sin 40 ind

Remarks: subgen. Esula, sect. Aphyllis, subsect. Africanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia corallothamnus Dinter; Monatsschr. Deutsch. Kakteen-Ges. 2: 215, 218 (1930)

= Euphorbia hydnorae E.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 95 (1862)

= Euphorbia mauritanica var. corallothamnus (Dinter) A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 119 (1941)

= Euphorbia mauritanica var. foetens A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 115 (1941)

= Euphorbia mauritanica var. lignosa A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 961 (1941)

= Euphorbia mauritanica var. minor A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 961 (1941)

= Euphorbia mauritanica var. namaquensis N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 292 (1915)

= Euphorbia melanosticta E.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 95 (1862)

= Euphorbia paxiana Dinter; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 265 (1921)

= Euphorbia phymatoclada Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 24 (1860)

= Euphorbia sarcostemmatoides Dinter; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 304 (1921)

= Tirucalia mauritanica (L.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 91 (1996)

= Tirucalia paxiana (Dinter) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 92 (1996)

= Tirucalia sarcostemmatoides (Dinter) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 92 (1996)

= Tithymalus brachypus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 74 (1860)

= Tithymalus flaccidus Moench; Methodus [Moench] 665 (1794)

= Tithymalus mauritanicus (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 139 (1812)

= Tithymalus zeyheri Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 71 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia mayfieldii V.W.Steinm.; Syst. Bot. 37(4): 960 (2012)

Distribution: Bolivia (Cochabamba, Santa Cruz)

83 BOL

species :

Euphorbia maysillesii McVaugh; Brittonia 13: 177 (1961)

Distribution: Mexico (Durango, Jalisco, San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia mazandaranica Pahlevani; Nordic J. Bot. 32(3): 267 (2014)

Distribution: Iran (Mazandaran)

34 IRN

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

species :

Euphorbia mazicum Emb. & Maire; Pl. Marocc. Nov. 2: 7 (1929)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia mazicum Emb. & Maire, Emb. & Maire; Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 21-22: 48 (1930)

= Tithymalus mazicum (Emb. & Maire) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 174 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia mbuinzauensis N.Wei, Mwachala, G.W.Hu & Q.F.Wang; PhytoKeys 183: 27, figs. 1-4 (2021)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia mcvaughiana M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 5(5): 123 (1975)

Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Zacatecas)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus mcvaughianus (M.C.Johnst.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 148: 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

species :

Euphorbia medicaginea Boiss.; Elench. Pl. Nov. 82 (1838)

Distribution: S-Portugal; S-Spain; Gibraltar; Baleares; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia

12 BAL GIB POR SPA 20 ALG MOR TUN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia arsenariensis (Batt.) Batt. & Trab.; Fl. Algérie Tunisie 301 (1905)

= Euphorbia azorica Welw. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 144 (1862)

= Euphorbia dracunculoides subsp. melillensis Pau ex Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 26: 228 (1935)

= Euphorbia dracunculoides var. faurei Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 22: 64 (1931)

= Euphorbia italica Salzm. ex Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 570 (1842)

= Euphorbia latifolia Salzm. ex Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 570 (1842)

= Euphorbia mazarronensis Esteve; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 23: 173 (1967)

= Euphorbia medicaginea f. balearica Sennen; Diagn. Nouv. 175 (1936), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia medicaginea subsp. arsenariensis (Batt.) Batt.; Fl. Algérie, Suppl. Phan. 82 (1910)

= Euphorbia medicaginea var. arsenariensis Batt.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 45: 240 (1898)

= Euphorbia medicaginea var. oblongifolia Ball; Spicil. Fl. Marocc. [Ball]: 659 (1878)

= Euphorbia medicaginea var. ramosissima Pérez Lara; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 24: 289 (1896)

= Tithymalus medicagineus (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 83 (1860)

= Tithymalus medicagineus subsp. arsenariensis (Batt.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 174 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia meenae S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 72(4): 210 (2000)

Distribution: S-India (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia megalatlantica Ball; J. Bot. 13: 205 (1875)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Remarks: biumbellata agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia megalatlantica var. calliceras Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 30: 364 (1939)

= Euphorbia pachyceras Coss. ex Lacaita; Cavanillesia 1: 9 (1928)

= Tithymalus megalatlanticus (Ball) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 174 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia megalocarpa Rech.f.; Anz. Österr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 100: 54 (1963)

Distribution: Afghanistan (Badakshan, Farah, Kabul, Parwan)

34 AFG

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus megalocarpus (Rech.f) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 174 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia meganaesos Featherm.; Rep. Bot. Surv. S. & Centr. Louisiana 71, 105 (1871)

Distribution: USA (Texas, Louisiana)

77 USA 78 USA

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed

species :

Euphorbia melanadenia Torr. & A.Gray; Pacif. Railr. Rep. 4(5, no. 4), Bot. [Whipple] 135 (1857)

Name: Red-gland spurge

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sonora)

76 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum melanadenium (Torr. & A.Gray) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 23 (1860)

= Chamaesyce aureola Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 406 (1916)

= Chamaesyce melanadenia (Torr. & A.Gray) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 410 (1916)

= Euphorbia cinerascens var. appendiculata Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 186 (1859)

= Euphorbia polycarpa var. appendiculata (Engelm.) Munz; Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 31: 68 (1932)

= Euphorbia polycarpa var. vestita S.Watson; Bot. California [W.H.Brewer] 2: 73 (1880)

species :

Euphorbia melanocarpa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 41 (1862)

Distribution: Ecuador; Peru

83 ECU PER

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce melanocarpa (Boiss.) G.L.Webster; Cat. Vasc. Pl. Ecuador (Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75): 954 (1999)

species :

Euphorbia melanohydrata Nel; Jahrb. Deutsch. Kakteen-Ges. 1: 31 (1935)

Distribution: Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia melanohydrata subsp. conica Swanepoel; Phytotaxa 62: 34-35 (2012)

species :

Euphorbia melicae Ewest; Euphorbia World 11(1): 21 (2015)

Distribution: N-Chile

85 CLE

species :

Euphorbia mellifera Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 3: 493 (1789)

Name: Honiggebende Wolfsmilch (DE); Canary Spurge (EN); Tabaiba de monteverde (ES)

Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Isles of Scilly [I]); Ireland [I] (S-Ireland [I]); Madeira (Madeira Isl.); Canary Isl. (Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma)

10 grb ire 21 CNY MDR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia longifolia Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 417 (1788), nom. rej.

= Euphorbia longifolia var. canariensis (Boiss.) Oudejans; World Cat. Species Names Published Tribe Euphorbieae

= Euphorbia mellifera var. canariensis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 108 (1862)

= Kobiosis mellifera (Aiton) Raf.; Autik. Bot. 94 (1840), Pennell, in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 48: 94 (1921)

= Tithymalus mellifer (Aiton) Moench; Methodus [Moench], Suppl. 282 (1802)

species :

Euphorbia meloformis Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 2: 135 (1789)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia falsa N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 358 (1915)

= Euphorbia meloformis f. falsa (N.E.Br.) Marx; Euphorbiaceae Study Group Bull. 12(1): 32 (1999)

= Euphorbia meloformis f. magna R.A.Dyer ex Marx; Euphorbiaceae Study Group Bull. 12(1): 13 (1999)

= Euphorbia meloformis subsp. valida (N.E.Br.) G.D.Rowley; Euphorbiaceae Study Group Bull. 11(3): 97 (1998)

= Euphorbia meloformis var. pomiformis (Thunb.) Marloth; S. African Gard. 18: 45 (1928)

= Euphorbia meloformis var. prolifera Frick; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 6: 74 (1934)

= Euphorbia meloniformis Lem.; Jard. Fleur. 4(Misc.): 65 (1854), nomen

= Euphorbia pomiformis Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 86 (1800)

= Euphorbia pyriformis N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 359 (1915)

= Euphorbia valida N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 356 (1915)

species :

Euphorbia memoralis R.A.Dyer; Fl. Pl. Africa 29: t. 1129 (1952)

Distribution: S-Zimbabwe

26 ZIM

species :

Euphorbia mendezii Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 15 (1860)

Name: Mendez´s sandmat

Distribution: USA (Florida); Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Mexico State, Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas); Belize; Bahamas; Cuba

78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ 81 BAH CUB

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum leucanthum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 27 (1860)

= Chamaesyce barbicarina Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 401 (1916)

= Chamaesyce dorsiventralis (Urb.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 409 (1916)

= Chamaesyce leucantha (Klotzsch & Garcke) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 410 (1916)

= Chamaesyce mendezii (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 410 (1916)

= Euphorbia barbicarina (Millsp.) Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 3, 323 (1930)

= Euphorbia dorsiventralis Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 5: 391 (1908)

= Euphorbia leucantha (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 42 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia mercurialina Michx.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Michaux] 2: 212 (1803)

Name: Mercury spurge

Distribution: USA (Alabama, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Agaloma ciliata Raf.; Autik. Bot. 94 (1840)

= Agaloma mercurialina (Michx.) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 2: 299 (1912)

= Euphorbia mercurialis Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 13 (1806)

= Tithymalopsis mercurialina (Michx.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 716 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia meridensis Pittier; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 19: 356 (1929)

Distribution: Venezuela (Barinas, Merida)

82 VEN

species :

Euphorbia meridionalis P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3853 (1982)

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

species :

Euphorbia mertonii Fosberg; Kew Bull. 33(2): 181 (1978)

Distribution: Mozambique Channel Isl. [Îles Éparses] (Juan de Nova Isl.); Aldabra

29 ALD MCI

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce mertonii (Fosberg) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 150(3-4): 138 (1981 publ. 1982)

species :

Euphorbia mesembryanthemifolia Jacq.; Enum. Syst. Pl. 22 (1760)

Name: Coastal beach sandmat

Distribution: USA (Florida); Bermuda; Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Veracruz, Yucatan); Guatemala; Belize; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama; Bahamas; Turks & Caicos Isl.; Cuba; Cayman Isl.; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (Anegada, Guana, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda); Anguilla; St. Martin/St. Maarten; St. Barthélémy; St. Eustatius; Antigua; Barbuda; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Lucia; Grenadines; St. Vincent; Grenada; Barbados; Trinidad; Aruba; Bonaire; Curacao; San Andres y Providencia (San Andres, Providencia y Santa Catalina); Colombia (Bolívar, La Guajira, Magdalena); Isla Margarita; Venezuela (Anzoategui, Aragua, Carabobo, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Guarico, Miranda, Nueva Esparta, Sucre); ?French Guiana; Galapagos

78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ GUA HON NIC PAN 81 ABA AGU ARU BAH BBD BER BON CAY CUB CUR GDL GRE HIS JAM MAR MTS PUE SBA STE STL STM STV TCI TRT VEN VIR 82 CLM VEN 83 GAL

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum flexuosum (Kunth) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 35 (1860)

= Anisophyllum glabratum (Sw.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 35 (1860)

= Chamaesyce buxifolia (Lam.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 711 (1903)

= Chamaesyce mesembryanthemifolia (Jacq.) Dugand; Phytologia 13: 385 (1966)

= Chamaesyce yayalesia (Urb.) Alain; Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio De La Salle 11: 12 (1952)

= Euphorbia buxifolia f. florida Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 61 (1900)

= Euphorbia buxifolia f. reclinata Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 60 (1900)

= Euphorbia buxifolia f. seminuda Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 60 (1900)

= Euphorbia buxifolia Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 421 (1788)

= Euphorbia buxifolia var. flexuosa (Kunth) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 15 (1862)

= Euphorbia buxifolia var. mesembryanthemifolia (Kunth) Oudejans; (1992)

= Euphorbia buxifolia var. ramosissima Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 61 (1900)

= Euphorbia flexuosa Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 55 (1817)

= Euphorbia glabrata Sw.; Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. [O.P.Swartz] 76 (1788)

= Euphorbia litoralis Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 54 (1817)

= Euphorbia mesembryanthemifolia f. florida (Millsp.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 186 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia mesembryanthemifolia f. reclinata (Millsp.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 186 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia mesembryanthemifolia f. seminuda (Millsp.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 186 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia mesembryanthemifolia var. flexuosa (Kunth) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 186 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia mesembryanthemifolia var. ramosissima (Millsp.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 186 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia myrtilloides Schltdl. ex Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 35 (1860)

= Euphorbia salina Willd. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 15 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia yayalesia Urb.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 28: 232 (1930)

species :

Euphorbia meuleniana O.Schwartz; Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg 10: 147 (1939)

Distribution: Yemen (SE-Yemen: coastal Hadhramaut)

35 YEM

species :

Euphorbia meuselii Geltman; Komarovia 2: 24 (2002)

Distribution: Italy; Sicily

13 ITA SIC

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia amygdaloides subsp. arbuscula Meusel; Wiss. Z. Martin-Luther-Univ. Halle-Wittenberg, Math.-Naturwiss. Reihe 18: 134 (1969)

= Euphorbia meuselii Mazzola & Raimondo; Bocconea 20: 11 (2007), isonym

= Tithymalus amygdaloides subsp. arbuscula (Meusel) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia mexiae Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 220 (1929)

Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia meyeniana Klotzsch; Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 19, Suppl. 1: 414 (1843)

Distribution: Peru; Bolivia (Chuquisaca, La Paz, Tarija); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Pres. Hayes); Chile (Arica y Parinacota, Tarapacá, Atacama)

83 BOL PER 85 CLE PAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum meyenianum (Klotzsch) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 25 (1860)

= Chamaesyce meyeniana (Klotzsch) Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 184 (1943)

= Euphorbia maculata Lechl. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 42 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia meyeniana var. viscidula Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 42 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia michaelii Thulin; Kew Bull. 64(3): 474 (2009)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia micractina Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 127 (1862)

Distribution: China (Sichuan, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan); Tibet; Pakistan (Deosai); NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir)

36 CHI TIB 40 IND PAK

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia lancasteriana Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 54(1): 227 (1999)

= Euphorbia lucorum var. parvifolia H.L.Yang; Fl. Ningxiaensis 1: 428 (1986)

= Euphorbia micractina var. tangutica (Prokh.) W.T.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 10(1): 41 (1988)

= Euphorbia tangutica Prokh.; Izv. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 6, 20: 1371, in obs., 1383 in clavi (1926)

= Euphorbia villifera W.T.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 10: 42 (1988), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia wangii Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 49 (1989)

= Galarhoeus tanguticus (Prokh.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 26 (1941)

= Tithymalus micractinus (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 174 (1972)

= Tithymalus tanguticus (Prokh.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 101 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia microcarpa (Prokh.) Krylov; Fl. Zapadnoi Sibiri 8: 1878 (1934)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; China (Xinjiang)

30 SIB 32 KAZ 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia subtilis (Prokh.) Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 421 (1949)

= Galarhoeus subtilis Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 48 (1941)

= Tithymalus microcarpus Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 53, in clavi, et 171 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia micromera Boiss.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 5: 171 (1861)

Name: Sonoran sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas, Utah); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Michoacan, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Veracruz)

76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce micromera (Boiss.) Wooton & Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 144 (1913)

= Chamaesyce pseudoserpyllifolia (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

= Euphorbia podagrica I.M.Johnst.; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 7: 440 (1922)

= Euphorbia pseudoserpyllifolia f. villosa J.T.Howell; Leafl. W. Bot. 1: 53 (1933)

= Euphorbia pseudoserpyllifolia Millsp.; Pittonia 2: 87 (1890)

= Euphorbia setiloba var. nodulosa Jeps.; Fl. Calif. [Jepson] 2: 427 (1936)

species :

Euphorbia microsciadia Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 89 (1846)

Distribution: Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Badghys, Bamyan, Farah, Ghazni, Ghorat, Wardak, Orozgan / Daykundi); Jordania (W-Jordania); Pakistan (Baluchistan)

34 AFG IRN JOR 40 PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia isophylla Bornm.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 8: 554 (1908)

= Euphorbia kazerouni Parsa; Kew Bull. [3]: 227 (1948)

= Euphorbia kazerouni var. stricta Parsa; Kew Bull. [3]: 228 (1948)

= Euphorbia persepolitana Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 92 (1846)

= Euphorbia striata Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 91 (1846), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia striatella Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 152 (1862)

= Euphorbia striatella var. microsciadia (Boiss.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 153 (1862)

= Euphorbia striatella var. persepolitana (Boiss.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 152 (1862)

= Euphorbia yamashitae Kitam.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 17: 134 (1958)

= Tithymalus microsciadius (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 74 (1860)

= Tithymalus persepolitanus (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 74 (1860)

= Tithymalus striatus (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 86 (1860)

= Tithymalus yamashitae (Kitam.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 177 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia microsphaera Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 87 (1846)

Distribution: Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Azerbaijan (Talysh); East Aegaean Isl. (Karpathos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Iraq (SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia, NE-Iraq); Iran (N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran); Lebanon (C-Lebanon); Syria (Jazira, NW-Syria); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley); China (Xinjiang)

32 TZK UZB 33 AZE 34 EAI IRN IRQ ISR LEB SYR TUR 36 CHI

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, valerianifolia agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia mohammerensis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 118 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia subtuberculata C.A.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 118 (1862)

= Euphorbia unilateralis Blakelock; Kew Bull. [6]: 453 (1951 publ. 1952)

= Tithymalus microsphaerus (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 74 (1860)

= Tithymalus unilateralis (Blakelock) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 12(4): 428 (1977)

species :

Euphorbia migiurtinorum Chiov.; Fl. Somala 300 (1929)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia

24 ETH SOM

species :

Euphorbia milii Des Moul.; Bull. Hist. Nat. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 1: 27 (1826)

Name: Crown of Thorns (EN); Corona de Cristo, Espina de Cristo (ES); Christusdorn (DE)

Distribution: Morocco [I]; Canary Isl. [I] (Gran Canaria [I]); Gambia [I]; Guinea [I]; Benin [I]; Cameroon [I]; Congo [Brazzaville] [I]; Chad [I]; SE-Madagascar (Toliara); Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Rodrigues [I]; China [I]; Taiwan [I]; Pakistan [I]; India [c]; Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives] [I]; Bangladesh [I]; Thailand [c]; Cambodia [I]; Vietnam [I]; Philippines [I]; Java [I]; New Caledonia [I]; Fed. States of Micronesia [I] (Pohnpei [I]); USA [I] (Florida [I]); Mexico [I]; Belize [I]; Honduras [I]; Cuba [I]; Cayman Isl. [I]; Jamaica [I]; Dominican Republic; Haiti [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Virgin Isl.; Trinidad & Tobago [I]; Colombia [I]; Isla Margarita [I]; Ecuador [I]; Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]

20 mor 21 cny 22 ben gam gui 23 cmn con 24 cha 29 mau MDG reu rod 36 chi 38 tai 40 ban ind ldv pak 41 cbd tha vie 42 jaw phi 60 nwc 62 mic 78 usa 79 mex 80 blz hon 81 cay cub HIS jam pue trt ven VIR 82 clm 83 bol ecu per

Remarks: milii agg. True identity confirmed only recently (Haevermans & Hetterscheid 2021). Many of the introduced records may refer to other species of the group or cultivars

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bojeri Hook.; Bot. Mag. 63: t. 3527 (1836)

= Euphorbia bojeri var. mucronulata Ram.Goyena; Fl. Nicarag. 1: 297 (1909)

= Euphorbia breonii Nois.; Ann. Fl. Pomone 1: 189 (1833), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia milii Des Moul. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 79 (1862)

= Euphorbia milii f. lutea Leandri; Cactus (Paris) 34: 112 (1952)

= Euphorbia milii subsp. breonii (Nois.) Rebmann; Cact. Succ. 8(1): 21 (2016)

= Euphorbia milii var. breonii (Nois.) Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 148 (1954 publ. 1955), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia splendens subsp. bojeri (Hook.) Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 84 (1921)

= Euphorbia splendens var. bojeri (Hook.) Costantin & Gallaud; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 11: 353 (1905)

= Sterigmanthe bojeri (Hook.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 252 (1859), et in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 101 (1860), nomen

= Tumalis bojeri (Hook.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 114 (1836)

species :

Euphorbia millotii Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 138 (1954 publ. 1955)

Distribution: NE-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia minbuensis Gage; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 237 (1914)

Distribution: Myanmar

41 MYA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce minbuensis (Gage) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia minuscula Bruyns; Phytotaxa 423(2): 94 (2019)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Esula, sect. Esula

species :

Euphorbia minuta Loscos & J.Pardo; Ser. Inconf. Pl. Aragon. 96 (1863)

Distribution: N- & E-Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia juniperifolia Rich. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 164, 1267 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia matritensis var. pauciflora (Dufour) Pau; Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 14: 211 (1915)

= Euphorbia minuta subsp. moleroi P.Monts. & Ferrández; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 56(2): 382 (1998)

= Euphorbia pauciflora Dufour; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 7: 442 (1860 publ. 1861), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia pauciflora var. dentata C.Vicioso ex Losa; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 7: 415 (1948)

= Euphorbia pauciflora var. pectinata C.Vicioso; Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 10: 80 (1911)

= Tithymalus minutus (Loscos & J.Pardo) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 174 (1972)

= Tithymalus pauciflorus Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 102 (1897)

species :

Euphorbia minutula Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1268 (1862)

Distribution: Bahamas; Cuba

81 BAH CUB

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce brittonii (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 303 (1909)

= Chamaesyce liliputiana (C.Wright ex Urb.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2(11): 410 (1916)

= Chamaesyce minutula (Boiss.) D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 98 (1966)

= Chamaesyce niqueroana (Urb.) Alain; Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio De La Salle 11: 12 (1952)

= Chamaesyce paucipila (Urb.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 410 (1916)

= Cubanthus brittonii (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 372 (1913)

= Euphorbia brittonii Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 159 (1906)

= Euphorbia liliputiana C.Wright ex Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 5: 390 (1908)

= Euphorbia millspaughii V.W.Steinm. & P.E.Berry; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 64(2): 132 (2007), nom. nov. superfl. for E. brittonii Millsp.

= Euphorbia niqueroana Urb.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 28: 234 (1930)

= Euphorbia paucipila Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 5: 389 (1908)

= Pedilanthus brittonii (Millsp.) Pax & K.Hoffm.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl], 2. Aufl., 19c: 223 (1931)

species :

Euphorbia mirzakhaniana Pahlevani; Kew Bull. 74(3)-49: 5 (2019)

Distribution: Iran

34 IRN

species :

Euphorbia misella S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 26: 146 (1891)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Ciudad de Mexico, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Veracruz)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia biuncialis McVaugh; Brittonia 13: 172 (1961)

species :

Euphorbia misera Benth.; Bot. Voy. Sulphur [Bentham] 51 (1844)

Name: Cliff spurge

Distribution: USA (California, California Channel Isl.); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, San Luis Potosi, Sonora); Isla Guadalupe

76 USA 79 GLP MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia benedicta Greene; Pittonia 1: 263 (1889)

= Trichosterigma benedictum (Greene) Millsp.; Addisonia 2: 3 (1917)

= Trichosterigma miserum (Benth.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 248 (1859)

species :

Euphorbia missurica Raf.; Atlantic J. 1: 146 (1832)

Name: Prairie sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arkansas, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming)

73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum arenarium Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859 24 (1860)

= Chamaesyce missurica (Raf.) Shinners; Field & Lab. 17: 69 (1949)

= Chamaesyce missurica var. calcicola Shinners; Field & Lab. 17: 69 (1949)

= Chamaesyce missurica var. petaloidea (Engelm.) Dorn; Vasc. Pl. Wyoming, ed. 3: 376 (2001)

= Chamaesyce nuttallii (Engelm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 711 (1903)

= Chamaesyce petaloidea (Engelm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 711 (1903)

= Chamaesyce zygophylloides (Boiss.) Small; Ill. Fl. N. U.S. [Britton & Brown], ed. 2, 2: 464 (1913)

= Euphorbia arenaria Engelm. & A.Gray; Boston J. Nat. Hist. 5: 260 (1845), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia arenaria Nutt.; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 5: 171 (1835), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia missurica var. calcicola (Shinners) Waterf.; Rhodora 54: 127 (1952)

= Euphorbia missurica var. intermedia (Engelm.) L.C.Wheeler; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 53: 11 (1940)

= Euphorbia missurica var. petaloidea (Engelm.) Dorn; Vasc. Pl. Wyoming 296 (1988)

= Euphorbia nuttallii (Engelm.) Small; Ill. Fl. N. U.S. [Britton & Brown] 2: 371 (1897)

= Euphorbia petaloidea Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 185 (1859)

= Euphorbia petaloidea var. intermedia Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 185 (1859)

= Euphorbia petaloidea var. nicolletii Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 185 (1858)

= Euphorbia petaloidea var. nuttallii Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 185 (1859)

= Euphorbia zygophylloides Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 10 (1860)

= Euphorbia zygophylloides var. cymulosa Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 29 (1862)

= Vallaris missurica (Raf.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1838)

species :

Euphorbia mitchelliana Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 25 (1862)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, Tasmania)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce mitchelliana (Boiss.) D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 24(5): 640 (1976)

= Chamaesyce mitchelliana var. hirta (Boiss.) D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 24(5): 640 (1976)

= Euphorbia mitchelliana var. cairnsiana Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 307 (1927)

= Euphorbia mitchelliana var. dietrichiae Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 307 (1927)

= Euphorbia mitchelliana var. filifolia Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 307 (1927)

= Euphorbia mitchelliana var. glauca Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 6: 47 (1873)

= Euphorbia mitchelliana var. hirta Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 25 (1862)

= Euphorbia mitchelliana var. oblongifolia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 25 (1862)

= Euphorbia mitchelliana var. obtusifolia Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 307 (1927)

variant :

var. filipes (Benth.) Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 521 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Queensland, ?Northern Territory)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce alsiniflora (Baill.) D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 24: 640 (1976)

= Chamaesyce filipes (Benth.) D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 24: 640 (1976)

= Euphorbia alsiniflora Baill.; Adansonia 6: 288 (1866)

= Euphorbia filipes Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 6: 51 (1873)

= Euphorbia macgillivrayi var. filipes (Benth.) Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 311 (1927)

variant :

var. longiloba Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 522 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, Western Australia, Queensland)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia mitriformis P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 48(3): 128 (1976)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia mlanjeana L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 39(1): 3 (1973)

Distribution: S-Malawi; N-Mozambique

26 MLW MOZ

species :

Euphorbia momccoyae Lavranos; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 83(6): 260 (2012)

Distribution: Oman

35 OMA

species :

Euphorbia monacantha Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 285 (1903)

Distribution: ?Sudan; Ethiopia; Somalia; Saudi Arabia (Hejaz); Yemen

24 ETH SOM 35 SAU YEM

species :

Euphorbia monadenioides M.G.Gilbert; Kew Bull. 42(1): 233 (1987)

Distribution: W-Ethiopia; Uganda

24 ETH 25 UGA

species :

Euphorbia monantha C.Wright ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 55 (1862)

Distribution: Cuba

81 CUB

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus monanthus (C.Wright ex Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia mongolica (Prokh.) Prokh.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 29: 558 (1930)

Distribution: N-China (Nei Mongol); Mongolia

36 CHI 37 MON

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus mongolicus Prokh.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 29: 558 (1930)

species :

Euphorbia mongoliensis M.H.Li & C.H.Zhang; Phytotaxa 501(1): 94 (2021)

Distribution: China (Nei Mongol)

36 CHI

species :

Euphorbia monocyathium (Prokh.) Prokh.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 29: 552 (1930)

Distribution: Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; China (Xinjiang)

32 KGZ TZK 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus monocyathium Prokh.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 14: 338 (1949)

species :

Euphorbia monostyla Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 739 (1949)

Distribution: Turkmenistan

32 TKM

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus monostylus (Prokh.) Prokh.

species :

Euphorbia monteiroi Hook.f.; Bot. Mag. 91: t. 5534 (1865)

subspecies :

subsp. monteiroi

Distribution: Angola; Zimbabwe; Namibia; Botswana

26 ANG ZIM 27 BOT NAM

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Pseudeuphorbium

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia baumii Pax; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 8: 636 (1908)

= Euphorbia longibracteata Pax; Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 742 (1898), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia marlothii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10: 36 (1888)

subspecies :

subsp. brandbergensis B.Nord.; Dinteria 11: 23 (1974)

Distribution: Namibia (Brandberg)

27 NAM

subspecies :

subsp. ramosa L.C.Leach; Dinteria 11: 23 (1964)

Distribution: E-Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, Gauteng, Mpulamanga)

27 BOT SAF

species :

Euphorbia montenegrina (Bald.) K.Malý; Glasn. Zemaljsk. Muz. Bosni Hercegovini 20: 556 (1908)

Distribution: Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; ?Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; NW-Greece (mountains); Romania; European Turkey; Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Cyprus (N-Cyprus); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (NW-Syria); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley)

13 ALB BIH GRC KOS MNT NMA ROM TUE 34 CYP IRQ ISR LEB SYR TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, epithymoides agg. Covers the Balkans and W-Asia records of E. verrucosa fide Cakovic et al. 2021

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia epithymoides var. serratifolia Rohlena; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vĕstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk., Tř. Mat.-Přír.) 1903(17): 55 (1903 publ. 1904)

= Euphorbia montenegrina var. bertiscea Rech.f.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 38: 374 (1935)

= Euphorbia verrucosa var. montenegrina Bald.; Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna Ser. 5, 9: 39 (1900)

= Tithymalus montenegrinus (Bald.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 174 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia montereyana Millsp.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 16: 66 (1889)

Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia moratii Rauh; Kakteen And. Sukk. 21: 153 (1970)

Distribution: W-Madagascar

29 MDG

variant :

var. bemarahensis Cremers; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 54(3-4): 381 (1984)

Distribution: W-Madagascar

29 MDG

variant :

var. multiflora Rauh; Euphorbia J. 7: 27 (1991)

Distribution: W-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia mosaica P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 48(3): 125 (1976)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia mossambicensis (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 36 (1862)

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Botswana; South Africa (Gauteng)

25 TAN 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT SAF

Remarks: sect. Anisophyllum, subsect. Hypericifoliae

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum mossambicense Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 30 (1860)

= Chamaesyce mossambicensis (Klotzsch & Garcke) Koutnik; S. African J. Bot. 3(4): 263 (1984)

= Euphorbia mossambicensis var. nyasica N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 510 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia mossamedensis N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 1037 (1913)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia motuogensis M.T.Li, X.Z.Lan, H.P.Deng & W.L.Zheng; Phytotaxa 527(2): 108 (2021)

Distribution: SE-Tibet

36 TIB

species :

Euphorbia mtolohensis Lodé; Cact.-Advent. Int. (Almeria) 99: 30-31 (2013)

Distribution: Soqotra

24 SOC

species :

Euphorbia mucronulata (Prokh.) Pavlov; Trudy Prikl. Bot., Ser. 1, Sist. Rast. Obscie Vopr. Rasteniev 2: 272 (1937)

Distribution: Uzbekistan

32 UZB

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia abolinii Korovin ex Pavlov; Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol., n. s. 42: 128 (1933), pro syn.

= Tithymalus mucronulatus Prokh.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 29: 554 (1930)

species :

Euphorbia muelleri Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 27 (1862)

Distribution: Australia (Queensland, Northern Territory)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia multibrachiata Haev., Hett. & Spannring; Phytotaxa 492(1): 26 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar (Mahajanga)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia multiceps A.Berger; Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 182 (1905)

subspecies :

subsp. multiceps

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

subspecies :

subsp. tanquana Bruyns; Haseltonia 25: 34, figs. 6-9 (2018)

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

species :

Euphorbia multiclava P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Candollea 19: 158 (1964) (without type), et Candollea 29(2): 390 (1974), with type

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia multifaria Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 524 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Queensland, South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia multifida N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 253 (1915)

Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal?)

27 SAF

species :

Euphorbia multifolia A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 1: 271 2: App. A, 962 (1941)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

species :

Euphorbia multiformis Gaudich. ex Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beechey Voy. 95 (1832)

Distribution: Hawaii (Oahu, Maui)

63 HAW

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum multiforme (Gaudich. ex Hook. & Arn.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 37 (1860)

= Chamaesyce arnottiana var. integrifolia (Hillebr.) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce hillebrandii (H.Lév.) Croizat & O.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce hillebrandii var. palikeana (O.Deg. & Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce hillebrandii var. waimanoana (Sherff) Deg. & Croizat; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce multiformis (Gaudich. ex Hook. & Arn.) Croizat & O.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: Chamaesyce leafl. 4 (1936)

= Euphorbia arnottiana var. integrifolia (Hillebr.) H.St.John; Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 15: 234 (1940)

= Euphorbia celastroides var. hathewayi Sherff; Bot. Leafl. 3: 4 (1936)

= Euphorbia hillebrandii H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 151 (1911)

= Euphorbia hillebrandii var. palikeana O.Deg. & Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 581 (1936)

= Euphorbia hillebrandii var. waimanoana Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 581 (1936)

= Euphorbia hookeri var. integrifolia Hillebr.; Fl. Hawaiian Isl. [Hillebrand] 397 (1888)

variant :

var. microphylla Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 12 (1862)

Distribution: Hawaii (Oahu, Molokai, West Maui, leeward Hawaii Isl.)

63 HAW

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce multiformis var. microphylla (Boiss.) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

= Euphorbia multiformis var. tenuior A.Gray ex H.Mann; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 7: 202 (1866 publ. 1867)

species :

Euphorbia multinodis Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 1: 341 (1899)

Distribution: Guadeloupe; Martinique

81 GDL MAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce multinodis (Urb.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 410 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia multiseta Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 51 (1840)

Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Tlaxcala)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus multisetus (Benth.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia munizii Borhidi; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17 (1-2): 11 (1971 publ. 1972)

Distribution: Cuba

81 CUB

Conservation Status: vulnerable (Red List of the Vascular Flora of Cuba)

species :

Euphorbia muricata Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 86 (1800)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., N-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: sect. Articulofruticosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia aspericaulis Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 26 (1899)

= Euphorbia spicata E.Mey.; [Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Docum. [Drège] 184, nomen] ex Boiss. in Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 97 (1862)

= Tirucalia aspericaulis (Pax) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 88 (1996)

= Tirucalia muricata (Thunb.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 91 (1996)

= Tirucalia spicata (E.Mey. ex Boiss.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5: 93 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia murielii N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 589 (1912)

Distribution: Sudan; South Sudan

24 SSU SUD

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia calycina N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 597 (1912)

= Euphorbia candelabrum Trémaux ex Kotschy; Mitth. K.K. Geogr. Ges. Wien 1(2): 169 (1857), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia muscicola Fernald; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 36: 495 (1901)

Distribution: Mexico (Morelos)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus muscicola (Fernald) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia musilii Velen.; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vĕstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk., Tř. Mat.-Přír.) 6: 3 (1911 publ. 1912)

Distribution: Yemen

35 YEM

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Euphorbia mwila van Veldh. & Hett.; Euphorbia World 20(1): 20 (2025)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia mwinilungensis L.C.Leach; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 46(1-2): 246 (1976)

Distribution: Angola; Zambia

26 ANG ZAM

species :

Euphorbia myrioclada S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(4): 409 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia myrsinites L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 461 (1753)

Name: Myrten-Wolfsmilch (DE), Myrtle Spurge (EN)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Hungary; Baleares; Corsica; Italy; Sicily; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Greece (widespread mainland, Athos, Evvoia, Kerkyra); Canada [I] (Ontario [I]); USA [I] (California [I], Colorado [I], Idaho [I], New Mexico [I], Oregon [I], Utah [I], Washington State [I], Wisconsin [I])

11 ger HUN 12 BAL COR 13 ALB BIH CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SIC SRB 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 76 usa 77 usa

Remarks: myrsinites agg. Records from Greece to Caucasus probably refer to E. pontica fide Strid (2024)

Synonyms: hidden

= Endoisila myrsinites (L.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 114 (1838)

= Euphorbia curtifolia Chaub.; Nouv. Fl. Pélop. 30 (1838)

= Euphorbia marschalliana Kotschy ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 173 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia pectinata Albov; Bull. Herb. Boissier 2: 640 (1894)

= Euphorbion myrsinitum (L.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 126 (1880)

= Galarhoeus myrsinites (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 144 (1812)

= Murtekias myrsinites (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1836)

= Tithymalus myrsinites (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/4 (1768)

species :

Euphorbia myrtillifolia L.; Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 1048 (1759)

Distribution: Jamaica

81 JAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce myrtillifolia (L.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 410 (1916)

= Euphorbia emarginata Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 426 (1788)

species :

Euphorbia myrtoides Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 15 (1862)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce myrtoides (Boiss.) D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 24(5): 640 (1976)

species :

Euphorbia nadiae Houyelle; Int. Cact. Advent. 111-112: 12, figs. (2016)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia nagleri (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 26 (1862)

Distribution: Java; Lesser Sunda Isl.

42 JAW LSI

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum nagleri Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 31 (1860)

= Euphorbia nagleri var. baliensis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 27 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia namaquensis N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 325 (1915)

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

species :

Euphorbia namibensis Marloth; Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 1: 318 (1909)

Distribution: Namibia

27 NAM

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia argillicola Dinter; Neue Pfl. Südw.-Afr. [Dinter] 27 (1914)

= Euphorbia orabensis Dinter; Neue Pfl. Südw.-Afr. [Dinter] 28 (1914)

species :

Euphorbia namuliensis Bruyns; Novon 16(4): 454 (2006)

Distribution: N-Mozambique

26 MOZ

species :

Euphorbia nana Royle; Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 329, t. 82 (1836)

Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia natalensis Bernh.; Flora 28: 86 (1845)

Distribution: Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo, Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]

26 MOZ ZIM 27 LES SAF SWZ

Remarks: subgen. Esula, sect. Esula

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bachmannii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 535 (1897)

= Euphorbia crebrifolia S.Carter; Kew Bull. 45(2): 334 (1990)

= Euphorbia epicyparissias E.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 168 (1862)

= Euphorbia epicyparissias E.Mey. ex Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 88 (1860) (nom. inval.)

= Euphorbia epicyparissias var. puberula N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 267 (1915)

= Euphorbia epicyparissias var. wahlbergii N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 267 (1915)

= Euphorbia involucrata (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 168 (1862)

= Euphorbia involucrata var. megastegia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 168 (1862)

= Euphorbia wahlbergii Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 169 (1862), nom. superfl.

= Tithymalus apiculatus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 94 (1860)

= Tithymalus epicyparissias Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 88 (1860)

= Tithymalus involucratus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 91 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia nayarensis V.W.Steinm.; Aliso 19(2): 181 (2001)

Distribution: Mexico (Durango, Nayarit)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia negromontana N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 557 (1911)

subspecies :

subsp. negromontana

Distribution: SW-Angola; NW-Namibia

26 ANG 27 NAM

Remarks: sect. Articulofruticosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia conformis N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 601 (1912)

= Euphorbia fragiliramulosa L.C.Leach; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 44: 201 (1970)

= Tirucalia negromontana (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 91 (1996)

subspecies :

subsp. rimireptans (Swanepoel, R.W.Becker & Alma Möller) Bruyns; Euphorbia S. Africa 2: 523 (2022)

Distribution: Namibia (Skeleton Coast)

27 NAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia rimireptans Swanepoel, R.W.Becker & Alma Möller; Phytotaxa 414(4): 166 (2019)

species :

Euphorbia neilmulleri M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 5(5): 125 (1975)

Distribution: Mexico (Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus neilmulleri (M.C.Johnst.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 148: 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

species :

Euphorbia neoangolensis Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium angolense P.R.O.Bally; Gen. Monaden. 95 (1961)

species :

Euphorbia neoarborescens Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium arborescens P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 25 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia neobosseri Rauh; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 64(5): 264 (1992), nom. nov.

Distribution: Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

Remarks: milii agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia milii var. bosseri Rauh; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 42: 271 (1970)

= Euphorbia sakarahaensis Rauh; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 64(5): 265 (1992)

species :

Euphorbia neocaledonica Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1263 (1862)

Distribution: New Caledonia (incl. Île des Pins); Vanuatu

60 NWC VAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia serpens Baill.; Adansonia 2: 211 (1861 publ. 1862) non Kunth

species :

Euphorbia neocapitata Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Zimbabwe

25 TAN 26 ZAM ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium capitatum P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 26 (1959)

= Monadenium fanshawei P.R.O.Bally; Gen. Monaden. 26 (1961)

species :

Euphorbia neocastillonii Houyelle; CactusWorld 39(4): 288 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia neochamaeclada Bruyns; Bothalia 40(2): 178 (2010), nom. nov.

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia chamaeclada Bruyns; Bothalia 39(2): 219 (2009), nom. illeg., homonym

species :

Euphorbia neococcinea Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium coccineum Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 127 (1894), et Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2 [Engler & Prantl] 19c: 222 (1931)

species :

Euphorbia neocrispa Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium crispum N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 1034 (1913)

= Monadenium intermedium P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 28 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia neocymosa Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Uganda; Tanzania

25 TAN UGA

Synonyms: hidden

= Synadenium cymosum N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 469 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia neoelliotii J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon; Candollea 73(1): 23 (2018)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia neogillettii Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium gillettii S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 13(5): 541 (1993)

species :

Euphorbia neoglabrata Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia

25 TAN 26 ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Synadenium glabratum S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(3): 667 (1987)

species :

Euphorbia neoglaucescens Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Synadenium glaucescens Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 289 (1903)

= Synadenium glaucescens var. brevipes N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6: 467 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia neogoetzei Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium goetzei Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30: 342 (1901)

species :

Euphorbia neogossweileri Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

Synonyms: hidden

= Endadenium gossweileri (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 1(1-2): 32 (1973)

= Monadenium gossweileri N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 460 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia neogracilis Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium gracile P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 27 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia neohalipedicola Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Mozambique

26 MOZ

Synonyms: hidden

= Synadenium halipedicola L.C.Leach; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 6(1-2): 47 (1984)

species :

Euphorbia neohumbertii Boiteau; Bull. Trimestriel Acad. Malgache, n. s. 24: 85 (1942)

Distribution: N-Madagascar (Montagnes des Francais, Falaise de l´Ankarana)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia neokaessneri Bruyns; Euphorbia World 3(1): 5 (2007), nom. nov.

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]

23 ZAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia kaessneri (N.E.Br.) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 413 (2006), homonym

= Monadenium kaessneri N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 459 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia neomontana Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium montanum P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 28 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia neoparviflora Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Zambia; Malawi

26 MLW ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium depauperatum (P.R.O.Bally) S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42: 908 (1987)

= Monadenium laeve f. depauperata P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 35 (1959)

= Monadenium parviflorum N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 458 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia neopedunculata Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Burundi; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; N-Mozambique

23 BUR ZAI 25 TAN 26 MLW MOZ ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium pedunculatum S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(4): 903 (1987)

species :

Euphorbia neopolycnemoides Pax & K.Hoffm.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 240 (1910)

Distribution: Zimbabwe; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]

26 ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF SWZ

Remarks: sect. Anisophyllum, subsect. Hypericifoliae

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce neopolycnemoides (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Koutnik; S. African J. Bot. 3(4): 263 (1984)

= Euphorbia arabica var. latappendiculata Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 85 (1909)

species :

Euphorbia neoreflexa Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Ethiopia; Kenya

24 ETH 25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium reflexum Chiov.; Webbia 8: 235 (1951)

species :

Euphorbia neorubella Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium montanum var. rubellum P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 28 (1959)

= Monadenium rubellum (P.R.O.Bally) S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42: 913 (1987)

species :

Euphorbia neostolonifera Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium rhizophorum var. stoloniferum P.R.O.Bally; Gen. Monaden. 55 (1961)

= Monadenium stoloniferum (P.R.O.Bally) S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42: 913 (1987)

species :

Euphorbia neovirgata Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium virgatum P.R.O.Bally; Gen. Monaden. 65 (1961)

species :

Euphorbia nephradenia Barneby; Leafl. W. Bot. 10: 314 (1966)

Name: Paria spurge

Distribution: USA (Colorado, Utah)

73 USA 76 USA

species :

Euphorbia nereidum Jahand. & Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 14: 68 (1923), et in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 4: 106 (1923)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus nereidum (Jahand. & Maire) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 174 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia neriifolia L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 451 (1753)

Name: Lechero (Cuba), Antena, Pararrayo (Dominican Republic); Cactus Hedge, Sehur (Trinidad & Tobago)

Distribution: Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; China [I] (Hainan [I]); Taiwan [I]; Pakistan [I]; Nepal; S-India (Punjab [I], Haryana [I], Uttarakhand [I], West Bengal [I], Tripura [I], Madhya Pradesh [I], Rajasthan [I], Gujarat [I], Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu); Bangladesh [I]; Myanmar [I]; Thailand [I]; Cambodia [I]; Vietnam [I]; peninsular Malaysia [I]; Sumatra [I]; Borneo [I]; Philippines [I]; Java [I]; Lesser Sunda Isl. [I]; Moluccas [I]; New Guinea (Irian Jaya); Palau [I] (Babeldaob [I], Koror [I]); Guam [I]; Fed. States of Micronesia [I] (Pohnpei [I]); Marshall Isl. [I] (Kwajalein [I], Jaluit [I]); Honduras [I]; Cuba [I]; Jamaica [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Haiti [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Virgin Isl. [I] (Guana [I]); Trinidad & Tobago [I]; Colombia [I]; Isla Margarita [I]

29 mau reu 36 chi 38 tai 40 ban IND NEP pak 41 cbd mya tha vie 42 bor jaw lsi mly mol NWG phi sum 62 gum mic mrs plu 80 hon 81 cub his jam pue trt ven vir 82 clm

Synonyms: hidden

= Elaeophorbia neriifolia (L.) A.Chev.; Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 28: 348 (1948)

= Euphorbia edulis Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 298 (1790)

= Euphorbia ligularia Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. [36] (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: 465 (1832)

= Euphorbia ligularia Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14(2): 285 (1824)

= Euphorbia pentagona Blanco; Fl. Filip. [Blanco] 413 (1837), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia pentagona Noronha; Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 5(4): 14 (1790), nomen

= Tithymalus edulis (Lour.) H.Karst.; Deut. Fl. [Karsten] 587 (1882)

species :

Euphorbia nesomii Mayfield; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 7(2): 639 (2013)

Distribution: Mexico (Nuevo Leon)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia nevadensis Boiss. & Reut.; Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan. 110 (1852)

subspecies :

subsp. nevadensis

Name: Nevada-Wolfsmilch

Distribution: S- & E-Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia esula subsp. nevadensis (Boiss. & Reut.) Malag.; Subesp. Variación Geogr. 5 (1973)

= Euphorbia nevadensis var. carpetana Pau ex Losa; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 7: 424 (1947), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia nevadensis var. granatensis Ladero & Valdés Berm.Exsicc., nom.illeg.

= Tithymalus nevadensis (Boiss. & Reut.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 90 (1860)

subspecies :

subsp. aragonensis (Loscos & J.Pardo) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 1: 84 (1974)

Distribution: NC- & NE-Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia aragonensis Loscos & J.Pardo; Ser. Inconf. Pl. Aragon. 95 (1863)

= Euphorbia nevadensis var. aragonensis (Loscos & J.Pardo) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1268 (1866)

= Euphorbia sennenii Pau; Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Ci. Nat. 6: 29 (1907) (Hs)

subspecies :

subsp. bolosii Molero & Rovira; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 171 (1992)

Distribution: S- & E-Spain (mountains)

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia aragonensis subsp. bolosii (Molero & Rovira) Rivas Mart.; Itinera Geobot. 15(2): 701 (2002)

= Euphorbia aragonensis var. lanceolatifolia Loscos & J.Pardo ex Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 3: 503 (1877), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia bolosii (Molero & Rovira) Molero & Rovira; Fontqueria 44: 9 (1996)

= Euphorbia esula var. acutifolia Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 3: 503 (1877)

= Euphorbia nevadensis f. acutifolia (Lange) O.Bolòs; Misc. Fontseré 92 (1961)

= Euphorbia nevadensis var. acutifolia (Lange) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 1: 84 (1974)

species :

Euphorbia nicaeensis All.; Fl. Pedem. 1: 285 (1785)

Name: Nizza-Wolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; France; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; ?Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, WN-Anatolia)

11 ger HUN SLO 12 FRA POR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO ITA KOS MNT NMA SLV TUE 14 KRY RUS UKR 20 ALG MOR 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 TUR

Remarks: nicaeensis agg. The infraspecific division is highly disputed. See also E. glareosa and E. pannonica which are frequently included here as subspecies.

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula nicaeensis (All.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Euphorbia amygdaloides Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 439 (1788), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia babensis Kit.; Linnaea 32: 562 (1864)

= Euphorbia biglandulosa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 165 (1862) (pro syn.)

= Euphorbia bupleuroides subsp. luteola (Kralik) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 30: 363 (1939)

= Euphorbia collina Willd. ex Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 573 (1850), pro syn.

= Euphorbia dasycarpa Coss. ex Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 802 (1890)

= Euphorbia demnatensis Coss. ex Batt. & Trab.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 802 (1890)

= Euphorbia japygica Ten.; Fl. Napol. 4: 266 (1830)

= Euphorbia luteola Kralik; Exsicc. (Pl. Algér. Select.) 1858: 83 (1858)

= Euphorbia multicaulis Thuill.; Fl. Env. Paris, éd. 2: 238 (1799)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. demnatensis (Coss. ex Batt. & Trab.) Breistr.; (1954)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. hispanica Degen & Hervier; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 17: 205 (1907)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. japygica (Ten.) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 620 (1882)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis var. aurasiaca Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 31: 40 (1940)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis var. coarctata Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 568 (1842)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis var. cornuta Faure & Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 20: 37 (1929)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis var. dasycarpa Coss. ex Maire; Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 8: 178 (1924)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis var. demnatensis (Coss. ex Batt. & Trab.) Maire; Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 7: 178 (1924)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis var. hebecarpa DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 6: 363 (1815)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis var. hispanica (Degen & Hervier) Cuatrec.; Trab. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona 12: 354 (1929)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis var. japygica (Ten.) Losa; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 7: 410 (1947), isonym

= Euphorbia nicaeensis var. japygica (Ten.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 653 (1881)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis var. obovata Lange; Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn, Ser. 2, 2: 103 (1861)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis var. oleifolia DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 6: 363 (1815)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis var. salzmanii DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 6: 363 (1815)

= Euphorbia oleifolia Gouan; Herbor. Montpellier 29 (1796) (nom. illeg. non Pourr. 1788)

= Euphorbia oleifolia Pourr.; Hist. & Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Toulouse 3: 319 (1788)

= Euphorbia pannonica f. kitaibelii Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 18(1-2): 172 (1973)

= Euphorbia pumila Pall. ex Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 573 (1850), pro syn.

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. japygica (Ten.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 286 (1901)

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. nicaeensis (All.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 286 (1901)

= Euphorbia serotina Host; Fl. Austriac. [Host] 2: 562 (1831)

= Galarhoeus nicaeensis (All.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 144 (1812)

= Tithymalus matthiolii Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 101 (1897)

= Tithymalus nicaeensis (All.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 89 (1860)

= Tithymalus nicaeensis subsp. japygicus (Ten.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 174 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia nicholasii Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 47 (1989), nom. nov.

Distribution: South Africa (Transvaal); Eswatini [Swaziland]

27 SAF SWZ

Synonyms: hidden

= Elaeophorbia acuta N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 222 (1915)

species :

Euphorbia nigrispina N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 574 (1911)

Distribution: Ethiopia; ?Djibouti; ?Somalia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia nigrispinoides M.G.Gilbert; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 72 (1992)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: 286 (1825)

Distribution: Pakistan (Sind, Pakistani Punjab); India (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu); Bangladesh; Myanmar; Vietnam

40 BAN IND PAK 41 MYA VIE

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia helicothele Lem.; Ill. Hort. 4(Misc.): 100 (1857)

= Euphorbia neriifolia Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 36 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: 467 (1832), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia nivulia var. helicothele (Lem.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 80 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia nocens (L.C.Wheeler) V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 64: 39 (2003)

Distribution: Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Nayarit, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sonora)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia hirta var. nocens L.C.Wheeler; Contr. Gray Herb. 127: 70 (1939)

species :

Euphorbia nodosa Houtt.; Nat. Hist. [Houttuyn] 2(8): 748 (1777)

Distribution: S-India (Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce corrigioloides (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

= Euphorbia corrigioloides Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 11 (1860)

= Euphorbia disticha Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 32 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia nogalensis (A.Hässl.) S.Carter; Euphorbia J. 5: 37 (1988)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia somalensis var. nogalensis A.Hässl.; Bot. Not. 1931: 325 (1931)

species :

Euphorbia norfolkiana Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 110 (1862)

Distribution: Norfolk Isl.

50 NFK

species :

Euphorbia normannii Schmalh. ex Lipsky; Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Odessa 11: 35 (1891), et in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 10: 293, t. 16, fig. 15 (1892)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus

33 NCS

species :

Euphorbia notoptera Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 26 (1862)

Distribution: Pakistan (Astor); S-India (Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka)

40 IND PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce notoptera (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140 (3-4): 169 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia noxia Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 124 (1894)

Distribution: Somalia; S-Yemen

24 SOM 35 YEM

species :

Euphorbia nubica N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6 1: 554 (1911)

Distribution: Egypt (SE-Egypt); Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Djibouti; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Saudi Arabia

20 EGY 24 DJI ERI ETH SOM SUD 25 KEN UGA 35 SAU

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia consobrina N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 555 (1911)

= Tirucalia nubica (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 92 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia nubigena L.C.Leach; Dinteria 12: 13 (1976)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

variant :

var. rutilans L.C.Leach; Dinteria 12: 17 (1976)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia nudicaulis Perr.; Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 3: 116 (1825)

Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isl.

42 LSI

species :

Euphorbia nummularia Hook.f.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 183 (1847)

Distribution: Galapagos

83 GAL

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce nummularia (Hook.f.) D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 56: 177 (1969)

= Chamaesyce nummularia var. glabra (B.L.Rob. & Greenm.) D.G.Burch; Madroño 20: 253 (1970)

= Euphorbia nummularia var. glabra B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 3, 1: 144 (1895)

species :

Euphorbia nurae P.Fraga & Rosselló; Candollea 66(1): 182 (2011)

Distribution: Baleares

12 BAL

species :

Euphorbia nusbaumeri X.Aubriot & Lowry; Phytotaxa 159(3): 231 (2014)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia nutans Lag.; Gen. Sp. Pl. [Lagasca] 17 (1816)

Name: Nickende Schiefblattwolfsmilch (DE); Eyebane (EN); Chirriguela nutante (ES)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Switzerland [I]; Austria [I]; Hungary [I]; Portugal [I]; Spain [I]; France [I]; Italy [I]; Sicily [I]; Slovenia [I]; Croatia [I]; Bosnia & Hercegovina [I]; Romania [I]; Bulgaria [I]; Greece [I] (incl. Kiklades [I]); Crete [I]; Madeira [I] (Madeira Isl. [I]); Canary Isl. [I] (Gran Canaria [I], Tenerife [I]); Northern Caucasus [I]; Georgia [Caucasus] [I]; Azerbaijan [I]; East Aegaean Isl. [I] (incl. Rhodos [I]); Israel [I] (N-Israel [I]); Sinai peninsula [I] (N-Sinai [I], S-Sinai [I]); Japan [I] (Honshu [I], Shikoku [I], Kyushu [I]); Australia [I] (New South Wales [I]); New Zealand [I]; Canada (Ontario, Québec); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming); Bermuda; Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Cuba; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (St. Croix); Guadeloupe; Martinique; Grenada; Colombia; Venezuela (Venezuela Distrito Federal); Ecuador [I]; Galapagos [I]; Bolivia [I]; Argentina [I]

11 aut ger hun swi 12 fra por spa 13 bih bul cro grc ita kri rom sic slv 21 cny mdr 33 aze geo ncs 34 eai isr sin 38 jap 50 aus 51 nzl 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ ELS HON 81 BER CUB GDL GRE HIS MAR PUE VIR 82 CLM VEN 83 bol ecu gal 85 arg

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce lansingii Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 376 (1913)

= Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 712 (1903)

= Chamaesyce preslii (Guss.) Arthur; Torreya 11: 260 (1911)

= Euphorbia androsaemifolia C.Presl; Delic. Prag. 57 (1822), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia gibraltarica Wolley-Dod; J. Bot. 52: 13 (1914)

= Euphorbia hypericifolia var. communis Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 188 (1859)

= Euphorbia lansingii (Millsp.) Brühl; Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci. 5(2): 8 (1934)

= Euphorbia nutans var. glaberrima Thell.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 7: 431 (1917)

= Euphorbia potosina var. lamasis Carvajal & Lomelí; Phytologia 49(3): 191 (1981)

= Euphorbia preslii Guss.; Fl. Sicul. Prodr. 1: 539 (1827)

= Euphorbia preslii var. andicola Danguy & Cherm.; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 28: 438 (1922)

= Euphorbia preslii var. glaberrima Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 23 (1862), nomen

= Euphorbia pseudonutans Thell.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 7: 431 (1917)

= Euphorbia refracta Lowe; Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 6: 533 (1838)

= Euphorbia trinervis Bertol.; Fl. Ital. [Bertoloni] 5: 37 (1842), non E. trinervia Schumach. & Thonn. (1827)

= Tithymalus nutans (Lag.) Samp.; Anais Fac. Sci. Porto 17: 45 (1931)

species :

Euphorbia nyassae Pax; Veg. Erde [Engler & Drude] 9 (Pflanzenw. Afr.) 3(2): 160 (1921)

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi

25 TAN 26 MLW ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia tetracantha Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30: 341 (1901), non Rendle

species :

Euphorbia nyikae Pax ex Engl.; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 31, 33, 39 et 40 (1894), et in Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 242 (1895)

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania; Zanzibar; Zambia

25 KEN TAN 26 ZAM

variant :

var. neovolkensii (Pax) S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42: 6779 (1987)

Distribution: SE-Kenya; E-Tanzania (incl. Pemba Isl.); Zanzibar

25 KEN TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia crispata Lem.; Ill. Hort. 4: 71 (1857), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia fimbriata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 81 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia lemaireana Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 81 (1862)

= Euphorbia neovolkensii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 74 (1904)

= Euphorbia volkensii Werth; Veg. Sansibar [Werth] 51 (1901) (non Pax)

species :

Euphorbia oatesii Rolfe; Matabele Land [Oates], ed. 2: 408 (1889)

Distribution: Zambia; Zimbabwe; NE-Botswana

26 ZAM ZIM 27 BOT

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Lyciopsis

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia verdickii De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 1: 280 (1906)

species :

Euphorbia oaxacana B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 32: 37 (1896)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Aklema oaxacana (B.L.Rob. & Greenm.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 416 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia obconica Bojer ex N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 603 (1912)

Distribution: Tanzania (Pemba Isl.)

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia obcordata Balf.f.; Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 12: 93 (1884)

Distribution: Soqotra

24 SOC

species :

Euphorbia obesa Hook.f.; Bot. Mag. t. 7888 (1903)

subspecies :

subsp. obesa

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

subspecies :

subsp. symmetrica (A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane) G.D.Rowley; Euphorbiaceae Study Group Bull. 11(3): 97 (1998)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia symmetrica A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 2: 559, App. A, 964 (1941)

species :

Euphorbia obliqua F.A.Bauer ex Endl.; Prodr. Fl. Norfolk. [Endlicher] 85 (1833)

Distribution: Norfolk Isl.; New Caledonia (incl. Île des Pins, Loyalty Isl.); Vanuatu; ?Tonga; Fiji

50 NFK 60 FIJ NWC VAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum leiospermum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 23 (1860)

= Chamaesyce obliqua (F.A.Bauer ex Endl.) Florence; Adansonia, Sér. 3, 18: 241 (1996)

= Euphorbia aubryana Baill.; Adansonia 2: 212 (1861 publ. 1862)

= Euphorbia leiosperma (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 5 (1860), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia obliqua var. phyllanthoides (Boiss.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 13 (1862)

= Euphorbia phyllanthoides Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 4 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia oblongata Griseb.; Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 136 (1843)

Name: Balkan Spurge, Eggleaf Spurge (EN)

Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Scotland [I]); Ireland [I] (SE-Ireland [I]); Channel Isl. [I] (Jersey [I]); ?Montenegro; ?Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (scattered lowlands, Evvoia, Attiki, Andros, Peloponnisos, Thasos, Samothraki); Crete; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos); Turkey (NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, WN-Anatolia); USA [I] (California [I], Oregon [I], Washington State [I])

10 grb ire 12 cis 13 ALB BUL GRC KOS KRI NMA TUE 34 EAI TUR 73 usa 76 usa

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia erioclada Boiss. & Heldr.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 88 (1846)

= Tithymalus oblongatus (Griseb.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 174 (1972)

variant :

var. sessiliflora Boiss. & Spruner; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 5: 52 (1844)

Distribution: Greece

13 GRC

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia oblongata subsp. sessiliflora (Boiss. & Spruner) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 649 (1881)

= Euphorbia sessiliflora Boiss. & Spruner; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 5: 52 (1844), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia oblongifolia (K.Koch) K.Koch; Linnaea 21: 726 (1848)

Distribution: European Turkey; Moldova; Ukraine; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Talysh); Turkey (E-Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, SE-Anatolia); Iran

13 TUE 14 MLD UKR 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR

Remarks: macroceras agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia amygdaloides var. oblongifolia K.Koch; Linnaea 19: 17 (1846)

= Euphorbia cordifolia C.A.Mey. ex Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 40 (1860)

= Euphorbia rumicifolia Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 39 (1860)

= Tithymalus oblongifolius (K.Koch) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 96 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia obovata Decne.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 2: 241 (1834)

Distribution: ?Syria; Sinai peninsula (S-Sinai)

34 SIN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia prolifera Ehrenb. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 15 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia buonophila Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 154 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia occidentaustralica Radcl.-Sm. & Govaerts; Kew Bull. 51(3): 542 (1996), nom. nov.

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia clementii Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 308 (1927)

species :

Euphorbia ocellata Durand & Hilg.; J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, 3: 46 (1855), et Pacif. Railr. Rep. v. 15

subspecies :

subsp. ocellata

Name: Contura Creek sandmat

Distribution: USA (California)

76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce ocellata (Durand & Hilg.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 410 (1916)

= Chamaesyce sulfurea Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 405 (1916)

= Euphorbia ocellata var. sulfurea (Millsp.) Jeps.; Fl. Calif. [Jepson] 2: 427 (1936)

subspecies :

subsp. arenicola (Parish) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 47 (1989)

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah)

73 USA 76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce arenicola (Parish) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

= Chamaesyce ocellata subsp. arenicola (Parish) Thorne; Aliso 10(1): 141 (1981)

= Chamaesyce ocellata var. arenicola (Parish) N.H.Holmgren & P.K.Holmgren; Intermount. Fl. [Cronquist et al.] 3A: 278 (1997)

= Euphorbia arenicola Parish; Erythea 7: 93 (1899)

= Euphorbia ocellata var. arenicola (Parish) Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 600 (1925)

= Euphorbia ocellata var. kirbyi J.T.Howell; Mentzelia 1: 7 (1975)

subspecies :

subsp. rattanii (Watson) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 47 (1989)

Name: Rattan´s sandmat

Distribution: USA (California)

76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce ocellata subsp. rattanii (S.Watson) Koutnik; Madroño 32(3): 188 (1985)

= Chamaesyce rattanii (S.Watson) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

= Euphorbia ocellata var. rattanii (S.Watson) L.C.Wheeler; Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 33: 107 (1934)

= Euphorbia rattanii S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 20: 372 (1885)

species :

Euphorbia ocymoidea L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 453 (1753)

Distribution: Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas); Guatemala; ?Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Venezuela (Anzoategui, Falcon, Guarico)

79 MEX 80 COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 82 VEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum ocymoideum (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 161 (1812)

= Eumecanthus astroites (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 413 (1916)

= Eumecanthus cofradianus (Brandegee) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

= Eumecanthus ocymoideus (L.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

= Euphorbia astroites Fisch. & C.A.Mey.; Index Sem. (St. Petersburg [Petropolitanus]) 10: 44 (1842 publ. 1845)

= Euphorbia astroites var. heterappendiculata Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 1: 28 (1895)

= Euphorbia cofradiana Brandegee; Zoe 5: 207 (1905)

= Leptopus ocymoides (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 249 (1859) ex B. D. Jacks., Index Kew. 2: 63 (1894)

species :

Euphorbia odontophora S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3855 (1982)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia oerstediana (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 59 (1862)

Name: Fei Pisa, Urine Bush (Trinidad & Tobago); West Indian spurge (EN)

Distribution: Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Jamaica; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas); Antigua; Martinique; St. Lucia; Grenadines; St. Vincent; Barbados; Tobago; Trinidad; Guyana; Surinam

80 COS HON NIC PAN 81 ABA BBD JAM MAR PUE STL STV TRT VIR 82 GUY SUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Agaloma oerstediana (Klotzsch & Garcke) D.B.Ward; Novon 11(3): 361 (2001)

= Dichylium oerstedianum (Klotzsch & Garcke) Britton; Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Islands 5: 499 (1924)

= Euphorbia surinamensis Lanj.; Euphorb. Surinam 48 (1931)

= Poinsettia oerstediana Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 253 (1859) (nomen)

species :

Euphorbia officinarum L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 451 (1753), non DC.

subspecies :

subsp. officinarum

Distribution: Morocco; Western Sahara; Mauritania; Yemen (W-Yemen, Aden Desert, N-Inner Yemen)

20 MOR WSA 22 MTN 35 YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia officinalis Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 94 (1775)

= Tithymalus officinarum (L.) H.Karst.; Deut. Fl. [Karsten] 587 (1882)

= Euphorbia officinarum var. columnaris Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 47: 336 (1875)

= Euphorbia officinarum var. cristatum Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 47: 337 (1875)

variant :

var. beaumieriana (Hook.f. & Coss.) Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc 2: 461 (1932)

Distribution: Yemen

35 YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia beaumieriana Hook.f. & Coss.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 21: 164 (1874)

= Euphorbia officinarum subsp. beaumieriana (Hook.f. & Coss.) Vindt; Trav. Inst. Sci. Chérifien, Sér. Bot. 19: 446 (1960)

subspecies :

subsp. echinus (Coss. & Hook.f.) Vindt; Trav. Inst. Sci. Chérifien, Sér. Bot. 19: 447 (1960)

Distribution: Morocco; Western Sahara; Mauritania

20 MOR WSA 22 MTN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia echinus Hook.f. & Coss.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 21: 164 (1874)

= Euphorbia echinus var. brevispina Hook.f. & Coss.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 21: 164 (1874)

= Euphorbia echinus var. chlorantha Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 31: 40 (1940)

= Euphorbia echinus var. hernandez-pachecoi (Caball.) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 27: 258 (1936)

= Euphorbia hernandez-pachecoi Caball.; Trab. Mus. Ci. Nat., Ser. Bot., No. 30: 28 (1935)

= Euphorbia officinarum var. hernandez-pachecoi (Caball.) Oudejans; World Cat. Species Names Published Tribe Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae) with their Geogr. Distrib. 5 (1990)

species :

Euphorbia ogadenensis P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Kew Bull. 40: 819 (1985)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia ogdenii K.Bradley & Sadle; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 15(1): 39 (2021), nom. nov.

Distribution: USA (Florida)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce porteriana var. scoparia (Small) D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 99 (1966)

= Chamaesyce scoparia Small; Fl. Florida Keys 81 (1913)

= Euphorbia porteriana var. scoparia (Small) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 48 (1989)

species :

Euphorbia oidorrhiza Pojark.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 14: 236 (1951)

Distribution: Turkmenistan

32 TKM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia balkhanica Tarassov; Izv. Akad. Nauk Turkmensk. S.S.R. 1951(2): 82 (1951 publ. 1952)

= Tithymalus oidorrhizus (Pojark.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 174 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia oligoclada L.C.Leach; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 46(1-2): 253 (1976)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia olowaluana Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 580 (1936)

Distribution: Hawaii (West Maui, Hawaii Isl.)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Vulnerable

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce olowaluana (Sherff) Croizat & O.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce olowaluana var. gracilis (Rock) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce olowaluana f. leiocarpa (O.Deg. & Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce olowaluana var. lepidifolia (O.Deg. & Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Euphorbia lorifolia var. gracilis Rock; Indig. Trees Haw. Isl. 259 (1913)

= Euphorbia olowaluana var. gracilis (Rock) Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 581 (1936)

= Euphorbia olowaluana f. leiocarpa O.Deg. & Sherff; Amer. J. Bot. 38: 54 (1951)

= Euphorbia olowaluana var. lepidofolia O.Deg. & Sherff; Amer. J. Bot. 38: 54 (1951)

= Euphorbia olowaluana var. polycephala Sherff; Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 20(1): 8 (1949)

species :

Euphorbia omariana M.G.Gilbert; Kew Bull. 45(2): 268 (1990)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia operta Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 9(1): 153 (2013), nom. nov.

Distribution: Australia (Queensland)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia occulta Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 529 (2012), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia ophiolitica (P.I.Forst.) Ya Yang; Taxon 61(4): 783 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Queensland)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce ophiolitica P.I.Forst.; Austrobaileya 5(4): 711 (2000)

species :

Euphorbia ophthalmica Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 13 (1806)

Name: Florida hammock sandmat

Distribution: USA (Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Pennsylvania); Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Sinaloa, Tlaxcala); Honduras; Costa Rica; Bahamas; Turks & Caicos Isl.; Cayman Isl.; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Navassa Isl.; Virgin Isl. (Guana, St. John); St. Barthélémy; St. Eustatius; Antigua; St. Lucia; Barbados; Tobago; Trinidad; Colombia; Ecuador; Galapagos; Peru; Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Tarija); SE-Brazil (Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay); Uruguay (Artigas, Montevideo, Paysandu, Salto); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, Salta, Santa Fe, Tucuman)

75 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 COS HON 81 ABA BAH BBD CAY HIS JAM NAV PUE SBA STE STL TCI TRT VIR 82 CLM 83 BOL ECU GAL PER 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce hirta subsp. procumbens Croizat; Lilloa 6: 299 (1941)

= Chamaesyce hirta var. procumbens Moldenke; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 178 (1940)

= Chamaesyce ophthalmica (Pers.) D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 98 (1966)

= Chamaesyce pilulifera var. procumbens Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 714 (1903)

= Euphorbia bicapitata Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 367 (1917)

= Euphorbia hirta var. ophthalmica (Pers.) Allem & Irgang; Fl. Il. Rio Grande do Sul 11: 63 (1975)

= Euphorbia hirta var. procumbens (Boiss.) N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 497 (1911)

= Euphorbia pilulifera var. procumbens Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 21 (1862)

= Euphorbia procumbens DC.; Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp. 111 (1813), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia oppositifolia McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 229 (1993)

Distribution: Mexico (Jalisco)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia opuntioides Welw. ex Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 945 (1993)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia oranensis (Croizat) Subils; Kurtziana 10: 144 (1977)

Distribution: Bolivia (Tarija); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay); Argentina (Salta)

83 BOL 85 ARG PAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce oranensis Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 187 (1943)

species :

Euphorbia orbiculata Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 52 (1817)

Distribution: Java [I]; Colombia (Boyacá, Cundinamarca); Venezuela (Merida); Ecuador; Peru

42 jaw 82 CLM VEN 83 ECU PER

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum orbiculatum (Kunth) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859 24 (1860)

= Chamaesyce orbiculata (Kunth) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Euphorbia ascendens Willd. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 31 (1862) (pro syn.)

species :

Euphorbia orbiculifolia S.Carter; Kew Bull. 45(4): 653 (1990)

Distribution: Oman

35 OMA

species :

Euphorbia orbifolia (Alain) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 47 (1989)

Distribution: Puerto Rico (Mona Isl.)

81 PUE

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce orbifolia Alain; Phytologia 47(3): 175 (1980)

species :

Euphorbia orientalis L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 460 (1753)

Distribution: Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Nachichevan); Turkey (E-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (EC-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran)

33 ARM AZE 34 IRN IRQ TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia artvinensis Bornm. & Woronow; Vĕstn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada 26: 3 (1912)

= Euphorbia notadenia Boiss. & Hohen.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 12: 111 (1853)

= Galarhoeus orientalis (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 148 (1812)

= Tithymalus notadenius (Boiss. & Hohen.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 78 (1860)

= Tithymalus orientalis (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/3 (1768)

species :

Euphorbia origanoides L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 453 (1753)

Distribution: Ascension Isl.

28 ASC

Conservation Status: Rare, endangered

species :

Euphorbia orizabae Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 147 (1862)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz); Guatemala; Honduras

79 MEX 80 GUA HON

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia campestris var. subpuberula Greenm.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 41: 240 (1905)

species :

Euphorbia orobanchoides (P.R.O.Bally) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006)

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi

25 TAN 26 MLW ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium orobanchoides P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 30 (1959)

variant :

var. calycina (P.R.O.Bally) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006)

Distribution: ?D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; N-Zimbabwe

25 TAN 26 ANG ZAM ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium chevalieri var. spathulatum P.R.O.Bally; Gen. Monaden. 33 (1961)

= Monadenium orobanchoides var. calycinum P.R.O.Bally; Gen. Monaden. 38 (1961)

species :

Euphorbia orphanidis Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3(4): 89 (1859)

Distribution: C-Greece (Mt. Parnassos)

13 GRC

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia hohenackeri Orph. ex Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 4: 89 (1859), pro syn.

= Tithymalus hohenackeri (Orph. ex Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 91 (1860)

= Tithymalus orphanidis (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia orthoclada Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 22: 517 (1887)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cynanchoides Drake; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 9: 45 (1903)

= Euphorbia lohaensis Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 671 (1887)

= Euphorbia orthoclada subsp. vepretorum (Drake) Leandri; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 2: 121 (1962)

= Euphorbia vepretorum Drake; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 45 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia oryctis Dinter; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 29: 167 (1931)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Euphorbia osyridea Boiss. & Kotschy ex Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 87 (1846)

Distribution: Iran (S-Iran); Afghanistan (Baghlan, Bamyan, Farah, Ghorat, Herat, Kabul, Kandahar, Kunar / Nuristan, Laghman, Parwan, Zabul); Pakistan (Baluchistan, Quetta, Chitral, Gilgit); NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir)

34 AFG IRN 40 IND PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia lateriflora Jaub. & Spach; Ill. Pl. Orient. 2: 41 (1845), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia osyridiformis Parsa; Kew Bull. [3]: 228 (1948)

= Tithymalus lateriflorus (Jaub. & Spach) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 81 (1860)

= Tithymalus osyrideus (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia otavibergensis Bruyns; Haseltonia 25: 50, figs. 28-30 (2018)

Distribution: N-Namibia

27 NAM

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia otavimontana Swanepoel; Namibian J. Environm. 3(Section A): 11, figs. 1-9 (2019)

species :

Euphorbia otjingandu Swanepoel; S. African J. Bot. 75(3): 497 (2009)

Distribution: NW-Namibia

27 NAM

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia otjipembana L.C.Leach; Dinteria 12: 29 (1976)

subspecies :

subsp. otjipembana

Distribution: NW-Namibia

27 NAM

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia otjipembana subsp. okakoraensis Swanepoel; Phytotaxa 117(2): 53 (2013)

subspecies :

subsp. fluvialis (L.C.Leach) Bruyns; Phytotaxa 436(3): 210 (2020)

Distribution: Angola; NW-Namibia

26 ANG 27 NAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia subsalsa subsp. fluvialis L.C.Leach; Dinteria 12: 29 (1976)

species :

Euphorbia ouachitana Mayfield; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 7(2): 642 (2013)

Distribution: USA (Oklahoma, Missouri, Tennessee, Texas)

74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

species :

Euphorbia ovalleana Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 91: 508 (1895)

Distribution: Chile (Coquimbo)

85 CLE

species :

Euphorbia oxycoccoides Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 14 (1860)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Euphorbia oxyodonta Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1267 (1866)

Distribution: Egypt (Great Southwestern Desert, Nile Delta, Nile Valley); Turkey (SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia); Lebanon (C-Lebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, NW-Syria, NW-Syria, Jbel Druze); Israel (C-Israel, coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, Judean Desert); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania)

20 EGY 34 ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR

Remarks: oxyodonta agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus oxyodontus (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia oxyphylla Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1268 (1866)

Distribution: E-Portugal; WC-Spain

12 POR SPA

Remarks: rigida agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia broteroi Daveau; Bol. Soc. Brot. 3: 33 (1885)

= Tithymalus broteroi (Daveau) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia oxystegia Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 27 (1860)

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bupleurifolia E.Mey.; Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Docum. [Drège] 184 (1843), nomen

species :

Euphorbia pachyclada S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(6): 677 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia pachypodioides Boiteau; Bull. Trimestriel Acad. Malgache, n. s. 24: 87 (1942)

Distribution: N-Madagascar (Falaise de l´Ankarana)

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia antankara Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 161 (1946)

species :

Euphorbia pachyrrhiza Kar. & Kir.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 14: 745 (1841)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; China (Xinjiang); Mongolia

32 KAZ KGZ TZK 36 CHI 37 MON

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia conifera Steph. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 123 (1862)

= Tithymalus pachyrrhizus (Kar. & Kir.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 69 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia pachysantha Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 623 (1886)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia monocephala Baker ex Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 43 (1921) (in syn.)

species :

Euphorbia pachyspina Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 488(1): 42 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar (Fianarantsoa)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia paganorum A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 13: 556 (1933)

Distribution: Senegal; Sierra Leone; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Nigeria; Gabon

22 BKN IVO MLI NGA SEN SIE 23 GAB

species :

Euphorbia pallens Dillwyn; Rev. Hortus Malab. 54 (1839)

Distribution: China (Guangdong, Hainan); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; S-India (Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives]; Maldives; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (North Andamans, Middle Andamans, South Andamans, Little Andaman Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl., North Nicobars, Central Nicobars, Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Singapore; Sumatra; South China Sea Isl.; Borneo; Sulawesi; Philippines (throughout); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, Timor, etc.); East Timor; Cocos [Keeling] Isl.; Christmas Isl. [Austr.]; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch.; Solomon Isl.; Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia); New Caledonia; Vanuatu; Rotuma Isl.; Tonga (Tongatapu, ´Eua, Nomuka, Lifuka, Vava´u, Tafahi, Niuatoputapu); Niue; Fiji; American Samoa (Ofu, Tutuila); [Western] Samoa (Savai´i)

36 CHI 38 NNS TAI 40 BAN IND LDV MDV SRL 41 AND CBD NCB THA VIE 42 BOR CKI JAW LSI MLY NWG PHI SCS SNG SUL SUM XMS 43 BIS SOL 50 AUS 60 ASA FIJ NUE NWC ROT SAM TON VAN

Remarks: this species was often treated as ´E. atoto´, which is nowadays considered a French Polynesian endemic. See also E. chamissonis which is often confused.

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum laevigatum (Vahl) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859 35 (1860)

= Chamaesyce atoto f. minor (Boiss.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 276 (1954)

= Chamaesyce halophila (Miq.) Croizat; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce laevis (Poir.) Croizat; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce pallens (Dillwyn) V.S.Raju; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28(1): 92 (2004)

= Euphorbia articulata Dennst.; Schlüssel Hortus Malab. 20 (1818) non Aubl. 1775 nec Lam. 1788

= Euphorbia bifida Thwaites; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 269 (1861), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia halophila Miq.; Nieuwe Verh. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. Amsterdam, Ser. 3, 5: 16 (1852)

= Euphorbia laevigata Vahl; Symb. Bot. [Vahl] 2: 54 (1791), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia levis Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 2: 612 (1812)

= Euphorbia levis var. imbricata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 13 (1862)

= Euphorbia oraria F.Muell. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 12 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia palustris L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 462 (1753)

Name: Sumpf-Wolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium [I]; Germany (Brandenburg, +Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; NE-Spain; France; Corsica; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (very rare N- & C-Greece, Epirus, Kerkyra); Estonia; Latvia; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Siberia (Altai, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, W-Anatolia)

10 FIN NOR SWE 11 AUT bgm CZE GER HUN NET POL SLO SWI 12 COR FRA SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT RUS UKR 30 SIB 32 KAZ 33 GEO NCS 34 TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, palustris agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia brachiata Jan; Elench. Pl. [Jan] 7 (1831), nomen

= Euphorbia palustris f. maritima Sennen; Exsicc. (Pl. Esp.) 1908: no. 560 (1908), nomen

= Euphorbia palustris var. angustifolia Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 18 (1806)

= Euphorbia palustris var. brinonense Cezard; Bull. Acad. Soc. Lorraines Sci. 16: 34 (1977), nom inval.

= Euphorbia sauliana Boreau ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1266 (1866)

= Euphorbia soongarica Hayek; (1927), nom. illeg.

= Galarhoeus palustris (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 145 (1812)

= Tithymalus fruticosus Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 206 (1782), opus utique oppr.

= Tithymalus palustris (L.) Garsault; Fig. Pl. Med. t. 592 (1764), opus utique oppr.

= Tithymalus palustris (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/4 (1768)

species :

Euphorbia pamirica (Prokh.) Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 438 (1949)

Distribution: Tajikistan; Pakistan (Gilgit); NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir)

32 TZK 40 IND PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus pamiricus Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 55, in clavi, et 198 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia pampeana Speg.; Rev. Jard. Zool. Buenos Aires 1: 30 (1893)

Distribution: WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul); S-Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); Uruguay (Canelones, Cerro Largo, Durazno, Florida Prov., Maldonado, Rio Negro, Paysandu, San Jose); Argentina (Buenos Aires)

84 BRA 85 ARG URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus pampeanus (Speg.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

species :

Euphorbia pancheri Baill.; Adansonia 2: 211 (1861 publ. 1862)

Distribution: New Caledonia (incl. Île des Pins, Loyalty Isl.); Vanuatu

60 NWC VAN

species :

Euphorbia paniculata Desf.; Fl. Atlant. 1: 386 (1798)

subspecies :

subsp. paniculata

Distribution: Portugal; Spain; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia

12 POR SPA 20 ALG MOR TUN

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, clementei agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia algeriensis Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 4: 85 (1859)

= Euphorbia welwitschii var. ramosissima Daveau; Bol. Soc. Brot. 3: 31 (1885)

subspecies :

subsp. calcicola U.Schwarzer & Vicens; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 75(2)e070: 1 (2018)

Distribution: Portugal

12 POR

subspecies :

subsp. monchiquensis (Franco & P.Silva) Vicens, Molero & C.Blanché; Candollea 51(1): 82 (1996)

Distribution: SW-Portugal (Sa. de Monchique)

12 POR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia monchiquensis Franco & P.Silva; Feddes Repert. 79: 56 (1969)

= Tithymalus monchiquensis (Franco & P.Silva) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 174 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. welwitschii (Boiss. & Reut.) Vicens, Molero & C.Blanché; Candollea 51(1): 81 (1996)

Distribution: Portugal (Sa. de Sintra, Lisboa)

12 POR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia hiberna Welw. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 649 (1881), pro syn.

= Euphorbia welwitschii Boiss. & Reut.; Pugill. Pl. Afr. Bor. Hispan. 108 (1852)

= Euphorbia welwitschii var. minor Daveau; Bol. Soc. Brot. 3: 22 (1885)

= Tithymalus welwitschii (Boiss. & Reut.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 77 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia panjutinii Grossh.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 13: 18 (1950)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus] (Abkhazia)

33 GEO

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus panjutinii (Grossh.) Galushko; Fl. Severn. Kavkaza Vopr. Ist. 3: 56 (1979), isonym

= Tithymalus panjutinii (Grossh.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972) (without basionym page)

species :

Euphorbia pannonica Host; Fl. Austriac. [Host] 2: 566 (1831)

Distribution: Bulgaria; S-European Russia; Northern Caucasus; Transcaucasus; Turkey

13 BUL 14 RUS 33 NCS 34 TUR

Remarks: often included in E. nicaeensis as infraspecific taxon

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia glareosa subsp. pannonica (Host) Kuzmanov; Izv. Bot. Inst. (Sofia) 12: 124 (1963)

= Euphorbia glareosa var. lasiocarpa (Boiss.) Radcl.-Sm. & Govaerts; Kew Bull. 51(3): 542 (1996)

= Euphorbia glareosa var. lasiocarpa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 166 (1862)

= Euphorbia glareosa var. pannonica (Host) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 653 (1881)

= Euphorbia nicaeensis var. lasiocarpa (Boiss.) Radcl.-Sm. & Govaerts; Kew Bull. 51: 542 (1996)

= Euphorbia novorossica Dubovik; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Nizsh. Rast. 1975: 111 (1975 publ. 1976)

= Tithymalus nicaeensis subsp. pannonicus (Host) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 152: 22 (1983)

= Tithymalus pannonicus (Host) Á.Löve & D.Löve; Bot. Not. 114: 40 (1961)

species :

Euphorbia pantomalaca Standl. & Steyerm.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 23: 120 (1944)

Distribution: Guatemala

80 GUA

species :

Euphorbia papilionum S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(6): 677 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia papillaris (Boiss.) Raffaelli & Ricceri; Webbia 42(1): 7 (1988)

Distribution: Sicily (Isole Egadi)

13 SIC

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bivonae var. papillaris Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 131 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia papillata Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 535 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory)

50 AUS

variant :

var. laevicaulis Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 538 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Queensland, Northern Territory)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia papillifolia Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 538 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Queensland)

50 AUS

variant :

var. polyandra Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 540 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia papillosa A.St.-Hil.; Pl. Usuel. Bras. t. 18 (1824)

Distribution: SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Caaguazu); Uruguay (Artigas, Canelones, Rivera, Salto, Tacuarembo); Argentina (Corrientes, Entre Rios, Misiones)

84 BRA 85 ARG PAR URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia adriana A.St.-Hil. ex Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 73 (1860)

= Euphorbia montevidensis Klotzsch ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 105 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia papillosa var. minor A.St.-Hil.; Hist. Pl. Remarq. Brésil 1: 244 (1824)

= Tithymalus adrianus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 73 (1860)

= Tithymalus papillosus (A.St.-Hil.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 148: 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

variant :

var. cabrerae Subils; Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74 (Cat. Pl. Vasc. Rep. Argent. 2): 1246 (1999), nom. nov.

Distribution: S-Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); Paraguay (Caaguazu); Argentina (Corrientes, Entre Rios, Misiones)

84 BRA 85 ARG PAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia erythrorrhiza (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 103 (1862)

= Euphorbia papillosa var. erythrorrhiza (Klotzsch & Garcke) Subils; Kurtziana 10: 230 (1977)

= Tithymalus erythrorrhizus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 71 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia papillosicapsa L.C.Leach; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 45: 206 (1975)

Distribution: Zambia

26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia paralias L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 458 (1753)

Name: Strand-Wolfsmilch (DE); Sea Spurge (EN)

Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, SW-Scotland, Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Netherlands; Belgium; Germany [I]; Portugal; Spain; Baleares; France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey, +Sark); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (coastal widespread, incl. most islands); Crete; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Western Sahara; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (NW-coastal Egypt); Madeira (Porto Santo Isl.); Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera); Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread coastal, incl. Rhodos); Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Cyprus (E-Cyprus); Lebanon (coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Negev Desert); Sinai peninsula (N-Sinai); Australia (Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania); USA [I] (Pennsylvania [I])

10 GRB IRE 11 BGM ger NET 12 BAL CIS COR FRA POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA PEL ROM SIC SLV SRB TUE 14 KRY UKR 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN WSA 21 CNY MDR 33 GEO NCS 34 CYP EAI ISR LEB SIN SYR TUR 50 AUS 75 usa

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula paralias (L.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Euphorbia malacitana Pau; Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 39: 259 (1941)

= Euphorbion paralium (L.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 126 (1880)

= Galarhoeus paralias (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 144 (1812)

= Galarhoeus paralias var. anglicus Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 144 (1812)

= Galarhoeus paralias var. major Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 144 (1812)

= Galarhoeus paralias var. medius Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 144 (1812)

= Tithymalus maritimus Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 90 (1779)

= Tithymalus paralias (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/3 (1768)

species :

Euphorbia paranensis Dusén; Ark. Bot. 9(15): 7 (1910)

Distribution: S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia parciflora Urb.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 15: 411 (1919)

Distribution: Hispaniola (Haiti)

81 HIS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce parciflora (Urb.) D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 98 (1966)

species :

Euphorbia parciramulosa Schweinf.; Bull. Herb. Boissier 7(App. 2): 326 (1899)

Distribution: Saudi Arabia (Asir); Yemen (Aden Desert, N-Inner Yemen, W-Yemen)

35 SAU YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia canariensis Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. CXII (1775) non L. (1753)

species :

Euphorbia paredonensis (Millsp.) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 47 (1989)

Distribution: Cuba

81 CUB

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce paredonensis Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 393 (1914)

species :

Euphorbia parifolia N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 1039 (1913)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

Remarks: sect. Tenellae

species :

Euphorbia parishii Greene; Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2(5): 56 (1886)

Name: Parish´s sandmat

Distribution: USA (California, Nevada)

76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce parishii (Greene) Millsp. ex Parish; Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 193: 110 (1913)

= Euphorbia patellifera J.T.Howell; Leafl. W. Bot. 1: 53 (1933)

= Euphorbia polycarpa var. parishii (Greene) Jeps.; Fl. Calif. [Jepson] 2: 429 (1936)

species :

Euphorbia parkeri Binojk. & N.P.Balakr.; Kew Bull. 48(4): 795 (1993)

Distribution: Myanmar (Taninthayi); N-Thailand

41 MYA THA

species :

Euphorbia parodii Oudejans; Phytologia 67: 47 (1989)

Distribution: Paraguay

85 PAR

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia angustifolia Parodi; Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 11: 49 (1881), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia parryi Engelm.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 9: 350 (1875)

Name: Parry´s sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas, Utah); Mexico (Chihuahua)

73 USA 76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce flagelliformis (Engelm.) Rydb.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 144 (1906)

= Chamaesyce longeramosa (S.Watson) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 410 (1916)

= Chamaesyce parryi (Engelm.) Rydb.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40: 53 (1913)

= Euphorbia flagelliformis (Engelm.) Engelm.; Hayden Bull. Geol. Geogr. Surv. 2: 243 (1876)

= Euphorbia longeramosa S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 25: 161 (1890)

= Euphorbia petaloidea var. flagelliformis Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 185 (1859)

= Euphorbia zygophylloides var. flagelliformis (Engelm.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 29 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia parva N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 499 (1911)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia parvicaruncula D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 25(4): 441 (1977)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia parviceps L.C.Leach; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 2(1): 42 (1974)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia parvicyathophora Rauh; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 58(4): 143 (1986)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia parviflora L.; Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 1047 (1759)

Distribution: Syria [I]; Nepal; India (throughout); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives]; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; Java [I]; East Timor [I]

34 syr 40 BAN IND LDV NEP SRL 41 CBD LAO MYA THA VIE 42 jaw lsi

Remarks: There is confusion between this species, E. rosea and E. hirta. Possibly all are the same.

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum piluliferum (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 162 (1812)

= Chamaesyce parviflora (L.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

= Chamaesyce pilulifera (L.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 714 (1903)

= Euphorbia indica Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 7710 C (1832), nomen

= Euphorbia pilulifera L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 454 (1753), nom. rej.

= Euphorbia tenuis Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 62 (1825)

= Euphorbia thymifolia Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 7710 D (1832), nomen non L.

= Tithymalus pilulifer (L.) Moench; Methodus [Moench], Suppl. 283 (1802)

species :

Euphorbia parvimedusae Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 492(1): 21 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar (Fianarantsoa)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia parvula Delile; Descr. Égypte, Hist. Nat. 91, t. 30, f. 4 (1813)

Distribution: Libya; Egypt (NW-coastal Egypt)

20 EGY LBY

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus parvulus (Delile) Schweinf.; Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. [Schweinfurth] 263 (1867)

species :

Euphorbia patentispina S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 21(6): 567 (2001 publ. 2002)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia patula Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 11 (1768)

subspecies :

subsp. patula

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Dactylanthes

Synonyms: hidden

= Dactylanthes patula (Mill.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 132 (1812)

= Euphorbia leachii Lawant & van Veldh.; Euphorbia World 10(1): 5 (2014)

= Euphorbia ornithopus Jacq.; Fragm. Bot. 76, t. 120 (1809)

= Euphorbia tridentata Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 416 (1788)

= Euphorbia tridentata var. ornithopus (Jacq.) van Veldh. & Lawant; Euphorbia World 10(1): 9 (2014)

= Medusea patula (Mill.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 251 (1859)

= Medusea tridentata (Lam.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 251 (1859)

subspecies :

subsp. anacantha (Aiton) Bruyns; Haseltonia 25: 45, figs. 20, 21F (2018)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Dactylanthes anacantha (Aiton) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 132 (1812)

= Euphorbia anacantha Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 2: 136 (1789)

subspecies :

subsp. brucebayeri Bruyns; Haseltonia 25: 46, figs. 20, 21H, 22 (2018)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

subspecies :

subsp. wilmaniae (Marloth) Bruyns; Haseltonia 25: 45, figs. 20, 21G (2018)

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., North-West Prov.)

27 SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia planiceps A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 2: 519, App. A, 963 (1941)

= Euphorbia wilmaniae Marloth; S. African Gard. 21: 127, 133 (1931)

species :

Euphorbia pauciradiata Blatt.; J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 36: 483 (1933)

Distribution: ?Afghanistan; Pakistan (Waziristan)

40 PAK

species :

Euphorbia paulianii Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 132 (1955)

Distribution: N-Madagascar (Antsiranana)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia pedersenii Subils; Kurtziana 6: 238 (1971)

Distribution: NE-Argentina (Corrientes)

85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus pedersenii (Subils) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

species :

Euphorbia pediculifera Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 186 (1858)

Name: Carrizo Mountain sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Sonora)

76 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce conjuncta (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

= Chamaesyce involuta (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 410 (1916)

= Chamaesyce pediculifera (Engelm.) Rose & Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 12 (1912)

= Chamaesyce saltonensis Millsp.; Cat. Pl. Salton Sink 6 (1913), nomen

= Euphorbia conjuncta Millsp.; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, 2: 227 (1889)

= Euphorbia involuta Millsp.; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, 2: 227 (1889)

= Euphorbia pediculifera var. inornata Brandegee; Zoe 5: 209 (1905)

= Euphorbia pediculifera var. involuta (Millsp.) I.M.Johnst.; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 12: 1070 (1924)

= Euphorbia pediculifera var. linearifolia S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 24: 76 (1889)

= Euphorbia pediculifera var. minor Millsp.; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, 2: 227 (1889)

= Euphorbia vermiformis M.E.Jones; Contr. W. Bot. 16: 23 (1930)

species :

Euphorbia pedilanthoides Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 76 (1921)

Distribution: N- & W-Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Pedilanthus lycioides Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 22: 516 (1887)

species :

Euphorbia pedroi Molero & Rovira; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 55: 198 (1997)

Distribution: Portugal (Estremadura)

12 POR

species :

Euphorbia peganoides Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 21 (1860)

Distribution: C-Mexico; NE-Mexico (Puebla); SW-Mexico

79 MEX

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

Synonyms: hidden

= Aklema peganoides (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 416 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr.; Prim. Fl. Amur. 239 (1859), Boiss. Cent. Euphorb. 31 (1860)

subspecies :

subsp. pekinensis

Distribution: Russian Far East (Primorye); China (Yunnan, Xinjiang, Hainan, etc.); Tibet; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu)

31 RFE 36 CHI TIB 38 JAP KOR NKO

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia barbellata f. denudata (Hurus.) Kitag.; Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 426 (1979)

= Euphorbia barbellata Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 571 (1940), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia barbellata var. imaii (Hurus.) Kitag.; Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 426 (1979)

= Euphorbia cavaleriei H.Lév. & Vaniot; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 6: 762 (1906)

= Euphorbia hurusawae Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 46 (1989)

= Euphorbia hurusawae var. imaii (Hurus.) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 46 (1989)

= Euphorbia imaii f. denudata Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 577 (1940)

= Euphorbia imaii Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 576 (1940)

= Euphorbia jessonii Oudejans; World Cat. Species Names Published Tribe Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae) with their Geogr. Distrib. 1: 5 (1990)

= Euphorbia kitagawae (Hurus.) Kitag.; Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 427 (1979)

= Euphorbia labbei H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12(341-345): 537-538 (1913)

= Euphorbia lanceolata Liou; Contr. Lab. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 1: 5 (1931), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia lasiocaula Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1266 (1866)

= Euphorbia lasiocaula f. maritima (H.Hara) T.Kuros. & H.Ohashi; J. Jap. Bot. 69: 273 (1994)

= Euphorbia lasiocaula var. ibukiensis (Hurus.) T.Kuros. & H.Ohashi; J. Jap. Bot. 69(5): 274 (1994)

= Euphorbia lasiocaula var. maritima (H.Hara) S.Matsumoto & Konta; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, B 31: 147 (2005)

= Euphorbia lasiocaula var. pseudolucorum Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 267 (1954)

= Euphorbia onoi Franch. & Sav.; Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 486 (1878)

= Euphorbia pekinensis f. denudata (Hurus.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 186 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia pekinensis f. sinanensis Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 636 (1940)

= Euphorbia pekinensis f. subulatifolia (Hurus.) M.Kim; Korean Endemic Pl. 544 (2017)

= Euphorbia pekinensis var. attenuata Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6(6): 641-642 (1954)

= Euphorbia pekinensis var. hupehensis Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 512 (1940)

= Euphorbia pekinensis var. ibukiensis Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 639 (1940)

= Euphorbia pekinensis var. japonensis Makino; Icon. Pl. Japon. [Itô] Corr. 3 (1925)

= Euphorbia pekinensis var. lasiocaula (Boiss.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 186 (1992)

= Euphorbia pekinensis var. onoi (Franch. & Sav.) Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 3(2): 8 (1926)

= Euphorbia pekinensis var. pseudolucorum (Hurus.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia pekinensis var. sinanensis (Hurus.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia pekinensis var. subulatifolia (Hurus.) T.B.Lee; J. Natl. Acad. Sci. Korea 21: 196 (1982)

= Euphorbia sampsonii Hance; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 5, 5: 240 (1886)

= Euphorbia sinanensis (Hurus.) T.Kuros. & H.Ohashi; J. Jap. Bot. 69(1): 9 (1994)

= Euphorbia sinensis Jesson ex Turrill; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914(9): 329-330 (1914)

= Euphorbia subulatifolia Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 573 (1940)

= Euphorbia tchen-ngoi (Soják) Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 26(2): 216 (1981)

= Euphorbia virgata var. kitagawae Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 451 (1940)

= Galarhoeus barbellatus Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 571 (1940)

= Galarhoeus imaii Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 576 (1940)

= Galarhoeus kitagawae (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 240 (1954)

= Galarhoeus lasiocaulus (Boiss.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 263 (1954)

= Galarhoeus lasiocaulus f. densifolius (H.Hara) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 264 (1954)

= Galarhoeus lasiocaulus f. maritimus (H.Hara) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 267 (1954)

= Galarhoeus lasiocaulus f. miyagiensis Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 265 (1954)

= Galarhoeus lasiocaulus f. nikoensis Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 267 (1954)

= Galarhoeus lasiocaulus f. vulgaris (H.Hara) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 264 (1954)

= Galarhoeus lasiocaulus var. ibukiensis (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 265 (1954)

= Galarhoeus lasiocaulus var. pseudolucorum Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 267 (1954)

= Galarhoeus lasiocaulus var. sinanensis (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 265 (1954)

= Galarhoeus pekinensis (Rupr.) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 11: 386 (1935)

= Galarhoeus pekinensis f. densifolius H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 11: 386 (1935)

= Galarhoeus pekinensis f. denudatus (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 259 (1954)

= Galarhoeus pekinensis f. maritimus H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 11: 386 (1935)

= Galarhoeus pekinensis subsp. barbellatus Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 257 (1954)

= Galarhoeus pekinensis subsp. lanceolatus Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 256 (1954)

= Galarhoeus pekinensis subsp. subulatifolius (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 258 (1954)

= Galarhoeus pekinensis var. attenuatus (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 255 (1954)

= Galarhoeus pekinensis var. hupehensis (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 255 (1954)

= Galarhoeus pekinensis var. imaii (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 259 (1954)

= Galarhoeus pekinensis var. sinensis (Jesson & Turrill) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 256 (1954)

= Galarhoeus sampsonii (Hance) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 255 (1954), in obs., 261

= Tithymalus pekinensis (Rupr.) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 55 (1954)

= Tithymalus pekinensis subsp. barbellatus (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6(6): 257 (1954)

= Tithymalus pekinensis subsp. lanceolatus (Liou) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6(6): 256 (1954)

= Tithymalus tchen-ngoi Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 177 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. asoensis T.Kuros. & H.Ohashi; J. Jap. Bot. 69(5): 279 (1994)

Distribution: Japan (Kyushu)

38 JAP

species :

Euphorbia pellegrinii Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 13: 113 (1947)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia peltata Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. [36] (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: 474 (1832)

Distribution: S-India (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus peltatus (Roxb.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia peninsularis I.M.Johnst.; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 7: 440 (1922)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Sur)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia pentadactyla Griseb.; Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24: 63 (1879)

Distribution: Bolivia (Santa Cruz); Paraguay (Pres. Hayes); Argentina (Catamarca, Cordoba, Formosa, Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta, Santiago del Estero, San Juan)

83 BOL 85 ARG PAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Poinsettia pentadactyla (Griseb.) Dressler; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 48: 339 (1962)

species :

Euphorbia pentagona Haw.; Philos. Mag. Ann. Chem. 3: 187 (1827 publ. 1828)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

species :

Euphorbia pentlandii Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 69 (1862)

Distribution: Bolivia

83 BOL

Conservation Status: Known only from type

species :

Euphorbia pentops Marloth ex A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 1: 421 2: App. A, 963 (1941)

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

species :

Euphorbia peperomioides Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 17 (1860)

Distribution: SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo); S-Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia peplidion Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 191 (1858)

Name: Low spurge

Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Tamaulipas, Chihuahua)

77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus peplidion (Engelm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 720 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia peplis L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 455 (1753)

Name: Strand-Schiefblattwolfsmilch (DE); Purple Spurge (EN); Chirriguela vestida (ES)

Distribution: +England (+SW-England); +Ireland; Germany [I]; Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; Baleares; France; +Channel Isl. (+Alderney, +Guernsey, +Jersey); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (coastal widespread, incl. many islands); Crete; E-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (Nile Valley, NW-coastal Egypt); Azores (Sao Miguel Isl., Terceira, Pico, Faial); Madeira (Porto Santo Isl.); Canary Isl. (Fuerteventura, Tenerife, La Palma, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote); Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread, incl. Rhodos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Cyprus (S-Cyprus); Lebanon (coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria); Israel (coastal W-Israel); Sinai peninsula (N-Sinai, S-Sinai); Saudi Arabia (NE-Saudi Arabia, N-Saudi Arabia, Hejaz, Asir, Nejd Desert); Bahrain; Yemen (Aden Desert, W-Yemen)

10 GRB IRE 11 ger 12 BAL CIS COR FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA PEL PTL ROM SIC SLV SRB TUE 14 KRY RUS UKR 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 21 AZO CNY MDR 33 GEO NCS 34 CYP EAI IRQ ISR LEB SIN SYR TUR 35 BAR SAU YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum peplis (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 159 (1812)

= Chamaesyce maritima Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 260 (1821 publ. 1822)

= Chamaesyce peplis (L.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 15 (1933)

= Euphorbia dichotoma Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 93 (1775)

= Euphorbia polygonifolia Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. xxiii (1775) non L.

= Euphorbia polygonifolia Link; Phys. Beschr. Canar. Ins. [Buch] 158 (1828)

= Euphorbia rubescens Link; Phys. Beschr. Canar. Ins. [Buch] 158 (1828)

= Tithymalus auriculatus Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 102 (1779)

= Tithymalus peplis (L.) Scop.; Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 340 (1771)

species :

Euphorbia peploides Gouan; Fl. Monsp. [Gouan] 174 (1764)

Name: Lechetrezna menor (ES)

Distribution: France; Sardinia; Italy; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Slovenia; Croatia; European Turkey; Greece; Crete; Morocco; Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura); East Aegaean Isl.; Turkey

12 FRA SAR 13 CRO GRC ITA KRI PEL SLV TUE 20 MOR 21 CNY 34 EAI TUR

Remarks: status uncertain, sometimes included in E. peplus

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula minima Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 158 (1812)

= Esula peploides (Gouan) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Euphorbia minima (Haw.) Mart.; Pl. Hort. Erlang. 105 (1814)

= Euphorbia peplus subsp. peploides (Gouan) Ball; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 659 (1878)

= Euphorbia peplus var. maritima Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 141 (1862)

= Euphorbia peplus var. minima DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 3: 331 (1805)

= Euphorbia peplus var. minor Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4: 903 (1806)

= Euphorbia peplus var. peploides (Gouan) Vis.; Fl. Dalmat. 3: 229 (1852)

= Euphorbia pusilla Lag.; Gen. Sp. Pl. [Lagasca] 17 (1816)

= Tithymalus peploides (Gouan) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 83 (1860)

= Tithymalus peplus subsp. maritimus (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

= Tithymalus peplus subsp. peploides (Gouan) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia peplus L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 456 (1753)

Name: Garten-Wolfsmilch (DE); Petty Spurge (EN); Lechetrezna tornagallo (ES)

Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Orkney Isl., Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark [I]; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; Gibraltar; Baleares; France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey, Sark); Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Malta; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; European Turkey; Greece (widespread incl. most islands); Crete; Estonia [I]; Latvia [I]; Lithuania [I]; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; W-European Russia; Moldova; Ukraine; ?Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (Desert Oases, Eastern Desert, Great Southwestern Desert, NE-Egypt, Nile Delta, Nile Valley, NW-coastal Egypt); Egypt (Nile Delta, NW-coastal Egypt); Azores (Santa Maria Isl., Sao Miguel Isl., Terceira, Graciosa, Sao Jorge, Pico, Faial, Flores Isl.); Madeira (Madeira Isl., Ilhas Desertas, Porto Santo Isl.); Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma); Cape Verde Isl. (Santo Antao Isl., Ilha de Sao Nicolau, Ilha da Boa Vista); São Tomé [I]; Sudan; Zambia [I]; Zimbabwe [I]; South Africa [I]; Lesotho [I]; St. Helena [I]; Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Rodrigues [I]; Seychelles [I]; Siberia [I] (W-Siberia [I]); Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (widespread, incl. Rhodos); Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia); Iran (N-Iran); Iran (N-Iran, S-Iran, W-Iran); Cyprus (E-Cyprus); Cyprus (E-Cyprus, SE-Cyprus); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria); Syria (C-Syrian Desert); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, Judean Desert, Negev Desert); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai, N-Sinai, S-Sinai); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai, N-Sinai, S-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (C-Saudi Arabia, Dahana, NE-Saudi Arabia, N-Saudi Arabia, Hejaz, Asir, Nejd Desert); Bahrain; Qatar; United Arab Emirates; Oman (Mascat & Oman); Yemen (N-Inner Yemen, SW-Yemen, W-Yemen); China (Guangdong, Hongkong, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan); Japan [I] (Kyushu [I]); Taiwan [I]; Pakistan; India (Jammu & Kashmir, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Uttarakhand); Java [I]; New Guinea [I]; Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], Northern Territory [I], South Australia [I], Queensland [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I], Tasmania [I]); Lord Howe Isl. [I]; Norfolk Isl. [I]; New Zealand [I]; New Zealand [I]; Chatham Isl. [I]; New Caledonia [I]; Fiji [I]; Gambier Isl. [I]; Pitcairn Isl. [I]; Easter Isl. [I]; Hawaii [I] (Kure Atoll [I], Midway Isl. [I], Kauai [I], Maui [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); Alaska [I]; Canada [I] (Alberta [I], British Columbia [I], Manitoba [I], New Brunswick [I], Newfoundland [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Prince Edward Isl. [I], Québec [I], Saskatchewan [I]); St. Pierre et Miquelon [I]; USA [I] (Alabama [I], Arizona [I], California [I], Colorado [I], Connecticut [I], Delaware [I], Georgia [I], Iowa [I], Idaho [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Louisiana [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], Montana [I], North Dakota [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New Mexico [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], Tennessee [I], Utah [I], Virginia [I], Vermont [I], Washington State [I], Wisconsin [I], West Virginia [I]); Mexico [I]; Honduras [I]; Jamaica [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Haiti [I]; Colombia [I]; Venezuela [I]; Ecuador [I]; Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]; Brazil [I]; Paraguay [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Arica y Parinacota [I], Tarapacá [I], Antofagasta [I], Atacama [I], Coquimbo [I], Valparaíso [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I], O´Higgins [I], Maule [I], Ñuble [I], Biobío [I], Araucanía [I], Los Rios [I], Los Lagos [I]); Juan Fdz. Isl. [I]; Falkland Isl. [I]; Tristan da Cunha [I]

10 den FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO BAL CIS COR FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MLT MNT NMA PEL PTL ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR est lat lit MLD RUS UKR 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 21 AZO CNY CVI MDR 23 sao 24 SUD 26 zam zim 27 les saf 28 sth 29 mau reu rod sey 30 sib 33 ARM AZE GEO 34 CYP EAI IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SIN SYR TUR 35 BAR OMA QAT SAU UAE YEM 36 CHI 38 jap tai 40 IND PAK 42 jaw nwg 50 aus lhi nfk 51 ctm nzl 60 fij nwc 61 eas gbi pit 63 haw 70 ask 71 cdn 72 cdn spm 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa 79 mex 80 hon 81 his jam 82 clm ven 83 bol ecu per 84 bra 85 arg cle jnf par 91 fal tdc

Remarks: peplus agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula peplus (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 158 (1812)

= Esula rotundifolia (Lam.) Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 257 (1821)

= Euphorbia calabrica Huter; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 57: 436 (1907)

= Euphorbia chamaepeploides Lotsy; Bot. Gaz. 20: 351 (1895)

= Euphorbia moehringioides Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 507 (1899)

= Euphorbia oleracea Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 14 (1806)

= Euphorbia peplus var. amponitana Sennen; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 21: 127 (1911)

= Euphorbia peplus var. tricuspidata Fredr.; Bot. Not. 1895: 246 (1895)

= Euphorbia pusillima Post; Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 163 (1895)

= Euphorbia rotundifolia (Lam.) Loisel.; J. Bot. [Desvaux] 2: 331 (1809)

= Euphorbion peplum (L.) St.-Lag.; Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 125 (1880)

= Galarhoeus peplus (L.) Haw. ex Small; Man. S.E. Fl. [Small] 801 (1933)

= Galarhoeus peplus (L.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 34 (1941)

= Keraselma oleraceum (Pers.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Keraselma peplus (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Keraselma reniforme Raf.; Autik. Bot. 93 (1840)

= Tithymalus peplus (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/3 (1768)

= Tithymalus peplus subsp. calabricus (Huter, Porta & Rigo ex Huter) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

= Tithymalus rotundifolius Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 100 (1779)

species :

Euphorbia perangustifolia S.Carter; Kew Bull. 39(3): 649 (1984)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Kenya

24 ETH 25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia perarmata S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(4): 414 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia perbracteata Gage; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 238 (1914)

Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Daman, Goa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Uttarakhand)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus perbracteatus (Gage) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia perennans (Shinners) Warnock & M.C.Johnst.; Southw. Naturalist 5: 170 (1960)

Name: Perennial sandmat

Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila)

77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce perennans Shinners; Field & Lab. 24: 38 (1956)

species :

Euphorbia pereskiifolia Houllet ex Baill.; Adansonia 1: 105 (1860 publ. 1861)

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia sulcata Lem. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 176 (1862), pro syn.

= Synadenium carinatum Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 187 (1862)

= Synadenium pereskiifolium (Houllet ex Baill.) Guillaumin; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 7: 135, in obs. (1935)

= Synadenium piscatorium Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 125 (1894)

species :

Euphorbia pergamena Small; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 615 (1898)

Name: Southern Florida sandmat

Distribution: USA (Florida); Cuba; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico (Mona Isl.)

78 USA 81 CUB HIS PUE

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce adenoptera subsp. pergamena (Small) D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 98 (1966)

= Chamaesyce gymnadenia (Urb.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 409 (1916)

= Chamaesyce monensis Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 389 (1914)

= Chamaesyce pergamena (Small) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 713 (1903)

= Euphorbia adenoptera subsp. pergamena (Small) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 44 (1989)

= Euphorbia gymnadenia Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 5: 390 (1908)

= Euphorbia monensis (Millsp.) Urb.; Ark. Bot. 22A(17): 113 (1929)

species :

Euphorbia pergracilis P.G.Mey.; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 6: 247 (1966)

Distribution: Namibia

27 NAM

Remarks: sect. Anisophyllum, subsect. Hypericifoliae

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce pergracilis (P.G.Mey.) Koutnik; S. African J. Bot. 3(4): 263 (1984)

species :

Euphorbia peritropoides (Millsp.) V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 49 (2003)

Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Veracruz)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Pedilanthus palmeri Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 364 (1913)

= Pedilanthus peritropoides Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 369 (1913)

= Tithymalus koilopremnos Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

= Tithymalus peritropoides (Millsp.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

species :

Euphorbia perlignea McVaugh; Brittonia 13: 185 (1961)

Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce perlignea (McVaugh) G.L.Webster; J. Arnold Arbor. 48: 421 (1967)

species :

Euphorbia perplexa L.C.Leach; Excelsa 15: 15 (1991 publ. 1992)

Distribution: Tanzania; N-Zambia

25 TAN 26 ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia nyassae subsp. mentiens S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42: 379 (1987)

variant :

var. kasamana L.C.Leach; Excelsa 15: 16 (1991 publ. 1992)

Distribution: Zambia

26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia perrieri Drake; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 308 (1899)

Distribution: Madagascar (Mahajanga)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia perrierioides Hett., Haev. & Spannring; Phytotaxa 492(1): 27 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar (Mahajanga)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia persistentifolia L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 31: 251 (1965)

Distribution: Zambia; Zimbabwe

26 ZAM ZIM

species :

Euphorbia personata (Croizat) V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 49 (2003)

Distribution: Mexico (Quintana Roo, Yucatan); Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica

79 MEX 80 COS HON NIC

Synonyms: hidden

= Pedilanthus nodiflorus Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 1: 305 (1896)

= Pedilanthus personatus Croizat; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 33: 20 (1943)

= Tithymalus nodiflorus (Millsp.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

species :

Euphorbia peruviana Wheeler; Contr. Gray Herb. 127: 59 (1939)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce arequipensis Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 194 (1945)

species :

Euphorbia pervilleana Baill.; Adansonia 1: 141 (1861)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia spinicapsula Rauh & Petignat; Kakteen And. Sukk. 44(10): 211 (1993)

species :

Euphorbia pervittata S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 72(4): 193 (2000)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia pestalozzae Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 12: 114 (1853)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia)

34 TUR

Remarks: petrophila agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia akdaghensis Stapf; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 51: 24 (1886)

= Tithymalus pestalozzae (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 87 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia petala Ewart & L.R.Kerr; Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, n. s. 39: 1 (1926)

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce petala (Ewart & L.R.Kerr) P.I.Forst. & R.J.F.Hend.; Novon 5(4): 323 (1995)

species :

Euphorbia petiolaris Sims; Bot. Mag. t. 883 (1805)

Name: Manchineel Berry

Distribution: Bahamas; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (Anegada, Guana, Jost van Dyke, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda); St. Martin/St. Maarten; St. Barthélémy; Guadeloupe; Martinique

81 BAH GDL HIS JAM MAR PUE SBA STM VIR

Synonyms: hidden

= Aklema petiolaris (Sims) Millsp. ex Britton; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 2: 43 (1915)

= Alectoroctonum petiolare (Sims) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 40 (1860)

= Euphorbia verticillata Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 2: 611 (1812), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus petiolaris (Sims) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 141 (1812)

species :

Euphorbia petiolata Banks & Sol.; Nat. Hist. Aleppo, ed. 2 [Russell]: 2: 253 (1794)

Distribution: +Algeria; Egypt (NE-Egypt); Turkmenistan; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iraq (NW-Iraq, SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia, Western Desert); Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran, W-Iran); Cyprus (E-Cyprus, SE-Cyprus); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, C-Syrian Desert, Jazira, NW-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel, N-Negev Desert); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai, N-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania, W-Jordania); Pakistan (Chitral)

20 ALG EGY 32 TKM 34 CYP IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SIN SYR TUR 40 PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Croton denticulatus Geiseler; Croton. Monogr. [Geiseler] 72 (1807)

= Ctenadena lanata (Sieber ex Spreng.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 28 (1933)

= Cystidospermum petiolatum (Banks & Sol.) Nasimova; Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 7: 77 (1983)

= Dematra petiolata (Banks & Sol.) J.Sojak; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 148: 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Dematra sericea Raf.; Autik. Bot. 96 (1840)

= Euphorbia lanata Sieber ex Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 792 (1826)

= Euphorbia malachophylla E.D.Clarke; Travels Eur. Asia & Africa 2: 354 (1812)

= Euphorbia syriaca Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 792 (1826)

= Tithymalus petiolatus (Banks & Sol.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4). 175 (1972)

variant :

var. postii (Boiss.) Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 29(3): 504 (1974)

Distribution: Syria

34 SYR

Synonyms: hidden

= Cystidospermum postii (Boiss.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 13, in clavi, et 28 (1933)

= Euphorbia postii Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4(2): 1089 (1879)

species :

Euphorbia petitiana A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 241 (1850)

Distribution: Ethiopia; ?Eritrea; Yemen (N-Inner Yemen)

24 ETH 35 YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cebrina Hochst. ex Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 86 (1860)

= Euphorbia cerebrina Hochst. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 146 (1862)

= Euphorbia pseudofalcata Chiov.; Webbia 8: 234 (1951)

= Tithymalus cebrinus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 86 (1860)

= Tithymalus cerebrinus (Hochst. ex Boiss.) Schweinf.; Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. [Schweinfurth] 39, 263 (1867)

= Tithymalus petitianus (A.Rich.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 96 (1860)

= Tithymalus pseudofalcatus (Chiov.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia petraea S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3871 (1982)

Distribution: Uganda

25 UGA

species :

Euphorbia petricola P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3856 (1982)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia petrina S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 24: 75 (1889)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce petrina (S.Watson) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

= Euphorbia polycarpa var. petrina (S.Watson) I.M.Johnst.; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 12: 1072 (1924)

species :

Euphorbia petrophila C.A.Mey.; Kleine Beitr. Fl. Russl. 9 (1850)

Distribution: E-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia)

14 KRY RUS UKR 33 GEO NCS 34 EAI TUR

Remarks: petrophila agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia colchica (Litv.) Geltman; Vasc. Pl. Russia & Adj. States (former USSR) 224 (1995)

= Euphorbia cretophila Klokov; Fl. URSR 7: 629 (1955)

= Euphorbia petrophila var. colchica Litv.; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 14(2): 299 (1898)

= Euphorbia saxatilis M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 919 (1819) non Jacq.

= Euphorbia subhastifolia Klokov; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Nizsh. Rast. 1976: 99, (1976 publ. 1977)

= Galarhoeus petrophilus (C.A.Mey.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 40 (1941)

= Tithymalus petrophilus (C.A.Mey.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia philippiana (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 117 (1862)

Distribution: Paraguay (Pres. Hayes); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Rio Negro); Chile (Biobío)

85 ARG CLE PAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pygmaea Phil.; Linnaea 29: 41 (1857 publ. 1858)

= Tithymalus philippianus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 65 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia phillipsiae N.E.Br.; Gard. Chron., Ser. 3, 33: 370 (1903)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; Saudi Arabia; Yemen

24 ETH SOM 35 SAU YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia golisana N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 576 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia phillipsioides S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(4): 413 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia philochalix Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 543 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia phosphorea Mart.; Reise Bras. [Spix & Martius] 2: 612, 726 (1828)

Distribution: NE-Brazil (Paraíba, Bahia)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia phylloclada Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 66 (1862)

Distribution: W-Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: sect. Tenellae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia peploides E.Mey.; Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Docum. [Drège] 184 (1843), nomen

= Euphorbia hereroensis Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10: 35 (1888)

species :

Euphorbia phymatosperma Boiss. & Gaill.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3(4): 83 (1859)

subspecies :

subsp. phymatosperma

Distribution: Turkey (NE-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (W-Iran); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon); Syria (C-Syrian Desert, NW-Syria, Jbel Druze); Israel (N-Israel); Jordania (W-Jordania)

34 IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus phymatospermus (Boiss. & Gaill.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. cernua (Coss. & Durieu) Vindt; Trav. Inst. Sci. Chérifien, Sér. Bot. 2: 82 (1953)

Distribution: S-Italy; S-Albania; Greece (NW-Greece, Ionian Isl., Kerkyra, rare Peloponnisos); Morocco; Algeria

13 ALB GRC ITA 20 ALG MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cernua Coss. & Durieu ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 138 (1862)

= Euphorbia rugosissima Pau & Font Quer; Iter Marocc. [Font Quer], Exsicc. No. 255 (1929). (1928), et Cavanillesia 2: 94 (1929), nomen

= Euphorbia rupicola var. major Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 131 (1862)

= Tithymalus phymatospermus subsp. cernuus (Coss. & Durieu) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia physocaulos Mouterde; Fl. Djebel Druze [Mouterde] 146 (1953)

Distribution: ?Turkey; Syria (C-Syrian Desert, Jbel Druze)

34 SYR

Remarks: helioscopia agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus physocaulos (Mouterde) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia physoclada Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 24 (1860)

Distribution: Madagascar; Comores (Mayotte, etc.)

29 COM MDG

species :

Euphorbia picachensis Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 185 (1915)

Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce picachensis (Brandegee) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia piceoides Thulin; Kew Bull. 64(3): 471 (2009)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia pillansii N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1913: 122 (1913)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pillansii var. albovirens A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 965 (1941)

= Euphorbia pillansii var. ramosissima A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 965 (1941)

species :

Euphorbia pilosa L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 460 (1753)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Mongolia

30 SIB 32 KAZ 37 MON

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia lutescens Ledeb.; Icon. Pl. Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 1: 5 (1829)

= Euphorbia pilosa subsp. ojensis Stepanov; Florogenet. Anal. Na Primere Sev.-Vost. Chasti Zap. Sayana 1: 98 (1994)

= Galarhoeus pilosus (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 148 (1812)

= Tithymalus lutescens (Ledeb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 80 (1860)

= Tithymalus pilosus (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/3 (1768)

species :

Euphorbia pilosissima S.Carter; Kew Bull. 39(3): 643 (1984)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia franchetii f. pilosissima (S.Carter) Kamelin; Fl. Ushchel. Reki Varzob 200 (2021)

species :

Euphorbia pinea L.; Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 2: 333 (1767)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Switzerland; Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; Baleares; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Slovenia; Croatia; Montenegro; Albania; Greece (very rare Kerkyra satellite islands, SW-Peloponnisos); Morocco; Algeria; Madeira (Madeira Isl.)

11 ger SWI 12 BAL COR FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 ALB CRO GRC ITA MNT PEL PTL SIC SLV 20 ALG MOR 21 MDR

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula pinea (L.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Euphorbia artaudiana DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 6: 360 (1815)

= Euphorbia caespitosa Ten.; Fl. Napol. 4: t. 261, t. 143 (1830), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia calcarea Coss. & Durieu ex Coss.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 4, 1: 227 (1854), nomen

= Euphorbia congesta Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. Suppl. [Willdenow] 28 (1814)

= Euphorbia coscinosperma Rchb.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 5: 6 (1842), pro syn.

= Euphorbia diversifolia Hochst. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 146 (1862)

= Euphorbia humbertiana Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 25: 318 (1934)

= Euphorbia linifolia Nath. ex L.; Amoen. Acad., Linnaeus ed. 4: 483 (1759)

= Euphorbia litoralis Noë ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 654 (1881), pro syn.

= Euphorbia longiradiata Lapeyr.; Hist. Pl. Pyrénées, Suppl. 65 (1818)

= Euphorbia megalatlantica var. puberula Humbert; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 18: 163 (1927)

= Euphorbia miricornis Maire & Wilczek; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 25: 318 (1934)

= Euphorbia ragusana Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 873 (1832)

= Euphorbia segetalis proles pinea (L.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 12: 172 (1910)

= Euphorbia segetalis subsp. linifolia (Nath. ex L.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia segetalis subsp. pinea (L.) H.J.Coste; Fl. Descr. France 3: 724 (1906)

= Euphorbia segetalis subsp. pinea (L.) Hayek; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 30 (Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc.): 135 (1924), isonym

= Euphorbia segetalis subsp. pinea (L.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 12: 172 (1910), isonym

= Euphorbia segetalis var. humbertiana (Maire) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 31: 41 (1940)

= Euphorbia segetalis var. miricornis (Maire & Wilczek) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 31: 42 (1940)

= Euphorbia segetalis var. pinea (L.) Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 3: 499 (1877)

= Galarhoeus linifolius (Nath. ex L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 150 (1812)

= Tithymalus crebrifoliatus Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 97 (1897)

= Tithymalus linifolius (Nath. ex L.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 81 (1860)

= Tithymalus longiradiatus (Lapeyr.) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 106 (1897)

= Tithymalus pineus (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 85 (1860)

= Tithymalus segetalis subsp. pineus (L.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia pinetorum (Small) G.L.Webster; J. Arnold Arbor. 48: 403 (1967)

Name: Pineland spurge

Distribution: USA (Florida); Cuba

78 USA 81 CUB

Synonyms: hidden

= Poinsettia pinetorum Small; Fl. Miami [Small] 111 (1913)

species :

Euphorbia pinkavana M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 5(5): 126 (1975)

Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, ?Nuevo Leon)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus pinkavanus (M.C.Johnst.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 148: 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

species :

Euphorbia pionosperma V.W.Steinm. & Felger; Aliso 16: 46 (1997)

Distribution: Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia pirottae A.Terracc.; Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 5: 97 (1894)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; ?Saudi Arabia

24 ETH SOM 25 KEN TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia gorinii Chiov.; Fl. Somala 2: 401 (1932)

species :

Euphorbia piscatoria Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 2: 137 (1789)

Distribution: Madeira (Madeira Isl., Ilhas Desertas, Porto Santo Isl.)

21 MDR

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus piscatorius (Aiton) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 139 (1812)

species :

Euphorbia piscidermis M.G.Gilbert; Kew Bull. 28(3): 437 (1973 publ. 1974)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia pisidica Hub.-Mor. & M.S.Khan; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 25: 123, t. 8 (1964)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia, SW-Anatolia)

34 TUR

Remarks: petrophila agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus pisidicus (Hub.-Mor. & M.S.Khan) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia pisima Bruyns; Phytotaxa 436(3): 210 (2020)

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia pithyusa L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 458 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. pithyusa

Name: Balearen-Wolfsmilch

Distribution: Baleares; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; ?Morocco; Algeria; Libya

12 BAL COR FRA SAR 13 ITA 20 ALG LBY

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula pithyusa (L.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Euphorbia avenia Thibaud ex Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 15 (1806)

= Euphorbia balearica Poir. ex Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 73 (1860)

= Euphorbia bianorii var. ramosa Sennen; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 17: 192 (1917), nomen

= Euphorbia bianorii var. simplex Sennen; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 17: 192 (1917), nomen

= Euphorbia bonifaciensis Req. ex Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France [Grenier] 3: 86 (1855), pro syn.

= Euphorbia imbricata f. angustifolia Willk.; Ill. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm] 2: 130 (1892)

= Euphorbia imbricata f. latifolia Willk.; Ill. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm] 2: 130 (1892)

= Euphorbia imbricata f. parvifolia Willk.; Ill. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm] 2: 130 (1892)

= Euphorbia mucronata Lapeyr.; Hist. Pl. Pyrénées 271 (1813), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia nummulariifolia Willd.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. [Willdenow] 503 (1809)

= Euphorbia pithyusa var. bonifaciensis Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 285 (1901)

= Euphorbia pithyusa var. dentatifolia Sennen; Exsicc. (Pl. Esp.): no. 3791 (1920)

= Euphorbia pithyusa var. dianthifolia (Lojac.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia pithyusa var. ovalifolia Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 285 (1901)

= Euphorbia pulchella Brouss. ex DC.; Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp. 111 (1813), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia pulchella Lag. & Rodr.; Anales Ci. Nat. 5: 71 (1802)

= Euphorbia requienii Lojac.; Malpighia 28: 103 (1917)

= Euphorbia requienii var. dianthifolia Lojac.; Malpighia 28: 103 (1917)

= Euphorbia tanaicensis Guss.; Fl. Sicul. Prodr. 1: 547 (1827)

= Galarhoeus pithyusa (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 147 (1812)

= Pythius fuscata Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1836)

= Tithymalus acutifolius Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 90 (1779)

= Tithymalus pithyusa (L.) Scop.; Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 335 (1771)

subspecies :

subsp. cupanii (Guss. ex Bertol.) Radcl.-Sm.; Feddes Repert. 79: 66 (1968)

Distribution: Corsica; Sardinia; Sicily

12 COR SAR 13 SIC

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia biumbellata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 149 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia cupanii A.Schultz ex Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France [Grenier] 3: 86 (1855), pro syn.

= Euphorbia cupanii Guss. ex Bertol.; Fl. Ital. [Bertoloni] 5: 70 (1842)

= Euphorbia cupanii var. spartioides (Jacq.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 149 (1862)

= Euphorbia lugubris Chabert; J. Bot. [Morot] 14: 71 (1900)

= Euphorbia pithyusa var. cupanii (Guss. ex Bertol.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 285 (1901)

= Euphorbia pithyusa var. procera Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France [Grenier] 3: 86 (1855)

= Euphorbia spartioides Jacq.; Pl. Rar. Hort. Schoenbr. 4: 44 (1804)

= Tithymalus cupanii (Guss. ex Bertol.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 85 (1860)

= Tithymalus pithyusa subsp. cupanii (Guss. ex Bertol.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia plagiantha Drake; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 44 (1903)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia fiha Decary; Bull. Écon. Madagascar 18(1): 21 (1921)

= Tirucalia plagiantha (Drake) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5: 92 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia planiticola D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 25(4): 446 (1977)

Distribution: Australia (South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia platycephala Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 122 (1894)

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; N-Botswana

25 TAN 26 MLW ZAM ZIM 27 BOT

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Platycephalae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia uhehensis Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 420 (1900)

species :

Euphorbia platyphyllos L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 460 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. platyphyllos

Name: Breitblättrige Wolfsmilch (DE); Broad-leaved Spurge (EN); Lecheron (ES)

Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man); Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, +Hamburg, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Spain; Baleares; France; Corsica; Italy; Sicily; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (scattered mainland, Kerkyra, Ionian Isl., Samothraki, rare Kiklades); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; Ukraine; Crimea; Algeria; Madeira (Madeira Isl.); Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, Tenerife); Ethiopia; Somalia [I]; ?Northern Caucasus; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Samos, Kos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Australia [I] (Victoria [I]); New Zealand [I]; Canada [I] (Ontario [I], Québec [I]); USA [I] (Illinois [I], Louisiana [I], Massachusetts [I], Michigan [I], Missouri [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Pennsylvania [I], Vermont [I]); Chile [I] (Valparaíso [I], Metropolitana de Santiago [I], O´Higgins [I], Maule [I], Ñuble [I], Biobío [I])

10 GRB 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 BAL COR FRA SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT UKR 20 ALG 21 CNY MDR 24 ETH som 34 EAI TUR 50 aus 51 nzl 72 cdn 74 usa 75 usa 78 usa 85 cle

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, platyphyllos agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia coderiana DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 6: 365 (1815)

= Euphorbia dubia Dierb.; Fl. Heidelb. 2: 127 (1820)

= Euphorbia flavopurpurea Willk.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 25: 112 (1875)

= Euphorbia foetida Kit.; Linnaea 32: 561 (1864)

= Euphorbia foetida Schult. ex Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 756 (1832)

= Euphorbia lanuginosa Thuill.; Fl. Env. Paris, éd. 2: 238 (1799), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia platyphyllos f. pilosa Podp.; Spisy Přír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 12: 28 (1922)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos subsp. flavopurpurea (Willk.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 650 (1881)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. bilbilitana Pau; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 23: 142 (1894)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. ciliata Kabath; Fl. Umgegend Gleiwitz 183 (1846)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. firmula Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 2(2): 279 (1829)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. gracilis Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 2(2): 280 (1829)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. megalocarpa Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 3: 286 (1828)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. minor Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 3: 286 (1828)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. pubescens Webb & Berthel.; Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.) 3(2, 3): 245 (1846)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. stricta J.J.Schmitz & Regel; Fl. Bonn. 160 (1841), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. succulenta Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 2(2): 279 (1829)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. trichocarpa Murr; Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 15(1): 17 (1897)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. vulgaris Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 2(2): 279 (1829)

= Euphorbia pubescens J.Jacq.; Ecl. Pl. Rar. 1: 98 (1815), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia pubescens var. crispata (Hornem.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 135 (1862)

= Euphorbia ruderalis Dumort.; Fl. Belg. [Dumortier] 87 (1827)

= Euphorbia stricta var. dubia (Dierb.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 651 (1881)

= Euphorbia subciliata Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 18 (1806)

= Euphorbia verrucosa var. lanuginosa Mérat; Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris 179 (1812)

= Galarhoeus platyphyllos (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 151 (1812)

= Tithymalus platyphyllos (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/4 (1768)

subspecies :

subsp. literata (Jacq.) Holub; Acta Horti Bot. Prag. 1963: 51 (1964)

Distribution: Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; ?Hungary; Croatia

11 AUT CZE SLO 13 CRO

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia literata Jacq.; Collectanea [Jacquin] 2: 340 (1789)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. literata (Jacq.) W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 627 (1837)

= Galarhoeus literatus (Jacq.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 151 (1812)

= Tithymalus literatus (Jacq.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1838)

= Tithymalus platyphyllos subsp. literatus (Jacq.) Chrtek & Krísa; Biologia (Bratislava) 26: 569 (1971)

species :

Euphorbia platypoda Pax; Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 89(2b): 2 (1911 publ. 1912)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia platyrrhiza L.C.Leach; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 46(1-2): 257 (1976)

Distribution: Zambia

26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia platysperma Engelm. ex S.Watson; Bot. California [W.H.Brewer] 2: 482 (1880)

Name: Flatseed sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Sonora)

76 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce platysperma (Engelm. ex S.Watson) Shinners; Field & Lab. 20: 25 (1952)

= Euphorbia eremica Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 600 (1925)

species :

Euphorbia plebeia Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 93 (1846)

Distribution: Iran (S-Iran)

34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus plebejus (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 86 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia plenispina S.Carter; Kew Bull. 54(4): 964 (1999 publ. 2000)

Distribution: C-Mozambique

26 MOZ

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia stenocaulis Bruyns; Novon 16(4): 457 (2006)

species :

Euphorbia plumerioides Teijsm. ex Hassk.; Hort. Bogor. Descr. 1: 29 (1858)

Distribution: Sulawesi; Philippines; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch.; Solomon Isl.; Australia (Western Australia, Queensland); New Caledonia [I]; Tonga [I]; Fiji

42 JAW LSI NWG PHI SUL 43 BIS SOL 50 AUS 60 FIJ nwc ton

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia corynoclada F.Muell.; S. Sci. Rec., n. s., 2: 2 (1886)

= Euphorbia fidjiana Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 110 (1862)

= Euphorbia plumerioides var. homochroa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 110 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia podadenia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 40 (1862)

Distribution: Mexico

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce podadenia (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia podocarpifolia Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 9: 217 (1924)

Distribution: NE-Cuba

81 CUB

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbiodendron linearifolium Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 373 (1913)

species :

Euphorbia poecilophylla (Prokh.) Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 428 (1949)

Distribution: Tajikistan

32 TZK

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus poecilophyllus Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 54, in clavi, et 186 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia poeppigii (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 56 (1862)

Distribution: Peru; Bolivia (Chuquisaca, La Paz, Santa Cruz)

83 BOL PER

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia poeppigii var. laxa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 57 (1862)

= Leptopus poeppigii Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 250 (1859)

species :

Euphorbia poissonii Pax; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 8: 62 (1902)

Distribution: Guinea; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; ?Central African Republic; SW-Chad

22 BEN BKN GHA GUI IVO MLI NGA TOG 24 CHA

Remarks: possibly a variant of Euphorbia venenifica

species :

Euphorbia polyacantha Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 25 (1860)

Distribution: Egypt (SE-Egypt); Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Somalia; Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, Asir); Yemen (Aden Desert)

20 EGY 24 ERI ETH SOM SUD 35 SAU YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia infausta N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 580 (1912)

= Euphorbia polyacantha subsp. rosenii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 632 (1907)

= Euphorbia polyacantha var. rosenii (Pax) R.Br.

= Euphorbia polyacantha var. subinarticulata Schweinf.; Bull. Herb. Boissier 7(App. 2): 323 (1899)

= Euphorbia thi Schweinf.; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 18: 660 (1868)

= Euphorbia thi var. subinarticulata (Schweinf.) N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 582 (1912)

species :

Euphorbia polyantha Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 87 (1909)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania

24 ETH SOM 25 KEN TAN

species :

Euphorbia polycarpa Benth.; Bot. Voy. Sulphur [Bentham] 50 (1844)

Name: Smallseed sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, Nevada); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Coahuila, Sonora, Zacatecas)

76 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce carmenensis (Rose) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

= Chamaesyce intermixta (S.Watson) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 409 (1916)

= Chamaesyce polycarpa (Benth.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

= Chamaesyce polycarpa var. hirtella (Boiss.) Millsp. ex Parish; Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 193: 110 (1913)

= Chamaesyce tonsita Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 412 (1916)

= Euphorbia carmenensis Rose; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 133 (1892)

= Euphorbia chamberlinii I.M.Johnst.; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 12: 1066 (1924)

= Euphorbia intermixta S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 24: 74 (1889)

= Euphorbia polycarpa var. carmenensis (Rose) L.C.Wheeler; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 63: 410 (1936)

= Euphorbia polycarpa var. genuflexa L.C.Wheeler; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 63: 411 (1936)

= Euphorbia polycarpa var. hirtella Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 44 (1862)

= Euphorbia polycarpa var. intermixta (S.Watson) L.C.Wheeler; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 63: 412 (1936)

= Euphorbia polycarpa var. johnstonii L.C.Wheeler; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 63: 410 (1936)

= Euphorbia polycarpa var. mejamia L.C.Wheeler; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 63: 411 (1936)

species :

Euphorbia polycaulis Boiss. & Hohen.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 12: 112 (1853)

Distribution: Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, S-Iran, W-Iran)

34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia decipiens Boiss. & Buhse; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 12: 197 (1860)

= Euphorbia ornata Stapf; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 51: 44 (1886)

= Euphorbia sparsiglandulosa Ponert; Preslia 45: 361 (1973)

= Tithymalus decipiens (Boiss. & Buhse) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 171 (1972)

= Tithymalus polycaulis (Boiss. & Hohen.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 97 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia polycephala Marloth; S. African Gard. 21: 127. 133 (1931)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Dactylanthes

species :

Euphorbia polycnemoides Hochst. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 46 (1862)

Distribution: Senegal; Guinea; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Niger; Nigeria; Cameroon; Gabon; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Chad; Sudan; Ethiopia; Ethiopia; Somalia; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Saudi Arabia (Midyan, Hejaz, Asir); Yemen (SE-Yemen: coastal Hadhramaut, SW-Yemen, Tihama)

22 BEN BKN GHA GUI IVO MLI NGA NGR SEN TOG 23 CAF CMN GAB ZAI 24 CHA ETH SOM SUD 25 TAN 26 MLW ZAM 35 SAU YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum polycnemoides (Hochst. ex Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 34 (1860)

= Chamaesyce polycnemoides (Hochst. ex Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 169 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia polygalifolia Boiss. & Reut.; Cent. Euphorb. 34 (1860)

subspecies :

subsp. polygalifolia

Distribution: N-Spain

12 SPA

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, verrucosa agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia flavicoma subsp. polygalifolia (Boiss. & Reut.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 1: 85 (1974)

= Euphorbia epithymoides subsp. polygalifolia (Boiss. & Reut. ex Boiss.) Rivas Goday & Borja; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 19: 342 (1961)

= Tithymalus polygalifolius (Boiss. & Reut.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. vasconcensis Vivant ex Kerguélen; Lejeunia 120: 93 (1987)

Distribution: SW-France (E-Pyrénées)

12 FRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia polygalifolia subsp. vasconensis Vivant; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 117(7-8): 398 (1970 publ. 1971) (without type)

subspecies :

subsp. hirta (Lange) M.Laínz; Comun. I.N.I.A. Ser. Recurs. Nat. 2: 18 (1974)

Distribution: NW-Spain

12 SPA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia polygalifolia var. hirta Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 3: 493 (1877)

species :

Euphorbia polygona Haw.; Misc. Nat. 184 (1803)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia anoplia Stapf; Bot. Mag. 148: t. 8947 (1923)

= Euphorbia cucumerina Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2: 886 (1799)

= Euphorbia horrida Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 27 (1860)

= Euphorbia horrida var. major A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 2: 688, 964 (1941)

= Euphorbia horrida var. noorsveldensis A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 2: 687, 965 (1941)

= Euphorbia horrida var. striata A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 2: 684, 964 (1941)

= Euphorbia polygona var. alba D.H.Schnabel; Euphorbia World 10(2): 24 (2014)

= Euphorbia polygona var. ambigua D.H.Schnabel; Euphorbia World 10(2): 24 (2014)

= Euphorbia polygona var. anoplia (Stapf) D.H.Schnabel; Euphorbia World 9(2): 10 (2013)

= Euphorbia polygona var. exilis D.H.Schnabel; Euphorbia World 8(1): 20 (2012)

= Euphorbia polygona var. hebdomadalis D.H.Schnabel; Euphorbia World 8(3): 10 (2012)

= Euphorbia polygona var. horrida (Boiss.) D.H.Schnabel; Euphorbia World 10(3): 12 (2014)

= Euphorbia polygona var. major (A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane) D.H.Schnabel; Euphorbia World 9(2): 18 (2013)

= Euphorbia polygona var. minor D.H.Schnabel; Euphorbia World 9(2): 13 (2013)

= Euphorbia polygona var. nivea D.H.Schnabel; Euphorbia World 7(1): 25 (2011)

= Euphorbia polygona var. noorsveldensis (A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane) D.H.Schnabel; Euphorbia World 9(2): 20 (2013)

= Euphorbia polygona var. striata (A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane) D.H.Schnabel; Euphorbia World 9(2): 22 (2013)

species :

Euphorbia polygonifolia L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 455 (1753)

Name: Seaside sandmat (EN)

Distribution: Poland [I]; N-Spain [I]; S-France [I]; Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Québec); USA (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia, Wisconsin)

11 pol 12 fra spa 72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum polygonifolium (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 160 (1812)

= Chamaesyce polygonifolia (L.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 708 (1903)

= Euphorbia maritima Nutt.; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 5: 171 (1835)

= Xamesike polygonifolia (L.) Raf.; Autik. Bot. 98 (1840)

species :

Euphorbia polyphylla Engelm ex Rose; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 215 (1892)

Name: Lesser Florida spurge

Distribution: USA (Florida, Louisiana)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Agaloma polyphylla (Engelm. ex Holz.) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 2: 299 (1912)

= Tithymalopsis polyphylla (Engelm. ex Holz.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 716 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia ponderosa S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(4): 416 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia pondii Millsp.; Pittonia 2: 88 (1890), nomen, et in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 12 (1890), descr.

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Norte); Isla Guadalupe

79 GLP MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pondii Millsp. ex Vasey & Rose; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 12 (1890)

= Chamaesyce pondii (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

= Euphorbia guadalupensis Howell; Leafl. W. Bot. 1: 51 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia pontica Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 409 et 740, t. XXI, f. 2 (1949)

Distribution: NE-Greece (incl. Thasos, Samothraki); European Turkey; Bulgaria; Ukraine; Crimea; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, WN-Anatolia); Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); Cyprus (C-Mountains)

13 BUL GRC TUE 14 KRY UKR 33 ARM GEO 34 CYP IRN TUR

Remarks: myrsinites agg. Separate from E. myrsinites fide Frajman in Strid (2024)

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia myrsinites subsp. pontica (Prokh.) R.Turner; Europ. Gard. Guide 136 (1995)

species :

Euphorbia porcata Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 546 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Queensland, Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, New South Wales)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia porphyrantha Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 91: 510 (1895)

Distribution: Chile (Antofagasta, Atacama)

85 CLE

species :

Euphorbia porteriana (Small) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 48 (1989)

Name: Porter´s sandmat

Distribution: USA (Florida)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce porteriana Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 711 (1903)

variant :

var. keyensis (Small) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 48 (1989)

Name: Key sandmat

Distribution: USA (Florida)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce porteriana var. keyensis (Small) D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 99 (1966)

= Chamaesyce ×keyensis Small; Torreya 28: 6 (1928)

species :

Euphorbia portlandica L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 458 (1753)

Name: Portland Spurge (EN)

Distribution: England (S- & W-England, Wales, Isle of Man, SW-Scotland, Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; Baleares; France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey, Sark); ?Corsica

10 GRB IRE 12 BAL CIS FRA GIB POR SPA

Remarks: segetalis agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Allobia portlandica (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1836)

= Esula portlandica (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 154 (1812)

= Euphorbia fallax Deysson; Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 62: 36 (1907), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia imbricata Vahl; Symb. Bot. [Vahl] 2: 54 (1791)

= Euphorbia pinea subsp. portlandica (L.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 281 (1894)

= Euphorbia purpurascens Schousb.; Hort. Bot. Hafn. [Hornemann] 2: 508 (1815)

= Euphorbia segetalis proles portlandica (L.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 12: 172 (1910)

= Euphorbia segetalis subsp. portlandica (L.) Litard.; Prodr. Fl. Corse 2(2): 88 (1936)

= Euphorbia segetalis var. litoralis Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 3: 499 (1877)

= Euphorbia segetalis var. littoralis Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 3: 498 (1880)

= Euphorbia segetalis var. portlandica (L.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 283 (1901)

= Galarhoeus imbricatus (Vahl) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 145 (1812)

= Tithymalus declinatus Moench; Methodus [Moench], Suppl. 284 (1802)

= Tithymalus imbricatus (Vahl) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 73 (1860)

= Tithymalus portlandicus (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/3 (1768)

species :

Euphorbia portucasadiana (Croizat) Subils; Kurtziana 10: 163 (1977)

Distribution: Paraguay (Pres. Hayes); Argentina (Corrientes, Formosa)

85 ARG PAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce portucasadiana Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 186 (1943)

species :

Euphorbia portulacoides L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 456, partim, Spreng. Syst. 3: 792 (1753)

Distribution: Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Tarija); Uruguay (Montevideo); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chubut, Cordoba, Entre Rios, Jujuy, La Pampa, Mendoza, Salta, Santa Fe, Tucuman); Chile (Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins, Maule, Ñuble, Biobío, Araucanía, Los Rios, Los Lagos, Aisén, Magallanes)

83 BOL 85 ARG CLE URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia atrosanguinea Poepp. ex Klotzsch; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 70 (1860), pro syn.

= Euphorbia bridgesii (Klotzsch & Garcke) Bertero ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 103 (1862)

= Euphorbia chilensis Gay; Fl. Chil. [Gay] 5: 335 (1851)

= Euphorbia conceptionis Rupr. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 102 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia littorea Miq. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 102 (1862), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia portulacoides var. bridgesii Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 103 (1862)

= Euphorbia portulacoides var. glabra Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 91: 511 (1895)

= Euphorbia portulacoides var. normalis Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 286 (1898), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia portulacoides var. obtusifolia Müll.Arg.; J. Bot. 12: 233 (1874)

= Euphorbia portulacoides var. trinervia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 103 (1862)

= Euphorbia portulacoides var. xanthantha Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 286 (1898)

= Tithymalus atrosanguineus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 70 (1860)

= Tithymalus bridgesii Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 70 (1860)

= Tithymalus chilensis (Gay) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 67 (1860)

= Tithymalus portulacoides (L.) Standl.; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 6: 239 (1916)

= Tithymalus subcrenatus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 66 (1860)

= Vallaris portulacoides (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1838)

variant :

var. acutifolia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 103 (1862)

Distribution: Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Jujuy, La Pampa, Mendoza, Salta, San Luis, Tucuman)

85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia portulacoides var. porphyrantha Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 286 (1898)

variant :

var. major Müll.Arg.; J. Bot. 12: 233 (1874)

Distribution: Argentina (Cordoba, Entre Rios, Jujuy, Salta, San Luis, Tucuman)

85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia portulacoides var. andensis Croizat; Darwiniana 6: 189 (1943)

= Euphorbia portulacoides subsp. major (Müll.Arg.) Croizat; Darwiniana 6: 188 (1943)

species :

Euphorbia potaninii Prokh.; Izv. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 6, 20: 210 (1926)

Distribution: Siberia (Tuva); China (Nei Mongol); Mongolia

30 SIB 36 CHI 37 MON

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus potaninii (Prokh.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 170 (1933), in obs.

species :

Euphorbia potentilloides Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 3 (1860)

Distribution: Bolivia (Santa Cruz); NE-Brazil (Bahia); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul); Paraguay (Amambay, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Cordillera, Paraguari); Uruguay (Rivera); Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones)

83 BOL 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum caecorum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 38 (1860), nomen

= Chamaesyce caecorum (Mart. ex Boiss.) Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 187 (1943)

= Chamaesyce potentilloides (Boiss.) Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 184 (1943)

= Euphorbia albiflora Taub.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 442 (1896)

= Euphorbia caecorum Mart. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 51 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia potosina Fernald; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 36: 495 (1901)

Distribution: Mexico (Aguascalientes, Ciudad de Mexico, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Zacatecas)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce potosina (Fernald) Arthur; Torreya 11: 260 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia primulifolia Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 278 (1881)

Distribution: C-Madagascar

29 MDG

variant :

var. multangula S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 72(4): 190 (2000)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia proballyana L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 34: 289 (1968)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

variant :

var. multangula S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 72(4): 190 (2000)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia procera M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 378 (1808)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus

33 NCS

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, esula agg.; species circumscription and validity is critical

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia caucasica Dubovik; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Nizsh. Rast. 1976: 96 (1976 publ. 1977)

= Euphorbia pilosa var. procera (M.Bieb.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 650 (1881)

= Galarhoeus procerus (M.Bieb.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 33 (1941)

= Tithymalus procerus (M.Bieb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Fl. N. Mitt.-Deutschland, ed. 4: 291 (1858)

species :

Euphorbia proctorii (D.G.Burch) Correll; Sida 8(4): 319 (1980)

Distribution: Bahamas (Great Inagua Isl.)

81 BAH

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce proctorii D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63(2): 378 (1976 publ. 1977)

species :

Euphorbia procumbens Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 12 (1768)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pugniformis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 92 (1862), nom. illeg.

= Medusea procumbens (Mill.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 134 (1812)

species :

Euphorbia prolifera Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 62 (1825)

Distribution: China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Hainan); Pakistan (N. W. Frontier Prov., Pakistani Punjab, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Hazara); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab,Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Myanmar; Thailand; Laos

36 CHI 40 BHU IND NEP PAK 41 LAO MYA THA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cuneifolia Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: 471 (1832), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia linifolia Wall. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 157 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia nepalensis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 157 (1862), nom. superfl.

= Euphorbia pinus H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 296 (1912)

= Tithymalus prolifer (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia promecocarpa Davis; Kew Bull. [2(1)]: 65 (1947)

Distribution: Lebanon (Antilebanon)

34 LEB

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus promecocarpus (Davis) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia prona S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(4): 420 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia prostrata Aiton; Hort. Kew. [W.Aiton] 2: 139 (1789)

Name: Prostrate sandmat (EN); Golondrina, Yerba de la nina, Yerba de larrea, Yerba de la vieja, Yerba lechera, Yerba lechosa (ES); Hingestreckte Schiefblattwolfsmilch (DE); Lizard Grass (Trinidad & Tobago)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Portugal [I]; Spain [I]; Italy [I]; Sicily [I]; San Marino [I]; Slovenia [I]; Croatia [I]; Bosnia & Hercegovina [I]; Greece [I]; Crete [I]; Egypt [I] (Nile Delta [I], Nile Valley [I], NW-coastal Egypt [I]); Azores [I] (Santa Maria Isl. [I], Terceira [I], Graciosa [I], Faial [I]); Madeira [I] (Madeira Isl. [I], Porto Santo Isl. [I]); Canary Isl. [I] (Lanzarote [I], Fuerteventura [I], Gran Canaria [I], Tenerife [I], La Gomera [I], La Palma [I]); Cape Verde Isl. [I] (Santo Antao Isl. [I], Sao Vicente Isl. [I], Ilha de Sao Nicolau [I], Ilha de Sao Tiago [I], Fogo Isl. [I], Ilha Brava [I]); Guinea-Bissau [I]; Guinea [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; Togo [I]; Benin [I]; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo] [I]; Principe Isl. [I]; São Tomé [I]; Annobon Isl. [I]; Gabon [I]; Congo [Brazzaville] [I]; D.R.Congo [Zaire] [I]; S-Chad [I]; Sudan [I]; Angola [I]; Zambia [I]; Zimbabwe [I]; Mozambique [I]; Namibia [I]; Botswana [I]; South Africa [I] (widespread); Eswatini [Swaziland] [I]; Ascension Isl. [I]; St. Helena [I]; Madagascar [I]; Mozambique Channel Isl. [Îles Éparses] [I] (Île Europa [I], Juan de Nova Isl. [I]); Mauritius [I] (incl. Tromelin Isl. [I]); La Réunion [I]; Rodrigues [I]; Îles Glorieuses [I]; Aldabra [I] (Aldabra Isl. [I], Asuncio Isl. [I], Cosmoledo Isl. [I], Astove Isl. [I], Farquhar Isl. [I]); Seychelles [I] (incl. Remire Isl. [I], Desroches Isl. [I]); Chagos Arch. [I] (Diego Garcia [I]); East Aegaean Isl. [I] (incl. Rhodos [I]); Turkey [I] (SSW-Anatolia [I]); Iraq [I] (SE-Iraq: Mesopotamia [I]); Israel [I] (coastal W-Israel [I], Rift Valley [I], N-Israel [I]); Sinai peninsula [I] (N-Sinai [I], S-Sinai [I]); Saudi Arabia [I] (Hejaz [I]); Qatar [I]; United Arab Emirates [I]; China [I] (Jiangsu [I], Hubei [I], Fujian [I], Guangdong [I], Hainan [I], Yunnan [I]); Ryukyu Isl. [I]; Bonin Isl. [I] (Chichijima [I], Hahajima [I], Minamijima [I]); Taiwan [I]; Pakistan [I]; Nepal [I]; India [I] (widespread); Bangladesh [I]; Andaman Isl. [I]; Nicobar Isl. [I]; Vietnam [I]; South China Sea Isl. [I]; Thailand [I]; Sulawesi [I]; Philippines [I]; Java [I]; Lesser Sunda Isl. [I] (Bali [I], Timor [I], etc.); East Timor [I]; Cocos [Keeling] Isl. [I]; Christmas Isl. [Austr.] [I]; New Guinea [I]; Australia [I] (Queensland [I], New South Wales [I]); Lord Howe Isl. [I]; Norfolk Isl. [I]; Vanuatu [I]; Rotuma Isl. [I]; Tonga [I] (Tongatapu [I], ´Eua [I]); Niue [I]; Fiji [I]; American Samoa [I] (Ta´u [I], Tutuila [I]); [Western] Samoa [I] (´Upolu [I], Savai´i [I], Aleipata Isl. [I]); Tokelau [I] (Fakaofo [I], Swains Isl. [I]); Phoenix Isl. [I] (Kanton [I], Orona [I], Manra [I]); Gilbert Isl. [I] (Butaritari [I], Tarawa [I], Tabiteuea [I], Onotoa [I]); Line Isl. [I] (Fanning [I]); N-Line Isl. [I] (Teraina [I], Tabueran [I], Kiritimati [I]); Cook Isl. [I] (Rarotonga [I], Mangaia [I], Aitutaki [I], Ngaputoru Group [I], Palmerston [I], N-Cook Isl. [I]); Marquesas Isl. [I] (Nuku Hiva [I], Hiva Oa [I], Ua Huka [I], Ua Pou [I], Tahuata [I]); Society Isl. [I] (Tahiti [I], Tupai [I], Raiatea [I]); Gambier Isl. [I] (Mangareva [I]); Tuamotu Arch. [I] (Makatea Isl. [I], Rangiroa Atoll [I], Takapoto Atoll [I], etc. [I]); Marcus Isl. [Minami-Torishima] [I]; Palau [I] (Koror [I], Malakal [I], Angaur [I]); Northern Marianas [I] (Pagan [I], Saipan [I], Tinian [I], Rota [I]); Guam [I]; Fed. States of Micronesia [I] (Ulithi [I], Pohnpei [I], Fais [I], Woleai [I], Truk [I], Udot [I], Piis [I], Lukunor [I], Satawan [I], Nukuoro [I]); Marshall Isl. [I] (Ujae [I], Kwajalein [I], Jemo [I], Likiep [I], Ailinglapalap [I], Majuro [I], Arno [I], Jaluit [I]); Wake Isl. [I]; Hawaii [I] (Midway Isl. [I], Kauai [I], Oahu [I], Lanai [I], Molokai [I], Maui [I], Kahoolawe Isl. [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Wyoming); Bermuda; Mexico (Aguascalientes, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Guatemala; Belize; Honduras; Nicaragua; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Bahamas; Turks & Caicos Isl.; Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Navassa Isl.; Virgin Isl. (Guana, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda); Anguilla; St. Barthélémy; St. Kitts; Antigua; Barbuda; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; St. Lucia; Grenadines; St. Vincent; Grenada; Barbados; Tobago; Trinidad; Curacao; Colombia (Atlántico, Cundinamarca, Huila, Magdalena); Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolívar, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Guarico, Miranda, Sucre, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador; Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz, Potosí, Santa Cruz, Tarija); NE-Brazil; WC-Brazil; SE-Brazil; S-Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Guaira); Uruguay (Artigas); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Santa Fe, Tucuman)

11 ger 12 por spa 13 bih cro grc ita kri sic slv sma 20 egy 21 azo cny cvi mdr 22 ben bkn gnb gui tog 23 ann bio con gab pri sao zai 24 cha sud 26 ang moz zam zim 27 bot nam saf swz 28 asc sth 29 ald cgs igl mau mci mdg reu rod sey 34 eai irq isr sin tur 35 qat sau uae 36 chi 38 nns oga tai 40 ban ind nep pak 41 and ncb tha vie 42 cki jaw lsi nwg phi scs sul xms 50 aus lhi nfk 60 asa fij gil nue phx rot sam tok ton van 61 coo gbi lin mrq sci tua 62 gum mcu mic mrn mrs plu wak 63 haw 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ COS GUA HON NIC 81 ABA AGU BAH BBD BER CUB CUR DOM GDL GRE HIS JAM MAR NAV PUE SBA STK STL STV TCI TRT VIR 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL ECU 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum prostratum (Aiton) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 163 (1812)

= Aplarina prostrata (Aiton) Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 99 (1836)

= Chamaesyce malaca Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 713 (1903)

= Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 713, 1333 (1903)

= Chamaesyce villosior (Greenm.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 412 (1916)

= Euphorbia callitrichoides Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 52 (1817)

= Euphorbia malaca (Small) Little; Publ. Univ. Oklahoma Biol. Surv. 2(2): 70 (1930)

= Euphorbia perforata Guss.; Fl. Sicul. Prodr. 1: 540 (1827)

= Euphorbia prostrata var. caudirhiza Fosberg; Micronesica 25: 189 (1992)

= Euphorbia prostrata var. vestita Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 47 (1862)

= Euphorbia ramosa var. villosior Greenm.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts, n. s. 32: 297 (1897)

= Euphorbia tenella Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 53 (1817)

= Euphorbia trichogona Bertol.; Misc. Bot. [Bertoloni] 3: 20, t. 6, f. 3 (1844)

= Tithymalus prostratus (Aiton) Samp.; Anais Fac. Sci. Porto 17: 45 (1931)

species :

Euphorbia psammiticola Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 488(1): 51 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia psammogeton P.S.Green; Kew Bull. 48(2): 314 (1993)

Distribution: Australia (Queensland, New South Wales); Lord Howe Isl.

50 AUS LHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce psammogeton (P.S.Green) P.I.Forst. & R.J.F.Hend.; Novon 5(4): 323 (1995)

= Euphorbia atoto var. imbricata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 13 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia psammophila Ule; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42: 224 (1908)

Distribution: Brazil (Bahia)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia pseudoapios Maire & Weiller; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 30: 222, 302 (1939)

Distribution: Libya

20 LBY

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus pseudoapios (Maire & Weiller) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia pseudoaprica J.-P.Castillon; CactusWorld 39(4): 290 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia pseudoburuana P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3874 (1982)

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

species :

Euphorbia pseudocactus A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 78 (1907)

Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia pseudocontorta Bruyns; Phytotaxa 433(3): 299 (2020)

Distribution: Mozambique

26 MOZ

species :

Euphorbia pseudodidiereoides J.-P.Castillon & Rajaov.; Malagasy Nat. 13: 61 (2019)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Remarks: sect. Goniostema, rubrostriata group

species :

Euphorbia pseudofulva Miranda; Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. México 21: 304 (1951)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia pseudoglobosa Marloth; S. African Gard. 19: 191 (1929), et ex Muir, J. S. African Bot. 2: 127 (1936), descr. ampl.

subspecies :

subsp. pseudoglobosa

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia frickiana N.E.Br.; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 2: 491 (1931)

= Euphorbia juglans Compton; J. S. African Bot. 1: 126 (1935)

= Euphorbia pseudoglobosa var. dysselsdorpensis D.H.Schnabel, van Veldh. & Marx; Euphorbia World 14(2): 14 (2018)

= Euphorbia pseudoglobosa subsp. vlokii Bruyns; Haseltonia 25: 40 (2018)

= Euphorbia pseudoglobosa var. juglans (Compton) D.H.Schnabel, van Veldh. & Marx; Euphorbia World 14(2): 13 (2018)

= Euphorbia pseudoglobosa var. oshoekensis D.H.Schnabel, van Veldh. & Marx; Euphorbia World 14(2): 17 (2018)

subspecies :

subsp. nesemannii (R.A.Dyer) Bruyns; Euphorbia S. Africa 1: 172 (2022)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia latimammillaris Croizat; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 4: 331 (1933)

= Euphorbia nesemannii R.A.Dyer; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1934: 267 (1934)

species :

Euphorbia pseudograntii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30: 342 (1901)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia pseudohirsuta Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Zambia; Malawi; N-Zimbabwe

26 MLW ZAM ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium hirsutum P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 27 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia pseudolaevis Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Tanzania; N-Zambia; Malawi

25 TAN 26 MLW ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium laeve Stapf; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 27: t. 2666 (1901)

species :

Euphorbia pseudomollis Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Synadenium molle Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 88 (1909)

species :

Euphorbia pseudonudicaulis Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium nudicaule P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 29 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia pseudopetiolata Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium petiolatum P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 30 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia pseudoracemosa (P.R.O.Bally) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium pseudoracemosum P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 30 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia pseudosikkimensis (Hurus. & Tanaka) Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 36(2): 216 (1981)

Distribution: Tibet; Nepal; Bhutan; India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand)

36 TIB 40 BHU IND NEP

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia donii Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 45 (1989)

= Euphorbia longifolia D.Don; Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 162 (1825), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia schillingii Radcl.-Sm.; Bot. Mag., n. s. 4: 112 (1987)

= Euphorbia schillingii var. praecox A.D.Schill. ex Radcl.-Sm.; Bot. Mag. (Kew Mag.) 8(1): 46 (1991)

= Tithymalus longifolius (D.Don) Hurus. & Yu.Tanaka; Fl. E. Himalaya 182, in notes (1966)

= Tithymalus pseudosikkimensis Hurus. & Yu.Tanaka; Fl. E. Himalaya 182 (1966)

species :

Euphorbia pseudosimplex Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium simplex Pax; Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 743 (1898)

species :

Euphorbia pseudostellata Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium stellatum P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 33 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia pseudotrinervis Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Kenya (mountains)

25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium trinerve P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 33 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia pseudotuberosa Pax; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 8: 637 (1908)

Distribution: Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State)

27 BOT SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Dactylanthes

species :

Euphorbia pseudovolkensii Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Synadenium volkensii Pax; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 242 (1895)

species :

Euphorbia psilosperma Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 551 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia pteroclada L.C.Leach; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 46(1-2): 260 (1976)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]

23 ZAI

species :

Euphorbia pterococca Brot.; Fl. Lusit. 2: 312 (1804)

Name: Geflügelte Wolfsmilch (DE); Lechetrezna alada (ES)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; Baleares; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; W-Greece (Kerkyra, Ionian Isl., S-Peloponnisos); Crete; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (NW-coastal Egypt); Madeira; Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Hierro); East Aegaean Isl. (Psara, Samos)

11 ger 12 BAL COR GIB POR SAR SPA 13 GRC ITA KRI SIC 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 21 CNY MDR 34 EAI

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bialata Link; Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 13 (1822)

= Euphorbia pterococca var. pilosa Lazare & Charpin; Saussurea 19: 17 (1988 publ. 1989)

= Euphorbia pterococca var. pruinosa C.Vicioso; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 6: 53 (1948)

= Euphorbia stellulata Salzm.; Flora 4: 110 (1821)

= Tithymalus pterococcus (Brot.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 72 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia pteroneura A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 29 (1907)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Veracruz, Yucatan); Guatemala

79 MEX 80 GUA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia floresii Standl.; Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 67 (1935)

= Euphorbia pteroneura var. macdougalliana Croizat; Desert Pl. Life 15: 23 (1943)

= Euphorbia steyermarkii Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 23: 121 (1944)

species :

Euphorbia pubentissima Michx.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Michaux] 2: 212 (1803)

Name: False flowering spurge

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Arkansas, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia)

74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Agaloma apocynifolia (Small) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 2: 300 (1912)

= Agaloma paniculata (Boiss.) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 2: 300 (1912)

= Agaloma pubentissima (Michx.) D.B.Ward; Novon 11(3): 362 (2001)

= Agaloma zinniflora (Small) Nieuwl.; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 2: 299 (1912)

= Euphorbia apocynifolia Small; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 467 (1898)

= Euphorbia corollata var. apocynifolia (Small) Millsp.; Bot. Gaz. 26: 268 (1898)

= Euphorbia corollata var. mollis Millsp.; Bot. Gaz. 26: 267 (1898)

= Euphorbia corollata var. paniculata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 67 (1862)

= Euphorbia corollata var. zinniiflora (Small) H.E.Ahles; J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 80: 173 (1964)

= Euphorbia paniculata Elliott; Sketch Bot. S. Carolina [Elliott] 2: 660 (1824), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia pubentissima var. glabrata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 67 (1862)

= Euphorbia zinniiflora Small; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 615 (1898)

= Tithymalopsis apocyniflora (Small) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 717 (1903)

= Tithymalopsis paniculata (Elliott) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 718 (1903)

= Tithymalopsis zinniiflora (Small) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 717 (1903)

= Tithymalus paniculatus (Elliott) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1838)

species :

Euphorbia pubicaulis S.Moore; J. Bot. 64: 97 (1926)

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia pubiglans N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 338 (1915)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

species :

Euphorbia pudibunda (P.R.O.Bally) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Zambia; N-Zimbabwe

23 ZAI 26 ZAM ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium pudibundum P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 31 (1959)

= Monadenium simplex var. pudibundum (P.R.O.Bally) P.R.O.Bally; Gen. Monaden. 40 (1961)

variant :

var. lanata (S.Carter) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006)

Distribution: S-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Zambia

23 ZAI 26 ZAM

variant :

var. rotundifolia (Malaisse & Lecron) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006)

Distribution: Zambia

26 ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium pudibundum var. rotundifolium Malaisse & Lecron; Bull. Séances Acad. Roy. Sci. Outre-Mer 40: 406 (1994 publ. 1995)

species :

Euphorbia pueblensis Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 367 (1917)

Distribution: Mexico (Puebla)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch; Allg. Gartenzeitung [Otto & Dietrich] 2: 27 (1834)

Name: Flor de Pascua (ES); Weihnachtsstern (DE)

Distribution: Canary Isl. [I] (Gran Canaria [I]); Gambia [I]; Guinea [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; Benin [I]; Cameroon [I]; São Tomé [I]; Annobon Isl. [I]; D.R.Congo [Zaire] [I]; Chad [I]; Angola [I]; South Africa [I]; Eswatini [Swaziland] [I]; Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Rodrigues [I]; China [I]; Taiwan [I]; Pakistan [I]; India [c]; Bangladesh [I]; Andaman Isl. [I]; Nicobar Isl. [I]; Thailand [I]; Cambodia [I]; Vietnam [I]; Philippines [I]; Java [I]; New Guinea [I]; New Caledonia [I]; Vanuatu [I]; Rotuma Isl. [I]; Tonga [I]; Niue [I]; Fiji [I]; Cook Isl. [I] (Rarotonga [I], Mangaia [I], Aitutaki [I], Ngaputoru Group [I], Manihiki [I]); Society Isl. [I]; Society Isl. [I] (Tahiti [I]); Gambier Isl. [I]; Pitcairn Isl. [I]; Palau [I] (Koror [I]); Guam [I]; Fed. States of Micronesia [I] (Yap [I], Pohnpei [I]); Marshall Isl. [I] (Kwajalein [I], Jaluit [I]); Wake Isl. [I]; Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan); Guatemala; Belize [I]; El Salvador [I]; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Cuba [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Haiti [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Trinidad & Tobago [I]; Colombia [I]; Ecuador [I]; Bolivia [I]

21 cny 22 ben bkn gam gui 23 ann cmn sao zai 24 cha 26 ang 27 saf swz 29 mau reu rod 36 chi 38 tai 40 ban ind pak 41 and cbd ncb tha vie 42 jaw nwg phi 60 fij nue nwc rot ton van 61 coo gbi pit sci 62 gum mic mrs plu wak 79 MEX 80 blz COS els GUA HON NIC PAN 81 cub his pue trt 82 clm 83 bol ecu

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia coccinea Raf.; Atlantic J. 1: 182 (1833), nom. provis.

= Euphorbia diversifolia Willd. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 71 (1862)

= Euphorbia erithrophylla Bertol.; Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat. 1: 414 (1838)

= Euphorbia fastuosa Sessé & Moc.; Pl. Nov. Hisp., ed. 1: 81 (1887 publ. 1890), et ed. 2: 76 (1893)

= Euphorbia lutea Alam. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 72 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia poinsettiana Buist ex Graham; Edinburgh New Philos. J. 20: 412 (1836), pro syn.

= Euphorbia poinsettii Raf.; Atlantic J. 1: 182 (1833), nom. prov.

= Euphorbia pulcherrima f. lutea Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 22: 151 (1940)

= Pleuradena coccinea Raf.; Atlantic J. 1: 182 (1833)

= Poinsettia ignescens Van Geert; Nursery Cat. (Auguste Van Geert) 83: 20 (1882)

= Poinsettia mirabilis Van Geert; Nursery Cat. (Auguste Van Geert) 83: 20 (1882)

= Poinsettia pulcherrima (Willd. ex Klotzsch) Graham; Edinburgh New Philos. J. 20: 412 (1836)

= Poinsettia pulcherrima var. albida Maund; Botanist 2: t. 70 (1838)

= Poinsettia pulcherrima var. major H.J.Veitch; Gard. Chron. 1872: 1626 (1872)

= Poinsettia pulcherrima var. plena Hovey; Nursery Cat. (Hovey & co.) 1882: 13 (1882)

= Poinsettia pulcherrima var. plenissima H.J.Veitch; Gard. Chron., n. s. 4: 782 (1875)

= Poinsettia pulcherrima var. rosea-carminata Dombrain; Floral Mag. (London), n. s., 12: t. 68 (1873)

= Poinsettia pulcherrima var. roseocarminata W.Bull; Cat. New Beautiful Rare Pl. [W.Bull] 68: 9 (1873)

= Poinsettia variabilis Van Geert; Nursery Cat. (Auguste Van Geert) 83: 21 (1882)

species :

Euphorbia pulvinata Marloth; Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 1: 315 (1909)

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]

27 LES SAF SWZ

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

species :

Euphorbia pumicicola Huft; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 71(4): 1022 (1984 publ. 1985)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Sur)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia punctata Delile; Descr. Égypte, Hist. Nat. 234, t. 30, f. 3 (1813)

Distribution: Egypt (NE-Egypt, NW-coastal Egypt); Sinai peninsula (N-Sinai)

20 EGY 34 SIN

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus punctatus (Delile) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia punctulata Andersson; Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 1853: 235 (1855)

Distribution: Galapagos

83 GAL

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce punctulata (Andersson) D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 56: 175 (1969)

= Euphorbia anderssonii Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 63 (1900)

= Euphorbia articulata Andersson; Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 1853: 236 (1855), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia bisulcata J.T.Howell; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 21: 330 (1935)

= Euphorbia diffusa Hook.f.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 184 (1847), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia howellii L.C.Wheeler; Contr. Gray Herb. 124: 42 (1939)

species :

Euphorbia punicea Sw.; Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. [O.P.Swartz] 76 (1788)

Distribution: Jamaica

81 JAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Adenorima punicea (Sw.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 112 (1836)

= Euphorbia troyana Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 5: 394 (1908)

= Euphorbiodendron puniceum (Sw.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 305 (1909)

= Euphorbiodendron troyanum (Urb.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 305 (1909)

= Poinsettia punicea (Sw.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 253 (1859)

= Tithymalus puniceus (Sw.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 140 (1812)

species :

Euphorbia purpurea (Raf.) Fernald; Rhodora 34: 25 (1932)

Name: Darlington´s glade spurge

Distribution: USA (Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Agaloma purpurea Raf.; Autik. Bot. 94 (1840)

= Euphorbia darlingtonii A.Gray; Manual [A.Gray], ed. 1: 404 (1848)

= Euphorbia darlingtonii var. glabra Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 119 (1862)

= Euphorbia discolor Shuttlew. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 119 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia nemoralis Darl.; Fl. Cestr., ed. 2: 518 (1837), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia pilosa Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. [Pursh] 2: 607 (1814), nom. illeg.

= Galarhoeus darlingtonii (A.Gray) Small; Man. S.E. Fl. [Small] 801 (1933)

= Keraselma ciliatum Raf.; Autik. Bot. 94 (1840)

= Tithymalus darlingtonii (A.Gray) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 719 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia pycnostegia Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 9 (1860)

Distribution: S-India (Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce pycnostegia (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

= Euphorbia pycnostegia var. laxa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 19 (1862)

variant :

var. zornioides (Boiss.) Santapau; Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 8: 11 (1954)

Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Daman, Diu, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce zornioides (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

= Euphorbia zornioides Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 19 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia pyrenaica Jord.; Observ. Pl. Nouv. 3: 237 (1846)

Name: Pyrenäen-Wolfsmilch, Zwergbuchs-Wolfsmilch

Distribution: N-Spain (W-Pyrénées, Cordillera Cantábrica); SW-France

12 FRA SPA

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia chamaebuxus Bernard ex Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France Prosp. 8 (1846)

= Tithymalus chamaebuxus (Bernard ex Gren. & Godr.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 171 (1972)

= Tithymalus pyrenaeus Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 114 (1897)

species :

Euphorbia pyrifolia Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 419 (1788)

Distribution: Madagascar; Mauritius; La Réunion; Aldabra (Aldabra Isl., Asuncio Isl., Cosmoledo Isl., Astove Isl.)

29 ALD MAU MDG REU

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia abbottii Baker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1894: 150 (1894), et in Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 24: t. 2347 (1894)

= Euphorbia gracilipes Baill.; Recueil Observ. Bot. 1: 140 (1861)

variant :

var. coriacea Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 39(3): 602 (1984)

Distribution: Mauritius

29 MAU

species :

Euphorbia qarad Deflers; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 43: 230 (1896)

Distribution: Yemen (SW-Yemen, Aden Desert)

35 YEM

species :

Euphorbia quadrangularis Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 119 (1894)

Distribution: Tanzania; Mozambique

25 TAN 26 MOZ

species :

Euphorbia quadrata Nel; Jahrb. Deutsch. Kakteen-Ges. 1: 42 (1935)

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Pseudeuphorbium

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia francescae L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 50(4): 563 (1984)

= Euphorbia stegmatica Nel; Jahrb. Deutsch. Kakteen-Ges. 1: 43 (1935)

species :

Euphorbia quadrialata Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 286 (1903)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia quadrilatera L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 46(3): 318 (1980)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia quadrispina S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3869 (1982)

Distribution: N-Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia quaitensis S.Carter; Candollea 43(2): 564 (1988)

Distribution: S-Yemen

35 YEM

species :

Euphorbia quinquecostata Volkens; Kew Bull. 42: 673 (1987)

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania; Mozambique

25 KEN TAN 26 MOZ

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia intercedens Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 75 (1904)

species :

Euphorbia quitensis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 43 (1862)

Distribution: Ecuador

83 ECU

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce quitensis (Boiss.) G.L.Webster; Cat. Vasc. Pl. Ecuador (Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75): 954 (1999)

species :

Euphorbia radfanensis Al-Fatimi & N.Kilian; Euphorbia World 17(1): 9, figs. 1-9 (2021)

Distribution: Yemen

35 YEM

species :

Euphorbia radians Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 8 (1839)

Name: Sun spurge

Distribution: USA (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Zacatecas)

76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Poinsettia radians (Benth.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 253 (1859)

variant :

var. stormiae (Croizat) Rzed. & Calderón; Cact. Suc. Mex. 32(4): 76 (1987)

Distribution: Mexico (Michoacan)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia stormiae Croizat; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 13 (1939)

species :

Euphorbia radiifera L.C.Leach; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 45: 205 (1975), nom. nov.

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia verticillata Pax; Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 740, nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia radioloides Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 45 (1862)

Distribution: Mexico (Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Sonora)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce radioloides (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

= Euphorbia radioloides var. rubra Millsp.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 16: 65 (1889)

species :

Euphorbia radyeri Bruyns; Bothalia 42(2): 228 (2012)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia ramena Buddens. & Razaf.; Euphorbia World 11(3): 13 (2015)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia ramipressa Croizat; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 6: 79 (1934)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia alcicornis Poiss.; Rech. Fl. Mérid. Madagascar 39 (1912) (non Berger)

species :

Euphorbia ramofraga Denis & Humbert ex Leandri; Naturaliste Malgache 4: 81 (1952)

Distribution: S- & W-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia ramosa Seaton; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 28: 121 (1893)

Distribution: Mexico

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce ramosa (Seaton) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia ramulosa L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 32: 176 (1966)

Distribution: NE-Mozambique

26 MOZ

species :

Euphorbia randrianijohanyi Haevermans & Labat; Syst. Bot. 29: 229 (2004)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia rangovalensis Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 73 (1945)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia castillonii Lavranos; Succulentes 2002(3): 5 (2002)

species :

Euphorbia rapanarivoi Houyelle; Euphorbia World 18(3): 30 (2023)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia raphanorrhiza (Millsp.) J.F.Macbr.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3a): No. 1, 28 (1951)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus raphanorrhizus Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 95 (1925)

species :

Euphorbia raphilippii Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 48 (1989), nom. nov.

Distribution: Chile (Coquimbo)

85 CLE

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia lanceolata Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 91: 508 (1895), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia rapulum Kar. & Kir.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 448 (1842)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; China (Gansu, ?Xinjiang)

32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 36 CHI

Remarks: sect. Holophyllum

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus rapulum (Kar. & Kir.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 67 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia rauhii Haevermans & Labat; Syst. Bot. 29: 122 (2004)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia ravii A.Naray. & K.Prasad; Taiwania 67(2): 229 (2022)

Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia rayturneri V.W.Steinm. & Jercinovic; Novon 22(4): 482 (2013)

Distribution: USA (New Mexico); Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora)

77 USA 79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia razafinjohanyi Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 162 (1954 publ. 1955)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia rechingeri Greuter; Candollea 20: 172 (1965)

Distribution: Crete (Lefka Ori)

13 KRI

Remarks: myrsinites agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia myrsinites subsp. rechingeri (Greuter) Aldén; Mountain Fl. Greece [Strid] 1: 570 (1986)

= Tithymalus rechingeri (Greuter) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4). 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia reclinata P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Kew Bull. 40(1): 120 (1985), nom. nov.

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia hepatica P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3867 (1982), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia reconciliationis Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 33(2): 229 (1978)

Distribution: La Réunion

29 REU

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce reconciliationis (Radcl.-Sm.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 150(3-4): 138 (1981 publ. 1982)

species :

Euphorbia recurva Hook.f.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 182 (1847)

Distribution: Galapagos

83 GAL

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce recurva (Hook.f.) D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 56: 175 (1969)

= Euphorbia apiculata Andersson; Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 1853: 234 (1855)

= Euphorbia flabellaris Andersson ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 17 (1862)

= Euphorbia maculata Andersson; Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 1853: 233 (1855), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia nesiotica B.L.Rob.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 38: 167 (1902)

species :

Euphorbia regis-jubae J.Gay; Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.) 3(2, 3): 250 (1847)

Name: König Jubas Wolfsmilch (DE); Tabaiba salvaje (ES)

Distribution: W-Morocco; Western Sahara; Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, Fuerteventura)

20 MOR WSA 21 CNY

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia capazii Caball.; Trab. Mus. Nac. Ci. Nat., Ser. Bot. 30: 25 (1935)

= Euphorbia dendroides var. hesperia Jahand. & Maire; Cavanillesia 5: 14 (1932)

= Euphorbia lamarckii f. latibracteata (G.Kunkel) Oudejans; World Cat. Species Names Published Tribe Euphorbieae

= Euphorbia lamarckii subsp. regis-jubae (J.Gay) Oudejans; World Cat. Species Names Published Tribe Euphorbieae

= Euphorbia lamarckii var. pseudodendroides (H.Lindb.) Oudejans; World Cat. Species Names Published Tribe Euphorbieae

= Euphorbia mauritanica Webb ex J.Gay; Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.) 3(2, 3): 250 (1846) non L.

= Euphorbia obtusifolia f. latibracteata G.Kunkel; Naturalia Hispanica 15: 54 (1978)

= Euphorbia obtusifolia subsp. regis-jubae (J.Gay) Maire; Cat. Pl. Maroc 2: 462 (1932)

= Euphorbia obtusifolia var. pseudodendroides (H.Lindb.) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 27: 258 (1936)

= Euphorbia pseudodendroides H.Lindb.; Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., Ser. B, Opera Biol. 1(2) (Itin. Medit.): 98 (1932)

= Euphorbia virgata subsp. regis-jubae (J.Gay) Soldano; Nat. Bresciana 29: 145 (1993 publ. 1994)

= Tirucalia virgata var. latibracteata (G.Kunkel) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 94 (1996)

= Tirucalia virgata var. pseudodendroides (H.Lindb.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 94 (1996)

= Tirucalia virgata var. regis-jubae (J.Gay) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 94 (1996)

= Tithymalus regis-jubae (J.Gay) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 93 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia reineckei Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 648 (1898)

Distribution: American Samoa (Tutuila); [Western] Samoa (´Upolu, Savai´i); Palau (Angaur)

60 ASA SAM 62 PLU

species :

Euphorbia rejaneae Houyelle; Euphorbia World 18(2): 43 (2023), nom. nov.

Distribution: N-Madagascar (Antsiranana)

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia perrieri var. elongata Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 88 (1921)

species :

Euphorbia remyi A.Gray ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1262 (1862)

Distribution: Hawaii (Kauai)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Rare

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce remyi (A.Gray ex Boiss.) Croizat & O.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce remyi var. kahiliana (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce remyi var. lydgatei (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce remyi var. olokelensis (Skottsb. & Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce remyi var. pteropoda (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce remyi var. wahiawana (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce remyi var. waimeana (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Euphorbia remyi var. hanaleiensis Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 588 (1936)

= Euphorbia remyi var. kahiliana Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 586 (1936)

= Euphorbia remyi var. kauaiensis O.Deg. & Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 584 (1936)

= Euphorbia remyi var. lydgatei Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 585 (1936)

= Euphorbia remyi var. olokelensis Skottsb. & Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 586 (1936)

= Euphorbia remyi var. pteropoda Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 585 (1936)

= Euphorbia remyi var. wahiawana Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 586 (1936)

= Euphorbia remyi var. waimeana Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 584 (1936)

variant :

var. hanaleiensis Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 588 (1936)

Distribution: +Hawaii (+Kauai)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Extinct

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce remyi var. hanaleiensis (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

variant :

var. kauaiensis O.Deg. & Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 584 (1936)

Distribution: Hawaii (Kauai)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Rare

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis (O.Deg. & Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] 190: s. p. (1959)

species :

Euphorbia reniformis Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 634 (1826)

Distribution: China (Hainan); Thailand; Laos; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (incl. Timor); New Guinea (Irian Jaya)

36 CHI 41 LAO THA 42 JAW LSI NWG

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum congenerum (Blume) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 22 (1860)

= Chamaesyce reniformis (Blume) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(34): 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Euphorbia bimensis Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2): 420 (1859)

= Euphorbia congenera Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 634 (1826)

species :

Euphorbia renneyi (S.Carter) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium renneyi S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(4): 916 (1987)

species :

Euphorbia repanda (Haw.) Sweet; Hort. Suburb. Lond. 107 (1818)

Distribution: India

40 IND

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus repandus Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 142 (1812)

species :

Euphorbia repetita Hochst. ex A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 240 (1850)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus repetitus (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 96 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia reptans P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 49(4): 182 (1977)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia resinifera O.Berg; Offiz. Gew. [O.C.Berg & C.F.Schmidt] 4: t. 34d verso (1863)

Distribution: Morocco; Taiwan [I]

20 MOR 38 tai

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia resinifera var. chlorosoma Croizat; Desert Pl. Life 14: 46 (1942)

= Tithymalus resinifer (O.Berg) H.Karst.; Deut. Fl. [Karsten] 587 (1882)

species :

Euphorbia restiacea Benth.; Bot. Voy. Sulphur [Bentham] 162 (1846)

Distribution: Mexico (Durango, Jalisco, Nayarit)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Poinsettia restiacea (Benth.) Dressler; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 48: 336 (1962)

species :

Euphorbia restituta N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 339 (1915)

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia graveolens N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 253 (1915)

= Euphorbia radiata E.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 90 (1862), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia restricta R.A.Dyer; Bothalia 6: 224 (1951)

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia retrospina Rauh & Gerold; Succulentes 2000(4): 6 (2000)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Remarks: sect. Goniostema, rubrostriata group

species :

Euphorbia retusa (L.) Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 93 (1775)

Distribution: Morocco; S-Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (Eastern Desert, Great Southwestern Desert, NE-Egypt, NW-coastal Egypt, SE-Egypt); Mauritania; Iraq (S-Iraq, W-Iraq: Desert); Israel (Rift Valley, Negev Desert); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai, N-Sinai, S-Sinai); Jordania (S-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (C-Saudi Arabia, Dahana, NE-Saudi Arabia, N-Saudi Arabia, Hejaz, Midyan, Rub al Khali, Asir, Nejd Desert); Kuwait; Qatar; United Arab Emirates; Yemen (W-Yemen); Pakistan (Baluchistan)

20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 22 MTN 34 IRQ ISR JOR SIN 35 KUW QAT SAU UAE YEM 40 PAK

Remarks: sect. Chylogala

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula retusa (Forssk.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 149 (1869)

= Euphorbia cornuta Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 17 (1806), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia exigua subsp. retusa (L.) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 618 (1882)

= Euphorbia kahirensis Raeusch.; Nomencl. Bot. [Raeuschel], ed. 3: 140 (1797)

= Euphorbia linearis Schrank; Denkschr. Königl. Akad. Wiss. München 6: 181 (1816-1817 publ. 1820), nom. illeg.

= Keraselma retusa (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Tithymalus cornutus Schweinf. ex Asch.; Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. [Schweinfurth] 263 (1867), nom. superfl.

= Tithymalus cristatus Raf.; Autik. Bot. 92 (1840), nom. superfl.

= Tithymalus retusus (Forssk.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 83 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia reuteriana Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 12: 115 (1853)

Distribution: Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel); Jordania (W-Jordania)

34 ISR JOR LEB SYR

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus reuterianus (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 83 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia revoluta Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 186 (1858)

Name: Threadstem sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas, Utah); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Sonora, Zacatecas)

73 USA 76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce revoluta (Engelm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 711 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia rhabdodes Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 30 (1860)

Distribution: WC-Brazil (Brasilia Distrito Federal); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo); S-Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)

84 BRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia riedeliana Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 30 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia rhabdotosperma Radcl.-Sm.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 34: 129 (1975)

Distribution: Turkmenistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Iran (NE-Iran: Mts.)

32 TKM 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus rhabdotospermus (Radcl.-Sm.) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 12(4): 428 (1977)

species :

Euphorbia rhizophora (P.R.O.Bally) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 415 (2006)

Distribution: Kenya (mountains)

25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium rhizophorum P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 32 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia rhombifolia Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 19 (1860)

Distribution: ?Angola; Namibia; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: sect. Articulofruticosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Arthrothamnus brachiatus Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 251 (1859), et Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 62 (1860)

= Arthrothamnus densiflorus Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 251 (1859), et Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 62 (1860)

= Euphorbia amarifontana N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 275 (1915)

= Euphorbia angrae N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 279 (1915)

= Euphorbia bayeri L.C.Leach; S. African J. Bot. 54(6): 539 (1988)

= Euphorbia brachiata (Klotzsch & Garcke) E.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 74 (1862)

= Euphorbia caterviflora N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 286 (1915)

= Euphorbia chersina N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 274 (1915)

= Euphorbia decussata E.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 74 (1862), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia einensis G.Will.; Haseltonia 10: 57 (2004)

= Euphorbia einensis var. anemoarenicola G.Will.; Haseltonia 10: 62 (2004)

= Euphorbia hastisquama N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 288 (1915)

= Euphorbia indecora N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 274 (1915)

= Euphorbia mundii N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 287 (1915)

= Euphorbia perpera N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 277 (1915)

= Euphorbia rudolfii N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 276 (1915)

= Tirucalia amarifontana (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 87 (1996)

= Tirucalia angrae (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 87 (1996)

= Tirucalia brachiata (Klotzsch ex Garcke) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 88 (1996)

= Tirucalia caterviflora (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 88 (1996)

= Tirucalia chersina (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 89 (1996)

= Tirucalia densiflora (Klotzsch) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 89 (1996)

= Tirucalia indecora (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 90 (1996)

= Tirucalia perpera (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 92 (1996)

= Tirucalia rhombifolia (Boiss.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 92 (1996)

= Tirucalia rudolfii (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 92 (1996)), as ´rudolphii´

species :

Euphorbia rhytidosperma Boiss. & Balansa; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 4: 84 (1859)

Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia)

34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus rhytidospermus (Boiss. & Balansa) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia rhytisperma (Klotzsch & Garcke) Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 43 (1862)

Distribution: Chile

85 CLE

Remarks: status doubtful

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum rhytispermum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 34 (1860)

= Chamaesyce rhytisperma (Engelm.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

= Euphorbia hypericifolia Phil. ex Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 34 (1860)

= Euphorbia proadoa M.H.J.van der Meer; Cact. Phantast. 2019(8)-4: 7 (2019), nom. nov. illeg.

= Euphorbia rhytisperma (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2.1): 43 (1862)

= Euphorbia rhytisperma Engelm. ex Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 34 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia richardsiae L.C.Leach; Kirkia 10(2): 392 (1977)

subspecies :

subsp. richardsiae

Distribution: Malawi

26 MLW

subspecies :

subsp. robusta L.C.Leach; Kirkia 10(2): 394 (1977)

Distribution: Malawi

26 MLW

species :

Euphorbia ridleyi Croizat; Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 9: 147 (1937)

Distribution: peninsular Thailand; peninsular Malaysia (Penang, Selangor)

41 THA 42 MLY

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia synadenium Ridl.; J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 61: 36 (1912), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia riebeckii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 26 (1901)

Distribution: Oman; Yemen (SE-Yemen: coastal Hadhramaut)

35 OMA YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce riebeckii (Pax) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia rigida M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 375 (1808)

Name: Steife Wolfsmilch (DE); Stiff Spurge (EN)

Distribution: Italy; Sicily; Croatia; Albania; European Turkey; Greece (Kefalonia, Attiki, Peloponnisos); Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt; Mauritania; Georgia [Caucasus]; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Psara, Samos, Kalimnos, Kos, Nisyros, Rhodos); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iran (NE-Iran: Mts.); Lebanon (Antilebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains); USA [I] (California [I])

13 ALB CRO GRC ITA SIC TUE 14 KRY UKR 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 22 MTN 33 GEO 34 EAI IRN LEB SYR TUR 76 usa

Remarks: rigida agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia biglandulosa Desf.; Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 12: 114 (1808)

= Euphorbia biglandulosa var. mauretanica Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 20: 37 (1929)

= Euphorbia phlomos Candargy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 44: 156 (1897)

= Euphorbia pungens Banks & Sol.; Nat. Hist. Aleppo, ed. 2 [Russell]: 2: 268 (1794), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia rigida var. mauretanica (Maire) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia suffruticosa Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 26 (1775)

= Galarhoeus rigidus (M.Bieb.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 150 (1812)

= Tithymalus biglandulosus (Desf.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 141 (1812)

= Tithymalus rigidus (M.Bieb.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia rigidispina Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 492(1): 43 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Remarks: sect. Goniostema, rubrostriata group

species :

Euphorbia riinae V.W.Steinm.; Phytotaxa 114(1): 28 (2013)

Distribution: Bolivia (Santa Cruz)

83 BOL

species :

Euphorbia rimarum Coss. & Balansa; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 20: 261 (1873)

Distribution: Morocco

20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus rimarum (Coss. & Balansa) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia ritchiei (P.R.O.Bally) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 415 (2006)

subspecies :

subsp. ritchiei

Distribution: Kenya (mountains)

25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium ritchiei P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 32 (1959)

subspecies :

subsp. marsabitensis (S.Carter) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 415 (2006)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium ritchiei subsp. nyambense S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(4): 915 (1987)

subspecies :

subsp. nyambensis (S.Carter) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 415 (2006)

Distribution: NE-Kenya

25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium ritchiei subsp. marsabitense S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(4): 915 (1987)

species :

Euphorbia rivae Pax; Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 6: 186 (1897)

Distribution: South Sudan; Ethiopia; Somalia; Kenya; ?Tanzania

24 ETH SOM SSU 25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia robecchii Pax; Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 6: 186 (1897)

Distribution: Ethiopia; ?Djibouti; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania

24 ETH SOM 25 KEN TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pimeleodendron Pax; Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 89: Abt. 2, Zool.-Bot. 1 (1911)

= Euphorbia ruspolii Chiov.; Ric. Idrogeol. Bot. Entomol. Somalia Ital. Merid. [Stefanini & Paoli] 1: 1: 159 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia robivelonae Rauh; Succulentes 1994(1): 9 (1994)

Distribution: E-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia rochaensis (Croizat) Alonso Paz & Marchesi; Comun. Bot. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo 5(84): 1 (1988)

Distribution: S-Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); Uruguay (Rocha)

84 BRA 85 URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce koerneriana (Allem & Irgang) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 40: 392 (1978)

= Chamaesyce rochaensis Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 195 (1945)

= Euphorbia koerneriana Allem & Irgang; Fl. Il. Rio Grande do Sul 11: 54 (1975)

= Euphorbia rochaensis (Croizat) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 48 (1989), isonym

species :

Euphorbia rockii C.N.Forbes; Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 4: 214 (1909)

Distribution: Hawaii (Oahu)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Endangered, USA Status: Endangered

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce rockii (C.N.Forbes) Croizat & O.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce rockii var. grandifolia (Hillebr.) Koutnik; Brittonia 37(4): 398 (1985)

= Euphorbia clusiifolia var. grandifolia Hillebr.; Fl. Hawaiian Isl. [Hillebrand] 395 (1888)

= Euphorbia rockii var. grandiflora (Hillebr.) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 48 (1989)

species :

Euphorbia roemeriana Scheele; Linnaea 22: 151 (1849)

Name: Roemer´s spurge

Distribution: USA (Texas)

77 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus roemerianus (Scheele) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 720 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia rohlenae Velen.; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vĕstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk., Tř. Mat.-Přír.) 1911: 3 (1911 publ. 1912)

Distribution: Saudi Arabia

35 SAU

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Euphorbia roschanica (Ikonn.) Czerep.; Sosud. Rast. S.S.S.R. 216 (1981)

Distribution: Tajikistan

32 TZK

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus roschanicus lkonn.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 15: 220 (1979)

= Euphorbia roschanica (lkonn.) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 48 (1989), isonym

species :

Euphorbia rosea Retz.; Observ. Bot. [Retzius] 4: 26 (1786)

Distribution: Iran (SE-Iran); Afghanistan (Baghlan); Pakistan (Chitral); Nepal; India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives]; Maldives; Sri Lanka; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; Vietnam

34 AFG IRN 40 IND LDV MDV NEP PAK SRL 41 CBD LAO VIE

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum roseum (Retz.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 163 (1812)

= Chamaesyce auricularia (Boiss.) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 37(5): 453 (1977)

= Chamaesyce glaucescens (Willd.) V.S.Raju; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28(1): 91 (2004)

= Chamaesyce rosea (Retz.) G.L.Webster; J. Arnold Arbor. 48: 423 (1967)

= Chamaesyce rosea (Retz.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972), isonym

= Euphorbia auricularia Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 17 (1860)

= Euphorbia glaucescens Willd.; Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 4: 183 (1803)

= Euphorbia rosea f. auricularia (Boiss.) Gamble; Fl. Madras 1275 (1925)

= Euphorbia saturejoides Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 424 (1788)

= Tithymalus rosea (Retz.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1838)

species :

Euphorbia roseana (Marn.-Lap. ex Demoly) J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon; Euphorbia World 16(3): 11 (2020)

Distribution: Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

Remarks: milii agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia milii var. roseana Marn.-Lap. ex Demoly; J. Bot. Soc. Bot. France 18-19: 189 (2002)

species :

Euphorbia rosescens E.L.Bridges & Orzell; Lundellia 5: 71 (2002)

Distribution: USA (Florida)

78 USA

species :

Euphorbia rossiana Pax; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 8: 162 (1910)

Distribution: Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia antisyphilitica var. luxurians Miranda; Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. México 14: 31 (1943)

species :

Euphorbia rossii Rauh & Buchloh; Kakteen And. Sukk. 18: 202 (1967)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia rosularis Fed.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 9: 50 (1941)

Distribution: Uzbekistan; Tajikistan

32 TZK UZB

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus rosularis (Fed.) Pazij; Fl. Uzbekist. 4: 97 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia rothiana Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 796 (1826)

Distribution: China (Yunnan, Guizhou); India (Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka; Vietnam; Sulawesi; Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, Timor, etc.)

36 CHI 40 IND SRL 41 VIE 42 JAW LSI SUL

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia divergens Klotzsch; Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar [Klotzsch & Garcke] 114 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia glauca Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: 473 (1832), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia javanica Jungh.; Natuur- Geneesk. Arch. Ned.-Indië 2: 44 (1845)

= Euphorbia laeta B.Heyne ex Roth; Nov. Pl. Sp. 230 (1821), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia lanceolaria Benth.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 7691 (1847), nomen

= Euphorbia oreophila Miq.; Nieuwe Verh. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. Amsterdam, Ser. 3, 5: 17 (1852)

= Euphorbia oreophila var. pubescens Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 156 (1862)

= Euphorbia oreophila var. wightiana (Boiss.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 156 (1862)

= Euphorbia rothiana var. pubescens (Boiss.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia rothiana var. wightiana (Boiss.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia socialis Zoll.; Natuur- Geneesk. Arch. Ned.-Indië 1: 484 (1844), nomen

= Euphorbia wightiana Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 37 (1860)

= Tithymalus divergens Klotzsch; Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar [Klotzsch & Garcke] 114 (1862)

= Tithymalus rothianus (Spreng.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 89 (1860)

= Tithymalus thwaitesii Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 92 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia rothrockii (Millsp.) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 48 (1989)

Distribution: ?USA (?Arizona); N-Mexico

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce rothrockii Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 376 (1913)

species :

Euphorbia rowlandii R.A.Dyer; Bothalia 7: 28 (1958)

Distribution: S-Zimbabwe; South Africa (N-Limpopo)

26 ZIM 27 SAF

species :

Euphorbia royleana Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 83 (1862)

Distribution: China; Taiwan; Pakistan (Pakistani Punjab, Murree); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Myanmar

36 CHI 38 TAI 40 BHU IND NEP PAK 41 MYA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pentagona Royle; Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle], 329 (1836), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia rubella Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 287 (1903)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia rubella Pax ex Engl.; Sitzungsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 730 (1906), nomen

species :

Euphorbia rubricyathophylla Houyelle; Euphorbia World 20(1): 52 (2025)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia rubriflora N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 509 (1911)

Distribution: Zambia; Zimbabwe; Botswana

26 ZAM ZIM 27 BOT

Remarks: sect. Anisophyllum, subsect. Hypericifoliae

species :

Euphorbia rubriseminalis S.Carter; Candollea 43(2): 566 (1988)

Distribution: S-Yemen

35 YEM

species :

Euphorbia rubrispinosa S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3866 (1982)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia rubromarginata L.E.Newton; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 64(4): 167 (1992)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Kenya

24 ETH 25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia rubrostriata Drake; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 44 (1903)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Remarks: sect. Goniostema, rubrostriata group

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia mainiana Poiss.; Rech. Fl. Mérid. Madagascar 37 (1912)

= Euphorbia isaloensis Drake; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 307 (1899)

species :

Euphorbia ruficeps S.Carter; Kew Bull. 35(2): 416 (1980)

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi

25 TAN 26 MLW ZAM

species :

Euphorbia rugosa (S.Carter) Y.F.Deng; Phytotaxa 591(1): 78 (2023)

Distribution: Tanzania; Mozambique

25 TAN 26 MOZ

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia neorugosa Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov. inval.

= Euphorbia neorugosa Bruyns ex Idrees; Phytotaxa 541(1): 86 (2022)

= Monadenium rugosum S.Carter; Kew Bull. 55(2): 437 (2000)

species :

Euphorbia rugosiflora L.C.Leach; Kirkia 13(2): 319 (1990)

Distribution: Zimbabwe

26 ZIM

species :

Euphorbia ruiziana (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 31 (1862)

Distribution: Ecuador; Peru

83 ECU PER

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum ruizianum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 37 (1860)

= Chamaesyce ruiziana (Klotzsch & Garcke) G.L.Webster; Cat. Vasc. Pl. Ecuador (Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75): 954 (1999)

species :

Euphorbia ruizlealii Subils; Kurtziana 8: 75 (1975)

Distribution: Argentina (Catamarca, La Rioja, Mendoza, San Juan)

85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce ruizlealii (Subils) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 12(4): 425 (1977)

species :

Euphorbia rupestris Ledeb.; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 4: 190 (1830)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai)

30 SIB

Remarks: sect. Holophyllum

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia meyeri Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 613 (1841)

= Tithymalus rupestris (Ledeb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 73 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia rutilis (Millsp.) Standl. & Steyerm.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 23: 120 (1944)

Distribution: Mexico (Yucatan); Guatemala

79 MEX 80 GUA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce rutilis Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 385 (1914)

species :

Euphorbia rzedowskii McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 20: 202 (1995)

Distribution: Mexico (Michoacan)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia sabulicola Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 6 (1860)

Distribution: SE-Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia saccharata Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 18 (1860)

Distribution: Mexico (Veracruz, etc.)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia sachetiana (J.Florence) Govaerts; World Checkl. & Bibliogr. Euphorbiaceae 823 (2000)

Distribution: Marquesas Isl. (Eiao, Fatu Hiva, Hiva Oa, Mohotani, Nuku Hiva, Ua Huka, Ua Pou)

61 MRQ

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce sachetiana J.Florence; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 18: 247 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia sahendi Bornm.; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 60: 171 (1910)

Distribution: Iran (Iranian Aserbaijan)

34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus sahendii (Bornm.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia sahyadrica Sardesai & Malpure; Phytotaxa 500(4): 286 (2021)

Distribution: India (Maharashtra)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia salicifolia Host; Syn. Pl. [Host] 267 (1797)

Name: Weidenblättrige Wolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; NC-Greece; European Russia; Ukraine

11 AUT CZE ger HUN SLO 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC KOS MNT NMA ROM SRB 14 RUS UKR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, esula agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia incana Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 3: 127 (1852)

= Euphorbia pallida Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2: 923 (1799)

= Euphorbia salicifolia f. incana (Schur) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11: 245 (1965)

= Euphorbia salicifolia f. obtusifolia Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11: 245 (1965)

= Euphorbia salicifolia f. pseudosalicifolia (Schur) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992)

= Euphorbia salicifolia var. esuliformis Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 3(8): 123 (1852)

= Euphorbia salicifolia var. hirsuta Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 3(8): 123 (1852), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia salicifolia var. incana (Schur) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 652 (1881)

= Euphorbia salicifolia var. legitima Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 597 (1866)

= Euphorbia salicifolia var. pseudosalicifolia Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 597 (1866)

= Euphorbia undulata Schweigg.; Enum. Pl. Hort. Regiom. 34 (1812), nom. illeg.

= Galarhoeus salicifolius (Host) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 148 (1812)

= Keraselma pallidum (Willd.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Tithymalus salicifolius (Host) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 89 (1860)

= Tithymalus salicifolius var. angustifolius Asch.; Fl. Brandenburg 1(2): 604 (1864)

= Tithymalus salicifolius var. pubescens Jess.; Deut. Excurs.-Fl. 216 (1879)

species :

Euphorbia salota Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 13: 60 (1947)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia salsicola S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(6): 681 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia salsuginosa (McVaugh) Radcl.-Sm. & Govaerts; Kew Bull. 51(3): 542 (1996)

Distribution: Mexico (Jalisco, Michoacan, Guanajuato)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce salsuginosa McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 20: 196 (1995)

species :

Euphorbia samburuensis P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3860 (1982)

Distribution: N-Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia sanctae-catharinae Fayed; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 18: 321, f. l(1983)

Distribution: Sinai peninsula (S-Sinai)

34 SIN

species :

Euphorbia sangeetae R.Kr.Singh; J. Biodivers. Conservation 9(2): 46 (2025), nom. nov.

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia neospinescens Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. inval.

= Monadenium spinescens (Pax) P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 34 (1959)

= Stenadenium spinescens Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30: 343 (1901)

species :

Euphorbia sanmartensis Rusby; Descr. S. Amer. Pl. 50 (1920)

Distribution: Colombia (Magdalena)

82 CLM

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce sanmartensis (Rusby) Dugand; Caldasia 10: 193 (1968)

species :

Euphorbia santamariae (H.Schaef.) H.Schaef.; Fl. Azores 56 (2021)

Distribution: Azores (Santa Maria)

21 AZO

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia stygiana subsp. santamariae H.Schaef.; Diss. Bot. 374: 89 (2003)

species :

Euphorbia santapaui A.N.Henry; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 329 (1965)

Distribution: S-India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia sapinii De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 2: 290 (1908)

Distribution: Cameroon; Central African Republic; C-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Chad

23 CAF CMN ZAI 24 CHA

species :

Euphorbia saratoi Ardoino; Fl. Alpes Marit. 335 (1867)

Name: Sarato-Wolfsmilch, Streifenblättrige Wolfsmilch, Buschige Wolfsmilch (DE), Twiggy Spurge (EN)

Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Scotland [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I]); Germany [I]; Poland; Slovakia; Hungary; France [I]; Channel Isl. [I]; Serbia; Kosovo; Romania; Bulgaria; Greece; Ukraine; Siberia (Altai, Chita, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia); Russian Far East [I] (Primorye [I]); Turkmenistan; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; ?Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Badakshan, Bamyan, Ghazni, Kabul, Kunar / Nuristan, Wardak, Parwan); Pakistan (Waziristan, Kurram, Chitral, Gilgit); NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir)

10 grb ire 11 ger HUN POL SLO 12 cis fra 13 BUL GRC KOS ROM SRB 14 UKR 30 SIB 31 rfe 32 TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM GEO 34 AFG IRN IRQ TUR 40 IND PAK

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, esula agg. Occurs in Europe as neophyte, origin unknown. Species delimitation and correct name is highly disputed.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia boissieriana (Woronow) Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 445 (1949)

= Euphorbia cyparissias var. platyphylla Dierb.; Mag. Pharm. 10: 16 (1827)

= Euphorbia esula nothosubsp. pseudovirgata (Schur) Govaerts; World Checkl. & Bibliogr. Euphorbiaceae 723 (2000)

= Euphorbia esula f. linariifolia G.Froel.; Schriften Königl. Phys.-Ökon. Ges. Königsberg 28: 48 (1888)

= Euphorbia esula subsp. orientalis (Boiss.) Molero & Rovira; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 163 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia esula subsp. pseudovirgata (Schur) Govaerts; World Checkl. & Bibliogr. Euphorbiaceae 723 (2000)

= Euphorbia esula subsp. saratoi (Ardoino) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 274 (1936)

= Euphorbia esula var. orientalis (Boiss.) Kuzmanov; Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 7: 162 (1979)

= Euphorbia esula var. pseudotenuifolia Sennen; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 21: 127 (1911)

= Euphorbia esula var. saratoi (Ardoino) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 288 (1901)

= Euphorbia hypoleuca (Prokh.) Rech.f.; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 56: 212 (1948)

= Euphorbia linariifolia (G.Froel.) G.Froel.; Schriften Königl. Phys.-Ökon. Ges. Königsberg 40: 73 (1899), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia orientalis (Boiss.) Velen.; Izv. Bot. Inst. (Sofia) 12: 159 (1963), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia podperae Croizat; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 37: 801 (1947)

= Euphorbia pseudovirgata (Schur) Soó; Veröff. Geobot. Inst. Rübel Zürich 6: 252 (1930)

= Euphorbia virgata nothovar. pseudovirgata Schur; (1866)

= Euphorbia virgata subsp. boissieriana (Woronow) Prokh.

= Euphorbia virgata subsp. orientalis (Boiss.) Velen.; Fl. Bulg. [Velenovský] 507 (1891)

= Euphorbia virgata var. latifolia Schur ex Podp.; Spisy Přír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 12: 29 (1922), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia virgata var. lutescens Rehmann & Woł.; Exsicc. (Fl. Polon.) 1894: no. 255 (1894)

= Euphorbia virgata var. orientalis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 160 (1862)

= Euphorbia virgata var. pseudovirgata Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 598 (1866)

= Euphorbia virgultosa Klokov; Fl. URSR 7: 631 (1955)

= Euphorbia virgultosa var. pseudouralensis Klokov; Fl. URSR 7: 164 (1955), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia waldsteinii subsp. orientalis (Boiss.) Oudejans; World Cat. Species Names Published Tribe Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae) with their Geogr. Distrib. 5 (1990)

= Euphorbia waldsteinii subsp. saratoi (Ardoino) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 189 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia ×intercedens Podp.; Spisy Přír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 12: 29 (1922), et ex Domin & Podpera, Klic K Uplne Kvetene Rep. Českoslov. 778 (1928), nom. inval.

= Tithymalus boissierianus Woron.; Sched. Herb. Fl. Cauc. no. 479 (1931)

= Tithymalus graminifolius subsp. orientalis (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 200 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Tithymalus hypoleucus Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 199 (1933)

= Tithymalus tommasinianus subsp. virgultosus (Klokov) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 148: 79 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Tithymalus tommiminianus subsp. virgultosus (Klokov) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(2): 79 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Tithymalus virgultosus (Klokov) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8(2): 175 (1973)

= Tithymalus ×intercedens Chrtek & Krísa; Fl. Slovenska 3: 460 (1982)

= Tithymalus ×pseudovirgatus (Schur) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia sarawschanica Regel; Izv. Imp. Obshch. Lyubit. Estestv. Moskovsk. Univ. 34(2): 78 (1882)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan

32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB

Remarks: sect. Holophyllum

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus zeravschanicus (Regel) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 68 (1933), sphalm.

= Euphorbia sarawschanica var. hirta Korovin; Byull. Sredne-Aziatsk. Gosud. Univ. 15: 42 (1927)

species :

Euphorbia sarcoceras O.L.M.Silva & Cordeiro; Syst. Bot. 40(4): 962 (2015)

Distribution: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia sarcodes Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 29 (1860)

Distribution: NE-Brazil (Pernambuco, Bahia); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia sarcostemmoides J.H.Willis; Muelleria 3(2): 93 (1975)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia sareciana M.G.Gilbert; Kew Bull. 45(2): 268 (1990)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia sareptana A.K.Becker; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31(1): 13 (1858)

Distribution: SW-European Russia; Crimea; Northern Caucasus

14 KRY RUS 33 NCS

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia chimaera Lipsky; Trudy Tiflissk. Bot. Sada 4: 444 (1899)

= Euphorbia chimaera var. kimmerica Lipsky; Trudy Tiflissk. Bot. Sada 4: 444 (1899)

= Euphorbia kimmerica (Lipsky) Grossh.; Fl. Kavkaza [Grossheim] 3: 39 (1932)

= Euphorbia tanaitica Pacz.; Mat. Fl. Stepp. Don 78 (1891)

= Galarhoeus sareptanus (Becker) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 46 (1941)

= Tithymalus chimaerus (Lipsky) Galushko; Fl. Severn. Kavkaza Vopr. Ist. 3: 56 (1979)

= Tithymalus tanaiticus (Pacz.) Galushko; Fl. Severn. Kavkaza Vopr. Ist. 3: 56 (1979)

species :

Euphorbia sarmentosa Welw. ex Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 121 (1894)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia saudiarabica Fayed & Al-Zahrani; Edinburgh J. Bot. 64(2): 121 (2007)

Distribution: Saudi Arabia

35 SAU

species :

Euphorbia saurica Baikov; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 84(3): 108 (1999)

Distribution: Kazakhstan

32 KAZ

species :

Euphorbia saxatilis Jacq.; Fl. Austriac. [Jacquin] 4: 23 (1776)

Name: Fels-Wolfsmilch

Distribution: E-Austria; Slovenia; ?Croatia

11 AUT 13 SLV

Remarks: saxatilis agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus saxatilis (Jacq.) Raf.; Autik. Bot. 92 (1840)

species :

Euphorbia saxicola Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 25(3): 552 (1971). 25(3): 552 (1971)

Distribution: N-Thailand

41 THA

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus saxicola (Radcl.-Sm.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 148: 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

species :

Euphorbia saxorum P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Kew Bull. 29(3): 510 (1974)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia scabrifolia Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42(2): 247 (1873)

Distribution: Myanmar

41 MYA

species :

Euphorbia scandens Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 58 (1817)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Veracruz)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Alectoroctonum scandens (Kunth) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 248 (1859)

species :

Euphorbia scarlatina S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(2): 392 (1987)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia scatorhiza S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(6): 684 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia schaijesii (Malaisse) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 415 (2006)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]

23 ZAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium schaijesii Malaisse; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 56(3-4): 487 (1986)

species :

Euphorbia scheffleri Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 88 (1909)

Distribution: S-Ethiopia; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania

24 ETH SOM 25 KEN TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia monocephala Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 223 (1909)

species :

Euphorbia schickendantzii Hieron.; Bol. Acad. Ci. (Córdoba) 4: 17 (1881)

Distribution: Argentina (Catamarca, Chubut, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Santa Cruz, San Juan)

85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia evonymicarpa Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 2: 532 (1902)

= Tithymalus schickendantzii (Hieron.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

species :

Euphorbia schiedeana (Klotzsch & Garcke) Mayfield ex C.Nelson; Cat. Pl. Vasc. Honduras 382 (2008)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Coahuila, Colima, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Veracruz); Honduras

79 MEX 80 HON

Synonyms: hidden

= Poinsettia schiedeana Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 253 (1859)

= Euphorbia schiedeana (Klotzsch & Garcke) Mayfield; Syst. Treatment Euphorbia subgen. Poinsettia (Euphorbiac.), Ph. Diss. Univ. Texas Austin 63 (1997), not validly published

species :

Euphorbia schimperi C.Presl; Bot. Bemerk. [C.Presl] 109 (1844)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Eritrea; Abd-al-Kuri Isl.; Samha Isl.; Soqotra; Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, Asir); Oman (Dhofar); Yemen (Aden Desert, coastal Hadhramaut, N-Inner Yemen, SW-Yemen, W-Yemen)

24 ERI ETH SOC 35 OMA SAU YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia oblanceolata Balf.f.; Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 12: 93 (1883)

= Euphorbia officinarum Hochst. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 96 (1862), pro syn.

= Tirucalia schimperi (C.Presl) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 92 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia schimperiana Hochst. ex Scheele; Linnaea 17: 344 (1843)

Distribution: Ghana; ?Togo; ?Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Djibouti; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Rodrigues [I]; Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, Asir); Oman (Mascat & Oman); Yemen (Aden Desert, N-Inner Yemen, Tihama, W-Yemen)

22 GHA NGA 23 BIO BUR CMN RWA ZAI 24 DJI ETH SOM SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 29 rod 35 OMA SAU YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Alectoroctonum dilatatum Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 248 (1859)

= Euphorbia ampla Hook.f.; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 6: 20 (1861)

= Euphorbia ampla var. tenuior Hook.f.; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 215 (1864)

= Euphorbia dilatata Hochst. ex A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 240 (1850)

= Euphorbia hochstetteriana Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 123 (1894) in obs., nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia kilimandscharica Pax ex Engl.; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1891(2): 2: 287 (1892)

= Euphorbia lehmbachii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 27 (1899)

= Euphorbia longicornuta Pax ex Engl.; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1891(2): 286 (1892), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia monticola Hochst. ex A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 242 (1850), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia preussii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 123 (1894)

= Euphorbia schimperiana Hochst. ex A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 242 (1850), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia schimperiana var. trilobata Chiov.; Atti Reale Accad. Italia, Mem. Cl. Sci. Fis. 11 [Pl. Nov. Aethiop.]: 56 (1940)

= Euphorbia stuhlmannii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 535 (1897)

= Euphorbia tirucalli Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. cxii non L.

= Euphorbia variegata Deflers; Voyage Yemen 198 (1889), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus dilatatus (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 89 (1860)

= Tithymalus hochstetterianus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 97 (1860)

= Tithymalus schimperianus (Scheele) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 96 (1860)

variant :

var. pubescens (N.E.Br.) S.Carter; Kew Bull. 40(4): 813 (1985)

Distribution: Nigeria; Cameroon; Sudan; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Mozambique

22 NGA 23 CMN 24 SUD 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW MOZ ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia longicornuta var. pubescens N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 535 (1911)

= Euphorbia longipetiolata Pax & K.Hoffm.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 241 (1910)

= Euphorbia schimperiana var. longipetiolata (Pax & K.Hoffm.) S.Carter

variant :

var. velutina N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 534 (1911)

Distribution: Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Malawi; Zimbabwe

25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MLW ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia buchananii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 27 (1899)

= Euphorbia schimperiana var. buchananii (Pax) N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 534 (1911)

= Euphorbia velutina Pax; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 242 (1895), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia schinzii Pax; Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 739 (1898)

subspecies :

subsp. schinzii

Distribution: South Africa (Mpulamanga); Eswatini [Swaziland]

27 SAF SWZ

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia complexa R.A.Dyer; Fl. Pl. South Africa 17: t. 643 (1937)

subspecies :

subsp. bechuanica (L.C.Leach) Bruyns; Phytotaxa 436(3): 214 (2020)

Distribution: Zimbabwe; W-Mozambique; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo)

26 MOZ ZIM 27 BOT SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia malevola subsp. bechuanica L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 30: 6 (1964)

= Euphorbia limpopoana L.C.Leach ex S.Carter; Kew Bull. 54(4): 960 (1999 publ. 2000)

subspecies :

subsp. schinzioides Bruyns; Phytotaxa 436(3): 215 (2020)

Distribution: SE-Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng)

27 BOT SAF

species :

Euphorbia schizacantha Pax; Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 6: 187 (1897)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Somalia; N-Kenya

24 ETH SOM 25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia chamaecormos Chiov.; Fl. Somala 303 (1929)

species :

Euphorbia schizolepis F.Muell. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 20 (1862)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia schizoloba Engelm.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 5: 173 (1862)

Name: Mojave spurge

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada)

73 USA 76 USA 77 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia incisa Engelm.; Rep. Colorado R. [Ives], 4(Bot.): 27 (1861)

= Tithymalus incisus (Engelm.) W.A.Weber; Phytologia 67(6): 428 (1989)

= Tithymalus schizolobus Norton; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 25: 343 (1925)

species :

Euphorbia schlechtendalii Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 18 (1860)

Distribution: Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Durango, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica

79 MEX 80 BLZ COS ELS GUA HON NIC

Synonyms: hidden

= Aklema adinophylla (Donn.Sm.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 416 (1916)

= Aklema friderichsthalii (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 416 (1916)

= Aklema mayana (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 416 (1916)

= Aklema nelsonii (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 416 (1916)

= Aklema ovata (Schltdl.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 416 (1916)

= Alectoroctonum ovatum Schltdl.; Linnaea 19: 252 (1847)

= Euphorbia adinophylla Donn.Sm.; Bot. Gaz. 47: 261 (1909)

= Euphorbia friderichsthalii Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 61 (1862)

= Euphorbia mayana Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 1: 304 (1896)

= Euphorbia nelsonii Millsp.; Bot. Gaz. 26: 268 (1898)

variant :

var. pacifica McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 233 (1993)

Distribution: SW-Mexico (Jalisco, Michoacan)

79 MEX

variant :

var. websteri McVaugh; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 236 (1993)

Distribution: Mexico (Jalisco, Colima, Sinaloa)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia schlechteri Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 26 (1899)

Distribution: Mozambique

26 MOZ

Remarks: sect. Anisophyllum, subsect. Hypericifoliae

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce schlechteri (Pax) Koutnik; S. African J. Bot. 3(4): 263 (1984)

species :

Euphorbia schmitzii L.C.Leach; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 46 (1-2): 248 (1976)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]

23 ZAI

species :

Euphorbia schoenlandii Pax; Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 82: Abt. 2, 24 (1904 publ. 1905)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

species :

Euphorbia schottiana Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient., Sér. 2, 4: 85 30 (1859)

Distribution: Turkey (Inner Anatolia); Iran (W-Iran)

34 IRN TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia densa Schott & Kotschy ex Tchich.; Asie Min., Bot. [P.A.Tchichatscheff] 1: 167 (1860), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus schottii (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 70 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia schubei Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 373 (1904)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium schubei (Pax) N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 453 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia schugnanica B.Fedtsch.; Consp. Fl. Turkestanicae [O.A.Fedchenko & B.A.Fedchenko] 6: 307 (1916)

Distribution: Tajikistan; Afghanistan (Wakhan, Parwan, Takhar); China (Xinjiang)

32 TZK 34 AFG 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus schugnanicus (B.Fedtsch.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 35, 64 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia schultzii Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 6: 47 (1873)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce schultzii (Benth.) D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 24(5): 640 (1976)

= Euphorbia australis var. glaucescens Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 36 (1862)

variant :

var. comans (W.Fitzg.) Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 558 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia comans W.Fitzg.; J. Roy. Soc. Western Australia 3: 161 (1918)

species :

Euphorbia schumannii Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8: 87 (1980), nom. nov.

Distribution: Sulawesi; Lesser Sunda Isl.; East Timor; New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)

42 LSI NWG SUL

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia velutina K.Schum.; Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land [Schumann & Hollrung] 74 (1889), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia schweinfurthii Balf.f.; Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 12: 410 (1884)

Distribution: Abd-al-Kuri Isl.; Samha Isl.; Soqotra

24 SOC

species :

Euphorbia sciadophila Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 57 (1862)

Distribution: Bolivia (Chuquisaca, La Paz, Santa Cruz, Tarija); N-Brazil (Pará); NE-Brazil (Maranhão, Ceara, Bahia); WC-Brazil (Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Paraguari); Uruguay (Artigas); Argentina (Catamarca, Cordoba, Corrientes, Jujuy, La Rioja, Misiones, Salta, Santiago del Estero, San Luis, Tucuman)

83 BOL 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia sciadophila f. orbicularis Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 680 (1905)

= Leptopus brasiliensis Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 249 (1859), nomen

species :

Euphorbia scitula L.C.Leach; Dinteria 12: 17 (1976)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia sclerocyathium Korovin & Popov; Byull. Sredne-Aziatsk. Gosud. Univ. 15: Suppl. 41 (1927)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan

32 KAZ TKM

Synonyms: hidden

= Sclerocyathium popovii Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 14, in clavi, et 30 (1933)

= Tithymalus sclerocyathium (Korovin & Popov) Prokh.

species :

Euphorbia sclerophylla Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 37 (1860)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Esula, sect. Esula

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia aculeata E.Mey.; Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Docum. [Drège] 184 (1843), nomen

= Euphorbia albanica N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 258 (1915)

= Euphorbia muraltioides N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 264 (1915)

= Euphorbia myrtifolia E.Mey.; Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Docum. [Drège] 184 (1843)

= Euphorbia ovata (Klotzsch & Garcke) E.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 167 (1862)

= Euphorbia ruscifolia (Boiss.) N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 259 (1915)

= Euphorbia sclerophylla var. myrtifolia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 169 (1862)

= Euphorbia sclerophylla var. puberula N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 260 (1915)

= Euphorbia sclerophylla var. ruscifolia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 169 (1862)

= Euphorbia striata var. brachyphylla Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 170 (1862)

= Tithymalus multicaulis Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 98 (1860)

= Tithymalus ovatus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 97 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia scopulorum Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4: 184 (1911)

Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, Zacatecas)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce scopulorum (Brandegee) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

= Chamaesyce scopulorum var. inornata (M.C.Johnst.) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 40: 392 (1978)

= Chamaesyce scopulorum var. nuda (M.C.Johnst.) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 40: 392 (1978)

= Euphorbia scopulorum var. inornata M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 5: 142 (1975)

= Euphorbia scopulorum var. nuda M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 5(5): 142 (1975)

species :

Euphorbia scordiifolia Jacq.; Icon. Pl. Rar. [Jacquin] 3: 5 (1793)

Distribution: Algeria; Egypt (Great Southwestern Desert, SE-Egypt); Cape Verde Isl. (Ilha da Boa Vista, Ilha de Maio, Fogo Isl.); Mauritania; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Togo; Benin; Niger; Nigeria; Gabon; Central African Republic; Chad (incl. Ennedi); Sudan; Ethiopia; Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, Midyan, Asir); Yemen (SE-Yemen: coastal Hadhramaut, SW-Yemen, Tihama, W-Yemen)

20 ALG EGY 21 CVI 22 BEN BKN IVO MLI MTN NGA NGR SEN SIE TOG 23 CAF GAB 24 CHA ETH SUD 35 SAU YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum scordiifolium (Jacq.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 35 (1860)

= Chamaesyce scordiifolia (Jacq.) Croizat; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 3 (1937), in obs. et in adnot.

= Chamaesyce scordiifolia (Jacq.) Fennane; Bocconea 8: 95 (1998), isonym

= Euphorbia thymifolia Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 94 (1775) (nom. illeg.) non L.

= Euphorbia tomentosa Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 13 (1806)

= Xamesike scordiifolia (Jacq.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1838)

species :

Euphorbia scripta Sommier & Levier; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 12: 159 (1892)

Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]

33 GEO NCS

species :

Euphorbia scutiformis V.W.Steinm. & P.E.Berry; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 64(2): 132 (2007), nom. nov.

Distribution: Cuba

81 CUB

Synonyms: hidden

= Cubanthus linearifolius (Griseb.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 372 (1913)

= Pedilanthus linearifolius Griseb.; Pl. Wright. [Grisebach] 1: 161 (1860)

= Tithymaloides linearifolia (Griseb.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 620 (1891)

species :

Euphorbia scyphadena S.Carter; Kew Bull. 45(4): 657 (1990)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia sebastinei Binojk. & N.P.Balakr.; Rheedea 3(1): 26 (1993)

Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce sebastinei (Binojk. & N.P.Balakr.) V.S.Raju; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28(1): 92 (2004)

species :

Euphorbia sebsebei M.G.Gilbert; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 74 (1992 publ. 1993)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia segetalis L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 458 (1753)

Name: Saat-Wolfsmilch (DE); Grainfield spurge (EN); Tabaibilla (ES)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Switzerland [I]; Hungary [I]; Portugal; Spain; Baleares; France; Corsica; Italy; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Slovenia; Croatia; Romania [I]; Greece (rare N- & NE-Greece); Morocco; Madeira (Madeira Isl.); Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Tenerife, La Palma); Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], South Australia [I], Queensland [I]); New Zealand [I]; USA [I] (New Jersey [I], Pennsylvania [I])

11 ger hun swi 12 BAL COR FRA POR SPA 13 CRO GRC ITA PEL rom SLV 20 MOR 21 CNY MDR 50 aus 51 nzl 75 usa

Remarks: segetalis agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula segetalis (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 156 (1812)

= Euphorbia esula var. taurica Besser; Cat. Jard. Bot. Krzemieniec 56 (1811)

= Euphorbia longibracteata DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 6: 359 (1815)

= Euphorbia pinea var. segetalis (L.) Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] 800 (1890)

= Euphorbia portlandica subsp. tetraceras (Lange) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 654 (1881)

= Euphorbia segetalis f. robusta Sennen; Exsicc. (Pl. Esp.): no. 3570, nom. nud.

= Euphorbia segetalis var. longibracteata (DC.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 615 (1841)

= Euphorbia segetalis var. montserratensis Marcet; Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 45: 237 (1947)

= Euphorbia segetalis var. taurica (Besser) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 615 (1841)

= Euphorbia segetalis var. tetraceras (Lange) Merino; Fl. Galicia [Merino] 3: 535 (1909)

= Euphorbia segetalis var. truncata Willk.; Linnaea 40: 109 (1876)

= Euphorbia simplex K.Koch; Linnaea 21: 730 (1848)

= Euphorbia taurica (Besser) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 328 (1821)

= Euphorbia tetraceras Lange; Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn, Ser. 2, 6: 127 (1865)

= Keraselma segetale (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Tithymalus cinerascens Moench; Methodus [Moench] 668 (1794), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus leptophyllus Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 95 (1897)

= Tithymalus segetalis (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/3 (1768)

species :

Euphorbia segoviensis (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 58 (1862)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla); Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica

79 MEX 80 COS GUA HON NIC

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus chiapensis (Brandegee) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

= Eumecanthus segoviensis (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 415 (1916)

= Euphorbia chiapensis Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 54 (1914)

= Euphorbia sloanei L.C.Wheeler; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 11: 44 (1939)

= Leptopus segoviensis Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 250 (1859)

species :

Euphorbia seguierana Neck.; Hist. & Commentat. Acad. Elect. Sci. Theod.-Palat. 2: 493 (1770)

subspecies :

subsp. seguierana

Name: Steppen-Wolfsmilch

Distribution: Netherlands; Belgium; Germany (Brandenburg [I], Berlin [I], Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, +Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein [I], +Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; NE-Spain; France; Corsica; Italy; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Siberia (Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, WN-Anatolia); Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, W-Iran); China (Xinjiang); Colombia [c]

11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN NET SLO SWI 12 COR FRA SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SRB TUE 14 KRY RUS UKR 30 SIB 32 KAZ TKM UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR 36 CHI 82 clm

Remarks: some records in Balkans and W-Asia might refer to subsp. niciciana

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula gerardiana (Jacq.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Euphorbia cajogala Ehrh.; Hannover. Mag. 14tes Stück 215, Beitr. 2: 102 (1783)

= Euphorbia campestris S.Geuns; Pl. Belg. Spic. 31 (1788)

= Euphorbia firma Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 563 (1850)

= Euphorbia gerardi C.C.Gmel.; Fl. Bad. [C.C.Gmelin] 2: 337 (1806), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia gerardiana proles loiseleuri Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 12: 156 (1910)

= Euphorbia gerardiana Jacq.; Fl. Austriac. [Jacquin] 5: 17, t. 436 (1778)

= Euphorbia gerardiana subsp. saxicola (Velen.) Velen.; Fl. Bulg. [Velenovský] 505 (1891)

= Euphorbia gerardiana var. arenivaga Martrin-Donos; Fl. Tarn 624 (1864)

= Euphorbia gerardiana var. dentata Chabert; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 18: 199 (1871)

= Euphorbia gerardiana var. dolomitica Liou; Études Géogr. Bot. Causses 205 (1929)

= Euphorbia gerardiana var. firma (Ledeb.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 167 (1862)

= Euphorbia gerardiana var. homophylla (Lange ex Schrank) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 653 (1881)

= Euphorbia gerardiana var. intermedia Savul.; Bull. Sect. Sci. Acad. Roumaine 8: 115 (1923)

= Euphorbia gerardiana var. lanceolata Cariot; Étude Fl. [A.Cariot], éd. 5, 2: 539 (1872)

= Euphorbia gerardiana var. latifolia J.J.Schmitz & Regel; Fl. Bonn. 161 (1841)

= Euphorbia gerardiana var. loiseleurii (Rouy) Douin; Fl. Ill. France 10: 10 (1929)

= Euphorbia gerardiana var. minor Duby; Bot. Gall. 1: 415 (1828)

= Euphorbia gerardiana var. multicaulis (Thuill.) Chabert; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 18: 200 (1871)

= Euphorbia gerardiana var. saxicola Velen.; Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Ser. 7, 1(8): 40 (1886)

= Euphorbia gerardiana var. serotina Dierb.; Mag. Pharm. 10: 16 (1827)

= Euphorbia gerardiana var. sturii Holuby; Verh. Vereins Natur- Heilk. Presburg 1: 18 (1856)

= Euphorbia gerardiana var. tenuifolia Gren. & Godr.; Fl. France [Grenier] 3: 84 (1855)

= Euphorbia homophylla Láng; Syll. Pl. Nov. 1: 185 (1824)

= Euphorbia homophylla Láng ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 167 (1862)

= Euphorbia homophylla Láng ex Schrank; Syll. Pl. Nov. 1: 185 (1824)

= Euphorbia linariifolia Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 437 (1788), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia loiseleurii (Rouy) Prain; Index Kew., Suppl. 4: 88 (1913)

= Euphorbia seguierana subsp. loiseleurii (Rouy) Greuter & Burdet; Willdenowia 11(2): 279 (1981)

= Euphorbia seguierana var. arenivaga (Martrin-Donos) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992)

= Euphorbia seguierana var. dentata (Chabert) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992)

= Euphorbia seguierana var. firma (Ledeb.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992)

= Euphorbia seguierana var. intermedia (Savul.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992)

= Euphorbia seguierana var. lanceolata (Cariot) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992)

= Euphorbia seguierana var. latifolia (J.J.Schmitz & Regel) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992)

= Euphorbia seguierana var. sturii (Holuby) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992)

= Euphorbia seguieri (Scop.) All.; Fl. Pedem. 1: 288 (1785)

= Euphorbia seguieriana f. major (Neilr.) Vollm.; Fl. Bayern [Vollmann] 506 (1914)

= Euphorbia seguieriana subsp. gerardiana (Jacq.) Rivas Goday & Borja; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 19: 342 (1961)

= Euphorbia seguieriana subsp. loiseleurii (Rouy) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 267 (1936)

= Euphorbia seguieriana subsp. major (Neilr.) Domin; Acta Bot. Bohem. 9: 231 (1930)

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. arenivaga (Martrin-Donos) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. dentata (Chabert) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. dolomitica (Liou) Jauzein; Biocosme Mésogéen 27: 118 (2010)

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. dubyana Domin; Acta Bot. Bohem. 9: 231 (1930), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. firma (Ledeb.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. gerardiana (Jacq.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 286 (1901)

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. intermedia (Savul.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. lanceolata (Cariot) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. latifolia (J.J.Schmitz & Regel) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. minor (Duby) Jauzein; Biocosme Mésogéen 27(4): 118 (2010), isonym

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. minor (Duby) Wilczek; Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat. 51: ? (1917)

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. petrogena Tamamsch.; Dokl. Akad. Nauk Armyanskoi S.S.R. 1: 46 (1944)

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. sturii (Holuby) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. virgata Fiori; Nuov. Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 183 (1926)

= Euphorbia sturii Holuby ex Velen.; Fl. Bulg. [Velenovský] 505 (1891)

= Euphorbia syrmiensis Kit.; Linnaea 32: 563 (1864)

= Euphorbia ventosica Chaix ex Timb.-Lagr.; Mém. Acad. Sci. Toulouse, Sér. 4, 6: 150 (1856)

= Euphrobia seguierana var. minor (Duby) Wilcz.; (1917)

= Galarhoeus seguierianus (Neck.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 41 (1941)

= Keraselma seguieri (Scop.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Tithymalus caiogalus (Ehrh.) Moench; Methodus [Moench] 667 (1794)

= Tithymalus campestris (S.Geuns) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 86 (1860)

= Tithymalus firmus (Ledeb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 73 (1860)

= Tithymalus gerardianus (Jacq.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 689 (1841)

= Tithymalus gerardianus var. major Jess.; Deut. Excurs.-Fl. 215 (1879)

= Tithymalus gerardianus var. minor Jess.; Deut. Excurs.-Fl. 215 (1879)

= Tithymalus gerardii Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1838)

= Tithymalus rupestris Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 97 (1779)

= Tithymalus seguieri Scop.; Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 335 (1771)

= Tithymalus seguierianus (Neck.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 50, in clavi, et 163 (1933)

= Tithymalus seguierianus subsp. loiseleuri (Rouy) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 152(1): 23 (1983)

= Tithymalus seguierianus subsp. minor (Duby) Chrtek & Krísa; Biologia (Bratislava) 26: 767 (1971)

= Tithymalus seguierianus subsp. saxicola (Velen.) Chrtek & Krísa; Biologia (Bratislava) 26: 769 (1971)

subspecies :

subsp. armeniaca Frajman; Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 134: 249 (2018)

Distribution: Armenia

33 ARM

subspecies :

subsp. hohenackeri (Boiss.) Rech.f.; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 56: 212 (1948)

Distribution: Transcaucasus; E-Turkey; Iran

34 IRN TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia gerardiana var. hohenackeri Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 167 (1862)

= Euphorbia hohenackeri Hochst. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 167 (1862) (pro syn.)

subspecies :

subsp. niciciana (Borbás ex Novák) Rech.f.; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 56: 212 (1948)

Distribution: Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (widespread N-Greece, mountains of C-Greece, Mt. Parnonas, Samothraki, Limnos); Turkey; Iran; Afghanistan (Ghorat); Pakistan (Waziristan, Kurram)

13 ALB BUL GRC KOS NMA SRB TUE 34 AFG IRN TUR 40 PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia esuloides Velen. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 276 (1886), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia niciciana Borbás ex Novák; Természetrajzi Füz. 14: 53 (1893)

= Euphorbia reflexa Formánek; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 33: 22 (1894 publ. 1895), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia rumelica Formánek; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 38: 186 (1900)

= Euphorbia seguieriana var. niciciana (Borbás ex Novák) Geltman; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 37: 138 (2005)

= Tithymalus nicicianus (Borbás ex Novák) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 176 (1972)

= Tithymalus seguierianus subsp. nicicianus (Borbás ex Novák) Chrtek & Krísa; Biologia (Bratislava) 26: 769 (1971)

species :

Euphorbia seibanica Lavranos & Gifri; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 71: 136 (1999)

Distribution: S-Yemen

35 YEM

species :

Euphorbia sekukuniensis R.A.Dyer; Fl. Pl. South Africa 20: t. 775 (1940)

Name: Sekukuni Euphorbia

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia seleri Donn.Sm.; Bot. Gaz. 27: 441 (1899)

Distribution: Mexico (Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla); Guatemala

79 MEX 80 GUA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce seleri (Donn.Sm.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia selloi (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 50 (1862)

Distribution: Bolivia (Santa Cruz); S-Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); Paraguay (Guaira); Uruguay (Artigas, Cerro Largo, Paysandu, Rivera, Rio Negro, Salto, Soriano); Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Misiones, Santa Fe)

83 BOL 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum selloi Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 32 (1860)

= Chamaesyce hassleriana (Chodat) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 198 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Chamaesyce selloi (Klotzsch & Garcke) Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 184 (1943)

= Chamaesyce selloi var. brevisemina Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 184 (1943)

= Euphorbia hassleriana Chodat; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 1: 399 (1901)

= Euphorbia hebegyne Pax & K.Hoffm. ex Emrich; Revista Sudamer. Bot. 4: 83 (1937)

species :

Euphorbia selousiana S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(2): 369 (1987)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia semivillosa (Prokh.) Krylov; Fl. Zapadnoi Sibiri 8: 1868 (1935 publ. 1934)

Distribution: C-European Russia; E-European Russia; Ukraine; Siberia (W-Siberia); Kazakhstan

14 RUS UKR 30 SIB 32 KAZ

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, esula agg.; species delimitation and validity problematic. Closely related to E. illirica

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia desertorum Weinm.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 7: 73 (1837)

= Euphorbia illirica subsp. semivillosa (Prokh.) Govaerts; World Checkl. & Bibliogr. Euphorbiaceae 75 (2000)

= Euphorbia villosa subsp. semivillosa (Prokh.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 188 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Galarhoeus semivillosus (Prokh.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 31 (1941)

= Tithymalus desertorum (Weinm.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 97 (1860)

= Tithymalus semivillosus Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 41, in clavi, et 112 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia semperflorens L.C.Leach; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 44: 185 (1970)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia sendaica Makino; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 24: 146 (1910)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu)

38 JAP

Synonyms: hidden

= Galarhoeus sendaicus (Makino) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 11: 388 (1935)

= Galarhoeus sendaicus var. musashiensis Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 240 (1954)

= Tithymalus sendaicus (Makino) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 56 (1954)

species :

Euphorbia senguptae N.P.Balakr. & Subram.; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 2: 175 (1960)

Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce senguptae (N.P.Balakr. & Subram.) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 37(5): 454 (1977)

species :

Euphorbia senilis Standl. & Steyerm.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 23: 120 (1944)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas); Guatemala

79 MEX 80 GUA

species :

Euphorbia sennii Chiov.; Fl. Somala 2: 404 (1932)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia sepium N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 551 (1911)

Distribution: Senegal; Gambia; Nigeria

22 GAM NGA SEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia balsamifera subsp. sepium (N.E.Br.) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 26: 2574 (1939)

species :

Euphorbia septentrionalis P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Kew Bull. 29(3): 514 (1974)

subspecies :

subsp. septentrionalis

Distribution: Uganda; Kenya

25 KEN UGA

subspecies :

subsp. gamugofana M.G.Gilbert; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 73 (1992)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia sepulta P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 48(3): 125 (1976)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia serendipita L.E.Newton; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 65(3): 111 (1993)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia seretii De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 2: 290 (1908)

subspecies :

subsp. seretii

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]

23 ZAI

subspecies :

subsp. variantissima L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 35: 15 (1969)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Zambia

23 ZAI 26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia serpens Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 52 (1817)

Name: Matted sandmat (EN); Sanguinaria, Chirriguela serpenteante (ES); Schlängelnde Schiefblattwolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Portugal [I]; Spain [I]; Gibraltar [I]; S-France [I]; Greece [I]; Crete [I]; Azores [I] (Santa Maria Isl. [I]); Canary Isl. [I] (Lanzarote [I], Fuerteventura [I], Gran Canaria [I], Tenerife [I], La Gomera [I], Hierro [I]); Cape Verde Isl. [I] (Santo Antao Isl. [I], Sao Vicente Isl. [I], Ilha da Boa Vista [I], Ilha Brava [I]); Guinea [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; São Tomé [I]; D.R.Congo [Zaire] [I]; Zimbabwe [I]; Namibia [I]; Botswana [I]; South Africa [I]; Ascension Isl. [I]; St. Helena [I]; Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Rodrigues [I]; East Aegaean Isl. [I] (incl. Rhodos [I]); Turkey [I] (S-Anatolia [I]); Bahrain [I]; United Arab Emirates [I]; Taiwan [I]; India [I] (throughout); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives] [I]; Bangladesh [I]; Thailand [I]; Philippines [I]; Easter Isl. [I]); Hawaii [I] (Kauai [I], Maui [I]); Canada (Ontario, Saskatchewan); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Wyoming); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz); Belize; Honduras; Costa Rica; Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (Anegada, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola); St. Martin/St. Maarten; Antigua; Barbuda; Guadeloupe; Marie-Galante; Martinique; St. Lucia; Grenadines; St. Vincent; Grenada; Barbados; Tobago; Trinidad; Curacao; Colombia (Magdalena); Venezuela (Anzoategui, Aragua, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Guarico, Miranda, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira); Guyana; French Guiana; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Potosí, Santa Cruz, Tarija); NE-Brazil; WC-Brazil; SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Pres. Hayes); Uruguay (Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Florida Prov., Montevideo, Paysandu, Rivera, Rio Negro, Salto, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, San Juan, Tucuman); Chile (Arica y Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago, Maule, Ñuble, Biobío, Araucanía)

11 ger 12 fra gib por spa 13 grc kri 21 azo cny cvi 22 bkn gui 23 sao zai 26 zim 27 bot nam saf 28 asc sth 29 mau reu rod 34 eai tur 35 bar uae 38 tai 40 ban ind ldv 41 tha 42 phi 63 haw 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ COS HON 81 ABA BBD CUB CUR GDL GRE HIS JAM MAR PUE STL STM STV TRT VIR 82 CLM FRG GUY VEN 83 BOL ECU PER 84 BRA 85 ARG CLE PAR URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum emarginatum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 24 (1860)

= Anisophyllum serpens (Kunth) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 23 (1860)

= Chamaesyce biramensis (Urb.) Alain; Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio De La Salle 11: 12 (1952)

= Chamaesyce emarginata (Klotzsch & Garcke) Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 185 (1943)

= Chamaesyce mangletii (Urb.) Alain; Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio De La Salle 11: 12 (1952)

= Chamaesyce microclada (Urb.) Alain; Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio De La Salle 11: 12 (1952)

= Chamaesyce pileoides (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

= Chamaesyce radicans Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

= Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 709: 1333 (1903)

= Chamaesyce serpens subsp. fissistipula (Thell.) Hügin; Feddes Repert. 109(3-4): 223 (1998)

= Chamaesyce serpens var. montevidensis Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 189 (1943)

= Euphorbia begoniifolia Lehm.; Index Sem. (Hamburg) 1823: 8 (1824)

= Euphorbia biramensis Urb.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 28: 232 (1930)

= Euphorbia emarginata (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 32 (1862), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia flexicaulis Scheele; Linnaea 22: 153 (1849)

= Euphorbia herniarioides Nutt.; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 5: 171 (1835)

= Euphorbia inflexa Urb. & Ekman; Ark. Bot. 22A(8): 64 (1929)

= Euphorbia mangletii Urb.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 28: 233 (1930)

= Euphorbia microclada Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 9: 215 (1924)

= Euphorbia minutiflora N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 1036 (1913)

= Euphorbia orbiculata var. jawaharii Rajagopal & Panigrahi; Taxon 17: 547 (1968)

= Euphorbia pileoides Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 62 (1900)

= Euphorbia radicans Moric. ex Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 24 (1860)

= Euphorbia serpens f. flexicaulis (Scheele) Thell.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 7: 442 (1917)

= Euphorbia serpens f. psilocyathia Thell.; Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. [Ascherson & Graebner] 7: 442 (1917)

= Euphorbia serpens subsp. fissistipula (Thell.) Verloove & Lambinon; New J. Bot. 1(1): 39 (2011)

= Euphorbia serpens var. fissistipula Thell.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 7: 755 (1907)

= Euphorbia serpens var. flexicaulis (Scheele) J.M.Coult.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 388 (1894)

= Euphorbia serpens var. imbricata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 30 (1862)

= Euphorbia serpens var. microphylla Müll.Arg.; J. Bot. 12: 231 (1874)

= Euphorbia serpens var. radicans Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 30 (1862)

variant :

var. microphylla Müll.Arg.; J. Bot. 12: 231 (1874)

Distribution: Brazil; S-Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay); Uruguay (Colonia, Montevideo, Paysandu); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquén, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, San Luis, Tucuman)

84 BRA 85 ARG PAR URU

species :

Euphorbia serpentini Novák; Acta Bot. Bohem. 3: 35 (1924)

Distribution: W-Serbia

13 SRB

species :

Euphorbia serpillifolia Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 14 (1806)

Name: Thymeleaf sandmat (EN), Quendelblättrige Schiefblattwolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Ascension Isl. [I]; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan); USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington State, Wisconsin, Wyoming); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Baja California Norte, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Argentina (Catamarca, Cordoba, La Rioja, Mendoza, San Luis, Tucuman)

11 ger 28 asc 71 CDN 72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 85 ARG

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum novomexicanum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 31 (1860)

= Chamaesyce aequata Lunell; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 1: 204 (1910)

= Chamaesyce aequata var. claudicans Lunell; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 1: 205 (1910)

= Chamaesyce aequata var. erecta (Lunell) Lunell; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 471 (1916)

= Chamaesyce albicaulis (Rydb.) Rydb.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 1906 33: 145

= Chamaesyce consanguinea Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

= Chamaesyce erecta Lunell; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 1: 206 (1910)

= Chamaesyce neomexicana (Greene) Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 13: 199 (1910)

= Chamaesyce occidentalis (Drew) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 410 (1916)

= Chamaesyce rugulosa (Engelm. ex Millsp.) Rydb.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 145 (1906)

= Chamaesyce serpillifolia (Pers.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 712 (1903)

= Euphorbia albicaulis Rydb.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1: 266 (1900)

= Euphorbia consanguinea Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 43 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia neomexicana Greene; Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2(5): 56 (1886)

= Euphorbia notata Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 43 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia novomexicana (Klotzsch & Garcke) L.C.Wheeler; Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 35: 129 (1936)

= Euphorbia occidentalis Drew; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 16: 152 (1889)

= Euphorbia rugulosa (Engelm. ex Millsp.) Greene; Man. Bot. San Francisco 81 (1894)

= Euphorbia serpillifolia var. consanguinea Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 43 (1862)

= Euphorbia serpillifolia var. neomexicana (Greene) Millsp.; Pittonia 2: 84 (1890)

= Euphorbia serpillifolia var. occidentalis (Drew) Jeps.; Fl. W. Calif. [Jepson] 262 (1901)

= Euphorbia serpillifolia var. rugulosa Engelm. ex Millsp.; Pittonia 2: 85 (1890)

= Euphorbia subserrata Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 43 (1862), pro syn.

variant :

var. hirtula (Engelm. ex S.Watson) L.C.Wheeler; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 53: 11 (1940)

Distribution: USA (California)

76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce hirtula (Engelm. ex S.Watson) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 409 (1916)

= Chamaesyce serpillifolia subsp. hirtula (Engelm. ex S.Watson) Koutnik; Madroño 32(3): 188 (1985)

= Euphorbia hirtula Engelm. ex S.Watson; Bot. California [W.H.Brewer] 2: 74 (1880)

= Euphorbia serpillifolia subsp. hirtula (Engelm. ex S.Watson) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 48 (1989)

species :

Euphorbia serrata L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 459 (1753)

Name: Serrate spurge (EN); Gesägte Wolfsmilch (DE); Lechetrezna aserrada (ES)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; Baleares; France; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; S-Greece (Peloponnisos); Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Canary Isl. (Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, Lanzarote); South Africa [I]; USA [I] (California [I])

11 ger 12 ADO BAL FRA POR SAR SPA 13 GRC ITA PTL SIC 20 ALG LBY MOR TUN 21 CNY 27 saf 76 usa

Remarks: sect. Chylogala

Synonyms: hidden

= Chylogala serrata (L.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Euphorbia serrata f. phylloclada (Lange) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 1: 84 (1974)

= Euphorbia serrata f. subacaulis (Rouy) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia serrata f. ternata (Cout.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia serrata var. foliosa Sennen; Exsicc. (Pl. Esp.) 1925: no. 5420 (1925)

= Euphorbia serrata var. longepedicellata Elías & Sennen Exsicc.(Pl.Esp.): no.4651, nom.inval.

= Euphorbia serrata var. phylloclada Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 3: 501 (1877)

= Euphorbia serrata var. subacaulis Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 12: 177 (1910)

= Euphorbia serrata var. tenuifolia Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 17 (1806)

= Euphorbia serrata var. ternata Cout.; Fl. Portugal [Coutinho] 385 (1913)

= Euphorbia serrata var. truncata Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 17 (1806)

= Euphorbia truncata (Pers.) Loudon; Hort. Brit. [Loudon], ed. 2: 192 (1832)

= Galarhoeus serratus (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 149 (1812)

= Tithymalus denticulatus Moench; Methodus [Moench] 668 (1794)

= Tithymalus serratus (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/3 (1768)

species :

Euphorbia serratifolia S.Carter; Kew Bull. 35(2): 413 (1980)

Distribution: Tanzania; Malawi

25 TAN 26 MLW

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce serratifolia (S.Carter) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 150(3-4): 138 (1981 publ. 1982)

species :

Euphorbia serrula Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 188 (1858)

Name: Sawtooth sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Michoacan, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas)

76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce serrula (Engelm.) Wooton & Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 144 (1913)

species :

Euphorbia seshachalamensis K.Prasad & Prasanna; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 53(1-2): 73 (2016)

Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia sessei Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 48 (1989), nom. nov.

Distribution: Cuba

81 CUB

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia imbricata Sessé & Moc.; Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 123 (1894), nom. illeg.

species :

Euphorbia sessiliflora Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 471-472 (1832)

Distribution: China (Yunnan); Nepal; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Vietnam

36 CHI 40 NEP 41 LAO MYA THA VIE

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia kerrii Craib; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 455 (1911)

= Tithymalus sessiliflorus (Roxb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 77 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia sessilifolia Klotzsch ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 64 (1862)

Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia); WC-Brazil (Goiás)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia setiloba Engelm. ex Torr.; Pacif. Railr. Rep. 5(2, no. 7), Bot. [Williamson & Abbot]: 364 (1856)

Name: Yuma sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas, Utah); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sinaloa, Sonora)

76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce setiloba (Engelm. ex Torr.) Norton; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 25: 345 (1925)

= Euphorbia floccosiuscula M.E.Jones; Contr. W. Bot. 15: 145 (1929)

species :

Euphorbia setispina S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(4): 411 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia setosa (Boiss.) Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 672 (1873)

Distribution: WC-Brazil (Goiás); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais)

84 BRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce setosa (Boiss.) M.P.Simmons & W.J.Hayden; Brittonia 49(2): 176 (1997)

= Euphorbia selloi var. setosa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 50 (1862)

= Euphorbia villosissima Klotzsch ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 51 (1862), pro syn.

species :

Euphorbia sewerzowii Herder ex Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 188 (1933)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan

32 KAZ KGZ UZB

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus sewerzowii Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 54, in clavi, et 188 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia sharkoensis Baill.; Adansonia 6: 287 (1866)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia drummondii var. rubescens Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 6: 49 (1873)

species :

Euphorbia sharmae U.C.Bhattach.; Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 21: 33 (1967)

Distribution: India (Uttarakhand, Sikkim)

40 IND

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia stracheyi subsp. sharmae (U.C.Bhattach.) D.Maity & N.P.Balakr.; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 30(1): 188 (2006)

species :

Euphorbia shebeliensis (M.G.Gilbert) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 415 (2006)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium shebeliense M.G.Gilbert; Bradleya 8: 45 (1990)

species :

Euphorbia shehbaziana S.Y.Hama & S.A.Ahmad; Harvard Pap. Bot. 25(1): 73 (2020)

Distribution: Iraq

34 IRQ

species :

Euphorbia sieboldiana Morren & Decne.; Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 3: 174 (1836)

Distribution: Russian Far East (Kuril Isl., Primorye, Sakhalin); China (Hainan, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Xinjiang, etc.); Tibet; North Korea; South Korea; Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Izu Isl.); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan

31 RFE 36 CHI TIB 38 JAP KOR NKO NNS TAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bodinieri H.Lév. & Vaniot; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 7: 761 (1906)

= Euphorbia erythraea Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 412 (1891)

= Euphorbia esquirolii H.Lév. & Vaniot; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 7: 762 (1906)

= Euphorbia glaucopoda Diels; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5(25): 219 (1912)

= Euphorbia guilielmi A.Gray; Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n. s. 6: (1858-9) 406

= Euphorbia henryi Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 413 (1891)

= Euphorbia hippocrepica Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 414 (1891)

= Euphorbia idzuensis Nakai ex Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 449 (1940), pro syn.

= Euphorbia kangdingensis var. puberula W.T.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 10(1): 45 (1988)

= Euphorbia kangdingensis W.T.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 10(1): 43 (1988)

= Euphorbia luticola Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7(2): 233-234 (1931)

= Euphorbia savaryi Kiss; Bot. Közlem. 19: 91 (1921)

= Euphorbia sieboldiana f. idzuensis Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 449 (1940)

= Euphorbia sieboldiana f. peninsularis Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 449 (1940)

= Euphorbia sieboldiana f. sylvatica Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 449 (1940)

= Euphorbia sieboldiana f. yezoensis Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 449 (1940)

= Euphorbia sieboldiana var. grandifolia (Franch. & Sav. ex Hurus.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 188 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia sieboldiana var. idzuensis (Hurus.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 188 (1992)

= Euphorbia sieboldiana var. montana Tatew.; Res. Bull. Coll. Exp. Forests Coll. Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. 7: 193 (1932)

= Euphorbia sieboldiana var. ohsumiensis (Hurus.) Hatus.; Fl. Ryukyus 362 (1971)

= Euphorbia sieboldiana var. peninsularis (Hurus.) Kitag.; Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 430 (1979)

= Euphorbia sieboldiana var. sylvatica (Hurus.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 188 (1992)

= Euphorbia szechuanica Pax & K.Hoffm.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 12: 433 (1922)

= Euphorbia taquetii H.Lév. & Vaniot; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 5: 281 (1908)

= Euphorbia tsukamotoi Honda; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 48: 407 (1934)

= Galarhoeus hippocrepicus (Hemsl.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 240 (1954)

= Galarhoeus luticola (Hand.-Mazz.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 250 (1954)

= Galarhoeus sieboldianus (C.Morren & Decne.) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 11: 388 (1935)

= Galarhoeus sieboldianus f. grandifolius Franch. & Sav. ex Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 243 (1954)

= Galarhoeus sieboldianus f. peninsularis (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 245 (1954)

= Galarhoeus sieboldianus var. idzuensis Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 243 (1954)

= Galarhoeus sieboldianus var. miyajimensis Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 246 (1954)

= Galarhoeus sieboldianus var. montanus (Tatew.) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 11: 389 (1935)

= Galarhoeus sieboldianus var. ohsumiensis Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 246 (1954)

= Galarhoeus sieboldianus var. shikokianus Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 246 (1954)

= Tithymalus erythraeus (Hemsl.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

= Tithymalus henryi (Hemsl.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

= Tithymalus hippocrepicus (Hemsl.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

= Tithymalus sieboldianus (C.Morren & Decne.) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 56 (1954)

= Tithymalus szechuanicus (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 177 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia sikkimensis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 113 (1862)

Distribution: China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet; Nepal; Bhutan; India (West Bengal, Sikkim); Laos; Vietnam

36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP 41 LAO VIE

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia chrysocoma H.Lév. & Vaniot; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 1: 762 (1906)

= Euphorbia chrysocoma var. glaucophylla H.Lév. & Vaniot; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 6: 762 (1906)

= Tithymalus sikkimensis (Boiss.) Hurus. & Yu.Tanaka; Fl. E. Himalaya 1: 184 (1966)

species :

Euphorbia silenifolia (Haw.) Sweet; Hort. Brit. [Sweet], ed. 2: 454 (1830)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia elliptica Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 86 (1800) (non Lam.)

= Euphorbia elliptica var. undulata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 93 (1862)

= Euphorbia mira L.C.Leach; S. African J. Bot. 52(1): 10 (1986)

= Tithymalus attenuatus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 69 (1860)

= Tithymalus bergii Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 68 (1860)

= Tithymalus ellipticus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 69 (1860)

= Tithymalus longipetiolatus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 68 (1860)

= Tithymalus silenifolius Haw.; Saxifrag. Enum. 2: 61 (1821)

species :

Euphorbia similiramea S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(2): 371 (1987)

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

species :

Euphorbia simulans (L.C.Wheeler) Warnock & M.C.Johnst.; Southw. Naturalist 5: 170 (1960)

Name: Mimicking sandmat

Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila)

77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce polycarpa var. simulans (L.C.Wheeler) Shinners; Field & Lab. 17: 70 (1949)

= Chamaesyce simulans (L.C.Wheeler) Mayfield; Phytologia 75: 179 (1993)

= Euphorbia polycarpa var. simulans L.C.Wheeler; Rhodora 43: 192 (1941)

species :

Euphorbia sinaloensis Brandegee; Zoe 5: 298 (1905)

Distribution: Mexico (Durango, Sinaloa, Sonora)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus sinaloensis (Brandegee) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 415 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia sinclairiana Benth.; Bot. Voy. Sulphur [Bentham] 163 (1846)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz); Guatemala; ?Honduras; Costa Rica; Colombia (Cauca, Chocó, Cundinamarca, Nariño); Ecuador; Peru; N-Brazil (Acre)

79 MEX 80 COS GUA 82 CLM 83 ECU PER 84 BRA

Remarks: to be expected in Bolivia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia capansa Ducke; Arq. Inst. Pesq. Agron. 1: 21 (1938)

= Euphorbia elata Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 55 (1914)

= Euphorbia valerii Standl.; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 11 (1927)

= Euphorbiodendron sinclairianum (Benth.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 306 (1909)

species :

Euphorbia sintenisii Boiss. & Freyn; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 31: 194 (1881)

Distribution: Libya; Egypt; Cyprus (N-Cyprus, E-Cyprus)

20 EGY LBY 34 CYP

Remarks: oxyodonta agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus sintenisii (Boiss. ex Freyn) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia sipolisii N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1893: 158 (1893)

Distribution: SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia skottsbergii Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 588 (1936)

Distribution: Hawaii (southwest Oahu, northwest Molokai)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Rare, USA Status: Endangered

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce skottsbergii (Sherff) Croizat & O.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. audens (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. kalaeloana (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce multiformis var. kapuleiensis (O.Deg. & Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Euphorbia multiformis var. kapuleiensis O.Deg. & Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 591 (1936)

= Euphorbia skottsbergii var. audens Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 588 (1936)

= Euphorbia skottsbergii var. kalaeloana Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 589 (1936)

variant :

var. vaccinioides Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 589 (1936)

Distribution: Hawaii (Molokai, south Maui, Kahoolawe)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Vulnerable

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce multiformis var. haleakalana (Sherff) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. vaccinioides (Sherff) Koutnik; Brittonia 37(4): 398 (1985)

= Euphorbia multiformis f. pekelonis O.Deg., I.Deg. & Sherff; Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 22(12): 208 (1962)

= Euphorbia multiformis var. haleakalana Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 591 (1936)

species :

Euphorbia smirnovii Geltman; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 81: 102 (1996 publ. 1997)

Distribution: Armenia; E-Turkey

33 ARM 34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia armena Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1268 (1866), pro syn.

= Euphorbia armeniaca Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4(2): 1118 (1879) (nom. inval.)

= Euphorbia petrophila var. armena Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1268 (1866)

species :

Euphorbia smithii S.Carter; Kew Bull. 40(4): 821 (1985)

Distribution: Oman

35 OMA

species :

Euphorbia sobolifera O.L.M.Silva & P.J.Braun; Eur. J. Taxon. 733: 78, figs. 2, 4 (2021)

Distribution: Brazil (Bahia)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia socotrana Balf.f.; Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 12: 93 (1884)

subspecies :

subsp. socotrana

Distribution: Soqotra

24 SOC

subspecies :

subsp. purpurea N.Kilian & P.Hein; Englera 28: 69 (2006)

Distribution: Soqotra

24 SOC

species :

Euphorbia sogdiana Popov; Trudy Turkestansk. Nauchn. Obshch. 1: 38 (1923)

Distribution: Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Afghanistan (Kabul)

32 TZK UZB 34 AFG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia longicorniculata Kitam.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 17: 133 (1958)

= Euphorbia volkii Rech.f.; Anz. Österr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 100: 53 (1963)

= Tithymalus longicorniculatus (Kitam.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

= Tithymalus sogdianus (Popov) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 50, 156 (1933)

= Tithymalus volkii (Rech.f.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 177 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia sojakii (Chrtek & Krísa) Dubovik; Ukrayins´k Bot. Zhurn. 30(1): 80 (1973)

Distribution: Slovakia; Ukraine

11 SLO 14 UKR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia austriaca subsp. sojakii Chrtek & Krísa; Preslia 42: 262 (1970)

= Tithymalus sojakii (Chrtek & Krísa) Chrtek & Krísa; Novit. Bot. Inst. Horto Bot. Univ. Carol. 1972: 9 (1972 publ. 1973)

= Tithymalus sojakii (Chrtek & Krísa) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8(2): 174 (1973), isonym

species :

Euphorbia somalensis Pax; Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 6: 187 (1897)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia songweana S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 72(4): 191 (2000)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia sonorae Rose; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 356 (1895)

Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia soobyi McVaugh; Brittonia 13: 176 (1961)

Distribution: Mexico (Jalisco)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia soongarica Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 32 (1860)

Distribution: EC-European Russia (Kujbysevskaja Obl.); Siberia (Krasnoyarsk, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; China (Gansu, Xinjiang); Mongolia

14 RUS 30 SIB 32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 36 CHI 37 MON

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Galarhoeus soongaricus (Boiss.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 21 (1941)

= Tithymalus soongaricus (Boiss.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 41, in clavi, et 103 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia sororia Schrenk; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 3: 308 (1845)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Iran (N-Iran, W-Iran); China (Xinjiang)

32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 34 IRN 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus sororius (Schrenk) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 65 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia spannringii Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 492(1): 23 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar (Antananarivo)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia sparrmanni Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 5 (1860)

Distribution: Ryukyu Isl.; Vanuatu; Tonga (´Eua, Vava´u, Tafahi); Niue; Fiji; Cook Isl. (Pukapuka); Austral Isl. (Marotiri); Pitcairn Isl.; Henderson Isl.; Northern Marianas (Tinian); Guam

38 NNS 60 FIJ NUE TON VAN 61 AUI COO HEN PIT 62 GUM MRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce sparrmanni (Boiss.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 277 (1954)

= Euphorbia pitcairnensis F.Br.; Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 130: 134 (1935)

= Euphorbia ramosissima Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beechey Voy. 69 (1832) (non Loisel.)

= Euphorbia tinianensis Hosok.; Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 25: 29 (1935)

species :

Euphorbia sparsiflora A.Heller; Minnesota Bot. Stud. 1: 846 (1897)

Distribution: Hawaii (Kauai)

63 HAW

Conservation Status: 1999 Conservation Status: Rare

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce multiformis var. sparsiflora (A.Heller) O.Deg. & I.Deg.; Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 190, Chamaesyce, leafl. 4 (1936)

= Chamaesyce sparsiflora (A.Heller) Koutnik; Brittonia 37(4): 399 (1985)

= Euphorbia multiformis var. sparsiflora (A.Heller) Sherff; Bot. Gaz. 97: 590 (1936)

species :

Euphorbia spartaria N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 558 (1911)

Distribution: Namibia; SE-Botswana; South Africa (North-West Prov., Gauteng, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)

27 BOT NAM SAF

Remarks: sect. Articulofruticosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cibdela N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 275 (1915)

= Euphorbia pseudobrachiata Dinter; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 53: 87 (1928), nomen

= Euphorbia racemosa E.Mey. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 75 (1862), nom. illeg., non Tausch ex Rchb. 1832

= Euphorbia rectirama N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 283 (1915)

= Euphorbia rhombifolia var. laxa N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 285 (1915)

= Euphorbia rhombifolia var. triceps N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 285 (1915)

= Euphorbia tenuicaulis Range; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 43: 264 (1938), nomen

= Tirucalia cibdela (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 89 (1996)

= Tirucalia rectirama (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 92 (1996)

= Tirucalia spartaria (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 93 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia spartiformis Mobayen; Iran. J. Bot. 2(2): 160 (1984)

Distribution: Iran

34 IRN

species :

Euphorbia spathulata Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 428 (1788)

Name: Warty spurge

Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington State, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Hidalgo, Mexico State, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Veracruz); Brazil [I]; Uruguay [I]; Argentina [I]

72 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 84 bra 85 arg uru

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia arkansana Engelm. & A.Gray; Boston J. Nat. Hist. 5: 261 (1845)

= Euphorbia arkansana var. atrosemina Norton; N. Amer. Euphorbia 21 (1899)

= Euphorbia arkansana var. coloradensis Norton; N. Amer. Euphorbia 21 (1899)

= Euphorbia arkansana var. missouriensis Norton; N. Amer. Euphorbia 19 (1899)

= Euphorbia dictyosperma Fisch. & C.A.Mey.; Index Sem. (St. Petersburg [Petropolitanus]) 2: 37 (1836)

= Euphorbia dictyosperma var. mexicana Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 191 (1859)

= Euphorbia dictyosperma var. multicaulis J.M.Coult.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 393 (1894)

= Euphorbia mexicana (Engelm.) Norton; N. Amer. Euphorbia 21 (1899), et Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 105 (1900)

= Euphorbia missouriensis (Norton) Small; Man. Fl. N. States [Britton] 595 (1901)

= Euphorbia multicaulis Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 191 (1859), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia obtusata Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. [Pursh] 2: 606 (1814)

= Euphorbia pseudopeplus Speg.; Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, Ser. 2, 7: 164 (1902)

= Euphorbia spathulata var. mexicana (Engelm.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 188 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Galarhoeus arkansanus (Engelm. & A.Gray) Small ex Rydb.; Fl. Plains N. Amer. 520 (1932)

= Galarhoeus missouriensis (Norton) Rydb.; Brittonia 1: 93 (1931)

= Galarhoeus obtusatus (Pursh) Small ex Rydb.; Fl. Plains N. Amer. 520 (1932)

= Keraselma spatulatum (Lam.) Raf.; Autik. Bot. 93 (1840)

= Pythius obtusata (Pursh) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Tithymalus arkansanus (Engelm. & A.Gray) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 66 (1860)

= Tithymalus arkansanus var. coloradensis (Norton) Rydb.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 145 (1906)

= Tithymalus dictyospermus (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 1: 56 (1904)

= Tithymalus mexicanus (Engelm.) Wooton & Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 145 (1913)

= Tithymalus missouriensis (Norton) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 721 (1903)

= Tithymalus obtusatus (Pursh) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 69 (1860)

= Tithymalus pseudopeplus (Speg.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Tithymalus spathulatus (Lam.) W.A.Weber; Phytologia 58(6): 384 (1985)

= Xamesike deltifolia Raf.; Autik. Bot. 98 (1840)

species :

Euphorbia speciosa L.C.Leach; Excelsa 15: 19 (1991 publ. 1992)

Distribution: Zambia

26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia specksii Rauh; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 72(5): 247 (2000)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia spectabilis (S.Carter) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 415 (2006)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium spectabile S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(4): 911 (1987)

species :

Euphorbia spellenbergiana Mayfield & V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 90: 44 (2010)

Distribution: Mexico (Chihuahua, Aguascalientes, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacan, Queretaro, Zacatecas)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia sphaerorhiza Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 8 (1839)

Distribution: Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Tlaxcala, Zacatecas)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ixtlana Huft; J. Arnold Arbor. 63(1): 97 (1982)

= Tithymalopsis sphaerorhiza (Benth.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 44 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia spinea N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 272 (1915)

Distribution: SE-Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: sect. Articulofruticosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia spinea (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 93 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia spinidens (Prokh.) Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 407 (1949)

Distribution: Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Iran (NE-Iran: Mts.); Afghanistan (Faryab)

32 TKM TZK UZB 34 AFG IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus spinidens Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 56, in clavi, et 208 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia spinosa L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 457 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. spinosa

Name: Dornige Wolfsmilch

Distribution: France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; N-Albania; Libya

12 COR FRA SAR 13 ALB BIH CRO ITA MNT SIC 20 LBY

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia haworthii Sweet; Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 357 (1826), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia linariifolia Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2: 893 (1799), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia linarioides Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 2: 611 (1812)

= Euphorbia petaloides G.Don; Hort. Brit. [Loudon], ed. 2: 192 (1832)

= Euphorbia pungens Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 431 (1788)

= Euphorbia rigens Sweet; Hort. Brit. [Sweet], ed. 2: 455 (1830)

= Euphorbia rigidula Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 614 (1841)

= Euphorbia spinosa var. brachyadenia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 132 (1862)

= Euphorbia spinosa var. inermis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 132 (1862)

= Galarhoeus linifolius (Jacq.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 150 (1812)

= Galarhoeus rigidus Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 150 (1812)

= Galarhoeus spinosus (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 149 (1812)

= Keraselma pungens (Lam.) Raf.; Autik. Bot. 93 (1840)

= Tithymalus diffusus Lam.; Fl. Franç. [Lamarck] 3: 101 (1779)

= Tithymalus spinosus (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1838)

subspecies :

subsp. glabriflora (Vis.) Frajman; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 194: 371 (2020)

Distribution: Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Greece (mountains of NW- and C-Greece); Turkey (SW-Anatolia)

13 ALB GRC KOS MNT NMA SRB 34 TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia austroanatolica Hub.-Mor. & Khan; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 25: 99, t. 6 (1964)

= Euphorbia fragifera var. inermis Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 648 (1881)

= Euphorbia glabriflora subsp. pindicola (Hausskn.) Micevski; Prilozi Makedon. Akad. Nauk. Umetn. Oddel. Biol. Med. Nauki 1980: 66 (1980)

= Euphorbia glabriflora Vis.; Mem. Reale Ist. Veneto Sci. 12: 477 (1864)

= Euphorbia inermis Pančić ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1266 (1866), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia pindicola Hausskn.; Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, N. F. 11: 63 (1897)

= Euphorbia pubescens var. glabriflora (Vis.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 649 (1881)

= Tithymalus austroanatolicus (Hub.-Mor. & Khan) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

= Tithymalus glabriflorus (Vis.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 172 (1972)

subspecies :

subsp. ligustica (Fiori) Pignatti; Giorn. Bot. Ital. 107(5): 220 (1973)

Distribution: Italy

13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia spinosa f. ligustica Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 277 (1901)

species :

Euphorbia spinulosa (S.Carter) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 415 (2006)

Distribution: Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique

26 MLW MOZ ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium spinulosum S.Carter; Kew Bull. 55(2): 440 (2000)

species :

Euphorbia spiralis Balf.f.; Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 12: 410 (1884)

Distribution: Soqotra

24 SOC

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia septemsulcata Vierh.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 61 (1904)

species :

Euphorbia spissa Thulin; Nordic J. Bot. 24(4): 377 (2007)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia spissiflora S.Carter; Kew Bull. 45(2): 331 (1990)

Distribution: Zambia; Zimbabwe; Botswana

26 ZAM ZIM 27 BOT

species :

Euphorbia splendens Bojer ex Hook.; Bot. Mag. 56: t. 2902 (1829)

Distribution: Mozambique [I]; Madagascar (Antananarivo); Niue [I]; Fiji [I]; Cook Isl. [I] (Rarotonga [I], Aitutaki [I], etc.); Tuamotu Arch. [I] (Makatea Isl. [I]); Northern Marianas [I] (Rota [I]); Guam [I]; Marshall Isl. [I] (Jaluit [I])

26 moz 29 MDG 60 fij nue 61 coo tua 62 gum mrn mrs

Remarks: milii agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia melanacantha Drake; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 45 (1903)

= Euphorbia milii f. platyacantha (Drake) Leandri; Cactus (Paris) 34: 112 (1952)

= Euphorbia milii var. splendens (Bojer ex Hook.) Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 148 (1954 publ. 1955)

= Euphorbia platyacantha Drake; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 9: 45 (1903)

= Euphorbia splendens var. betsileana Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 159 (1946), no Latin descr.

= Lacanthis splendens (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 2: 94 (1836)

= Sterigmanthe splendens (Bojer ex Hook.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 252 (1859)

= Tithymalus splendens (Bojer ex Hook.) M.Gómez; Fl. Habanera 153 (1897)

variant :

var. andranovelonana J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon; Euphorbia World 16(3): 14 (2020)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia spruceana Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 53 (1862)

Distribution: Venezuela (Bolívar); Ecuador; Peru

82 VEN 83 ECU PER

species :

Euphorbia spurca (M.C.Johnst.) A.M.Powell; Sida, Bot. Misc. 49: XIII, 495 (2018)

Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico

77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce spurca (M.C.Johnst.) B.L.Turner; Sida, Bot. Misc. 24: 7 (2003)

= Chamaesyce theriaca var. spurca (M.C.Johnst.) Mayfield; Phytologia 75(2): 180 (1993)

= Euphorbia theriaca var. spurca M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 5(5): 138 (1975)

species :

Euphorbia squamigera Loisel.; Fl. Gall. [Loiseleur] 729 (1807)

Distribution: Portugal; S- & E-Spain; Gibraltar; Baleares; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia

12 BAL GIB POR SPA 20 ALG MOR TUN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bivonae subsp. rupicola (Boiss.) Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 796 (1890)

= Euphorbia bivonae var. mauritii Sennen; Diagn. Nouv. 242 «1936» (1951)

= Euphorbia bivonae var. tangerina Pau; Mem. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 384 (1924)

= Euphorbia cartaginiensis Porta & Rigo; Atti Imp. Regia Accad. Rovereto, Ser. 2, 9: 66 (1891 publ. 1892)

= Euphorbia clementei var. puberula (Emb.) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 27: 258 (1936)

= Euphorbia diffusa Dufour; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 7: 445 (1860 publ. 1861), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia dumetorum Coss. & Durieu ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 131 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia rubricaulis Regel; Index Sem. (St. Petersburg [Petropolitanus]) 1856: 37 (1856)

= Euphorbia rupicola Boiss.; Elench. Pl. Nov. 81 (1838)

= Euphorbia squamigera var. carthaginiensis (Porta & Rigo ex Willk.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 38(1): 85 (1974)

= Euphorbia squamigera var. major Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 131 (1862)

= Euphorbia squamigera var. mentagensis Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 380 (1937)

= Euphorbia squamigera var. montgoi O.Bolòs & Vigo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 1: 85 (1974)

= Euphorbia squamigera var. pseudatlantica Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 380 (1937)

= Euphorbia squamigera var. rupicola (Boiss.) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 23: 215 (1932)

= Euphorbia welwitschii var. puberula Emb.; Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 15: 208 (1936)

= Tithymalus cartaginiensis (Porta & Rigo) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 171 (1972)

= Tithymalus rupicola (Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 78 (1860)

= Tithymalus squamigerus (Loisel.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

= Tithymalus squamigerus subsp. rupicola (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia squamosa Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2: 918 (1799)

Distribution: SE-European Russia (Rostovskaja Obl.); Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Talysh); Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia); Iran (N-Iran)

14 RUS 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia abchazica Woronow; Vĕstn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada 22: 3 (1912)

= Euphorbia aspera M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 377 (1808)

= Euphorbia aspera var. oligadenia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 124 (1862)

= Euphorbia aspera var. serrata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 124 (1862)

= Euphorbia muricata M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 378 (1808)

= Euphorbia muricata var. wilhelmsiana K.Koch; Linnaea 21: 725 (1849)

= Euphorbia squamosa var. serrata (Boiss.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 188 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia squamosa var. talyschensis (Boiss. & Buhse) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 188 (1992)

= Euphorbia squamosa var. wilhelmsiana (K.Koch) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 188 (1992)

= Euphorbia talyschensis Boiss. & Buhse; Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 12: 196 (1860)

= Keraselma squamosum (Willd.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Tithymalus asper (M.Bieb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 78 (1860)

= Tithymalus squamosus (Willd.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 78 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia standleyi (Millsp.) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 49 (1989)

Distribution: Mexico (Nayarit, Sinaloa)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce standleyi Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 404 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia stapelioides Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 26 (1860)

Distribution: W-Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: sect. Articulofruticosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia lumbricalis L.C.Leach; S. African J. Bot. 52(4): 369 (1986)

= Euphorbia stapelioides Boiss. ex A.C.White.R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 1: 191 (1941) (descr. ampl.)

= Tirucalia stapelioides (Boiss.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 93 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia stapfii A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 59 (1907 publ. 1906)

Distribution: Uganda

25 UGA

species :

Euphorbia steelpoortensis Bruyns; Phytotaxa 436(3): 216 (2020)

Name: Sekukuni Euphorbia

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo, N-Mpulamanga)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia stellata Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2: 886 (1799)

subspecies :

subsp. stellata

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia mamillosa Lem.; Ill. Hort. 2(Misc.): 69 (1855)

= Euphorbia procumbens Meerb.; Pl. Rar. Depict. 55 (1789), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia radiata Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 86 (1800)

= Euphorbia scolopendrea Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 126 (1812)

= Euphorbia squarrosa Haw.; Philos. Mag. Ann. Chem. 1: 276 (1826 publ. 1827)

= Euphorbia uncinata DC.; Pl. Hist. Succ. 27: t. 151 (1805)

subspecies :

subsp. micracantha (Boiss.) Bruyns; Euphorbia S. Africa 2: 816 (2022)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia micracantha Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 25 (1860)

= Euphorbia gilbertii A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 39 (1906)

= Euphorbia lombardensis Nel; Kakteenkunde 1933: 194 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia stellispina Haw.; Philos. Mag. J. 68: 275 (1826)

Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., Free State)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia astrispina N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 355 (1915)

= Euphorbia stellispina var. astrispina (N.E.Br.) A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 716 (1941)

species :

Euphorbia stenoclada Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris, n. s. 1: 672 (1887), et Hist. pl. Madag., Atlas., t. 152

subspecies :

subsp. stenoclada

Distribution: C-Madagascar; Mozambique Channel Isl. [Îles Éparses] (Île Europa, Juan de Nova Isl.)

29 MCI MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia stenoclada (Baill.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 93 (1996)

= Euphorbia cirsioides Costant. & Gall.; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 348 (1905)

= Euphorbia insulae-europae Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 224 (1909)

subspecies :

subsp. ambatofinandranae (Leandri) Cremers; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 17(3): 356 (1978)

Distribution: C-Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ambatofinandranae Leandri; Adansonia, Sér. 2, 6: 344 (1966)

species :

Euphorbia stenophylla Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 104 (1862)

Distribution: SE-Brazil; S-Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Uruguay (Cerro Largo, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Rivera, Treinta y Tres); Argentina (Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Misiones, Santa Fe)

84 BRA 85 ARG URU

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus stenophyllus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 66 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia stepposa Zoz ex Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 738 (1949)

Distribution: ?Moldova; Ukraine; Northern Caucasus

14 UKR 33 NCS

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bessarabica Klokov; Fl. URSR 7: 629 (1955) non Prodan (1930)

= Euphorbia glareosa subsp. stepposa (Zoz ex Prokh.) Kuzmanov; Izv. Bot. Inst. (Sofia) 12: 126 (1963)

= Euphorbia klokoviana Railyan; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 58(7): 1019 (1973), nom. nov.

= Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. stepposa (Zoz ex Prokh.) Greuter & Burdet; Willdenowia 11: 278 (1981)

= Tithymalus klokovianus (Railyan) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 9(3): 273 (1974)

= Tithymalus nicaeensis subsp. stepposus (Zoz ex Prokh.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 152: 23 (1983)

species :

Euphorbia stevenii F.M.Bailey; Queensland Agric. J. 25: 288 (1910)

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia murrayana J.M.Black; Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia 56: 42 (1932)

species :

Euphorbia stictospora Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 187 (1858)

Name: Slimseed sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Veracruz, Zacatecas)

73 USA 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum senile Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 28 (1860)

= Chamaesyce interaxillaris (Fernald) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 409 (1916)

= Chamaesyce stictospora (Engelm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 714 (1903)

= Chamaesyce stictospora var. guadalupensis Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 714 (1903)

= Chamaesyce stictospora var. sublaevis (Johnst.) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao; Phytologia 40(5): 392 (1978)

= Chamaesyce stictospora var. texensis Fedde; Just´s Bot. Jahresber. 32(1): 368 (1905)

= Euphorbia interaxillaris Fernald; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 36: 495 (1901)

= Euphorbia stictospora var. sublaevis M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 5(5): 142 (1975)

= Euphorbia stictospora var. texensis Millsp.; Bot. Gaz. 26: 265 (1898)

species :

Euphorbia stoddartii Fosberg; Kew Bull. 33(2): 182 (1978)

Distribution: Îles Glorieuses; Aldabra

29 ALD IGL

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce stoddartii (Fosberg) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 150(3-4): 138 (1981 publ. 1982)

species :

Euphorbia stolonifera Marloth ex A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane; Succ. Euphorb. 1: 121 2: App. A, 961 (1941)

Distribution: Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)

27 NAM SAF

Remarks: subgen. Esula, sect. Aphyllis, subsect. Africanae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia stolonifera Marloth ex Compton; Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 19: 298 (1931), nomen

= Tirucalia stolonifera (A.C.White, R.A.Dyer & B.Sloane) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 93 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia stracheyi Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 114 (1862)

Distribution: China (Yunnan, Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu); Tibet; Nepal; Bhutan; N-India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal)

36 CHI TIB 40 BHU IND NEP

Remarks: sect. Holophyllum. E. himalayensis might be a distinct, but closely related species

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bupleuroides Diels; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 218 (1912), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia himalayensis (Klotzsch) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 113 (1862)

= Euphorbia mairei H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12(325-330): 286 (1913)

= Euphorbia mairei var. luteociliata W.T.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 10(1): 40 (1988)

= Euphorbia megistopoda Diels; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5(25): 218 (1912)

= Euphorbia riae Pax & K.Hoffm.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 12: 433 (1922)

= Euphorbia shetoensis Pax & K.Hoffm.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 12: 443 (1922)

= Euphorbia stracheyi var. radiata Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 5: 260 (1887)

= Tithymalus himalayensis Klotzsch; Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar [Klotzsch & Garcke] 115, t. 20 (1862)

= Tithymalus riae (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

= Tithymalus shetoensis (Pax & Hoffm) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

= Tithymalus stracheyi (Boiss.) Hurus. & Yu.Tanaka; Fl. E. Himalaya 184 (1966)

species :

Euphorbia strangulata N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 1041 (1913)

subspecies :

subsp. strangulata

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

subspecies :

subsp. deminuens L.C.Leach; Bol. Soc. Brot., Ser. 2, 43: 171 (-172; fig.) (1969)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia striata Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 86 (1800)

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]

27 LES SAF SWZ

Remarks: subgen. Esula, sect. Esula

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cuspidata Bernh.; Flora 28: 86 (1845), nom. illeg., non Bertol. 1843

= Euphorbia pungens E.Mey.; Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Docum. [Drège] 184 (1843), nomen

= Euphorbia striata var. cuspidata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 170 (1862)

= Tithymalus capensis (Thunb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 98 (1860)

= Tithymalus striatus (Thunb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 98 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia stricta L.; Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 1049 (1759)

Name: Steife Wolfsmilch (DE), Upright Spurge (EN)

Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I], Northern Ireland [I]); Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Niedersachsen [I], Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen [I], Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; France; Corsica; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; N-Greece; Belarus; Ukraine; Crimea; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iran (EC-Iran, N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan); New Zealand [I]

10 grb ire 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 COR FRA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB TUE 14 BLR KRY UKR 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN TUR 51 nzl

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, platyphyllos agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia densifolia K.Koch; Linnaea 21: 722 (1849)

= Euphorbia foetida Hoppe ex W.D.J.Koch; Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv., ed. 2, 2: 724 (1844), pro syn.

= Euphorbia micrantha Stephan ex Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2: 905 (1799)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos subsp. micrantha (Stephan ex Willd.) Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg, 1. Aufl.: 298 (1834)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos subsp. stricta (L.) Bonnier & Layens; Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France 280 (1894)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos subsp. stricta (L.) Schübl. & G.Martens; Fl. Würtemberg, 1. Aufl.: 298 (1834)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. nuda Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 3(8): 122 (1852)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. serrulata (Thuill.) Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 18 (1806)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. stricta (L.) DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 6: 365 (1815)

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. subciliata (Pers.) Wimm. & Grab.; Fl. Siles. [Wimmer & Grabowski] 2(2): 279 (1829), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia platyphyllos var. sylvestris J.J.Schmitz & Regel; Fl. Bonn. 160 (1841)

= Euphorbia serrulata Thuill.; Fl. Env. Paris, éd. 2: 237 (1799)

= Euphorbia stricta f. pubescens (Erdner) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 188 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia stricta subsp. micrantha (Stephan ex Willd.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 651 (1881)

= Euphorbia stricta var. pubescens Erdner; Ber. Naturwiss. Vereins Schwaben Neuburg 39-40: 569 (1911)

= Galarhoeus micranthus (Stephan ex Willd.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 152 (1812)

= Galarhoeus platyphyllus var. strictus (L.) Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 257 (1821 publ. 1822)

= Galarhoeus strictus (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 151 (1812)

= Tithymalus micranthus (Stephan ex Willd.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1838)

= Tithymalus serrulatus (Thuill.) Holub; Preslia 42: 94 (1970)

= Tithymalus strictus (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Fl. N. Mitt.-Deutschland, ed. 4: 290 (1858)

species :

Euphorbia strictior Holz.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. (1892) 214 t. 18

Name: Panhandle spurge

Distribution: USA (New Mexico, Texas)

77 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalopsis strictior (Holz.) Wooton & Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 19: 396 (1915)

species :

Euphorbia strigosa Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beechey Voy. 310 (1838)

Distribution: Mexico (Chihuahua, Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia asperifolia Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 74 (1862)

= Poinsettia pedunculata Klotzsch & Garcke; Bot. Voy. Herald [Seemann] 277 (1856)

= Poinsettia strigosa (Hook. & Arn.) Arthur; Torreya 11: 260 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia stygiana H.C.Watson; London J. Bot. 3: 605 (1844)

Distribution: Azores (Sao Miguel Isl., Terceira, Sao Jorge, Pico, Faial, Flores Isl., Corvo Isl.)

21 AZO

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia mellifera Seub.; Fl. Azor. [Seubert] 27 (1844), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus stygianus (H.C.Watson) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia subapoda Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 671 (1887)

Distribution: C-Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia quartziticola Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 159 (1946)

species :

Euphorbia subcordata Ledeb.; Icon. Pl. Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 2: 25 (1830)

Distribution: S-European Russia; Siberia (Altai, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; China (Xinjiang); Mongolia

14 RUS 30 SIB 32 KAZ 36 CHI 37 MON

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia caesia Kar. & Kir.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 14: 743 (1841)

= Euphorbia caesia var. pilosa Ledeb.; Fl. Ross. [Ledebour] 3: 577 (1850)

= Euphorbia cyparissias var. glabriuscula C.A.Mey.; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 4: 180 (1833)

= Euphorbia cyparissias var. pubescens C.A.Mey.; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 4: 180 (1833)

= Euphorbia distincta Stschegl.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(1): 195 (1854), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia eriophylla Kar. & Kir.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 14: 744 (1841)

= Euphorbia esculenta var. cyparissioides Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 161 (1862)

= Euphorbia esula var. caesia Ledeb.; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 4: 182 (1833)

= Euphorbia esula var. humilior C.A.Mey.; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 4: 194 (1833)

= Euphorbia subcordata f. obtusifolia Krylov; Fl. Altai Gov. Tomsk 5: 1195 (1909)

= Euphorbia subcordata var. eriophylla (Kar. & Kir.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 162 (1862)

= Galarhoeus caesius (Kar. & Kir.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 249 (1954)

= Galarhoeus esula f. caesius (Kar. & Kir.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 248 (1954)

= Galarhoeus esula f. humilior (C.A.Mey.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 248 (1954)

= Galarhoeus esula var. subcordatus (Ledeb.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 249 (1954)

= Galarhoeus subcordatus (Ledeb.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 60 (1941)

= Tithymalus caesius (Kar. & Kir.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 87 (1860)

= Tithymalus subcordatus (C.A.Mey.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 88 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia subhastata Vis. & Pančić; Mem. Reale Ist. Veneto Sci. 10: 444 (1861)

Distribution: E-Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania

13 ALB BIH KOS MNT NMA SRB

Remarks: not a synonym of E. agraria. Circumscription and separation from E. subhastata see Berisha et al. 2025

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia agraria var. subhastata (Vis. & Pančić) Gris; Cat. Cormophyt. Anthophyt. Serbiae 92 (1877)

species :

Euphorbia subilsiae Mayfield; Darwiniana 12(1): 163 (2024)

Distribution: Argentina (Córdoba, Buenos Aires, Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán)

85 ARG

species :

Euphorbia suborbicularis Thulin; Kew Bull. 64(3): 469 (2009)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia subpeltata S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 26: 146 (1891)

Distribution: Mexico (Coahuila, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus digitatus (S.Watson) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

= Eumecanthus subpeltatus (S.Watson) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 415 (1916)

= Euphorbia digitata S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 26: 146 (1891)

species :

Euphorbia subpeltatophylla Rauh; Kakteen And. Sukk. 44(2): 25 (1993)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia subsalsa Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 948 (1900)

subspecies :

subsp. subsalsa

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia heteracantha Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 83 (1904)

subspecies :

subsp. otzenii Bruyns; Haseltonia 25: 52, figs. 31-34 (2018)

Distribution: NW-Namibia

27 NAM

species :

Euphorbia subscandens P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3862 (1982)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia subterminalis N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 504 (1911)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia subtrifoliata Rusby; Descr. S. Amer. Pl. 51 (1920)

Distribution: Colombia (Magdalena)

82 CLM

species :

Euphorbia succedanea Wheeler; Contr. Gray Herb. 132: 63 (1939)

Distribution: Mexico (Guanajuato, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Zacatecas)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia succulenta (Schweick.) Bruyns; Euphorbia World 3(1): 5 (2007)

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia neostapelioides Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. nov.

= Monadenium stapelioides Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 89 (1909)

= Monadenium succulentum Schweick.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1935: 274 (1935)

variant :

var. congesta (P.R.O.Bally) Bruyns; Euphorbia World 3(1): 5 (2007)

Distribution: Uganda; SW-Kenya; N-Tanzania

25 KEN TAN UGA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia neostapelioides var. congesta (P.R.O.Bally) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006)

= Monadenium stapelioides f. congestum P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 36 (1959)

= Monadenium stapelioides var. congestum (P.R.O.Bally) S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42: 914 (1987)

species :

Euphorbia sudanica A.Chev.; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 4: 589 (1932)

Distribution: Senegal; Guinea; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Togo; Niger; Nigeria; Chad

22 BKN GUI IVO MLI NGA NGR SEN TOG 24 CHA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia trapifolia A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 13: 556 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia suffulta Bruyns; S. African J. Bot. 56(1): 129 (1990)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: sect. Articulofruticosae

species :

Euphorbia sulcata Lens ex Loisel.; Fl. Gall. [Loiseleur], ed. 2, 1: 339 (1828)

Distribution: Portugal; Spain; Baleares; France; Italy; Croatia; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife)

12 BAL FRA POR SPA 13 CRO ITA 20 ALG LBY MOR TUN 21 CNY

Remarks: sulcata agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula sulcata (Lens ex Loisel.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Euphorbia exigua var. truncata Koch; (1843)

= Euphorbia retusa (L.) Cav.; Icon. [Cavanilles] 1: 21 (1791) (non Forssk.)

= Euphorbia sulcata var. maroccana Molero, Rovira & Vicens; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 54: 227 (1996)

= Tithymalus sulcatus (Lens ex Loisel.) Bubani; Fl. Pyren. [Bubani] 1: 92 (1897)

species :

Euphorbia sulphurea Pahlevani; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 177(3): 353 (2015)

Distribution: Iran

34 IRN

species :

Euphorbia sultan-hassei A.Strid, Bentzer, Bothmer, Engstrand & M.A.Gust.; Willdenowia 19(1): 63 (1989)

Distribution: SW-Crete (Sfakia)

13 KRI

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Conservation Status: very rare and local

species :

Euphorbia sumati S.Carter; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 72(4): 185 (2000)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia sumbawensis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 26 (1862)

Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa)

42 LSI

species :

Euphorbia susan-holmesiae Binojk. & Gopalan; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 65(6): 277 (1993)

Distribution: S-India (Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka

40 IND SRL

species :

Euphorbia susannae Marloth; S. African Gard. 19: 191 (1929)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

species :

Euphorbia suzannae-marnieriae Rauh & Petignat; Succulentes 1996(4): 10 (1996)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia syncalycina Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 415 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Synadenium calycinum S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(3): 670 (1987)

species :

Euphorbia syncameronii Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 415 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Malawi; Zimbabwe

26 MLW ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Synadenium cameronii N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1901: 133 (1901)

species :

Euphorbia systyla Edgew.; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 16 2: 1218 (1847)

Distribution: Somalia; Saudi Arabia (Asir); Yemen (SW-Yemen)

24 SOM 35 SAU YEM

species :

Euphorbia systyloides Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 121 (1894)

subspecies :

subsp. systyloides

Distribution: Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique

25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia holstii Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 121 (1894)

= Euphorbia volkensii Pax; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 242 (1895)

subspecies :

subsp. porcaticapsa S.Carter; Kew Bull. 45(2): 336 (1990)

Distribution: Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia [I]

26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 nam

species :

Euphorbia szovitsii Fisch. & C.A.Mey.; Index Sem. [St. Petersburg (Petropolitanus)] 1: 27 (1835), et Linnaea 10: Litt.-Ber. 89 (1836)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan (incl. Talysh); Turkey (E-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, S-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia: Mesopotamian Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq, NW-Iraq); Iran (EC-Iran, NE-Iran: Mts., N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan, S-Iran, W-Iran); Afghanistan (Farah, Herat, Kabul, Wardak, Parwan); Lebanon (Antilebanon); Syria (NW-Syria, Jbel Druze, W-Syrian Mountains); Pakistan (Quetta, Kurram)

32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 AFG IRN IRQ LEB SYR TUR 40 PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus szovitsii (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 65 (1860)

variant :

var. kharputensis Azn. ex M.S.Khan; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 25: 136 (1964)

Distribution: Turkey; N-Iraq

34 IRQ TUR

species :

Euphorbia taboraensis A.Hässl.; Bot. Not. 1931: 322 (1931)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia tacnensis Phil.; Anales Mus. Nac., Santiago de Chile 77 (1891)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

species :

Euphorbia taifensis Fayed & Al-Zahrani; Edinburgh J. Bot. 64(2): 125 (2007)

Distribution: Saudi Arabia

35 SAU

species :

Euphorbia taihsiensis (Chaw & Koutnik) Oudejans; World Cat. Species Names Published Tribe Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae) with their Geogr. Distrib. 5 (1990)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce taihsiensis Chaw & Koutnik; Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 31(2): 163 (1990)

species :

Euphorbia talaina Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 41(2): 319 (1986)

Distribution: Pakistan

40 PAK

species :

Euphorbia talassica Lazkov & Sennikov; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 56(1-3): 136 (2018)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan

32 KAZ KGZ

species :

Euphorbia talastavica (Prokh.) Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 379 (1949)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan

32 KAZ KGZ UZB

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus talastavicus Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 44, in clavi, et 95 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia taluticola Wiggins; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 30: 246 (1965)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Sur)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia tamanduana Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 4 (1860)

Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia)

84 BRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce tamanduana (Boiss.) M.P.Simmons & W.J.Hayden; Brittonia 49(2): 177 (1997)

species :

Euphorbia tamaulipasana (Millsp.) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 49 (1989)

Distribution: Mexico (Tamaulipas)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce tamaulipasana Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 403 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia tanaensis P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Candollea 29(2): 390 (1974), with type

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia tanaensis P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 19: 160 (1964) (without type)

species :

Euphorbia tananarivae (Leandri ex J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon) Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 488(1): 21 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar (Antananarivo)

29 MDG

Remarks: milii agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia milii var. tananarivae (Leandri) Ursch & Leandri; (1954)

= Euphorbia splendens var. tananarivae Leandri ex J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon; Euphorbia World 16(3): 16 (2020)

= Euphorbia splendens var. tananarivae Leandri; (1946)

species :

Euphorbia tannensis Biehler; Pl. Nov. Herb. Spreng. 23 (1807)

subspecies :

subsp. tannensis

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland); New Caledonia (incl. Loyalty Isl., Île des Pins); Vanuatu

50 AUS 60 NWC VAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Croton clutioides G.Forst.; Fl. Ins. Austr. 92 (1786), nomen

= Euphorbia clutioides (G.Forst.) C.A.Gardner; J. Dept. Agric. Western Australia 19: 89 (1942), nom. inval.

= Euphorbia eremophila var. latifolia Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 70 (1862)

= Euphorbia vieillardii Baill.; Adansonia 2: 212 (1861 publ. 1862)

subspecies :

subsp. eremophila (Cunn.) Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 25(4): 439 (1977)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia deserticola F.Muell.; Linnaea 25: 440 (1853)

= Euphorbia eremocarpus Pharm. ex Wehmer; Pfl.-Stoffe 442 (1911)

= Euphorbia eremophila A.Cunn. ex T.Mitch.; J. Exped. Trop. Australia [Mitchell] 348 (1848)

= Euphorbia eremophila var. dracunculina Baill.; Adansonia 6: 290 (1866)

= Euphorbia eremophila var. filiformis Baill.; Adansonia 6: 290 (1866)

= Euphorbia eremophila var. microdendron Baill.; Adansonia 6: 290 (1866)

= Euphorbia eremophila var. oblonga Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 312 (1927)

= Euphorbia eremophila var. phyllanthina Baill.; Adansonia 6: 290 (1866)

= Euphorbia finlaysonii J.M.Black; Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia 59: 258 (1935)

= Euphorbia tannensis var. eremophila (A.Cunn. ex T.Mitch.) D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 25: 439 (1977)

= Euphorbia tannensis var. finlaysonii (J.M.Black) D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 25: 441 (1977)

species :

Euphorbia tanquahuete Sessé & Moc.; Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 122 (1894)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Zacatecas)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia elastica Altam. & Rose; Anales Inst. Méd.-Nac. México 7: 323 (1905), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia fulva Stapf; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1907: 294 (1907)

= Euphorbiodendron fulvum (Stapf) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 305 (1909)

species :

Euphorbia tarapacana Phil.; Anales Mus. Nac., Santiago de Chile 1: 76 (1891)

Distribution: Chile (Arica y Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta)

85 CLE

species :

Euphorbia tardieuana Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 162 (1946)

Distribution: E-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia taruensis S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(2): 377 (1987)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia taurinensis All.; Fl. Pedem. 1: 287 (1785)

Name: Turiner Wolfsmilch (DE); Torino Spurge (EN)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Austria [I]; Slovakia; Hungary [I]; Baleares; France; Italy; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (widespread mainland, Kerkyra, Ionian Isl., Thasos, Samothraki); Crete (rare); Ukraine; Crimea; Crimea; Canary Isl. [I] (Lanzarote [I], Fuerteventura [I]); Northern Caucasus; East Aegaean Isl. (Lesvos, Chios, Fourni, Samos, Lipsi, Agathonisi, Nisyros, Chalki, Rhodos, Kastellorhizo Isl.); Turkey (Inner Anatolia, N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, SW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); ?Pakistan (?Baluchistan, ?Quetta)

11 aut ger hun SLO 12 BAL FRA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA SRB TUE 14 KRY UKR 21 cny 33 NCS 34 EAI TUR

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula taurinensis (All.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Euphorbia dalmatica var. isophylla K.Malý; Glasn. Zemaljsk. Muz. Bosni Hercegovini 20: 556 (1908)

= Euphorbia dalmatica Vis.; Fl. Dalmat. 3: 228 (1852)

= Euphorbia graeca Boiss. & Spruner; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 5: 53 (1844)

= Euphorbia graeca subsp. dalmatica (Vis.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 654 (1881)

= Euphorbia graeca var. brachyceras Candargy; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 45: 182 (1898)

= Euphorbia lagascae Spruner ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 654 (1881), pro syn.

= Euphorbia preslii Spruner ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 654 (1881), pro syn.

= Euphorbia serbica Formánek; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 34: 283 (1896)

= Euphorbia taurinensis f. isophylla (K.Malý) Soó; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11: 245 (1965)

= Euphorbia taurinensis f. isophylla (K.Malý) Kuzmanov; Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 7: 168 (1979), isonym

= Euphorbia taurinensis var. brachyceras (Candargy) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 188 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia taurinensis var. isophylla (K.Malý) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 188 (1992)

= Tithymalus graecus (Boiss. & Spruner) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 84 (1860)

= Tithymalus taurinensis (All.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 83 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia tavoyensis N.P.Balakr.; J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 73(1): 189 (1976)

Distribution: Myanmar

41 MYA

species :

Euphorbia teheranica Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 153 (1862)

Distribution: Iran (EC-Iran, SW-Iran)

34 IRN

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus teheranicus (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 177 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia tehuacana (Brandegee) V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 49 (2003)

Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca, Puebla)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Pedilanthus tehuacanus Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 55 (1914)

= Tithymalus tehuacanus (Brandegee) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

species :

Euphorbia teixeirae L.C.Leach; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 2(1): 37 (1974)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia teke Schweinf. ex Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 118 (1894), et ex Croizat in Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 15: 119 (1938) (descr. ampl.)

Distribution: Cameroon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Chad; South Sudan; Uganda; Tanzania; Angola

23 CAF CMN CON ZAI 24 CHA SSU 25 TAN UGA 26 ANG

Synonyms: hidden

= Elaeophorbia teke (Schweinf. ex Pax) A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 31: 495 (1951)

= Euphorbia laurentii De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 2: 289 (1908)

species :

Euphorbia telanganensis Sadas., K.Prasad & A.Ramakrishna; Phytotaxa 572(3): 284 (2022)

Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia telephioides Chapm.; Fl. South. U.S. 402 (1860)

Name: Telephus spurge

Distribution: USA (Florida)

78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Galarhoeus telephioides (Chapm.) Small; Man. S.E. Fl. [Small] 801 (1933)

= Tithymalus telephioides (Chapm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 719 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia tellieri A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 13: 555 (1933)

Distribution: Niger

22 NGR

species :

Euphorbia tenax Burch.; Trav. S. Africa 1: 219 (1822)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., N-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: sect. Articulofruticosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Arthrothamnus cymosus Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 63 (1860)

= Arthrothamnus ecklonii Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 63 (1860)

= Arthrothamnus scopiformis Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 63 (1860)

= Euphorbia arceuthobioides Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 20 (1860)

= Euphorbia mixta N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 585 (1925)

= Euphorbia rhombifolia var. cymosa (Klotzsch & Garcke) N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 285 (1915)

= Euphorbia scopiformis (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 75, 1287 (1862)

= Euphorbia serpiformis Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 75 (1862), orth. var.

= Tirucalia arceuthobioides (Boiss.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 87 (1996)

= Tirucalia mixta (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 91 (1996)

= Tirucalia rhombifolia var. cymosa (Klotzsch & Garcke) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 92 (1996)

= Tirucalia tenax (Burch.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5: 93 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia tenuirama Schweinf. ex A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 49 (1907 publ. 1906)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia tenuispina (Rauh & Razafindr.) J.-P.Castillon & J.-B.Castillon; Euphorbia World 16(3): 11 (2020)

Distribution: Madagascar (Fianarantsoa)

29 MDG

Remarks: milii agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia milii var. tenuispina Rauh & Razafindr.; Euphorbia J. 7: 34 (1991)

= Euphorbia milii var. tulearensis Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 152 (1954 publ. 1955)

species :

Euphorbia tenuispinosa Gilli; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 78: 167 (1974), nom. nov.

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia taitensis Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 83 (1904) (non Boiss.)

= Euphorbia atoto Guill.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 7: 187 (1837) non G. Forst.

= Euphorbia ndurumensis P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 20: 39 (1965) (nom. inval.)

variant :

var. robusta P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter; Kew Bull. 42(2): 377 (1987)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia teres M.Machado & Hofacker; Kakteen And. Sukk. 59(6): 150 (2008)

Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia terracina L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus], ed. 2: 654 (1762)

Name: Geraldton carnation weed (EN); Terracina-Wolfsmilch (DE); Lechetrezna del inferno (ES)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Portugal; Spain; Gibraltar; Baleares; France; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Pantelleria; Isole Pelagie (Lampedusa); Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; European Turkey; Greece (coastal W-Greece, Sporades, Kerkyra, Zakynthos, Andros, Naxos, Paros, Amorgos, Thira); Crete; Ukraine; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt (NE-Egypt, NW-coastal Egypt); Madeira (Madeira Isl., Porto Santo Isl.); Canary Isl. (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma); Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan; East Aegaean Isl. (Kos, Rhodos); Turkey (NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Cyprus (E-Cyprus); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Israel (coastal W-Israel, N-Israel, N-Negev Desert); Sinai peninsula (C-Sinai, N-Sinai, S-Sinai); Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, Asir); Yemen (N-Inner Yemen); Australia [I] (Western Australia [I], South Australia [I], New South Wales [I], Victoria [I]); USA [I] (California [I], Pennsylvania [I]); Mexico [I]; Chile [I] (Valparaíso [I])

11 ger 12 BAL COR FRA GIB POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH CRO GRC ITA KOS KRI MNT NMA PEL PTL SIC SRB TUE 14 UKR 20 ALG EGY LBY MOR TUN 21 CNY MDR 33 AZE GEO 34 CYP EAI ISR LEB SIN TUR 35 SAU YEM 50 aus 75 usa 76 usa 79 mex 85 cle

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula provincialis (Willd.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 157 (1812)

= Esula terracina (L.) Fourr.; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 17: 150 (1869)

= Esula valentina (Ortega) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 157 (1812)

= Euphorbia abortiva Porta; Atti Imp. Regia Accad. Rovereto, Ser. 2, 9: 67 (1891 publ. 1892)

= Euphorbia affinis DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 6: 363 (1815)

= Euphorbia alexandrina Delile; Descr. Égypte, Hist. Nat. 2(Mém.): 234 (1813)

= Euphorbia carullae Sennen; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 69: 95 (1922)

= Euphorbia cyprianii Maire & Sennen; Diagn. Nouv. 115 (1936)

= Euphorbia diversifolia Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 2: 618 (1812)

= Euphorbia ehrenbergii Sweet; Hort. Brit. [Sweet], ed. 2: 455 (1830)

= Euphorbia garrullae Sennen; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 68: 407 (1921 publ. 1922), nomen

= Euphorbia halacsyi Formánek; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 33: 128 (1894 publ. 1895)

= Euphorbia heterophylla Desf.; Fl. Atlant. 1: 385, t. 102 (1798), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia italica Tineo; Syn. Pl. Hort. Panorm. 13 (1802), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia italica Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 434 (1788)

= Euphorbia leiosperma Sm.; Fl. Graec. [Sibthorp] 5: 51 (1825)

= Euphorbia linaria Link; Phys. Beschr. Canar. Ins. [Buch] 158 (1828)

= Euphorbia mendax Maire & Wilczek; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 27: 79 (1936)

= Euphorbia modesta Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 34 (1860)

= Euphorbia neapolitana Ten.; Fl. Napol. 1: 266 (1811)

= Euphorbia obliquata Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 93 (1775)

= Euphorbia obtusifolia Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 430 (1788) (nom. rejic.)

= Euphorbia panacea Webb & Berthel.; Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.) 3(2, 3): 247 (1847)

= Euphorbia provincialis var. latifolia Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 568 (1842)

= Euphorbia provincialis var. retusa Boiss.; Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 568 (1842)

= Euphorbia provincialis Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2: 914 (1799)

= Euphorbia purpurascens Salzm. ex Ball; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 660 (1878)

= Euphorbia ramosissima Loisel.; Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 415 (1827)

= Euphorbia rhombea Willd. ex Link; Phys. Beschr. Canar. Ins. [Buch] 158 (1828)

= Euphorbia seticornis Poir.; Voy. Barbarie 2: 173 (1789)

= Euphorbia tenuicuspis Guss. ex Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 761 (1832)

= Euphorbia terracina f. angustifolia (Lange) Batt.; Fl. Algérie [Battandier et al.] Dicot. 801 (1890)

= Euphorbia terracina f. latifolia (Boiss.) Vindt; Trav. Inst. Sci. Chérifien, Sér. Bot. 6: 98 (1953)

= Euphorbia terracina f. retusa (Boiss.) Vindt; Trav. Inst. Sci. Chérifien, Sér. Bot. 6: 98 (1953)

= Euphorbia terracina subsp. valentina (Ortega) Pérez Lara; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 24: 292 (1896)

= Euphorbia terracina subvar. provincialis (Willd.) Pérez Lara; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 24: 292 (1896)

= Euphorbia terracina subvar. serratifolia A.Bolòs; Veg. Com. Barcelona 393 (1950)

= Euphorbia terracina subvar. valentina (Ortega) Pérez Lara; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 24: 292 (1896)

= Euphorbia terracina var. alexandrina (Delile) El Karemy; Feddes Repert. 105(5-6): 280 (1994)

= Euphorbia terracina var. almeriensis Sennen; Diagn. Nouv. 152 (1936)

= Euphorbia terracina var. angustifolia Lange; Pug. Pl. Hispan. 323 (1861)

= Euphorbia terracina var. delortii Timb.-Lagr. ex Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 653 (1881), nomen

= Euphorbia terracina var. ecarunculata Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 158 (1862)

= Euphorbia terracina var. hieronymi Sennen; Diagn. Nouv. 152 (1936)

= Euphorbia terracina var. latifolia (Boiss.) Willk. & Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 3: 502 (1877)

= Euphorbia terracina var. leiosperma (Sm.) Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 3: 107 (1904)

= Euphorbia terracina var. mendax (Maire & Wilczek) Maire; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 27: 258 (1936)

= Euphorbia terracina var. modesta (Boiss.) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 158 (1862)

= Euphorbia terracina var. multicaulis Batt.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 53: LXXIX (1906)

= Euphorbia terracina var. obliquata (Forssk.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 284 (1901)

= Euphorbia terracina var. ramosissima (Loisel.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 653 (1881)

= Euphorbia terracina var. ramosissima (Loisel.) Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 12: 16 (1910), isonym

= Euphorbia terracina var. retusa (Boiss.) Menezes; Fl. Madeira 161 (1914), isonym

= Euphorbia terracina var. retusa (Boiss.) Willk. & Lange; Prodr. Fl. Hispan. [Willkomm & Lange] 3: 502 (1877)

= Euphorbia terracina var. trapezoidalis (Viv.) Hochr.; Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 7-8: 179 (1904)

= Euphorbia terracina var. variicornis Maire & Sennen; Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 214 (1932)

= Euphorbia terracina var. visciosoi Sennen; [nom. nud.]

= Euphorbia trapezoidalis Viv.; Fl. Libyc. Spec. 25, t. 4, f. 1 (1824)

= Euphorbia valentina Ortega; Nov. Rar. Pl. Descr. Dec. 127 (1800)

= Euphorbia verna Salzm. ex Ball; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 660 (1878)

= Keraselma diversifolium (Poir.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Keraselma provinciale (Willd.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1838)

= Lophobios terracina (L.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 116 (1836)

= Tithymalus panaceus (Webb & Berthel.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 84 (1860)

= Tithymalus terracinus (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 90 (1860)

= Tithymalus trapezoidalis (Viv.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 96 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia tescorum S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3873 (1982)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia teskensuensis Orazova; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk Kazakhsk. S.S.R. 13: 54 (1983)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; China (Xinjiang); Tibet

32 KAZ KGZ 36 CHI TIB

species :

Euphorbia tessmannii Mansf.; Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 46: 674 (1929), in obs., et in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 137 (1931), latine. (1928)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

species :

Euphorbia tetracantha Rendle; J. Bot. 34: 130 (1896)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia tetracanthoides Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30: 342 (1901)

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; ?Malawi

25 TAN 26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia tetragona Haw.; Philos. Mag. Ann. Chem. 276 (1826)

Name: Honey Euphorbia

Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia tetrangularis Hurbath & Cordeiro; Syst. Biodivers. 16(7): 660 (2018)

Distribution: Brazil (Minas Gerais)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia tetrapora Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 191 (1858)

Name: Weak spurge

Distribution: USA (Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas)

74 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia tetrapora var. berlandieri Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 142 (1862)

= Tithymalus tetraporus (Engelm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 720 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia tetraptera Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 440 (1885)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bakeriana Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 623 (1886)

= Euphorbia eumyrmodes Baker ex Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 63 (1921) (pro syn.)

= Euphorbia tetraptera var. robusta Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 78 (1945)

species :

Euphorbia tettensis Klotzsch; Naturw. Reise Mossambique [Peters] 94 (1861)

Distribution: Gabon; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga)

23 GAB 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT SAF

Remarks: sect. Anisophyllum, subsect. Hypericifoliae

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum tettense Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 34 (1860), nomen

= Chamaesyce tettensis (Klotzsch) Koutnik; S. African J. Bot. 3(4): 263 (1984)

species :

Euphorbia texana Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 30 (1860)

Name: Texas spurge (EN)

Distribution: USA (Kansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas)

74 USA 77 USA 78 USA

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia dictyosperma var. leiococca Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 191 (1859)

= Euphorbia leiococca (Engelm.) Norton; N. Amer. Euphorbia 24 (1899)

= Tithymalus leiococcus (Engelm.) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 721 (1903)

species :

Euphorbia thelephora Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 561 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Queensland)

50 AUS

variant :

var. australis Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 564 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales)

50 AUS

variant :

var. rugosa Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 565 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia theriaca Wheeler; Rhodora 43: 242 (1941)

Name: Terlingua sandmat

Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sonora)

77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce theriaca (L.C.Wheeler) Shinners; Field & Lab. 17: 70 (1949)

species :

Euphorbia thessala (Formánek) Degen & Dörfl.; Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 64: 736 (1897)

Distribution: ?Montenegro; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; N-Greece (south to Mt. Pelion)

13 ALB BUL GRC NMA TUE

Remarks: barrelieri agg.; sometimes included in E. barrelieri s. lat.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia barrelieri subsp. thessala (Formánek) Bornm.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61(Beibl. 140): 109 (1928)

= Euphorbia barrelieri var. thessala (Formánek) K.Malý; Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 54: 230 (1904)

= Euphorbia baselicis subsp. thessala Formánek; Verh. Naturf. Vereins Brünn 34: 282 (1896)

= Euphorbia baselicis var. rupestris Friv. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 165 (1862)

= Euphorbia frivaldszkyana Dörfl. & Degen ex Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 3: 107 (1904)

= Tithymalus barrelieri subsp. thessalus (Formánek) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia thinophila Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 537 (1873)

Distribution: Chile (Antofagasta, Atacama, Coquimbo)

85 CLE

species :

Euphorbia tholicola L.C.Leach; Excelsa 15: 21 (1991 publ. 1992)

Distribution: Zambia; Malawi

26 MLW ZAM

species :

Euphorbia thompsonii Holmboe; Bergens Mus. Skr., n. s. 1(2): 121, f. 36 (1914)

Distribution: Turkey (S-Anatolia); Cyprus (C-Mountains)

34 CYP TUR

Remarks: characias agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus thompsonii (Holmboe) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 177 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia thomsoniana Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 113 (1862)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Afghanistan (Laghman); China (Xinjiang); Tibet; Pakistan (Kurram, Chitral, Swat, Astor, Gilgit, Deosai); NW-India (Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir)

32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK 34 AFG 36 CHI TIB 40 IND PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia prokhanovii Popov; Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol., n. s. 47: 87 (1938)

= Euphorbia tianschanica (Prokh.) Prokh.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 29: 553 (1930)

= Euphorbia tianshanica (Prokh.) Popov; Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol., n. s. 47: 87 (1938), isonym

= Tithymalus thomsonianus (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 177 (1972)

= Tithymalus tianshanicus Prokh.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 29: 553 (1930)

species :

Euphorbia thouarsiana Baill.; Adansonia 1: 139 (1860 publ. 1861)

Distribution: E-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia thulinii S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(6): 684 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia thymifolia L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 454 (1753)

Name: Chickenweed, Female Malomay, Malomay, Milkweed (Trinidad & Tobago); Gulf sandmat (EN)

Distribution: Senegal [I]; Gambia [I]; Guinea [I]; Sierra Leone [I]; Liberia [I]; Burkina Faso [I]; Ivory Coast [I]; Ghana [I]; Benin [I]; Niger [I]; Nigeria [I]; Cameroon [I]; Annobon Isl. [I]; Gabon [I]; Congo [Brazzaville] [I]; D.R.Congo [Zaire] [I]; S-Chad [I]; Tanzania [I]; Zambia [I]; Mozambique [I]; Madagascar [I]; Comores [I]; Mozambique Channel Isl. [Îles Éparses] [I] (Juan de Nova Isl. [I]); Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Rodrigues [I]; Seychelles [I]; Chagos Arch. [I] (Diego Garcia [I]); Iran [I]; China [I] (Fujian [I], Guangdong [I], Guangxi [I], Hainan [I], Hunan [I], Jiangxi [I], Jiangsu [I], Yunnan [I], Zhejiang [I]); Ryukyu Isl. [I]; Bonin Isl. [I] (Chichijima [I]); Volcano Isl. [I] (Iwojima [I]); Taiwan [I]; Pakistan [I] (Karachi [I], Waziristan [I], Baluchistan [I]); Nepal [I]; India [I] (throughout [I]); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives] [I]; Maldives [I]; Bangladesh [I]; Andaman Isl. [I] (North Andamans [I], Middle Andamans [I], South Andamans [I], Little Andaman Isl. [I]); Nicobar Isl. [I] (Car Nicobar Isl. [I], North Nicobars [I], Central Nicobars [I], Great Nicobar Isl. [I], Little Nicobar Isl. [I]); Thailand [I]; Laos [I]; Cambodia [I]; Vietnam [I]; peninsular Malaysia [I]; Singapore [I]; Sumatra [I]; South China Sea Isl. [I]; Borneo [I]; Sulawesi [I]; Philippines [I]; Java [I]; Lesser Sunda Isl. [I]; East Timor [I]; Moluccas [I]; Christmas Isl. [Austr.] [I]; New Guinea [I] (Irian Jaya [I], Papua New Guinea [I]); Bismarck Arch. [I]; Australia [I] (Queensland [I], New South Wales [I]); Lord Howe Isl. [I]; American Samoa [I] (Ta´u [I], Tutuila [I]); [Western] Samoa [I] (´Upolu [I], Savai´i [I]); Gilbert Isl. [I] (Tarawa [I]); Cook Isl. [I] (Penrhyn [I]); Marquesas Isl. [I] ; Society Isl. [I]; Society Isl. [I] (Mopelia Atoll [I]); Tuamotu Arch. [I]; Austral Isl. [I] (Tubuai [I]); Palau [I] (Koror [I], Ngarakabesang [I], Angaur [I]); Northern Marianas [I] (Pagan [I], Alamagan [I], Saipan [I], Tinian [I]); Guam [I]; Fed. States of Micronesia [I] (Yap [I], Ulithi [I], Fais [I], Namonuito [I], Truk [I], Moen [I], Dublon [I], Pohnpei [I]); Marshall Isl. [I] (Ujelang [I], Kwajalein [I], Jaluit [I]); Wake Isl. [I]; Hawaii [I] (Kauai [I], Oahu [I], Molokai [I], Lanai [I], Maui [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); USA (Florida, Louisiana); Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Revillagigedos Isl. (Isla Socorro); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas); St. Barthélémy; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Lucia; Grenadines; St. Vincent; Tobago; Trinidad; San Andres y Providencia (San Andres, Providencia y Santa Catalina); Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Caquetá, Chocó, Córdoba, Guainía, Magdalena, Meta, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Tolima, Valle, Vichada); Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Bolívar, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Miranda, Nueva Esparta, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (Beni, Chuquisaca, Pando, Santa Cruz, Tarija); N-Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas); NE-Brazil (Maranhão, Pernambuco, Bahia); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul); Paraguay (Central); Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones, Salta)

22 ben bkn gam gha gui ivo lbr nga ngr sen sie 23 ann cmn con gab zai 24 cha 25 tan 26 moz zam 29 cgs com mau mci mdg reu rod sey 34 irn 36 chi 38 kzn nns oga tai 40 ban ind ldv mdv nep pak 41 and cbd lao ncb tha vie 42 bor jaw lsi mly mol nwg phi scs sng sul sum xms 43 bis 50 aus lhi 60 asa gil sam 61 aui coo mrq sci tua 62 gum mic mrn mrs plu wak 63 haw 78 USA 79 MEX RGI 80 BLZ COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 CUB GDL HIS JAM MAR PUE SBA STL STV TRT VIR 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL ECU PER 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum thymifolium (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 160 (1812)

= Aplarina microphylla (Lam.) Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 100 (1838)

= Chamaesyce mauritiana Comm. ex Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 37 (1921)

= Chamaesyce microphylla (Lam.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 169 (1972)

= Chamaesyce rubrosperma (Lotsy) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 411 (1916)

= Chamaesyce thymifolia (L.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 412 (1916)

= Chamaesyce thymifolia f. suffrutescens (Boiss.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 287 (1954)

= Euphorbia aegyptiaca var. annobonensis Mildbr.; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 700 (1937)

= Euphorbia afzelii N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 506 (1911)

= Euphorbia botryoides Noronha; Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 5(4): 14 (1790), nomen

= Euphorbia foliata Buch.-Ham. ex Dillwyn; Rev. Hortus Malab. 52 (1839)

= Euphorbia microphylla Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 423 (1788)

= Euphorbia philippina J.Gay ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 47 (1862)

= Euphorbia rubicunda Blume; Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg [Blume] 73 (1823)

= Euphorbia rubrosperma Lotsy; Bot. Gaz. 20: 349 (1895)

= Euphorbia thymifolia f. laxifoliata Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 5: 679 (1905)

= Euphorbia thymifolia var. disticha Nutt.; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 5: 171 (1835)

= Euphorbia thymifolia var. suffrutescens Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 47 (1862)

= Euphorbia thymifolia var. viridis Basumatary & S.Baruah; Indian Forester 146(3): 270 (2020)

species :

Euphorbia thyrsoidea Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 164 (1862)

Distribution: Pakistan (Swat, Hazara, Astor); NW-India (Jammu & Kashmir)

40 IND PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia swatensis Kitam.; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 19: 99 (1963)

= Tithymalus thyrsoideus (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 177 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia tibetica Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 114 (1862)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; China (Xinjiang); Tibet; Pakistan (Astor, Baltistan); India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand)

32 KAZ KGZ TZK 36 CHI TIB 40 IND PAK

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia issykkulensis Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 60 (1933), pro syn.

= Euphorbia tatarica Jacquem. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 114 (1862)

= Euphorbia tranzschelii (Prokh.) Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 386 (1949)

= Galarhoeus issykkulensis (Prokh.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 26 (1941)

= Galarhoeus tibeticus (Boiss.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 26 (1941)

= Galarhoeus tranzschelii (Prokh.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 26 (1941)

= Tithymalus issykkulensis Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 60 (1933)

= Tithymalus tibeticus (Boiss.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 59, in obs.(1933)

= Tithymalus tranzschelii Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 36, in clavi, et 59 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia tirucalli L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 452 (1753)

Name: Rubber Euphorbia, Rubber Tree, Indian Tree Spurge, Milk bush, Pencil Cactus

Distribution: Cape Verde Isl. (Sal Isl.); Guinea; Burkina Faso [I]; Ghana; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; São Tomé [I]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; ?Chad; Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Somalia; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, Gauteng, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]; Madagascar; Comores; Mauritius [I]; La Réunion [I]; Seychelles [I]; Iran [I] (S-Iran [I]); China [I]; Taiwan [I]; Pakistan [I]; India [I] (throughout); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives] [I]; Maldives [I]; Bangladesh [I]; Thailand [I]; Cambodia [I]; Vietnam [I]; peninsular Malaysia [I]; Sulawesi [I]; Philippines [I]; Java [I]; Lesser Sunda Isl. [I] (Bali [I], etc.); Moluccas [I]; Australia [I] (Queensland [I]); New Caledonia [I]; Cook Isl. [I] (Rarotonga [I], Aitutaki [I], etc.); Society Isl. [I]; Austral Isl. [I]; Guam [I]; Fed. States of Micronesia [I] (Pohnpei [I]); Wake Isl. [I]; Hawaii [I] (Kauai [I]); USA [I] (California [I], Florida [I]); Mexico [I]; Belize [I]; Honduras [I]; Cayman Isl. [I]; Jamaica [I]; Dominican Republic [I]; Haiti [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Virgin Isl. [I] (Guana [I], St. Croix [I], St. John [I], Tortola [I]); Trinidad & Tobago [I]; Colombia [I]; Ecuador [I]

21 CVI 22 BEN bkn GHA GUI NGA 23 CMN sao ZAI 24 ERI ETH SOM SUD 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF SWZ 29 COM mau MDG reu sey 34 irn 36 chi 38 tai 40 ban ind ldv mdv pak 41 cbd tha vie 42 jaw lsi mly mol phi sul 50 aus 60 nwc 61 aui coo sci 62 gum mic wak 63 haw 76 usa 78 usa 79 mex 80 blz hon 81 cay his jam pue trt vir 82 clm 83 ecu

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Tirucalli

Synonyms: hidden

= Arthrothamnus tirucalli (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 251 (1859)

= Euphorbia geayi Costantin & Gallaud; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 11: 347 (1905)

= Euphorbia laro Drake; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 307 (1899)

= Euphorbia media N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 556 (1911)

= Euphorbia media var. bagshawei N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 556 (1911)

= Euphorbia rhipsaloides Lem.; Ill. Hort. 4(Misc.): 72 (1857)

= Euphorbia scoparia N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 557 (1911)

= Euphorbia suareziana Croizat; Natl. Hort. Mag. 99 (1934)

= Euphorbia tirucalli var. rhipsaloides (Willd.) A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 13: 547 (1933)

= Euphorbia viminalis Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 15 (1768), nom. illeg.

= Tirucalia indica Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 112 (1836)

= Tirucalia tirucalli (L.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 93 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia tisserantii A.Chev. & Sillans; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 31: 376 (1951), sine descr. lat., et in Rev. Bot. 33: 560 (1953)

Distribution: Central African Republic

23 CAF

species :

Euphorbia tithymaloides L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 453 (1753)

subspecies :

subsp. tithymaloides

Name: Redbird flower, Fiddle flower

Distribution: Gambia [I]; Guinea [I]; Benin [I]; Cameroon [I]; Mozambique [I]; Mozambique Channel Isl. [Îles Éparses] [I] (Juan de Nova Isl. [I]); Îles Glorieuses [I]; Aldabra [I] (Aldabra Isl. [I], Asuncio Isl. [I], Cosmoledo Isl. [I], Astove Isl. [I], Farquhar Isl. [I]); Seychelles [I] (incl. Remire Isl. [I], Desroches Isl. [I]); Chagos Arch. [I] (Diego Garcia [I]); China [I] (Yunnan [I], Guangxi [I], Guangdong [I]); India [c]; Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives] [I]; Maldives [I]; Bangladesh [I]; Thailand [I]; Vietnam [I]; Java [I]; Vanuatu [I]; Rotuma Isl. [I]; Niue [I]; Phoenix Isl. [I] (Kanton [I]); Gilbert Isl. [I] (Tarawa [I]); Cook Isl. [I] (widespread, incl. Rarotonga [I]); Society Isl. [I] (Tetiaroa Atoll [I]); Gambier Isl. [I]; Tuamotu Arch. [I] (Rangiroa Atoll [I], Takapoto Atoll [I]); Austral Isl. [I]; Palau [I] (Koror [I]); Northern Marianas [I] (Rota [I]); Guam [I]; Fed. States of Micronesia [I] (Pohnpei [I], Yap [I], Truk [I], Moen [I]); Marshall Isl. [I] (Kwajalein [I]); Wake Isl. [I]; Bermuda [I]; Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Mexico State, Michoacan, Morelos, Oaxaca, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (St. Thomas); Anguilla; St. Martin/St. Maarten; St. Barthélémy; St. Eustatius; St. Kitts; Antigua; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; St. Lucia; Grenadines; St. Vincent; Grenada; Barbados; Tobago; Trinidad; Curacao; San Andres y Providencia (San Andres, Providencia y Santa Catalina); Colombia (Atlántico, Bolívar, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta); Isla Margarita; Venezuela (Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Bolívar, Carabobo, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Miranda, Nueva Esparta, Sucre, Tachira, Zulia); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana [I]; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Santa Cruz)

22 ben gam gui 23 cmn 26 moz 29 ald cgs igl mci sey 36 chi 40 ban ind ldv mdv 41 tha vie 42 jaw 60 gil nue phx rot van 61 aui coo gbi sci tua 62 gum mic mrn mrs plu wak 79 MEX 80 BLZ COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 ABA AGU BAH BBD ber CUB CUR DOM GDL GRE HIS JAM MAR MTS PUE SBA STE STK STL STM STV TRT VEN VIR 82 CLM frg GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL ECU PER

Synonyms: hidden

= Crepidaria carinata (Donn) Haw.; Suppl. Pl. Succ. 67 (1819)

= Crepidaria myrtifolia (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 136 (1812)

= Crepidaria subcarinata Haw.; Suppl. Pl. Succ. 67 (1819)

= Euphorbia anacampseroides Descourt.; Fl. Méd. Antilles 2: 117 (1822), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia canaliculata G.Lodd.; Bot. Cab. 8: t .727 (1823), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia carinata Donn; Hort. Cantabrig., ed. 6: 131 (1811)

= Euphorbia myrtifolia (L.) Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 419 (1788), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia tithymaloides var. myrtifolia L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 453 (1753)

= Pedilanthus campester Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 56 (1914)

= Pedilanthus camporum Standl. & Steyerm.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 23: 124 (1944)

= Pedilanthus canaliculatus (G.Lodd.) Sweet; Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 355 (1826)

= Pedilanthus carinatus (Donn) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 802 (1826)

= Pedilanthus deamii Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 356 (1913)

= Pedilanthus fendleri Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 5 (1862)

= Pedilanthus gritensis Zahlbr.; Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 12: 104 (1897)

= Pedilanthus houlletii Baill.; Adansonia 1: 341 (1860 publ. 1861)

= Pedilanthus ierensis Britton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 53: 468 (1926)

= Pedilanthus myrtifolius (L.) Link; Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 18 (1822)

= Pedilanthus petraeus Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 10: 411 (1924)

= Pedilanthus pringlei B.L.Rob.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 29: 322 (1894)

= Pedilanthus subcarinatus (Haw.) Sweet; Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 355 (1826)

= Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit.; Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 19: 390 (1812), t. 19

= Tithymaloides fendleri (Boiss.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 620 (1891)

= Tithymaloides houlletii (Baill.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 620 (1891)

= Tithymalus deamii (Millsp.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

= Tithymalus fendleri (Boiss.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

= Tithymalus ierensis (Britton) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

= Tithymalus myrtifolius (L.) Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 1 (1768)

= Tithymalus petraeus (Brandegee) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

= Tithymalus pringlei (B.L.Rob.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

= Tithymalus tithymaloides (L.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

= Tithymalus villicus Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

subspecies :

subsp. angustifolia (Poit.) V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 49 (2003)

Name: Bejuco de estrella

Distribution: Cuba; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (Guana, St. John)

81 CUB HIS PUE VIR

Synonyms: hidden

= Crepidaria cordellata (Haw.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 136 (1812)

= Euphorbia cordellata Haw.; Misc. Nat. 185 (1803)

= Pedilanthus angustifolius Poit.; Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 19: 393 (1812)

= Pedilanthus cordatus Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 802 (1826)

= Pedilanthus cordellatus (Haw.) Sweet; Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 355 (1826)

= Pedilanthus tithymaloides subsp. angustifolius (Poit.) Dressler; Contr. Gray Herb. 182: 161 (1957)

= Pedilanthus tithymaloides var. angustifolius (Poit.) Griseb.; Fl. Brit. W. I. [Grisebach] 52 (1859)

= Tithymaloides angustifolia (Poit.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 620 (1891)

= Tithymaloides cordellata (Haw.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 620 (1891)

= Tithymalus sarissophyllus Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 703 (1937)

subspecies :

subsp. bahamensis (Millsp.) Govaerts; Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98: 336 (2012)

Distribution: Bahamas; Turks & Caicos Isl.

81 BAH TCI

Synonyms: hidden

= Pedilanthus bahamensis Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 359 (1913)

= Pedilanthus tithymaloides subsp. bahamensis (Millsp.) Dressler; Contr. Gray Herb. 182: 165 (1957)

= Tithymalus bahamensis (Millsp.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

subspecies :

subsp. jamaicensis (Millsp. & Britton) V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 49 (2003)

Distribution: Jamaica

81 JAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Pedilanthus grisebachii Millsp. & Britton; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 361 (1913)

= Pedilanthus jamaicensis Millsp. & Britton; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 356 (1913)

= Pedilanthus tithymaloides subsp. jamaicensis (Millsp. & Britton) Dressler; Contr. Gray Herb. 182: 159 (1957)

= Tithymalus grisebachii (Millsp. & Britton) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

= Tithymalus jamaicensis (Millsp. & Britton) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

subspecies :

subsp. padifolia (L.) V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 49 (2003)

Distribution: Puerto Rico [I]; Virgin Isl. [I] (St. Croix [I], St. Thomas [I]); St. Kitts; Antigua; Guadeloupe; Barbados; Curacao

81 ABA BBD CUR GDL pue STK vir

Synonyms: hidden

= Crepidaria padifolia (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 136 (1812)

= Euphorbia anacampseroides Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 420 (1788)

= Euphorbia padifolia (L.) Guss.; Cat. Pl. Hort. Boccadifalco, Adnot. 25 (1821)

= Euphorbia tithymaloides var. padifolia L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 453 (1753)

= Pedilanthus anacampseroides (Lam.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 253 (1859)

= Pedilanthus laurocerasifolius (Mill.) L.C.Wheeler; Contr. Gray Herb. 124: 42 (1939)

= Pedilanthus padifolius (L.) Poit.; Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 19: 393 (1812)

= Pedilanthus tithymaloides subsp. padifolius (L.) Dressler; Contr. Gray Herb. 182: 156 (1957)

= Pedilanthus tithymaloides var. padifolius (L.) Griseb.; Fl. Brit. W. I. [Grisebach] 52 (1859)

= Tithymaloides padifolia (L.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 620 (1891)

= Tithymalus laurocerasifolius Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 2 (1768)

= Tithymalus padifolius (L.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 703 (1937)

subspecies :

subsp. parasitica (Boiss. ex Klotzsch) V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 50 (2003)

Distribution: Mexico (Veracruz, Quintana Roo, Chiapas); Belize; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (St. Croix, St. Thomas)

79 MEX 80 BLZ 81 HIS JAM PUE VIR

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia parasitica Pav. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 5 (1862), pro syn.

= Pedilanthus itzaeus Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 1: 305 (1896)

= Pedilanthus latifolius Millsp. & Britton; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 2: 43 (1915)

= Pedilanthus parasiticus Boiss. ex Klotzsch; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 105 (1860)

= Pedilanthus ramosissimus Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 6 (1862)

= Pedilanthus tithymaloides subsp. parasiticus (Klotzsch & Garcke) Dressler; Contr. Gray Herb. 182: 148 (1957)

= Tithymaloides parasitica (Boiss. ex Klotzsch) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 620 (1891)

= Tithymalus itzaeus (Millsp.) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

= Tithymalus parasiticus (Boiss. ex Klotzsch & Garcke) Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

= Tithymalus petanophyllus Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 704 (1937)

subspecies :

subsp. retusa (Benth.) V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 50 (2003)

Distribution: Java [I]; Peru; N-Brazil (Pará, Amazonas); NE-Brazil (Pernambuco)

42 jaw 83 PER 84 BRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Pedilanthus retusus Benth.; Hooker´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6: 321 (1854)

= Pedilanthus tithymaloides subsp. retusus (Benth.) Dressler; Contr. Gray Herb. 182: 154 (1957)

= Tithymaloides retusa (Benth.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 620 (1891)

= Tithymalus melanopotamicus Croizat; Amer. J. Bot. 24: 703 (1937)

subspecies :

subsp. smallii (Millsp.) V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 65: 50 (2003)

Name: Small´s redbird flower

Distribution: South Africa [I]; Taiwan [I]; USA (Florida); N-Cuba

27 saf 38 tai 78 USA 81 CUB

Synonyms: hidden

= Pedilanthus smallii Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 358 (1913)

= Pedilanthus tithymaloides subsp. smallii (Millsp.) Dressler; Contr. Gray Herb. 182: 152 (1957)

= Tithymalus smallii (Millsp.) Small; Man. S.E. Fl. [Small] 804 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia togakusensis Hayata; J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 20: no. 3, 69 (1904)

Distribution: Japan (Honshu)

38 JAP

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pekinensis var. acuminata Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 642 (1940)

= Euphorbia togakusensis f. acuta Hurus.; J. Jap. Bot. 16: 573 (1940)

= Euphorbia togakusensis f. intermedia (Hurus.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 188 (1992)

= Euphorbia togakusensis var. ozensis Hurus.; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 60: 72 (1947)

= Galarhoeus togakusensis (Hayata) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 11: 389 (1935)

= Galarhoeus togakusensis f. intermedius Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 269 (1945)

= Galarhoeus togakusensis var. acuminatus (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 269 (1954)

= Galarhoeus togakusensis var. ozensis (Hurus.) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 267 (1954)

= Tithymalus togakusensis (Hayata) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 56 (1954)

species :

Euphorbia tomentella Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 32 (1862)

Distribution: Mexico (San Luis Potosi)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce luisensis Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 410 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia tomentulosa S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 476 (1887)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Sonora)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce tomentulosa (S.Watson) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 412 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia tommasiniana Bertol.; Fl. Ital. [Bertoloni] 5: 78 (1842)

Distribution: NE-Italy

13 ITA

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, esula agg.; status uncertain, often included in E. virgata

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia esula subsp. tommasiniana (Bertol.) Kuzmanov; Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 7: 162 (1979)

= Euphorbia graminifolia subsp. tommasiniana (Bertol.) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 45 (1989)

= Euphorbia virgata subsp. tommasiniana (Bertol.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 652 (1881)

= Euphorbia virgata var. tommasiniana (Bertol.) Hegi & Beger; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(1): 175 (1924)

= Tithymalus graminifolius subsp. tommasinianus (Bertol.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 200 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Tithymalus tommasinianus (Bertol.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 177 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia tongchuanensis C.Y.Wu & J.S.Ma; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 116, f. 2 (1992)

Distribution: China (Shaanxi)

36 CHI

species :

Euphorbia torralbasii Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 1: 339 (1899)

Distribution: Cuba; Cayman Isl.; Virgin Isl. (Anegada)

81 CAY CUB VIR

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce andromedae (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

= Chamaesyce torralbasii (Urb.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 412 (1916)

= Euphorbia andromedae Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 63 (1900)

species :

Euphorbia torrei (L.C.Leach) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 415 (2006)

Distribution: S-Tanzania; NE-Mozambique

25 TAN 26 MOZ

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium torrei L.C.Leach; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 1(1-2): 37 (1973)

species :

Euphorbia torta Pax & K.Hoffm.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 240 (1910)

Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia

25 TAN 26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia tortilis Rottler ex Ainslie; Mater. Ind. 2: 424 (1826)

Distribution: S-India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka

40 IND SRL

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia tortilis Rottler ex Wight; Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight], t. 898 (1852)

species :

Euphorbia tortirama R.A.Dyer; Fl. Pl. South Africa 17: t. 644 (1937)

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia groenewaldii R.A.Dyer; Fl. Pl. South Africa 18: t. 714 (1938)

species :

Euphorbia tortistyla N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 569 (1911)

Distribution: Zimbabwe

26 ZIM

species :

Euphorbia trachysperma Engelm.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 189 (1858)

Name: San Pedro River sandmat

Distribution: USA (Arizona); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Sonora)

76 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce trachysperma (Engelm.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 412 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia trancapatae (Croizat) J.F.Macbr.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3a): No. 1, 31-(1951)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce trancapatae Croizat; J. Arnold Arbor. 27: 290 (1946)

species :

Euphorbia transoxana (Prokh.) Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 350 (1949)

Distribution: Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan

32 KGZ TZK UZB

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus transoxanus Prokh.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 29: 553 (1930)

species :

Euphorbia transtagana Boiss.; Diagn. Pl. Orient. 3(4): 88 (1859)

Distribution: S-Portugal; N-Morocco

12 POR 20 MOR

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus transtaganus (Boiss.) Samp.; Anais Fac. Sci. Porto 17: 46 (1931)

species :

Euphorbia transvaalensis Schltr.; J. Bot. 34: 394 (1896)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia (incl. Caprivi Strip); Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga); Eswatini [Swaziland]

24 ETH 25 KEN TAN 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF SWZ

Remarks: sect. Frondosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ciliolata Pax; Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 742 (1898)

= Euphorbia galpinii Pax; Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 742 (1898), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia goetzei Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 420 (1900)

= Tirucalia goetzei (Pax) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 90 (1996)

= Tirucalia transvaalensis (Schltr.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 93 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia tresmariae (Millsp.) Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23: 601 (1923)

Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Tres Maria Isl.)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia subcaerulea var. tresmariae Millsp.; N. Amer. Fauna 14: 88 (1899)

species :

Euphorbia triaculeata Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 94 (1775)

Distribution: Sudan; Eritrea; Djibouti; Saudi Arabia (Hejaz, C-Saudi Arabia, Asir); Yemen (Aden Desert, Tihama)

24 DJI ERI SUD 35 SAU YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia faurotii Franch.; J. Bot. [Morot] 1: 135 (1887)

= Euphorbia infesta Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 80 (1904)

variant :

var. triacantha (Ehrenb. ex Boiss.) N.E.Br.

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia triacantha Ehrenb. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 85 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia trialata (Huft) V.W.Steinm.; Acta Bot. Mex. 61: 59 (2002)

Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Michoacan)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce trialata Huft; Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 20: 199 (1995)

species :

Euphorbia triangolensis Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 415 (2006), nom. nov.

Distribution: Angola; Zambia

26 ANG ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Synadenium angolense N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 469 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia triangularis Desf. ex A.Berger; Sukkul. Euphorb. 57 (1907 publ. 1906)

Name: River Euphorbia, Chandelier Tree

Distribution: S-Mozambique; South Africa (Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]

26 MOZ 27 SAF SWZ

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia trichadenia Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 125 (1894)

Distribution: Angola; Zimbabwe; S-Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal)

26 ANG ZIM 27 BOT SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Dactylanthes

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia benguelensis Pax; Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 741 (1898)

= Euphorbia gossweileri Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 88 (1909)

= Euphorbia trichadenia var. gibbsiae N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 524 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia trichiocyma S.Carter; Kew Bull. 40(4): 809 (1985)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia trichocardia L.B.Sm.; Contr. Gray Herb. 114: 12 (1936)

Distribution: Mexico (Tamaulipas)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia trichophylla Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 20: 250 (1884)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia anagalloides Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 344 (1890)

species :

Euphorbia trichotoma Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 60 (1817)

Name: Sanddune spurge, Lechera marina, Revienta caballos, Yerba mala

Distribution: USA (Florida); Mexico (Colima, Quintana Roo); Belize; Bahamas; Cuba; Cayman Isl.

78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ 81 BAH CAY CUB

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia dumosa A.Rich.; Hist. Fis. Cuba, Bot. 11: 198 (1850)

= Euphorbia sagrana A.Rich. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 105 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia trichotoma var. macilenta Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 67 (1900)

= Galarhoeus trichotomus (Kunth) Small; Man. S.E. Fl. [Small] 802 (1933)

= Tithymalus trichotomus (Kunth) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 81 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia tricolor Greenm.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 33: 479 (1898)

Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca, Puebla)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Aklema tricolor (Greenm.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 417 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia triflora Schott, Nyman & Kotschy; Analect. Bot. 63 (1854)

Distribution: Slovenia; Croatia

13 CRO SLV

Remarks: barrelieri agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia barrelieri subsp. carnica (Boiss.) Kuzmanov; Izv. Bot. Inst. (Sofia) 12: 120 (1963)

= Euphorbia barrelieri var. carnica (Boiss.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 287 (1901)

= Euphorbia saxatilis var. carnica Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 164 (1862)

= Tithymalus barrelieri subsp. carnicus (Fiori) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 199 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Tithymalus triflorus (Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 177 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia trigona Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 127 (1768)

Distribution: Congo [Brazzaville]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Angola; Malawi; Taiwan [I]; S-India [I]; Bangladesh [I]; Andaman Isl. [I]; Thailand [I]; Vietnam [I]; peninsular Malaysia [I]; Philippines [I]; Belize [I]; Colombia [c]

23 CON ZAI 26 ANG MLW 38 tai 40 ban ind 41 and tha vie 42 mly phi 80 blz 82 clm

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia hermentiana Lem.; Ill. Hort. 5(Misc.): 63 (1858)

species :

Euphorbia trigonosperma Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 567 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Queensland, Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia triligulata (L.C.Wheeler) A.M.Powell; Sida, Bot. Misc. 49: XIII, 496 (2018)

Name: Bristlecup sandmat

Distribution: USA (Texas)

77 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce chaetocalyx var. triligulata (L.C.Wheeler) Mayfield; Phytologia 75(2): 179 (1993)

= Chamaesyce fendleri var. triligulata (L.C.Wheeler) Shinners; Field & Lab. 17: 70 (1949)

= Chamaesyce triligulata (L.C.Wheeler) B.L.Turner; Sida, Bot. Misc. 24: 7 (2003)

= Euphorbia chaetocalyx var. triligulata (L.C.Wheeler) M.C.Johnst.; Wrightia 5: 139 (1975)

= Euphorbia fendleri var. triligulata L.C.Wheeler; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 63: 445 (1936)

species :

Euphorbia triodonta (Prokh.) Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 469 (1949)

Distribution: Uzbekistan

32 UZB

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus triodontus Prokh.; Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 29: 555 (1930)

species :

Euphorbia tripartita S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(6): 688 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia triphylla (Klotzsch & Garcke ex Klotzsch) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 49 (1989)

Distribution: Mexico (Michoacan, Chihuahua); Guatemala; Belize; Honduras; Nicaragua

79 MEX 80 BLZ GUA HON NIC

Synonyms: hidden

= Adenopetalum bracteatum Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859 (1860) 250, et Abh. Acad. Berl. 48 (1860)

= Eumecanthus bracteatus (Klotzsch & Garcke) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 413 (1916)

= Eumecanthus microappendiculatus (Lotsy) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 414 (1916)

= Eumecanthus triphyllus Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 249 (1859)

= Euphorbia graminea Schltdl. & Cham.; Linnaea 5: 83 (1830), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia microappendiculata Lotsy; Bot. Gaz. 20: 349 (1895)

= Euphorbia scabrella Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 55 (1862)

= Euphorbia triphylla Willd. ex Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 249 (1859)

species :

Euphorbia tshuiensis (Prokh.) Serg.; Fl. Zapadnoi Sibiri 8: 1880 (1935) (tschuiensis)

Distribution: Siberia (Altai, Tuva); Mongolia

30 SIB 37 MON

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia esula var. caesia C.A.Mey.; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 4: 182 (1833)

= Euphorbia tshuiensis var. tuvinica Baikov; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(1): 151 (2007)

= Tithymalus tshuiensis Prokh.; Sist. Zametki Mater. Gerb. Tomsk. Univ. 1933(3-4): 1 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia tsihombensis Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 492(1): 43 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Remarks: sect. Goniostema, rubrostriata group

species :

Euphorbia tsimbazazae Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 162 (1946)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia tubadenia Mayfield ex Ya Yang; Taxon 61(4): 785 (2012), nom. nov.

Distribution: Mexico

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia dentata var. lasiocarpa Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 72 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia tuberifera N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 539 (1911)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia tuberosa L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 456 (1753)

Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., N-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia crispa (Haw.) Sweet; Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 356 (1826)

= Tithymalus crispus Haw.; Revis. Pl. Succ. 61 (1821)

= Tithymalus tuberosus (L.) Hill; Syn. Pl. Succ. 137 (1812)

species :

Euphorbia tubiglans Marloth ex R.A.Dyer; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1934: 268 (1934)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Florispinae

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia tubiglans var. jansenvillensis (Nel) D.H.Schnabel, van Veldh. & Marx; Euphorbia World 13(3): 8 (2017)

= Euphorbia jansenvillensis Nel; Jahrb. Deutsch. Kakteen-Ges. 1: 32 (1935)

species :

Euphorbia tuckeyana Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 615 (1841)

Distribution: Cape Verde Isl. (Santo Antao Isl., Sao Vicente Isl., Santa Luzia Isl., Ilha de Sao Nicolau, Sal Isl., Ilha da Boa Vista, Ilha de Sao Tiago, Fogo Isl., Ilha Brava)

21 CVI

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia arborea Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 109 (1862)

= Euphorbia arborescens C.Sm.; Narr. Exped. Zaire [Tuckey] 251 (1818)

= Euphorbia tuckeyana var. mezereum A.Chev.; Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 15: 957 (1935)

= Tithymalus tuckeyanus (Steud. ex Webb) Bolle ex Klotzsch; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859(1): 93 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia tuerckheimii Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 7: 265 (1912)

Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti

81 HIS

species :

Euphorbia tulearensis (Rauh) Rauh; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 60(4): 184 (1988)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia cap-saintemariensis var. tulearensis Rauh; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 50(6): 265 (1978)

species :

Euphorbia tumbaensis De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 2: 291 (1908)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]

23 ZAI

species :

Euphorbia tumistyla (D.G.Burch) Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 25(1): 172 (1971)

Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti

81 HIS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce tumistyla D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 97 (1966)

species :

Euphorbia turbiniformis Chiov.; Fl. Somala 304 (1929)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia turczaninowii Kar. & Kir.; Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 15: 447 (1842)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Iran (EC-Iran); Afghanistan (Herat); China (Xinjiang)

32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 34 AFG IRN 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia carnosa Paulsen; Bot. Tidsskr. 27: 131 (1902)

= Tithymalus turczaninowii (Kar. & Kir.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 64 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia turkanensis S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3859 (1982)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia turkestanica Regel; Descr. Pl. Nov. Rar. Fedtsch. 78 (1882)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; China (Xinjiang)

32 KAZ KGZ TKM TZK UZB 36 CHI

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus turkestanicus (Regel) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 66 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia turpinii Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 12 (1860)

Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti; Puerto Rico (incl. Mona Isl.); Virgin Isl. (Anegada)

81 HIS PUE VIR

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce albescens (Urb.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 408 (1916)

= Chamaesyce anegadensis Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 394 (1914)

= Chamaesyce portoricensis (Urb.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 394 (1914)

= Chamaesyce turpinii (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 412 (1916)

= Euphorbia portoricensis Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 1: 338 (1899)

= Euphorbia portoricensis var. albescens Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 1: 338 (1899)

species :

Euphorbia tzitanshaniana S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 4: 75 (2022)

Distribution: Taiwan

38 TAI

species :

Euphorbia ugandensis Pax & K.Hoffm.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 240 (1910)

Distribution: Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN UGA

species :

Euphorbia uhligiana Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 86 (1909)

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania

25 KEN TAN

species :

Euphorbia uliginosa Welw. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 127 (1862)

Distribution: W-Portugal; NW-Spain

12 POR SPA

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus uliginosus (Welw. ex Boiss.) Samp.; Anais Fac. Sci. Porto 17: 46 (1931)

species :

Euphorbia umbellata (Pax) Bruyns; Euphorbia World 3(1): 5 (2007)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; South Sudan; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Zambia; ?Malawi; Mozambique; India [c] (throughout); Bangladesh [c]; Honduras [I]

23 BUR RWA ZAI 24 SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 MOZ ZAM 40 ban ind 80 hon

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pseudograntii Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 414 (2006), nom. illeg., homonym

= Synadenium grantii Hook.f.; Bot. Mag. t. 5633 (1867)

= Synadenium umbellatum Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 125 (1894)

= Synadenium umbellatum var. puberulum N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 464 (1911)

species :

Euphorbia umbelliformis (Urb. & Ekman) V.W.Steinm. & P.E.Berry; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 64(2): 132 (2007)

Distribution: Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti

81 CUB HIS

Synonyms: hidden

= Cubanthus umbelliformis Urb. & Ekman; Ark. Bot. 20A(15): 68 (1926)

species :

Euphorbia umbellulata Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 40 (1862)

Distribution: Mexico (Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce umbellulata (Engelm. ex Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 412 (1916)

= Euphorbia umbellulata var. major Millsp.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 16: 65 (1889)

species :

Euphorbia umbonata S.Carter; Nordic J. Bot. 12(4): 418 (1992)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia umbrosa Bertero ex Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 791 (1826)

Distribution: Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)

81 HIS

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus umbrosus (Bertero ex Spreng.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 415 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia undulata M.Bieb.; Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 371 (1808)

Distribution: C-European Russia; SE-European Russia; W-Kazakhstan; Northern Caucasus

14 RUS 32 KAZ 33 NCS

Synonyms: hidden

= Galarhoeus undulatus (M.Bieb.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 43 (1941)

= Tithymalus undulatus (M.Bieb.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 92 (1860)

species :

Euphorbia undulatifolia Janse; Natl. Cact. Succ. J. 8: 69 (1953)

Distribution: India

40 IND

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

species :

Euphorbia unicornis R.A.Dyer; Bothalia 6: 225 (1951)

Distribution: NE-Mozambique

26 MOZ

species :

Euphorbia uniglans M.G.Gilbert; Kew Bull. 45(2): 273 (1990)

Distribution: Ethiopia

24 ETH

species :

Euphorbia unispina N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 561 (1911)

Distribution: Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Congo [Brazzaville]; SW-Chad

22 BEN BKN GHA IVO MLI NGA TOG 23 CMN CON 24 CHA

Remarks: possibly var. of Euphorbia venenifica

species :

Euphorbia uralensis Fisch. ex Link; Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 14 (1822)

Distribution: E-European Russia; N-European Russia; SE-European Russia; Siberia (Altai, Buryatia, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia); Russian Far East (Amur [I], Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Magadan [I], Primorye, Sakhalin); Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; China (Xinjiang); Mongolia

14 RUS 30 SIB 31 RFE 32 KAZ KGZ TZK UZB 36 CHI 37 MON

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, esula agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia esula var. uralensis (Fisch. ex Link) Dorn; Vasc. Pl. Wyoming 296 (1988)

= Euphorbia virgata var. uralensis (Fisch. ex Link) Boiss.; Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour] 4: 181 (1833)

= Galarhoeus uralensis (Fisch. ex Link) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 54 (1941)

= Tithymalus uralensis (Fisch. ex Link) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 203 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia urceolophora Parodi; Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 11: 50 (1881)

Distribution: Paraguay

85 PAR

Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unconfirmed

species :

Euphorbia usambarica Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 122 (1894)

subspecies :

subsp. usambarica

Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania; Malawi

25 KEN TAN 26 MLW

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia membranacea Pax; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 242 (1895)

subspecies :

subsp. elliptica Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 374 (1904)

Distribution: Tanzania

25 TAN

species :

Euphorbia uzmuk S.Carter & J.R.I.Wood; Kew Bull. 37: 33 (1982)

Distribution: Yemen (W-Yemen)

35 YEM

species :

Euphorbia vaccaria Baill.; Adansonia 6: 286 (1866)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)

50 AUS

variant :

var. erucoides Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 571 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia vaginulata Griseb.; Fl. Brit. W. I. [Grisebach] 52 (1859)

Distribution: Bahamas (Great Inagua Isl., Little Inagua Isl., Crooked and Acklins Isl., San Salvador Isl., Cat Isl.); Turks & Caicos Isl.

81 BAH TCI

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce vaginulata (Griseb.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2(7): 302 (1909)

species :

Euphorbia vajravelui Binojk. & N.P.Balakr.; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 63(5): 229 (1991)

Distribution: S-India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala)

40 IND

variant :

var. theniensis B.De Jong & R.W.Stewart; Euphorbia World 15(2): 8 (2019)

Distribution: S-India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia valerianifolia Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 435 (1788)

Name: Baldrianblättrige Wolfsmilch (DE); Valerian-leaved Spurge (EN)

Distribution: Sicily [I]; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (Epirus, Kerkyra, Ionian Isl., S-Peloponnisos); Crete (only one record); Libya; East Aegaean Isl. (Chios, Kalimnos, Kos, Chalki, Rhodos); Turkey (N-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia); Iran (W-Iran); Cyprus (N-Cyprus); Lebanon (Antilebanon, C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, Jazira, NW-Syria); Israel (coastal W-Israel, Rift Valley, N-Israel); Jordania (W-Jordania)

13 BUL GRC KRI sic TUE 20 LBY 34 CYP EAI IRN ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, valerianifolia agg. E. cybirensis might deserve species rank fide Strid (2024)

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia acutifolia (Boiss.) Rech.f.; Fl. Aegaea 114 (1943)

= Euphorbia akenocarpa Roux & Blaise ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 119 (1862) (pro syn.)

= Euphorbia cybirensis var. valerianifolia (Lam.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 651 (1881)

= Euphorbia echinocarpa Sieber ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 119 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia valerianae Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 2: 18 (1806)

= Euphorbia zahnii Heldr. ex Halácsy; Consp. Fl. Graec. 3: 100 (1904) (tentative synonym fide Strid 2024)

= Keraselma echinocarpum Raf.; Autik. Bot. 93 (1840)

species :

Euphorbia valeryae J.-P.Castillon; Adansonia, Sér. 3, 40(2): 166 (2018)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia vallaris L.C.Leach; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 2(1): 40 (1974)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia vallis-mortae (Millsp.) Howell; Madroño 2: 19 (1931)

Name: Death Valley sandmat

Distribution: USA (California)

76 USA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce vallis-mortae Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 403 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia vandermerwei R.A.Dyer; Fl. Pl. South Africa 17: t. 660 (1937)

Distribution: South Africa (Mpulamanga, Limpopo)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia variabilis Ces.; Bibliot. Ital. (Milan) 91: 348 (1838)

subspecies :

subsp. variabilis

Distribution: Switzerland; SE-France; N-Italy

11 SWI 12 FRA 13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia gayi var. variabilis (Ces.) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 287 (1901)

= Tithymalus variabilis (Ces.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 90 (1860)

subspecies :

subsp. valliniana (Belli) Jauzein; Monde Pl. 442: 13 (1991)

Distribution: SE-France; ?Corsica; NW-Italy

12 FRA 13 ITA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia valliniana Belli; Ann. Bot. (Rome) 1: 9 (1904)

= Tithymalus vallinianus (Belli) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 177 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia varians Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 130 (1812)

Distribution: W-India (Rajasthan, Maharashtra)

40 IND

Remarks: sometimes included in E. nivulia

species :

Euphorbia vasudevaraoi Hanum., Sarojin. & Raja Kullayisw.; Kew Bull. 78(3): 384 (2023)

Distribution: S-India (Karnataka)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia vauthieriana Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 12 (1860)

Distribution: N-Brazil (Pará)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia velenovskyi Bornm.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 66: 117 (1933), nom. nov.

Distribution: Bulgaria; etc.

13 BUL

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, palustris agg. A valid species and not a synonym of E. palustris fide molecular analyses

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia nuda (Velen.) Velen.; Fl. Bulg. [Velenovský] 506 (1891)

= Euphorbia altissima var. nuda Velen.; Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (Vĕstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk., Tř. Mat.-Přír.) 1888(2): 60 (1888)

= Tithymalus velenovskyi (Bornm.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 148: 200 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Galarhoeus nudus (Velen.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 27 (1941)

= Tithymalus nudus (Velen.) Chrtek & Krísa; Novit. Bot. Univ. Carol. 6: 73 (1990 publ. 1991), isonym

= Tithymalus nudus (Velen.) Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 53, in clavi, et 108 (1933)

species :

Euphorbia velleriflora (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 40 (1862)

Name: Caliche sandmat

Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Colima, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas); Guatemala

77 USA 79 MEX 80 GUA

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum velleriflorum Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859(2): 28 (1860)

= Chamaesyce velleriflora (Klotzsch & Garcke) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 412 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia velligera Schauer; Linnaea 20: 728 (1847)

Distribution: Mexico (Ciudad de Mexico)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Anisophyllum tenuiflorum (Schauer) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 26 (1860)

= Chamaesyce velligera (Schauer) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 412 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia venenifica Trémaux & Kotschy ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 178 (1862)

Distribution: N-Ivory Coast; Chad; Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda

22 IVO 24 CHA ETH SSU SUD 25 UGA

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia mamillaris Trémaux; Voy. Soudan Orient., Atlas 55 (1853), nom. illeg., non L.

species :

Euphorbia veneris M.L.S.Khan; Kew Bull. 16: 447 (1963)

Distribution: Cyprus (C-Mountains)

34 CYP

Remarks: corsica agg.

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus veneris (M.L.S.Khan) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 177 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia venkatarajui Sarojin.; Nordic J. Bot. 35(3): 359 (2017)

Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia venteri L.C.Leach ex R.H.Archer & S.Carter; Fl. Pl. Africa 57: t. 2176 (2001)

Distribution: E-Botswana

27 BOT

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia verapazensis Standl. & Steyerm.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 23: 121 (1944)

Distribution: Guatemala

80 GUA

species :

Euphorbia vermiculata Raf.; Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 2(3): 206 (1818)

Name: Wormseed sandmat (EN), Wurmförmige Schiefblattwolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: Germany [I]; Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec); USA (Arizona, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia); Mexico (Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacan)

11 ger 72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce hirsuta (Torr.) Arthur; Torreya 11: 260 (1911)

= Chamaesyce rafinesquei (Greene) Small; Ill. Fl. N. U.S. [Britton & Brown], ed. 2, 2: 467 (1913)

= Chamaesyce vermiculata (Raf.) House; Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist., Nos. 233-4: 8 (1920 publ. 1921)

= Euphorbia hirsuta (Torr.) Wiegand; Bot. Gaz. 24: 50 (1895), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia hypericifolia var. hirsuta Torr.; Comp. Fl. N. Middle Stat. 331 (1826)

= Euphorbia pseudonutans var. hirsuta (Torr.) Farw.; Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 26(1): 16 (1941)

= Euphorbia rafinesquei Greene; Pittonia 3: 207 (1897)

= Xamesike vermiculata (Raf.) Raf.; Autik. Bot. 97 (1840)

species :

Euphorbia verna Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 91: 506 (1895)

Distribution: Chile (Biobío)

85 CLE

species :

Euphorbia verrucitesta Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 572 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Western Australia, South Australia)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia verrucosa L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 459 (1753)

Name: Warzen-Wolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: Belgium; Germany (Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Slovakia; Hungary; NE-Spain; France; Italy; Croatia

11 AUT BGM GER HUN SLO SWI 12 FRA SPA 13 CRO ITA

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia. Records from the Balkans and Greece as well as W-Asia refer to E. montenegrina fide Cakovic et al. 2021

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia brittingeri Opiz ex Samp.; Herb. Port., Apend. 2: 5 (1914)

= Euphorbia costeana (Rouy) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 270 (1936)

= Euphorbia epithymoides var. verrucosa Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 278 (1901)

= Euphorbia ericetorum Zumagl.; Fl. Pedem. [Zumaglini] 2: 163 (1864)

= Euphorbia flavicoma proles costeana Rouy; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 12: 149 (1910)

= Euphorbia flavicoma subsp. brittingeri (Opiz ex Samp.) O.Bolòs & Vigo; Butl. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat., Secc. Bot. 1: 85 (1974)

= Euphorbia flavicoma subsp. costeana (Rouy) P.Fourn.; Quatre Fl. France 270 (1936)

= Euphorbia flavicoma subsp. costeana (Rouy) Vindt & Guin. ex Greuter & Burdet; Willdenowia 11(2): 278 (1981), isonym

= Euphorbia flavicoma subsp. verrucosa (Fiori) Pignatti; Giorn. Bot. Ital. 107: 220 (1973)

= Euphorbia flavicoma subsp. verrucosa (L.) Breistr.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Lett. Bot. 128: 69 (1981), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia flavicoma var. velutina (Boiss.) Breistr.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Lett. Bot. 128(1-2): 69 (1981)

= Euphorbia verrucosa f. montana (Gaudin) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 188 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia verrucosa f. velutina (Boiss.) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 188 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia verrucosa f. viridis (Erdner) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 188 (1992 publ. 1993)

= Euphorbia verrucosa Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 431 (1788), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia verrucosa var. montana Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 3: 284 (1828)

= Euphorbia verrucosa var. velutina Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 129 (1862)

= Euphorbia verrucosa var. viridis Erdner; Ber. Naturwiss. Vereins Schwaben Neuburg 39-40: 569 (1911)

= Galarhoeus verrucosus (L.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 148 (1812)

= Tithymalus brittingeri (Opiz ex Samp.) Holub; Preslia 42: 94 (1970)

= Tithymalus ericetorum (Zumagl.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 149: 210 (1980 publ. 1981)

= Tithymalus flavicomus subsp. brittingeri (Opiz ex Samp.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 148: 79 (1980)

= Tithymalus flavicomus subsp. costeanus (Rouy) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 152(1): 22 (1983)

= Tithymalus verrucosus (L.) Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 172/3 (1768)

species :

Euphorbia verruculosa N.E.Br.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 5(2): 585 (1925)

Distribution: SW-Namibia

27 NAM

Remarks: sect. Articulofruticosae

Synonyms: hidden

= Tirucalia verruculosa (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 93 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia vervoorstii Subils; Kurtziana 6: 235 (1971)

Distribution: Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz); Argentina (Catamarca, Salta)

83 BOL 85 ARG

species :

Euphorbia vestita Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 7 (1860)

Distribution: Mexico (Guerrero, Morelos)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce vestita (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 412 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia vezorum Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 13: I 16 (1947)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia viatilis Ule; Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 50: 85 (1908 publ. 1909)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

species :

Euphorbia vicina Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 574 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia victoriensis Halford & W.K.Harris; Austrobaileya 8(4): 576 (2012)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia)

50 AUS

species :

Euphorbia viduiflora L.C.Leach; Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 2(1): 45 (1974)

Distribution: Angola

26 ANG

species :

Euphorbia viguieri Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 73 (1921)

Distribution: N-Madagascar

29 MDG

variant :

var. ankarafantsiensis Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 124 (1954 publ. 1955)

Distribution: N- & W-Madagascar

29 MDG

variant :

var. capuroniana Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 124 (1954 publ. 1955)

Distribution: N-Madagascar

29 MDG

variant :

var. tsimbazazae Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 120 (1954 publ. 1955)

Distribution: WC-Madagascar

29 MDG

variant :

var. vilanandrensis Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 122 (1954 publ. 1955)

Distribution: N-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia villifera Scheele; Linnaea 22: 153 (1849)

Name: Hairy sandmat

Distribution: USA (New Mexico, Texas); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Mexico State, Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas); Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua

77 USA 79 MEX 80 GUA HON NIC

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce stanfieldii Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 712 (1903)

= Chamaesyce villifera (Scheele) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] 712 (1903)

= Euphorbia siguatepequensis Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 313 (1929)

= Euphorbia stanfieldii (Small) Cory; Rhodora 38: 407 (1936)

= Euphorbia villifera var. nuda Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 45 (1862)

species :

Euphorbia viminea Hook.f.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 184 (1851)

Distribution: Galapagos

83 GAL

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce viminea (Hook.f.) D.G.Burch; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 56: 174 (1969)

= Euphorbia viminea f. abingdonensis B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 3, 1: 139 (1895)

= Euphorbia viminea f. albemarlensis B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 3, 1: 138 (1895)

= Euphorbia viminea f. barringtonensis B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 3, 1: 139 (1895)

= Euphorbia viminea f. carolensis B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 3, 1: 139 (1895)

= Euphorbia viminea f. castellana B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 3, 1: 138 (1895)

= Euphorbia viminea f. chathamensis B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 3, 1: 138 (1895)

= Euphorbia viminea f. jacobensis B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 3, 1: 138 (1895)

= Euphorbia viminea f. jervensis B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 3, 1: 139 (1895)

species :

Euphorbia violacea Greenm.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 33: 480 (1898)

Distribution: Mexico (Puebla)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus violaceus (Greenm.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 415 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia virgata Waldst. & Kit.; Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 2: 176, t. 162 (1805)

Name: Ruten-Wolfsmilch (DE)

Distribution: Denmark; Germany (Brandenburg, Bayern, Hessen [I], Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; NE-Spain; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Serbia; Kosovo; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; NE-Greece (very rare); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Tajikistan; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey; Iraq (NW-Iraq); Iran (N-Iran); Canada [I] (Saskatchewan [I]); USA [I] (Colorado [I], Connecticut [I], Kansas [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Montana [I], Nebraska [I], Pennsylvania [I], Wyoming [I])

10 DEN 11 AUT CZE GER HUN SLO SWI 12 SPA 13 BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS ROM SLV SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 32 TZK 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN IRQ TUR 71 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, esula agg.; delimitation to other species of the group uncertain

Synonyms: hidden

= Esula virgata (Waldst. & Kit.) Haw.; Syn. Pl. Succ. 155 (1812)

= Euphorbia cyparissias subsp. virgata (Waldst. & Kit.) R.C.V.Douin; Fl. Ill. France 14 (1929)

= Euphorbia esula var. pubescens Regel; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada, prepr. 6: 402 (1879)

= Euphorbia jaxartica Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 192 (1933), in syn.

= Euphorbia jaxartica Prokh. ex Krylov; Fl. Zapadnoi Sibiri 8: 1875 (1935 publ. 1934)

= Euphorbia jaxartica Prokh. ex Pavlov; Fl. Centr. Kazakhst. 2: 453 (1935), et Trudy Prikl. Bot., Ser. 1, Sist. Rast. Obscie Vopr. Rasteniev 2: 273 (1937)

= Euphorbia kitaibelii Klokov & Dubovik; (nom. invalid.)

= Euphorbia obscura Láng ex Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 762 (1832)

= Euphorbia opaca Láng ex Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 762 (1832)

= Euphorbia persica Steven ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 160 (1862), pro syn.

= Euphorbia repens K.Koch; Linnaea 21: 728 (1849)

= Euphorbia virgata subsp. jaxartica (Prokh.) Prokh.; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 234 (1964)

= Euphorbia virgata var. angustissima Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 598 (1866)

= Euphorbia virgata var. kneuckeri Walther Zimm.; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(1): 175 (1924)

= Euphorbia virgata var. montana Rchb.; Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. [H.G.L.Reichenbach] 17: 92b (1855)

= Euphorbia waldsteinii (Soják) Czerep.; Sosud. Rast. S.S.S.R. 216 (1981), isonym

= Euphorbia waldsteinii (Soják) Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 36(2): 216 (1981)

= Euphorbia waldsteinii subsp. jaxartica (Prokh.) Oudejans; Phytologia 67: 49 (1989)

= Euphorbia ×jucula Prodan; Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. (Fl. Republ. Socialist. Romania) 2: 673 (1953)

= Galarhoeus virgatus (Waldst. & Kit.) Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 58 (1941)

= Keraselma virgatum (Waldst. & Kit.) Raf.; Autik. Bot. 93 (1840)

= Tirucalia virgata (Waldst. & Kit.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 93 (1996)

= Tithymalus graminifolius subsp. jaxarticus (Prokh.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 200 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Tithymalus graminifolius subsp. waldsteinii (Soják) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 200 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Tithymalus jaxarticus Prokh.; Sist. Obzor Molochaev Sredn. Azii 55, in clavi, et 192 (1933)

= Tithymalus repens (K.Koch) Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 96 (1860)

= Tithymalus salicifolius var. virgatus (Waldst. & Kit.) Jess.; Deut. Excurs.-Fl. 216 (1879)

= Tithymalus tommasinianus subsp. waldsteinii (Soják) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(2): 79 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Tithymalus virgatus (Waldst. & Kit.) Klotzsch & Garcke; Fl. N. Mitt.-Deutschland, ed. 4: 292 (1858), nom. illeg.

= Tithymalus waldsteinii Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3- 4): 177 (1972), nom. nov.

species :

Euphorbia viridis (Klotzsch & Garcke) Pav. ex Boiss.; (1862)

Distribution: Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (La Paz)

83 BOL ECU PER

Synonyms: hidden

= Alectoroctonum viride Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 248 (1859)

= Euphorbia mandoniana Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1264 (1862)

= Euphorbia viridis Ruiz ex Klotzsch & Garcke; Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860: 40 (1860) (in syn.)

species :

Euphorbia viridula Cordem. ex Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 33(2): 230 (1978)

Distribution: La Réunion

29 REU

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce viridula (Cordem. ex Radcl.-Sm.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 150: 138 (1981 publ. 1982)

species :

Euphorbia virosa Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2: 882 (1799)

Distribution: SW-Angola; W-Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)

26 ANG 27 NAM SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia bellica Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 945 (1900)

= Euphorbia dinteri P.J.Bergius; Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 16: 109 (1906)

= Euphorbia virosa f. caespitosa H.Jacobsen; Natl. Cact. Succ. J. 10: 81 (1955)

= Euphorbia virosa f. striata H.Jacobsen; Natl. Cact. Succ. J. 10: 81 (1955)

= Euphorbia virosa subsp. arenicola L.C.Leach; Bol. Soc. Brot. 45: 355 (1971)

species :

Euphorbia viscoides Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 4 (1860)

Distribution: NE-Brazil (Bahia); WC-Brazil (Goiás); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais)

84 BRA

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce viscoides (Boiss.) M.P.Simmons & W.J.Hayden; Brittonia 49(2): 178 (1997)

species :

Euphorbia vittata S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3858 (1982)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia vizcainensis Maya-Lastra & V.W.Steinm.; Phytotaxa 221(3): 273 (2015)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Sur)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia volkeri J.-P.Castillon; Euphorbia World 20(1): 48 (2025)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia vulcanorum S.Carter; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 39(3): t. 3872 (1982)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia wakefieldii N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 583 (1912)

Distribution: Kenya

25 KEN

species :

Euphorbia wallichii Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 5(14): 258 (1887)

Distribution: Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan); China (Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan); Tibet; Pakistan (Kurram, Waziristan, Chitral, Hazara); Nepal; India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Poonch)

34 AFG 36 CHI TIB 40 IND NEP PAK

Remarks: sect. Holophyllum

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia duclouxii H.Lév. & Vaniot; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 6: 113 (1908)

= Euphorbia wallichii subsp. duclouxii (H.Lév. & Vaniot) B.L.Turner; New Plantsman 1(3): 169 (1994)

= Euphorbia yunnanensis Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 45: 569 (1990)

= Tithymalus wallichii (Hook.f.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 177 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia waringiae Rauh & Gerold; Succulentes 21(2): 6 (1998)

Distribution: S- & W-Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia watanabei Makino; J. Jap. Bot. 2: 14 (1920)

subspecies :

subsp. watanabei

Distribution: Japan (Honshu)

38 JAP

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia pekinensis var. watanabei (Makino) Oudejans; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 21: 187 (1992)

= Galarhoeus lasiocaulus var. watanabei (Makino) Hurus.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 264 (1954)

= Galarhoeus watanabei (Makino) H.Hara; J. Jap. Bot. 11: 389 (1935)

= Tithymalus pekinensis var. watanabei (Makino) Honda; Nom. Pl. Japonic. [Emend.] 387 (1957)

subspecies :

subsp. minamitanii T.Kuros., Seriz. & H.Ohashi; Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 47(1): 14 (1996)

Distribution: Japan (Kyushu)

38 JAP

species :

Euphorbia waterbergensis R.A.Dyer; Fl. Pl. Africa 28: t. 1095 (1951)

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia weberbaueri Mansf.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 29: 221 (1931)

Distribution: Peru

83 PER

species :

Euphorbia wellbyi N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 541 (1911)

Distribution: Ethiopia; Kenya; Tanzania

24 ETH 25 KEN TAN

variant :

var. glabra S.Carter; Kew Bull. 40(4): 814 (1985)

Distribution: South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania

24 ETH SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA

species :

Euphorbia werneri Haev. & Hett.; Phytotaxa 488(1): 53 (2021)

Distribution: Madagascar (Toliary)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia wheeleri Baill.; Adansonia 6: 286 (1866)

Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales)

50 AUS

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce wheeleri (Baill.) D.C.Hassall; Austral. J. Bot. 24(5): 640 (1976)

= Euphorbia divaricata A.Cunn. ex Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 6: 50 (1873) (pro syn.)

species :

Euphorbia whellanii L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 33: 247 (1967)

Distribution: ?Tanzania; Zambia

26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia whitei L.C.Wheeler; Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 11: 44 (1939)

Distribution: Mexico (Guerrero, Michoacan, Oaxaca)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia whyteana Baker f.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot., Ser. 2, 4: 39 (1894)

Distribution: Zambia; ?Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique

26 MOZ ZAM ZIM

species :

Euphorbia wildii L.C.Leach; Kirkia 6: 139 (1968), nom. inval., et Kirkia 10(1): 293 (1975), with correct holotype

Distribution: Zimbabwe

26 ZIM

species :

Euphorbia williamsonii L.C.Leach; J. S. African Bot. 35: 19 (1969)

Distribution: Zambia

26 ZAM

species :

Euphorbia willowmorensis Bruyns; Haseltonia 25: 35, figs. 10-12 (2018)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Subgen. Athymalus, sect. Anthacanthae, subsect. Medusea

species :

Euphorbia wittmannii Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 31 (1860)

Distribution: Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey (NE-Anatolia)

33 GEO 34 TUR

species :

Euphorbia wrightii Torr. & A.Gray; Pacif. Railr. Rep. 2: 174 (1856)

Name: Wright´s spurge

Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Zacatecas)

77 USA 79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Alectoroctonum wrightii (Torr. & A.Gray) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 248 (1859)

= Tithymalopsis wrightii (Torr. & A.Gray) Small; Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small] ed. 2, 1349 (1913)

species :

Euphorbia xalapensis Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 61 (1817)

Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Colima, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Sonora, Veracruz); Guatemala; Honduras; Costa Rica; Panama

79 MEX 80 COS GUA HON PAN

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus xalapensis (Kunth) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 415 (1916)

= Euphorbia amphimalaca Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 313 (1929)

= Euphorbia enalla Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 54 (1914)

= Poinsettia xalapensis (Kunth) Klotzsch & Garcke; Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 253 (1859)

species :

Euphorbia xanthadenia Denis; Euphorb. Îles Austr. Afr. 79 (1921)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Remarks: sect. Goniostema, rubrostriata group

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia croizatii Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 160 (1946)

= Euphorbia ebeloensis Rebmann; Euphorbia World 13(2): 5 (2017)

= Euphorbia emiliennae Rebmann; Cact. Succ. 9: 28 (2017), nom. nov. inval. for E. helenae Rebmann (nom. illeg., non Urban 1908)

= Euphorbia emilienneae Rebmann; Cact. Succ. 9: 28 (2017), no page number given

= Euphorbia emirnensis Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 20: 251 (1884)

= Euphorbia emirnensis var. imbricata Denis; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sér. 2, 1: 121 (1929)

= Euphorbia helenae Rebmann; Cact. Succ. 8(2): 35 (2016), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia mahafalensis var. xanthadenia (Denis) Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 158 (1946)

species :

Euphorbia xanti Engelm. ex Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 62 (1862)

Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Sonora)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Aklema xanti (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 417 (1916)

= Euphorbia corallifera M.E.Jones; Contr. W. Bot. 18: 50 (1933-5)

= Euphorbia gymnoclada Engelm.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 5: 171 (1861)

species :

Euphorbia xbacensis Millsp.; Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 1: 374 (1898)

Distribution: Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatan); Guatemala; Belize

79 MEX 80 BLZ GUA

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus xbacensis (Millsp.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 413 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia xiangxiui N.Wei, Q.Yu, Guo X.Chen & Q.F.Wang; Syst. Bot. 47(1): 261 (2022)

Distribution: China (Fujian)

36 CHI

species :

Euphorbia xianxialingensis F.Y.Zhang, W.Y.Xie & Z.H.Chen; J. Zhejiang Forest. Sci. Technol. 40(1): 82 (2020)

Distribution: China (Zhejiang)

36 CHI

species :

Euphorbia xylacantha Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 79 (1904)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia xylophylloides Brongn. ex Lem.; Ill. Hort. 4(Misc.): 72 (1857)

Distribution: Madagascar; Colombia [c]

29 MDG 82 clm

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia enterophora Drake; Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 5: 307 (1899) (in Supp. 2 as ´enterophona´)

= Tirucalia enterophora (Drake) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5(3): 89 (1996)

= Tirucalia xylophylloides (Brongn. ex Lem.) P.V.Heath; Calyx 5: 94 (1996)

species :

Euphorbia xylopoda Greenm.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 33: 480 (1898)

Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia yadgirensis Sarojin. & Raja Kullayisw.; Nordic J. Bot. 2023(10)-e04041: 2 (2023)

Distribution: S-India (Karnataka)

40 IND

species :

Euphorbia yanjinensis W.T.Wang; Acta Bot. Yunnan. 10(1): 45, f. 3 (1988)

Distribution: China (Yunnan)

36 CHI

species :

Euphorbia yaquiana Tidestr.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 48: 41 (1935)

Distribution: USA (Arizona)

76 USA

Remarks: provisionally accepted name

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia incisa var. mollis (Norton) L.C.Wheeler; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 30: 473 (1940)

= Euphorbia schizoloba var. mollis Norton; N. Amer. Euphorbia 43 (1899)

species :

Euphorbia yaroslavii Poljakov; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 21: 484 (1961)

Distribution: Kazakhstan

32 KAZ

Remarks: sect. Holophyllum

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia jaroslavii Poljakov; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 15: 155 (1953), nom. inval.

= Tithymalus yaroslavii (Poljakov) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 177 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia yattana (P.R.O.Bally) Bruyns; Taxon 55(2): 415 (2006)

Distribution: Kenya (mountains)

25 KEN

Synonyms: hidden

= Monadenium yattanum P.R.O.Bally; Candollea 17: 34 (1959)

species :

Euphorbia yemenica Boiss.; Cent. Euphorb. 37 (1860)

Distribution: Yemen (W-Yemen)

35 YEM

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus yemenicus (Boiss.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4), 177 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia yildirimlii Dinç; Ot Sist. Bot. Derg. 19(2): 13 (2012)

Distribution: Turkey (Anatolia)

34 TUR

species :

Euphorbia yucatanensis (Millsp.) Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 3, 327 (1930)

Distribution: Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatan)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce yucatanensis Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 407 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia zakamenae Leandri; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 70 (1945)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia zambesiana Benth.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 14: t. 1305 (1880)

Distribution: Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; Ethiopia; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]

23 BUR CAF RWA ZAI 24 ETH SOM 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW ZAM ZIM 27 SAF SWZ

Remarks: sect. Anisophyllum, subsect. Hypericifoliae

Synonyms: hidden

= Chamaesyce zambesiana (Benth.) Koutnik; S. African J. Bot. 3(4): 263 (1984)

= Euphorbia poggei Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 118 (1894)

variant :

var. villosula (Pax) N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 501 (1911)

Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia

23 BUR RWA ZAI 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG ZAM

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia andongensis Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 943 (1900)

= Euphorbia angolensis Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 117 (1894)

= Euphorbia poggei var. benguelensis Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 532 (1897)

= Euphorbia poggei var. villosa Pax; Bull. Herb. Boissier 6: 737 (1898)

= Euphorbia serpicula Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 941 (1900)

= Euphorbia villosula Pax; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 118 (1894)

= Euphorbia zambesiana var. benguelensis (Pax) N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 501 (1911) (priority?)

species :

Euphorbia zamudioi V.W.Steinm. & P.Carrillo; Phytotaxa 350(3): 217 (2018)

Distribution: Mexico (Querétaro, Hidalgo, Tamaulipas)

79 MEX

species :

Euphorbia zazafotsyensis J.-P.Castillon & Houyelle; Euphorbia World 18(1): 20 (2022)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia zeylana N.E.Br.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1): 1035 (1913)

Distribution: Somalia

24 SOM

species :

Euphorbia zhongiana Z.H.Chen, J.P.Li & J.B.Pu; Phytotaxa 665(2): 100 (2024)

Distribution: China (Zhejiang)

36 CHI

species :

Euphorbia ziaratensis Pahlevani; Phytotaxa 312(1): 90 (2017)

Distribution: Pakistan

40 PAK

species :

Euphorbia zierioides Boiss.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 15(2): 58 (1862)

Distribution: Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca, Veracruz)

79 MEX

Synonyms: hidden

= Eumecanthus zierioides (Boiss.) Millsp.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 415 (1916)

species :

Euphorbia zonosperma Müll.Arg.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(2): 696 (1873)

Distribution: NE-Brazil (Paraíba, Bahia)

84 BRA

species :

Euphorbia zoutpansbergensis R.A.Dyer; Fl. Pl. South Africa 18: t. 715 (1938)

Name: Zoutpansberg Euphorbia

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo)

27 SAF

Remarks: subgen. Euphorbia, sect. Euphorbia

species :

Euphorbia ×ambohipotsiensis Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 180 (1955)

Distribution: Madagascar (cult.)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia ×andrefandrovana Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 182 (1955)

Distribution: Madagascar (cult.)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia ×angustata (Rochel) Borza; Consp. Fl. Român. 2: 179 (1949)

Distribution: Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Romania

11 CZE HUN SLO 13 ROM

Remarks: Euphorbia esula ssp. tomassiniana x salicifolia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia salicifolia var. angustata Rochel; Pl. Banat. Rar. 43 (1828)

= Tithymalus ×angustatus (Rochel) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 170 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia ×angustifrons Borbás; [Magyar Homokp. Növenyt. 30, 96, 101 (1886)] ex Oesterr. Bot. Z. 36: 400 (1886)

Distribution: Austria; Slovakia; Hungary; Romania; Ukraine

11 AUT HUN SLO 13 ROM 14 UKR

Remarks: Euphorbia glareosa x seguieriana

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus angustifrons (Borbás) Chrtek & Krísa; Biología, A (Czechoslovakia) 26(10): 768 (1971)

= Tithymalus ×angustifrons (Borbás) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 12(4): 428 (1977)

species :

Euphorbia ×assalitii Rebmann; Cact. Succ. 15(2): 31 (2023)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia ×balfourii Sennen; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Sér. 2, 72: 15 (1925 publ. 1926)

Distribution: S-Europe

Error

Remarks: Euphorbia segetalis var. segetalis x terracina

species :

Euphorbia ×bazargica Prodan; Bul. Acad. Stud. Agron. Cluj 1: 39 (1930)

Distribution: Romania; Bulgaria

13 BUL ROM

Remarks: Euphorbia esula x Euphorbia glareosa

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia basargica Prodan; Bul. Acad. Stud. Agron. Cluj 5(1): 254 (1935)

= Tithymalus ×bazargicus (Prodan) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 170 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia ×bothae Lotsy & Goddijn; Genetica 10: 47 (1928)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ×antiafra Lotsy & Goddijn; Genetica 10: 47 (1928)

= Euphorbia ×bothae var. antiafra (Lotsy & Goddijn) G.D.Rowley; Natl. Cact. Succ. J. 10: 81 (1955)

species :

Euphorbia ×budensis T.Simon; Borbásia 9: 94 (1949)

Distribution: Hungary

11 HUN

Remarks: Euphorbia glareosa x seguieriana

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus ×budensis (T.Simon) Chrtek & Krísa; Biologia (Bratislava) 26: 769 (1971)

species :

Euphorbia ×csatoi (Simonk.) Borza; Bot. Közlem. 22: 66 (1924-1925 publ. 1925)

Distribution: Hungary; Romania

11 HUN 13 ROM

Remarks: Euphorbia agraria x esula x salicifolia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia agraria var. csatoi Simonk.; Erd. Edén. Fl. 481 (1886)

species :

Euphorbia ×curvirama R.A.Dyer; Rec. Albany Mus. 4: 104 (1931)

Name: Cape Candelabra Tree

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Euphorbia caerulescens x triangularis

species :

Euphorbia ×fernandez-lopezii Molero & Rovira; Euphorbia World 9(2): 27 (2013)

Distribution: Canary Isl.

21 CNY

Remarks: Euphorbia berthelotii x bourgaeana

species :

Euphorbia ×gayeri Boros & Soó; Bot. Közlem. 22: 66 (1924-1925 publ. 1925)

Distribution: +England (+England); ?Germany; Slovakia; Hungary; Canada [I] (Ontario [I]); USA [I] (Minnesota [I])

10 GRB 11 HUN SLO 72 cdn 75 usa

Remarks: Euphorbia cyparissias x waldsteinii

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus ×gayeri (Borbás & Soó) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 12(4): 428 (1977)

species :

Euphorbia ×gibelliana Peola; Malpighia 6: 249 (1892)

Distribution: Italy; etc.

13 ITA

Remarks: sect. Helioscopia, Euphorbia canuti x insularis

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia hyberna subsp. gibelliana (Peola) Raffaelli; Boll. Soc. Sarda Sci. Nat. 19: 315 (1979 publ. 1980)

= Euphorbia hyberna var. gibelliana (Peola) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 279 (1901)

= Tithymalus ×gibellianus (Peola) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 172 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia ×goldei Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 738 (1949)

Distribution: Crimea; etc.

14 KRY

Remarks: Euphorbia glareosa x stepposa

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. goldei (Prokh.) Greuter & Burdet; Willdenowia 11(2): 278 (1981)

= Euphorbia ×pseudoglareosa Klokov; Fl. URSR 7: 630 (1955)

= Tithymalus nicaeensis subsp. goldei (Prokh.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Muz. Praze, Rada Přír. 152(1): 22 (1983)

species :

Euphorbia ×inconstantia R.A.Dyer; Rec. Albany Mus. 4: 93 (1931)

Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)

27 SAF

Remarks: Euphorbia polygona x heptagona or pentagona

species :

Euphorbia ×ingezalahiana Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 182 (1955)

Distribution: Madagascar (cult.)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia ×jablonskiana Polatschek; Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 75: 199 (1971 publ. 1972)

Distribution: Austria

11 AUT

Remarks: Euphorbia palustris x villosa

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus ×jablonskianus (Polatschek) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 12(4): 428 (1977)

species :

Euphorbia ×jubaeaphylla Svent.; Addit. Fl. Canar. 1: 29 (1960)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, Tenerife)

21 CNY

Remarks: Euphorbia aphylla x Euphorbia lamarckii

species :

Euphorbia ×lesliei J.L.Sharman; Pl. Rev. 6(1): 64 (2024)

Distribution: Great Britain

10 GRB

species :

Euphorbia ×lomi Rauh; Kakteen And. Sukk. 30(11): 257 (1979)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Remarks: Euphorbia lophogona x milii

species :

Euphorbia ×macinensis Prodan; Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. (Fl. Republ. Socialist. Romania) 2: 674 (1953)

Distribution: Romania

13 ROM

Remarks: Euphorbia agraria x nicaeensis ssp. glareosa

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus ×macinensis (Prodan) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 173 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia ×marreroi Molero & Rovira; Willdenowia 35(2): 276 (2005)

Distribution: Canary Isl.

21 CNY

Remarks: Euphorbia aphylla x regis-jubae

species :

Euphorbia ×martini Rouy; Ill. Pl. Eur. Rar. 107, t. 324 (1900)

Distribution: England; France; etc.

10 GRB 12 FRA

Remarks: Euphorbia amygdaloides x characias ssp. characias. Often cultivated and occasionally escaped

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ×cornubiensis Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 40(2): 445 (1985)

= Euphorbia ×malahidensis Radcl.-Sm.; Kew Bull. 40(2): 445 (1985)

= Euphorbia ×martini nothosubsp. cornubiensis (Radcl.-Sm.) Radcl.-Sm.; Taxon 35: 349 (1986)

species :

Euphorbia ×maxii Rebmann; Cact. Succ. 15(2): 33 (2023)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia ×megapolitana Henker & Kiesew.; Bot. Rundbr. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 52: 4 (2015), pro spec.

Distribution: Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern)

11 GER

Remarks: status uncertain, mostly sterile, possibly a stabilized hybrid

species :

Euphorbia ×mitsimbinensis Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 176 (1955)

Distribution: Madagascar (cult.)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia ×navae Svent.; Bol. Inst. Nac. Invest. Agron. 18: Cuad. No. 96, 4 (1948)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (Tenerife)

21 CNY

Remarks: Euphorbia atropurpurea x lamarckii

species :

Euphorbia ×nyaradyana Prodan; Bul. Şti. Acad. Republ. Populare Române, Secţ. Biol. Şti. Agric., Ser. Bot. 9: 306 (1957)

Distribution: Romania

13 ROM

species :

Euphorbia ×paradoxa (Schur) Simonk.; Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. [Kerner] no. 2: 49 (1882 publ. 1883)

subspecies :

subsp. paradoxa

Distribution: Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern); Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Romania

11 AUT CZE GER HUN SLO 13 ROM

Remarks: Euphorbia esula x salicifolia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia esula subsp. paradoxa (Schur) Simonk.; Enum. Fl. Transsilv. 482 (1887)

= Euphorbia esula var. paradoxa Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 596 (1866)

= Euphorbia salicifolia subsp. schurii (Simonk.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. Suppl. 2: 276 (1890)

= Euphorbia salicifolia var. obversa Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 3(8): 123 (1852)

= Euphorbia ×hirsuta Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 66 (1853), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia ×obtusifolia Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 66 (1853), nom. illeg.

= Euphorbia ×schurii Simonk.; Természetrajzi Füz. 10: 183 (1886)

= Tithymalus ×paradoxus (Schur) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 12: 428 (1977)

subspecies :

subsp. gusuleacii (Prodan & Soran) Govaerts; World Checkl. & Bibliogr. Euphorbiaceae 797 (2000) [nothossp.]

Distribution: Romania

13 ROM

Remarks: Euphorbia esula ssp. tommasiniana x salicifolia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ×gusuleacii Prodan & Soran; Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. (Fl. Republ. Socialist. Romania) 2: 674 (1953)

variant :

var. podolica (Błocki ex Borza) Govaerts; World Checkl. & Bibliogr. Euphorbiaceae 797 (2000) [nothovar.]

Distribution: Romania

13 ROM

Remarks: Euphorbia esula var. cyparissioides x salicifolia

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ×podolica Błocki ex Borza; Consp. Fl. Român. 2: 180 (1949), nom. inval.

species :

Euphorbia ×peisonis Rech.f.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 22: 186 (1925)

Distribution: Germany; Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Romania

11 AUT CZE GER HUN SLO 13 ROM

Remarks: Euphorbia cyparissias x salicifolia

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus ×peisonis (Rech.f.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia ×petterssonii Svent.; Bol. Inst. Nac. Invest. Agron. 9(20): 199 (1949)

Distribution: Canary Isl. (Tenerife)

21 CNY

Remarks: Euphorbia aphylla x atropurpurea f. lutea

species :

Euphorbia ×popovii Rothsch.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 21: 273 (1961)

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan

32 KAZ TKM UZB

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus popovii (Rothsch.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia ×procopianii Savul. & Rayss; Bul. Grad. Bot. Univ. Cluj 5: 77 (1925 publ. 1926)

Distribution: Romania; Moldova

13 ROM 14 MLD

Remarks: Euphorbia agraria x salicifolia

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus ×procopianii (Savul. & Rayss) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140(3-4): 175 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia ×pseudoesula Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 66 (1853)

Distribution: England [I] (England [I]); Netherlands; Belgium; Germany (Bayern, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Sachsen); Austria; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Romania

10 grb 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN NET SLO 13 ROM

Remarks: Euphorbia cyparissias x esula

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ×figertii Dörfl.; Exsicc. (Herb. Norm.) 1902: no. 4295 (1902)

= Euphorbia ×figertii f. polyphylla (Schur) Hegi & Beger; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(1): 189 (1924)

= Euphorbia ×figertii f. pseudoesula (Schur) Hegi & Beger; Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. [Hegi] 5(1): 189 (1924)

= Tithymalus ×pseudoesula (Schur) Dostál; Folia Mus. Rerum Nat. Bohemiae Occid., Bot. 21: 9 (1984)

species :

Euphorbia ×pseudolucida Schur; Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 3: 124 (1852)

Distribution: Germany (Brandenburg); Czech Republic; Slovakia

11 CZE GER SLO

Remarks: Euphorbia esula ssp. tommasiniana x lucida

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia ×esulolucida Andrae; Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 13: 914 (1855)

= Tithymalus ×pseudolucidus (Schur) Dostál; Folia Mus. Rerum Nat. Bohemiae Occid., Bot. 21: 9 (1984)

species :

Euphorbia ×pseudovillosa Prodan; Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Roman. (Fl. Republ. Socialist. Romania) 2: 674 (1953)

Distribution: Slovakia; Hungary; Bulgaria

11 HUN SLO 13 BUL

Remarks: Euphorbia esula ssp. tommasiniana x illirica ssp. illirica

species :

Euphorbia ×segobricensis Pérez Dacosta; Fl. Montiber. 84: 67 (2022)

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

Remarks: Euphorbia segetalis x terracina

species :

Euphorbia ×sharmanii A.C.Leslie; Pl. Rev. 6(1): 63 (2024)

Distribution: Great Britain

10 GRB

species :

Euphorbia ×somboriensis Prodan; Bul. Acad. Stud. Agron. Cluj 1: 38 (1930)

Distribution: Bosnia & Hercegovina

13 BIH

Remarks: Euphorbia esula x nicaeensis ssp. glareosa

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus ×somboriensis (Prodan) Dostál; Folia Mus. Rerum Nat. Bohemiae Occid., Bot. 21: 9 (1984)

species :

Euphorbia ×sooi T.Simon; Borbásia 9: 94 (1949)

Distribution: Slovakia; Hungary

11 HUN SLO

Remarks: Euphorbia lucida x palustris

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus ×sooi (T.Simon) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140: 176 (1972)

species :

Euphorbia ×souliei Sennen; Treb. Inst. Catalana Hist. Nat. 216 (1917)

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

Remarks: Euphorbia amygdaloides x segetalis

species :

Euphorbia ×stenocalli Croizat; Webbia 27(1): 221 (1972)

Distribution: Madagascar

29 MDG

Remarks: Euphorbia stenoclada x tirucalli

species :

Euphorbia ×uniflora Raf.; Med. Repos., Ser. 2, 5: 360 (1808)

Distribution: USA (New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia)

75 USA 78 USA

Remarks: Euphorbia corollata x ipecacuanhae

Synonyms: hidden

= Vallaris ×uniflora (Raf.) Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 115 (1838)

species :

Euphorbia ×vilafamensis Pérez Dacosta; Fl. Montiber. 54: 31 (2013)

Distribution: Spain

12 SPA

Remarks: Euphorbia segetalis x serrata

species :

Euphorbia ×wagneri Soó; Bot. Közlem. 22: 67 (1925)

Distribution: Germany; Austria; Poland; Slovakia; Hungary; Romania

11 AUT GER HUN POL SLO 13 ROM

Remarks: Euphorbia esula x lucida

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus ×wagneri (Soó) Holub; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 12(4): 428 (1977)

species :

Euphorbia ×wimmeriana J.Wagner; Bot. Közlem. 20: 85 (1922 publ. 1923)

Distribution: Germany; Austria; Poland; Slovakia; Hungary; Romania

11 AUT GER HUN POL SLO 13 ROM

Remarks: Euphorbia cyparissias x lucidus

Synonyms: hidden

= Tithymalus ×wimmerianus (J.Wagner) Dostál; Folia Mus. Rerum Nat. Bohemiae Occid., Bot. 21: 9 (1984)

species :

Euphorbia ×zanaharensis Ursch & Leandri; Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 5: 174 (1955)

Distribution: Madagascar (cult.)

29 MDG

species :

Euphorbia ×zhiguliensis (Prokh.) Prokh.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 447 (1949)

Distribution: E-European Russia

14 RUS

Remarks: Euphorbia caesia x microcarpa

Synonyms: hidden

= Euphorbia graminifolia subsp. zhiguliensis (Prokh.) Oudejans; Phytologia 67(1): 45 (1989)

= Euphorbia virgata subsp. zhiguliensis (Prokh.) Prokh.

= Galarhoeus ×zhiguliensis Prokh.; Trudy Kuibyshevsk. Bot. Sada 1: 64 (1941)

= Tithymalus graminifolius subsp. zhiguliensis (Prokh.) Soják; Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148(3-4): 200 (1979 publ. 1980)

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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.10 (Oct. 12th, 2025)

Covering 357,450 accepted species,
8,806 hybrids, 48,075 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,004,944 synonyms,
**in total 1,419,285* names**

[about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus*" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life

Contact

How to Cite:

Realization

Search

+ Family

Filter

Order

Family (36)

Genus (226)

Display options

A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.10 (Oct. 12th, 2025)

Covering 357,450 accepted species,8,806 hybrids, 48,075 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,004,944 synonyms,in total 1,419,285* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life

Covering 357,450 accepted species,
8,806 hybrids, 48,075 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,004,944 synonyms,
**in total 1,419,285* names**

[about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus*" are deliberately omitted]