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492.0000 Family Rubiaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 196 (1789), nom. cons.
589 genera, ca. 14.200 spp. mostly tropics, comparably few temperate. Phylogeny: Razafimandimbison & Rydin (2024)
Species listed in database: 14370; hybrids: 47
= Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 3, 38 (1813-1829)
= Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn.; Handb. Angew. Bot. 2: 493 (1835)
= Catesbaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 111 (1820)
= Cephalanthaceae Raf.; Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. 6: 86 (1820)
= Cinchonaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 234 (1802)
= Coffeaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 233 (1802)
= Coutareaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni; Lilloa 17: 253 (1948), nom. cons.
= Galiaceae Lindl.; Intr. Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 249 (1836)
= Gardeniaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 29, 32 (1829)
= Guettardaceae Batsch; Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 235 (1802)
= Hameliaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 31 (1835)
= Hedyotidaceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 57 (1822)
= Henriqueziaceae Bremek.; Acta Bot. Neerl. 6 (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 141): 371 (1957)
= Houstoniaceae Raf.; Good Book 21 (1840)
= Hydrophylacaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 318 (1820)
= Lippayaceae Meisn.; Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner], Tab. Diagn. 156, Comm. 112 (1838)
= Lygodisodeaceae Bartl.; Ord. Nat. Pl. 123, 207 (1830)
= Naucleaceae Wernham; New Phytol. 11: 225 (1912)
= Nonateliaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 420 (1820)
= Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb; Vers. Arzneikr. Pfl. 207 (1818)
= Pagamaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Psychotriaceae F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 49 (1830)
= Randiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 534 (1820)
= Sabiceaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 555 (1820)
= Spermacoceaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 256 (1820)
= Theligonaceae Dumort.; Anal. Fam. Pl. 15, 17 (1829), nom. cons.
492.5905 Genus Exostema (Pers.) Rich. ex Humb. & Bonpl.; Pl. Aequinoct. [Humboldt & Bonpland] 1: 131, t. 38 (1808) (Exostemma), nom. cons. prop.
Distribution: Tropical America, mostly Caribbean. Circumscription see Greuter & Rankin-Rodriguez (2022). Solenandra is often kept separate.
Species listed in database: 32
= Adolphoduckea Paudyal & Delprete; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 187(3): 384 (2018)
= Coutarea Aubl.; Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 314, t. 122 (1775)
= Solenandra Hook.f.; Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(1): 43 (1873)
= Steudelago Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 298 (1891)
species :
Exostema acuminatum Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 3: 378 (1903)
Name: Quina (Dominican Republic)
Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti
81 HIS
species :
Exostema angustifolium (Sw.) Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 19 (1819)
Distribution: Haiti
81 HIS
Synonyms: hidden
= Solenandra angustifolia (Sw.) Paudyal & Delprete; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 187(3): 387 (2018)
= Cinchona angustifolia Sw.; Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Nya Handl. 8: 119 (1787)
species :
Exostema bicolor Poepp.; Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. [Poeppig & Endlicher] 3: 32 (1845)
Distribution: Peru
83 PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Cinchona bicolor (Poepp.) Brign.; Mem. Mat. Fis. Soc. Ital. Sci. Modena, Pt. Mem. Fis., Ser. 2, 1: 63 (1862)
species :
Exostema brachycarpum (Sw.) Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 19 (1819)
Name: Maroon lance (Jamaica)
Distribution: Jamaica
81 JAM
Conservation Status: near threatened (IUCN)
Synonyms: hidden
= Solenandra brachycarpa (Sw.) Paudyal & Delprete; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 187(3): 388 (2018)
= Cinchona brachycarpa Sw.; Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. [O.P.Swartz] 42 (1788)
species :
Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 19 (1819)
Name: Caribbean princewood, Jesuit bark
Distribution: USA (Florida); Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacán, Morelos, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán, Zacatecas); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Bahamas; Cuba; Cayman Isl.; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Virgin Isl. (Anegada, Guana, Jost van Dyke, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda); Anguilla; St. Martin/St. Maarten; St. Barthélémy; Saba; St. Eustatius; Antigua; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Marie-Galante; Dominica; Martinique; St. Lucia; Grenadines; St. Vincent; Grenada
78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ COS ELS GUA HON NIC 81 ABA AGU BAH CAY CUB DOM GDL GRE HIS JAM MAR MTS PUE SAB SBA STE STL STM STV VIR
Synonyms: hidden
= Cinchona caribaea Jacq.; Enum. Syst. Pl. 16 (1760)
= Cinchona caribbeana W.Wright; Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 67(2): 506 (1778)
= Cinchona herbacea L.; Mant. Pl. Altera [Linnaeus] 338 (1771)
= Cinchona jamaicensis Wright; Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 67: 506 (1778)
= Cinchona myrtifolia Stokes; Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 359 (1812), nom. illeg.
= Cinchona racemosa Schrank ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 1: 363 (1841)
= Exostema caribaeum var. pubescens Borhidi & O.Muñiz; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 18: 44 (1973)
= Exostema caribaeum var. velutinum Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 8: 665 (1921)
= Exostema longicuspe Oerst.; Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn, Ser. 1, 3: 48 (1853)
= Exostema veraensis Kitanov; Fitologiya 11: 51 (1979)
species :
Exostema cordatum Borhidi & M.Fernández; Acta Bot. Hung. 35: 303 (1989)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Solenandra cordata (Borhidi & M.Fernández) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 44(3-4): 227 (2002)
species :
Exostema coriaceum (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 20 (1819)
Distribution: Haiti
81 HIS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cinchona coriacea Poit.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 6: 38 (1804)
= Solenandra coriacea (Poir.) Delprete; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 19(4): 585 (2025)
species :
Exostema curbeloi Borhidi & M.Fernández; Acta Bot. Hung. 35: 304 (1989)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Solenandra curbeloi (Borhidi & M.Fernández) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 44(3-4): 227 (2002)
species :
Exostema ellipticum Griseb.; Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n. s. 8(2): 504 (1863)
subspecies :
subsp. ellipticum
Name: Cayateje
Distribution: Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Puerto Rico
81 CUB HIS PUE
Synonyms: hidden
= Solenandra elliptica (Griseb.) Paudyal & Delprete; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 187(3): 388 (2018)
= Exostema monticola Borhidi & M.Fernández; Acta Bot. Hung. 35: 303 (1989)
subspecies :
subsp. monticola (Borhidi & M.Fernández) Borhidi & M.Fernández; Rubiáceas Cuba 108 (2017)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Solenandra elliptica subsp. monticola (Borhidi & M.Fernández) Borhidi & M.Fernández; Acta Bot. Hung. 60(3-4): 309 (2018)
species :
Exostema glaberrimum Borhidi & M.Fernández; Acta Bot. Hung. 35: 302 (1989)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
species :
Exostema lancifolium Borhidi & Acuña; Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 28 (1971)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
variant :
var. lucidum (Borhidi & M.Fernández) Borhidi; Rubiáceas Cuba 110 (2017)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Exostema lucidum Borhidi & M.Fernández; Acta Bot. Hung. 35: 302 (1989)
species :
Exostema lineatum (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 18 (1819)
Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti
81 HIS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cinchona lineata Vahl; Skr. Naturhist.-Selsk. 1: 22 (1790)
= Exostema picardae Krug & Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 1: 422 (1899)
= Exostema rupicola Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 7: 399 (1912)
= Exostema subcordatum Krug & Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 1: 421 (1899)
= Exostema subcordatum var. buchii Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 8: 666 (1921)
= Solenandra lineata (Vahl) Paudyal & Delprete; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 187(3): 388 (2018)
species :
Exostema longiflorum (Lamb.) Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 18 (1819)
Name: Clavellina, Lirio Salvador (Cuba), Lirio, Niquiva (Dominican Republic)
Distribution: Jawa [I]; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti
42 jaw 81 CUB HIS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cinchona longiflora Lamb.; Descr. Cinchona 38 (1797)
= Oxyanthus longiflorus (Lamb.) Lem.; Fl. Serres Jard. Eur. 2: 148 (1846)
= Oxyanthus tubiflorus Lem.; Fl. Serres Jard. Eur. 2: t. 148 (1846), nom. illeg.
= Oxyanthus versicolor Lindl.; Edwards´s Bot. Reg. 26: t. 69 (1840)
= Posoqueria versicolor Lindl.; Edwards´s Bot. Reg. 27: t. 26 (1841)
= Solenandra longiflora (Lamb.) Paudyal & Delprete; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 187(3): 388 (2018)
species :
Exostema maynense Poepp. & Endl.; Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. [Poeppig & Endlicher] 3: 31 (1845)
Distribution: Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Amazonas, Acre)
83 BOL ECU PER 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Adolphoduckea maynensis (Poepp. & Endl.) Paudyal & Delprete; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 187(3): 385 (2018)
= Cinchona maynensis (Poepp.) Brign.; Mem. Mat. Fis. Soc. Ital. Sci. Modena, Pt. Mem. Fis., Ser. 2, 1: 63 (1862)
species :
Exostema mexicanum A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 5: 180 (1861)
Distribution: Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Oaxaca, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama
79 MEX 80 BLZ COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Exostema indutum Standl.; N. Amer. Fl. [Britton et al., eds.] 32(2): 126 (1921)
= Solenandra mexicana (A.Gray) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 44(3-4): 227 (2002)
species :
Exostema microcarpum Borhidi & M.Fernández; Acta Bot. Hung. 35: 304 (1989)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Solenandra microcarpa (Borhidi & M.Fernández) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 44(3-4): 227 (2002)
species :
Exostema myrtifolium Griseb.; Cat. Pl. Cub. [Grisebach] 125 (1866)
subspecies :
subsp. myrtifolium
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Exostema crassifolium Standl.; N. Amer. Fl. [Britton et al., eds.] 32(2): 124 (1921)
= Exostema dumosum Alain; Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio De La Salle 17: 3 (1959)
= Exostema nipense Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 9: 521 (1928)
= Exostema shaferi Standl.; N. Amer. Fl. [Britton et al., eds.] 32(2): 124 (1921)
= Solenandra myrtifolia (Griseb.) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 44(3-4): 227 (2002)
subspecies :
subsp. barbatum (Standl.) Greuter & R.Rankin; Revista Jard. Bot. Nac. Univ. Habana 43: 123 (2022)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Exostema barbatum Standl.; N. Amer. Fl. [Britton et al., eds.] 32(2): 125 (1921)
= Solenandra myrtifolia var. barbata (Standl.) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 44(3-4): 230 (2002)
= Exostema myrtifolium var. barbatum (Standl.) Borhidi & M.Fernández; Acta Bot. Hung. 35: 298 (1989)
species :
Exostema nitens Urb.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 7 (1921)
Name: Cafetillo (Dominican Republic)
Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti
81 HIS
species :
Exostema parviflorum A.Rich. ex Humb. & Bonpl.; Pl. Aequinoct. [Humboldt & Bonpland] 1: 132 (1808)
subspecies :
subsp. parviflorum
Name: Cuabilla (Cuba), Lirio Amarillo, Palo amarillo (Dominican Republic), Gros peau (Haiti)
Distribution: Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti
81 CUB HIS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cinchona parviflora (A.Rich. ex Humb. & Bonpl.) Brign.; Mem. Mat. Fis. Soc. Ital. Sci. Modena, Pt. Mem. Fis., Ser. 2, 1: 63 (1862)
= Exostema elegans Krug & Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 1: 423 (1899)
= Exostema ixoroides (Hook.f.) T.McDowell; Bissea 3(num. esp.): 82 (2009)
= Exostema ixoroides subsp. parvifolium (Borhidi & M.Fernández) Greuter; Bissea 3(num. esp.): 82 (2009)
= Exostema myrtoides Alain; Phytologia 70(3): 151 (1991)
= Exostema valenzuelae A.Rich.; Hist. Fis. Cuba, Bot. 3: 48 (1850)
= Exostema valenzuelae subsp. parvifolium Borhidi & M.Fernández; Acta Bot. Hung. 35: 306 (1989)
= Exostema valenzuelae var. parvifolium (A.Rich.) Borhidi & M.Fernández; Acta Bot. Hung. 35 (1-4): 306 (1989)
= Macrocnemum parviflorum (A.Rich. ex Humb. & Bonpl.) Triana; Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 2: 416 (1938), nom. superfl.
= Solenandra ixoroides Hook.f.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 12: t. 1150 (1873)
= Solenandra ixoroides subsp. parvifolium (Borhidi & M.Fernández) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 44(3-4): 227 (2002)
= Solenandra parviflora (A.Rich.) Delprete; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 19(4): 589 (2025), isonym
= Solenandra parviflora (A.Rich. ex Humb. & Bonpl.) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 44: 230 (2002)
subspecies :
subsp. maestrense (Borhidi & M.Fernández) Greuter & R.Rankin; Revista Jard. Bot. Nac. Univ. Habana 43: 124 (2022)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Solenandra ixoroides subsp. maestrensis (Borhidi & M.Fernández) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 44(3-4): 227 (2002)
= Exostema ixoroides subsp. maestrense (Borhidi & M.Fernández) Greuter; Bissea 3(num. esp.): 82 (2009)
= Exostema valenzuelae subsp. maestrense Borhidi & M.Fernández; Acta Bot. Hung. 35: 305 (1989)
subspecies :
subsp. wrightii (Krug & Urb.) Borhidi; Bot. Közlem. 61: 157 (1973)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Exostema ixoroides subsp. wrightii (Krug & Urb.) Greuter; Bissea 3(num. esp.): 83 (2009)
= Exostema valenzuelae subsp. wrightii (Krug & Urb.) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 35: 299 (1989)
= Exostema wrightii Krug & Urb.; Symb. Antill. [Urban] 1: 424 (1899)
= Solenandra ixoroides subsp. wrightii (Krug & Urb.) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 44(3-4): 227 (2002)
species :
Exostema pervestitum Borhidi & M.Fernández; Acta Bot. Hung. 35: 307 (1989)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Solenandra pervestita (Borhidi & M.Fernández) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 44(3-4): 230 (2002)
species :
Exostema polyphyllum Urb. & Ekman; Ark. Bot. 22A(10): 86 (1929)
Distribution: Hispaniola (Haiti)
81 HIS
Synonyms: hidden
= Solenandra polyphylla (Urb. & Ekman) Paudyal & Delprete; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 187(3): 388 (2018)
species :
Exostema pulverulentum Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 37(1-4): 79 (1992)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Solenandra pulverulenta (Borhidi) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 44(3-4): 230 (2002)
species :
Exostema purpureum Griseb.; Cat. Pl. Cub. [Grisebach] 125 (1866)
Name: Vigueta (Cuba)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Exostema purpureum subsp. avenium Borhidi & M.Fernández; Acta Bot. Hung. 35: 302 (1989)
= Exostema purpureum var. mensurense Kitanov; Bissea 3(num. esp.): 83 (2009)
species :
Exostema revolutum Borhidi & M.Fernández; Acta Bot. Hung. 35: 301 (1989)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Exostema rotundatum Griseb.; Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n. s. 8(2): 504 (1863)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Solenandra rotundata (Griseb.) Paudyal & Delprete; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 187(3): 388 (2018)
= Exostema obovatum Alain; Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio De La Salle 17: 2 (1959)
species :
Exostema salicifolium Griseb.; Cat. Pl. Cub. [Grisebach] 125 (1866)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
species :
Exostema sanctae-luciae (Kentish) Britten; J. Bot. 53: 138 (1915)
Name: Bois-tabac, Chinna, Cinchona, Quinquina-montagne, Quinquina-piton, Quina Tabac-montagne (Lesser Antilles)
Distribution: Dominica; Martinique; St. Lucia; St. Vincent
81 DOM MAR STL STV
Synonyms: hidden
= Solenandra sanctae-luciae (Kentish) Paudyal & Delprete; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 187(3): 389 (2018)
= Cinchona floribunda Sw.; Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. [O.P.Swartz] 41 (1788)
= Cinchona luciana Vitman; Summa Pl. Suppl. 1: 264 (1802)
= Cinchona montana Badier; Observ. Phys. 36: 129 (1789)
= Cinchona sanctae-luciae Kentish; Exp. Obs. New Sp. Bark 51 (1784)
= Exostema floribundum (Sw.) Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 19 (1819)
species :
Exostema selleanum Urb. & Ekman; Ark. Bot. 22A(10): 85 (1929)
Distribution: Cuba; Haiti
81 CUB HIS
Synonyms: hidden
= Exostema scabrum Borhidi & M.Fernández; Acta Bot. Hung. 35: 304 (1989)
= Solenandra scabra (Borhidi & M.Fernández) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 44(3-4): 230 (2002)
= Solenandra selleana (Urb. & Ekman) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 44(3-4): 230 (2002)
species :
Exostema spinosum (Vavass.) Krug & Urb.; Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 15: 262 (1897)
subspecies :
subsp. spinosum
Name: Espinillo (Cuba), Alphonsine (Dominican Republic)
Distribution: Cuba; Haiti
81 CUB HIS
Synonyms: hidden
= Catesbaea elliptica Spreng. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 401 (1830)
= Catesbaea vavassorii Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 416 (1825)
= Cinchona spinosa Vavass.; Obs. Phys. 37: 243 (1790)
= Exostema vavassorii (Spreng.) Griseb.; Cat. Pl. Cub. [Grisebach] 126 (1866)
subspecies :
subsp. tortuense (Urb.) Borhidi; Bot. Közlem. 62: 27 (1975)
Distribution: Hispaniola (Haiti)
81 HIS
Synonyms: hidden
= Exostema spinosum var. tortuense Urb.; Ark. Bot. 21A(5): 72 (1927)
species :
Exostema stenophyllum Britton; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42, 517 (1915)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Solenandra stenophylla (Britton) Paudyal & Delprete; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 187(3): 389 (2018)
species :
Exostema triflorum (Wright) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 3: 481 (1834)
Distribution: Jamaica
81 JAM
Conservation Status: IUCN V
Synonyms: hidden
= Solenandra triflora (W.Wright) Paudyal & Delprete; Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 187(3): 389 (2018)
= Cinchona triflora Wright; London Med. J. 8: 240 (1787)
species :
Exostema velutinum Standl.; N. Amer. Fl. [Britton et al., eds.] 32(2): 125 (1921)
Distribution: Cuba
81 CUB
Synonyms: hidden
= Solenandra velutina (Standl.) Borhidi; Acta Bot. Hung. 44(3-4): 230 (2002)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.08 (August 2nd, 2026)

Covering 360,349 accepted species,
8,927 hybrids, 47,544 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,011,667 synonyms,
in total 1,428,487* names

[*about 20,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life