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282.0000 Family Malvaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 271 (1789), nom. cons.
249 genera, ca. 5400 spp.
Species listed in database: 5518; hybrids: 40
= Berryaceae Doweld; Tent. Syst. Pl. Vasc.: xxxvii (2001), Family
= Bombacaceae Kunth; Malvac., Büttner., Tiliac. 5 (1822), nom. cons.
= Brownlowiaceae Cheek; Kew Bull. 61: 443 (2006)
= Byttneriaceae R.Br.; Voy. Terra Austral. 2: 540 (1814), nom. cons.
= Chiranthodendraceae A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 303 (1887)
= Dombeyaceae Desf.; Tabl. Ecole Bot., ed. 3: 252 (1829), nom. cons.
= Durionaceae Cheek; Kew Bull. 61: 443 (2006)
= Grewiaceae Doweld & Reveal; Bot. Rev. (Lancaster) 71: 100 (2005)
= Helicteraceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 264 (1858), Family
= Hermanniaceae Marquis; Esq. Règne Vég. 52 (1820)
= Hibiscaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 275 (1858)
= Lasiopetalaceae Rchb.; Mag. Aesth. Bot. 1(2): ad t. 37 (1823)
= Mansoniaceae A.Chev.; Just´s Bot. Jahresber. 38(1): 852 (1913)
= Melochiaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 271 (1858)
= Pentapetaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 222 (1820)
= Philippodendraceae A.Juss.; Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat. 9: 735 (1847)
= Plagianthaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 272 (1858)
= Sidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 222 (1820)
= Sparrmanniaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 260 (1858)
= Sterculiaceae Vent.; Parad. Lond. 2: ad t. 69 (1807), nom. cons.
= Theobromataceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 264 (1858)
= Tiliaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 289 (1789), nom. cons.
282.6012 Genus Firmiana Marsili; Saggi Sci. Lett. Accad. Padova 1: 106, cum ic. (1786)
Distribution: Tropical Africa, Madagascar, India, China, Indochina, W-Malesia
Species listed in database: 19
= Erythropsis Lindl. ex Schott & Endl.; Melet. Bot. [Schott & Endlicher] 33 (1832)
= Karaka Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 72 (1838)
species :
Firmiana bracteata DC.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 3: 369 (1903)
Distribution: Vietnam
41 VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Erythropsis colorata var. bracteata (DC.) Ridl.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1934: 214 (1934)
species :
Firmiana calcarea C.F.Liang & S.L.Mo ex Y.S.Huang; Nordic J. Bot. 29(5): 608 (2011)
Distribution: China (Guangxi)
36 CHI
species :
Firmiana colorata (Roxb.) R.Br.; Pl. Jav. Rar. [Bennett] 235 (1844)
Distribution: China (S-Yunnan); Nepal; Bhutan; India (almost throughout); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (Middle Andaman Isl., South Andaman Isl.); Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Sumatra
36 CHI 40 BAN BHU IND NEP SRL 41 AND CBD LAO MYA THA VIE 42 MLY SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Clompanus colorata (Roxb.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 78 (1891)
= Erythropsis colorata (Roxb.) Burkill; Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 231 (1931)
= Erythropsis roxburghiana Schott & Endl.; Melet. Bot. [Schott & Endlicher] 33 (1832)
= Firmiana rubriflora Kosterm.; Reinwardtia 6: 293 (1962)
= Karaka colorata (Roxb.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 72 (1838)
= Sterculia colorata Roxb.; Pl. Coromandel 1: 26 (1795), quoad t. 25 descr. excl.
= Sterculia rubicunda Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 1119 D, F. G (1829)
species :
Firmiana danxiaensis H.H.Hsue & H.S.Kiu; J. S. China Agric. Univ. 8: 2, f. 1 (1987)
Distribution: China (Guangdong)
36 CHI
species :
Firmiana daweishanensis Gui L.Zhang & J.Y.Xiang; Phytotaxa 456(2): 215 (2020)
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
species :
Firmiana diversifolia A.Gray; U.S. Expl. Exped., Phan. 15(1): 185 (1854)
Distribution: Fiji
60 FIJ
Synonyms: hidden
= Sterculia diversifolia (A.Gray) Seem.; Fl. Vit. [Seemann] 23 (1865)
= Sterculia guppyi Greenw.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929: 240 (1929)
species :
Firmiana fulgens (Wall. ex Mast.) Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] III, 6: 97 (1893)
Distribution: Nepal; India (Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Garhwal); Myanmar; Thailand; Java; Trinidad & Tobago [I]
40 IND NEP 41 MYA THA 42 JAW 81 trt
Synonyms: hidden
= Clompanus fulgens (Wall. ex Mast.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 78 (1891)
= Erythropsis fulgens (Wall. ex Mast.) Ridl.; Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 277 (1922)
= Erythropsis pallens (Wall. ex King) Ridl.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1934: 215 (1934)
= Firmiana fulgens (Wall. ex Mast.) Corner; Wayside Trees Mal. 1: 610 (1940)
= Firmiana pallens (Wall. ex King) Stearn; Beautiful Indian Trees [Blatter & Millard], ed. 2: 79 (1955)
= Sterculia fulgens Wall.; (Numer. List [Wallich] 31, no. 1135 (1829), nomen) ex Mast. in Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 1: 360 (1874)
= Sterculia laxiflora Rusby; Descr. S. Amer. Pl. 56 (1920)
= Sterculia pallens Wall. ex Hochr.; Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 19: 22 (1904)
= Sterculia pallens Wall. ex King; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 60(no. 1): 73 (1891)
= Sterculia wallichii G.Don; Gen. Hist. 1: 516 (1831)
species :
Firmiana hainanensis Kosterm.; Reinwardtia 4(2): 308, f. 11 (1957)
Distribution: China (Hainan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Firmiana hainanensis Kosterm. ex Kosterm.; Reinwardtia 5: 389 (1961), descr. fl.
species :
Firmiana kerrii (Craib) Kosterm.; Reinwardtia 5: 389 (1961)
Distribution: N-Thailand
41 THA
Synonyms: hidden
= Sterculia kerrii Craib; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1915: 424 (1915)
species :
Firmiana kwangsiensis H.H.Hsue; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 15(1): 81 (1977)
Distribution: China (Guangxi)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Erythropsis kwangsiensis (H.H.Hsue) H.H.Hsue; Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 49(2): 139 (1984)
species :
Firmiana major (W.W.Sm.) Hand.-Mazz.; Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 60: 96 (1923)
Distribution: China (Yunnan, SW-Sichuan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Hildegardia major (W.W.Sm.) Kosterm.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 24: 338 (1954)
= Sterculia platanifolia var. major W.W.Sm.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 9(42): 130 (1916)
species :
Firmiana malayana Kosterm.; Reinwardtia 5: 388 (1961)
Distribution: Thailand; peninsular Malaysia (Negeri Sembilan northward); Sumatra; Borneo (Sarawak); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.)
41 THA 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY SUM
species :
Firmiana minahassae (Koord.) Kosterm.; Reinwardtia 7: 32 (1965)
Distribution: Sulawesi
42 SUL
Synonyms: hidden
= Sterculia minahassae Koord.; Meded. Lands Plantentuin 19: 640 (1898)
species :
Firmiana papuana Mildbr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 62: 365 (1929)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea); Australia (Queensland)
42 NWG 50 AUS
species :
Firmiana philippinensis Kosterm.; Pengum. Balai Besar Penjel. Kehut. Indonesia No. 54, 19 (1956)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)
42 PHI
species :
Firmiana pulcherrima H.H.Hsue; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 271 (1963)
Distribution: China (E-Hainan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Erythropsis pulcherrima (H.H.Hsue) H.H.Hsue; Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 49(2): 137 (1984)
species :
Firmiana simplex (L.) W.Wight; Bull. Bur. Pl. Industr. U.S.D.A. 142, 67 (1909)
Name: Chinese parasoltree
Distribution: China [I] (widespread [I]); South Korea [I]; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; Bangladesh [I]; Myanmar [I]; Thailand [I]; Laos [I]; Cambodia [I]; Vietnam [I]; USA [I] (Alabama [I], Arkansas [I], California [I], Florida [I], Georgia [I], Louisiana [I], Maryland [I], Mississippi [I], North Carolina [I], South Carolina [I], Tennessee [I], Texas [I], Virginia [I])
36 chi 38 JAP kor NNS TAI 40 ban 41 cbd lao mya tha vie 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Clompanus pyriformis (Bunge) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 78 (1891)
= Clompanus simplex (L.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 77 (1891)
= Culhamia hadiensis J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13bis: 754 (1791)
= Culhamia platanifolia Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 245 (1821)
= Culhamia simplex (L.) Nakai; Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 31: 76 (1952)
= Culhamia triloba Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 73 (1838)
= Firmeana simplex var. glabra Hatus.; J. Jap. Bot. 24: 83 (1949)
= Firmiana chinensis Medik. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 1, 1: 814 (1821)
= Firmiana platanifolia (L.f.) Marsili; Saggi Sci. Lett. Accad. Padova 1: 106-116 (1786)
= Firmiana platanifolia (L.f.) Schott & Endl.; Melet. Bot. [Schott & Endlicher] 33 (1832)
= Firmiana platanifolia f. tomentosa (Thunb.) H.Hara; Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3: 153 (1954)
= Firmiana platanifolia var. tomentosa (Thunb.) Sa.Kurata; Ill. Important For. Trees Japan, ed. 2, 2: 124 (1974)
= Firmiana simplex var. glabra Hatus.; J. Jap. Bot. 24: 83 (1949)
= Hibiscus simplex L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus], ed. 2: 2: 977 (1763)
= Sterculia firmiana J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13bis: 1632 (1792), nom. superfl.
= Sterculia platanifolia L.f.; Suppl. Pl. [Linnaeus f.] 423 (1781) (1782)
= Sterculia pyriformis Bunge; Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. [Ecklon & Zeyher] Pl. China Bor. 9 (1835)
= Sterculia simplex (L.) Druce; Rep. Bot. Exch. Club Soc. Brit. Isles 3: 425 (1913 publ. 1914)
= Sterculia tomentosa Thunb.; Icon. Pl. Jap. [Thunberg] 4: t. 8 (1802)
species :
Firmiana subglabra (V.Abraham & Dutt) Kosterm.; Blumea 34(1): 118 (1989)
Distribution: India (Maharashtra)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Firmiana colorata var. subglabra V.Abraham & A.K.Dutt; Indian Forester 107(6): 364 (1981)
species :
Firmiana sumbawaensis Kosterm.; Reinwardtia 6: 165 (1962)
Distribution: Sulawesi; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa)
42 LSI SUL
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.07 (July 5th, 2025)

Covering 356,783 accepted species,
8,788 hybrids, 48,065 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,003,637 synonyms,
in total 1,417,272* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life