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245.0000 Family Rhamnaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 376 (1789), nom. cons.
72 genera, ca. 1150 spp. Phylogeny: Hauenschild et al. 2016, Wang et al. 2021
Species listed in database: 1195; hybrids: 27
= Frangulaceae DC.; Fl. Franç. [de Candolle & Lamarck], éd. 3, 4(2): 619 (1805)
= Gouaniaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 2: 73 (1837)
= Phylicaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 186 (1858)
= Ziziphaceae Adans.; Lex. Gen. Phan. [Post & Kuntze] 665, 714 (1903)
245.0616 Genus Frangula Mill.; Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4 (1754)
Distribution: mostly New World with a center in Mexico and Central America, south to Tepuis in Venezuela, very few Old World. The genus is frequently included in Rhamnus, but newer authors mostly separate them.
Species listed in database: 52; hybrids: 1
= Frangularia Samp.; Herb. Port. 45 (1913)
= Perfonon Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 29 (1838)
= Oreorhamnus Ridl.; J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10: 131 (1920)
species :
Frangula acuminata (Maguire & Steyerm.) A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 449 (2013)
Distribution: Venezuela (Amazonas: Sa. de la Neblina)
82 VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus acuminata Maguire & Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 51: 121 (1989)
species :
Frangula alnus Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: Frangula n 1 (1768)
subspecies :
subsp. alnus
Name: Echter Faulbaum (DE), Alder Buckthorn (EN)
Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Outer Hebrides [I], Orkney Isl. [I], Shetland Isl. [I], Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Finland; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; France; Channel Isl. [I] (Alderney [I], Guernsey [I], Jersey [I], Sark [I]); Corsica; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; European Turkey; Greece (scattered mountains of N-Greece, rare C-Greece, N-Peloponnisos); Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; E-European Russia; N-European Russia; W-European Russia; Ukraine; Crimea; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Siberia (Altai, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, W-Siberia); Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan [I]; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, W-Anatolia, Inner Anatolia, E-Anatolia, SE-Anatolia); Iran (N-Iran); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Syria (coastal W-Syria); China (N-Xinjiang); Canada [I] (Manitoba [I], New Brunswick [I], Nova Scotia [I], Ontario [I], Prince Edward Isl. [I], Québec [I], Saskatchewan [I]); USA [I] (Colorado [I], Connecticut [I], Iowa [I], Idaho [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Kentucky [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Maine [I], Michigan [I], Minnesota [I], Nebraska [I], New Hampshire [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Pennsylvania [I], Rhode Island [I], Tennessee [I], Vermont [I], Wisconsin [I], West Virginia [I], Wyoming [I])
10 DEN FIN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 cis COR FRA POR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA ROM SLV SRB TUE 14 BLR EST KRY LAT LIT RUS UKR 20 ALG MOR TUN 30 SIB 32 KAZ uzb 33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN IRQ SYR TUR 36 CHI 71 cdn 72 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 78 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Frangula alnus f. angustifolia W.R.Franz; Carinthia II 181/101(2): 438 (1991)
= Frangula alnus f. retusa Ladero; Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 27: 91 (1970)
= Frangula alnus subsp. elliptica (Meinh.) R.Knapp; Oberhess. Naturwiss. Z. 44: 123 (1978), without basionym ref.
= Frangula alnus subsp. saxatilis Gancev; Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 7: 494 (1979)
= Frangula alnus subsp. sphagnicola A.P.Khokhr.; Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada 169: 28 (1994)
= Frangula alnus var. angustifolia (Wallr.) Mohlenbr.; Phytoneuron 2015-67: 3 (2015), nom. illeg.
= Frangula alnus var. asplenifolia (Dippel) Furrer & Beger; 346 (1925)
= Frangula alnus var. elliptica Meinhardt; Gleditschia 1: 24 (1973)
= Frangula alnus var. latifolia (Dippel) Furrer & Beger; 346 (1925)
= Frangula alnus var. prostrata P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 3: 518 (169) (2009)
= Frangula alnus var. sempervirens (hort. ex Nonn.) Furrer & Beger; 346 (1925)
= Frangula dodonei Ard. ex Soldano; Boll. Mus. Civico Storia Nat. Verona 18: 341 (1991 publ. 1994), nom. superfl.
= Frangula europaea Desv.; Observ. Pl. Angers 172 (1818), nom. illeg.
= Frangula frangula H.Karst.; Ill. Repert. Pharm.-Med. Bot. 868 (1886)
= Frangula nigra Samp.; Herb. Port. 45 (1913)
= Frangula pentapetala Gilib.; Exerc. Phyt. 1: 280 (1792), opus utique oppr.
= Frangula sanguinea (Pers.) Peterm.; Pflanzenr. [Engler] IV.275.I, Heft 66 (Cucurb.-Fevill.-Melothr.): 641 (1841-1845)
= Frangula vulgaris Borkh.; 1157 (1803), nom. illeg.
= Frangula vulgaris Hill; Brit. Herb. [Hill] 520 (1757), nom. inval.
= Frangula vulgaris Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 488 (1831)
= Frangula vulgaris var. parvifolia Beck; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 451 (1921)
= Frangula vulgaris var. subrotunda (Rouy & Foucaud) Beck; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 451 (1921)
= Frangularia nigra Samp.; Herb. Port. 45 (1913)
= Girtanneria frangula Neck.; Elem. Bot. [Necker] 2: 121 (1790), opus utique oppr.
= Rhamnus alnoides Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 621 (1821 publ. 1822)
= Rhamnus alnus Münchh.; Hausvater 5: 261 (1770), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus asplenifolia Simonk.; Növényt. Közlem. 5: 148 (1906) 6: 57, Beibl. 13 (1907)
= Rhamnus autumnalis Gand.; Fl. Lyon. [Gandoger] 68 (1875)
= Rhamnus frangula f. amygdalifolia Welw. ex Cout.; Fl. Portugal [Coutinho] 396 (1913)
= Rhamnus frangula f. angustifolia (Wallr.) Beissn.; Handb. Laubholzben. [Beissner et al.] 325 (1903)
= Rhamnus frangula f. aspleniifolia (Dippel) Schelle; Handb. Laubholzben. [Beissner et al.] 325 (1903)
= Rhamnus frangula f. heterophylla (Mouill.) Rehder; Bibl. Cult. Trees 440 (1949)
= Rhamnus frangula f. subrotunda (Rouy) Fiori; Fl. Anal. Italia 4: 155 (1907)
= Rhamnus frangula L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 193 (1753)
= Rhamnus frangula var. angustifolia Loudon; Encycl. Trees Shrubs (1842)
= Rhamnus frangula var. angustifolia Wallr.; Sched. Crit. 504 (1822)
= Rhamnus frangula var. aspleniifolia Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 528 (1892)
= Rhamnus frangula var. autumnalis (Gand.) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 145 (1878)
= Rhamnus frangula var. elliptica Meinh.; Gleditschia 1: 24 (1973)
= Rhamnus frangula var. grandifolia Rouy; Naturaliste, Sér. 2, 9: 199 (1887)
= Rhamnus frangula var. heterophylla Mouill.; Traité Arbr. Arbriss. 2: 763 (1895)
= Rhamnus frangula var. laevifolia L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 193 (1753)
= Rhamnus frangula var. latifolia Dippel; Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 528 (1892)
= Rhamnus frangula var. orientalis Sommier & Levier; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 16: 108 (1900)
= Rhamnus frangula var. paucinervosa Caball.; Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 7: 649 (1947)
= Rhamnus frangula var. rupicola Debeaux & E.Rev.; Rev. Bot. Bull. Mens. 13: 348 (1895)
= Rhamnus frangula var. sanguinea Pers. ex Willk.; Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 5(25): 425 (1847)
= Rhamnus frangula var. saxatilis (É.Rev.) É.Rev.; Exsicc. (Pl. Esp.): no. 984 (1894), nomen
= Rhamnus frangula var. subrotunda Rouy & Foucaud; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 2: 518 (1895)
= Rhamnus frangula var. torsacea Gaudin; Fl. Helv. 2: 225 (1828)
= Rhamnus nemoralis Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 139 (1796)
= Rhamnus pentapetala Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 131 (1782), opus utique oppr.
= Rhamnus sanguinea Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 1: 239 (1805)
= Rhamnus sanguino Ortega; Nov. Rar. Pl. Descr. Dec. 87 (1798)
= Rhamnus sibirica G.Nicholson; Hand-list Trees & Shrubs Arb. 1: 71 (1894), nomen
= Rhamnus undulata Simonk.; Növényt. Közlem. 5: 147 (1906)
subspecies :
subsp. baetica (Willk. & E.Rev.) Rivas Goday ex Devesa; Lagascalia 11(1): 107 (1983)
Distribution: Spain (Sa. de Algeciras, Sa. del Aljibe); Gibraltar
12 GIB SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Frangula baetica (Willk. & E.Rev.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 259 (1949)
= Frangula dodonei subsp. baetica (Willk. & E.Rev.) Soldano; Boll. Mus. Civico Storia Nat. Verona 18: 343 (1991 publ. 1994)
= Rhamnus baetica Willk. & E.Rev.; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 4?: 86 (1891)
= Rhamnus frangula subsp. baetica (Willk. & E.Rev.) Maire; Cavanillesia 2: 48 (1929)
= Rhamnus frangula var. longifolia Rouy; Naturaliste 9(17): 199 (1887)
subspecies :
subsp. pontica (Boiss.) P.H.Davis & Yalt.; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 28: 10 (1967)
Distribution: Turkey; Lebanon; Syria
34 LEB SYR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Frangula dodonei subsp. pontica (Boiss.) Soldano; Boll. Mus. Civico Storia Nat. Verona 18: 343 (1991 publ. 1994)
= Frangula pontica (Boiss.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 261 (1949)
= Rhamnus pontica Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 2: 21 (1872)
species :
Frangula austrosinensis Hatus.; J. Jap. Bot. 12: 877 (1937)
Distribution: SE-China
36 CHI
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Frangula azorica Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 259 (1949)
Distribution: Azores (Santa Maria Isl., Sao Miguel Isl., Terceira, Sao Jorge, Pico, Faial, Flores Isl.); +Madeira (+Madeira Isl.)
21 AZO MDR
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus latifolia L´Hér.; Sert. Angl. 5, t. 8 (1789)
species :
Frangula betulifolia (Greene) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 268 (1949)
Name: Beechleaf frangula
Distribution: USA (Arizona); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Querétaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz)
76 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Frangula revoluta (Rose) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 268 (1949)
= Rhamnus betulifolia Greene; Pittonia 3: 16 (1896)
= Rhamnus confinis Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 267 (1912)
= Rhamnus ellipsoidea Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 267 (1912)
= Rhamnus purshiana var. betulifolia (Greene) Cory; Rhodora 38: 407 (1936)
= Rhamnus revoluta Rose; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 8: 51 (1903)
species :
Frangula borneensis (Steenis) Hauenschild; Taxon 65(1): 75 (2016)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia (Pahang, Selangor, Kedah); Borneo
42 BOR MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Oreorhamnus serrulata Ridl.; J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10: 132 (1920)
= Rhamnus borneensis Steenis; J. Bot. 72: 6 (1934)
= Rhamnus borneensis var. estellare Steenis
species :
Frangula breedlovei (L.A.Johnst. & M.C.Johnst.) A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 450 (2013)
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas); Guatemala
79 MEX 80 GUA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus breedlovei L.A.Johnst. & M.C.Johnst.; Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 20: 52 (1978)
species :
Frangula californica (Eschsch.) A.Gray; Gen. Amer. Bor. 3(2): 178 (1849)
subspecies :
subsp. californica
Name: California buckthorn
Distribution: Hawaii [I] (Hawaii Isl. [I]); USA (California); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Chihuahua, Sonora)
63 haw 76 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Endotropis oleifera Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 31 (1888)
= Girtanneria franguloides (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 28 (1838)
= Perfonon laurifolium Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 29 (1838)
= Rhamnus californica Eschsch.; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Hist. Acad. 10: 285 (1826)
= Rhamnus californica var. betulifolia Trel.; Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1(1): 399 (1897)
= Rhamnus castorea Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 64 (1904)
= Rhamnus franguloides Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 295 (1819), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus laurifolia Nutt.; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 1: 260 (1838)
= Rhamnus major Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 46: 355 (1874)
= Rhamnus nana Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 46: 355 (1874)
= Rhamnus oleifolia Hook.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Hooker] 1: 123 (1831)
= Rhamnus pedunculata G.Nicholson; Hand-list Trees & Shrubs Arb. 1: 69 (1894), nomen
= Rhamnus purshiana var. californica (Eschsch.) Rehder; Cycl. Amer. Hort. [L.H.Bailey] 4: 1510 (1902)
subspecies :
subsp. crassifolia (Jeps.) Kartesz & Gandhi; Phytologia 76(6): 448 (1994)
Distribution: USA (California)
76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus californica var. crassifolia Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 615 (1925)
= Rhamnus californica subsp. crassifolia (Jeps.) C.B.Wolf; Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard. Monogr., Bot. Ser. 1: 68 (1938)
= Rhamnus tomentella subsp. crassifolia (Jeps.) Sawyer; Madroño 40(1): 65 (1993)
subspecies :
subsp. cuspidata (Greene) Kartesz & Gandhi; Phytologia 76(6): 449 (1994)
Distribution: USA (California)
76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus cuspidata Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 64 (1904)
= Rhamnus tomentella subsp. cuspidata (Greene) Sawyer; Madroño 40(1): 65 (1993)
= Rhamnus californica subsp. cuspidata (Greene) C.B.Wolf; Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard. Monogr., Bot. Ser. 1: 72 (1938)
subspecies :
subsp. occidentalis (Howell) Kartesz & Gandhi; Phytologia 76(6): 449 (1994)
Distribution: USA (California, Oregon); Mexico
73 USA 76 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus californica subsp. occidentalis (Howell) C.B.Wolf; Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard. Monogr., Bot. Ser. 1: 66 (1938)
= Frangula occidentalis (Howell) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 270 (1949)
= Rhamnus californica var. occidentalis (Howell) Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 615 (1925)
= Rhamnus occidentalis Howell ex Greene; Pittonia 2: 15 (1889)
subspecies :
subsp. tomentella (Benth.) Kartesz & Gandhi; Phytologia 76(6): 449 (1994)
Distribution: USA (California)
76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Frangula californica var. tomentella (Benth.) A.Gray; Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 5(6): 28 (1853)
= Frangula tomentella (Benth.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 271 (1949)
= Rhamnus californica subsp. tomentella (Benth.) C.B.Wolf; Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard. Monogr., Bot. Ser. 1: 70 (1938)
= Rhamnus californica var. tomentella (Benth.) W.H.Brewer & S.Watson; Bot. California [W.H.Brewer] 1: 101 (1876)
= Rhamnus purshiana var. tomentella (Benth.) K.Brandegee; Zoe 1: 244 (1890)
= Rhamnus tomentella Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 303 (1848)
subspecies :
subsp. ursina (Greene) Kartesz & Gandhi; Phytologia 76(6): 449 (1994)
Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada)
76 USA 77 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Frangula ursina (Greene) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 271 (1949)
= Rhamnus californica subsp. ursina (Greene) C.B.Wolf; Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard. Monogr., Bot. Ser. 1: 74 (1938)
= Rhamnus californica var. ursina (Greene) McMinn; Man. Calif. Shrubs 329 (1939)
= Rhamnus tomentella subsp. ursina (Greene) Sawyer; Madroño 40(1): 65 (1993)
= Rhamnus ursina Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 63 (1904)
species :
Frangula capreifolia (Schltdl.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 278 (1949)
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus capreifolia Schltdl.; Linnaea 20: 464 (1841)
= Rhamnus capreifolia var. matudae M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.; Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 20: 33 (1978)
variant :
var. grandifolia (M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.) A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 450 (2013)
Distribution: Mexico (Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz, Chiapas); Guatemala; El Salvador; Honduras; Costa Rica
79 MEX 80 COS ELS GUA HON
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus capreifolia var. grandifolia M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.; Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 20: 34 (1978)
= Rhamnus pompana M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.; Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 20: 38 (1978)
species :
Frangula caroliniana (Walter) A.Gray; Gen. Amer. Bor. 3(2): 178 (1849)
Name: Carolina buckthorn
Distribution: USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas)
74 USA 75 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Frangula caroliniana var. mollis (Fernald) Mohlenbr.; Vasc. Fl. Illinois 307 (2015), et Phytoneuron 2015-67: 3 (2015)
= Frangula fragilis Raf.; Fl. Ludov. 97 (1817)
= Rhamnus canadensis K.Koch; Dendrologie 1: 610 (1869)
= Rhamnus caroliniana var. mollis Fernald; Rhodora 12: 79 (1910)
= Rhamnus caroliniana Walter; Fl. Carol. [Walter] 101 (1788)
= Rhamnus virginica Page; Page´s Prodr. 23 (1818)
= Sarcomphalus carolinianus (Walter) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 29 (1838)
species :
Frangula chimalapensis (R.Fern.) A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 451 (2013)
Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus chimalapensis R.Fern.; Polibotanica 1: 4 (1996)
species :
Frangula circumscissa A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 452 (2013)
Distribution: Costa Rica
80 COS
species :
Frangula crenata (Siebold & Zucc.) Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 32 (1867)
Distribution: China (Shaanxi, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan); South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Taiwan; N-Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam
36 CHI 38 JAP KOR TAI 41 CBD LAO THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Celastrus esquirolianus H.Lév.; Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 69 (1914)
= Celastrus kouytchensis H.Lév.; Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 69 (1914)
= Frangula acuminatifolia (Hayata) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 264 (1949)
= Frangula cambodiana (Pierre ex Pit.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 266 (1949)
= Frangula crenata var. acuminatifolia (Hayata) Hatus.; J. Jap. Bot. 12: 876 (1936)
= Frangula crenata var. discolor (Rehder) H.Yu, H.G.Ye & N.H.Xia; J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 16(4): 368 (2008)
= Frangula crenata var. macrophylla Honda; Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 52: 139 (1938)
= Rhamnus acuminatifolia Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3: 62 (1913)
= Rhamnus cambodiana Pierre ex Pit.; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 1: 926 (1912)
= Rhamnus crenata f. parvifolia Tardieu; (1946)
= Rhamnus crenata Siebold & Zucc.; Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(2): 146 (1843)
= Rhamnus crenata var. cambodiana (Pierre ex Pit.) Tardieu; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 169 (1946)
= Rhamnus crenata var. discolor Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 14: 347 (1933)
= Rhamnus crenata var. oreigenes (Hance) Tardieu; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 169 (1946)
= Rhamnus crenata var. parvifolia (Tardieu) H.H.Pham; (1992)
= Rhamnus crenata var. xianjuensis X.F.Jin & Y.F.Lu; J. Hangzhou Univ., Nat. Sci. Ed. 17(3): (2018)
= Rhamnus crenata var. yakushimensis Makino ex Masam.; Fl. Yakushima 287 (1934)
= Rhamnus oreigenes Hance; J. Bot. 7(76): 114-115 (1869)
= Rhamnus pseudofrangula H.Lév.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10(263-265): 473-474 (1912)
species :
Frangula darienensis A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 453 (2013)
Distribution: Panama
80 PAN
species :
Frangula dianthes (L.Riley) Grubov; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 8: 272 (1949)
Distribution: Mexico (Durango)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus dianthes L.Riley; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1923: 172 (1923)
species :
Frangula discolor (Donn.Sm.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 274 (1949)
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit, Oaxaca); Revillagigedos Isl. (Isla Socorro); Guatemala; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama
79 MEX RGI 80 COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus capreifolia subsp. discolor (Donn.Sm.) C.B.Wolf; Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard. Monogr., Bot. Ser. 1: 116 (1938)
= Rhamnus capreifolia var. discolor Donn.Sm.; Bot. Gaz. 18: 200 (1893)
= Rhamnus discolor (Donn.Sm.) Rose; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 8: 51 (1903) (non Lesquereux 1898)
= Rhamnus sharpii M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.; Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 20: 74 (1978), nom. nov.
variant :
var. mesoamericana (L.A.Johnst. & M.C.Johnst.) A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 455 (2013)
Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca, Chiapas); Guatemala; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua
79 MEX 80 ELS GUA HON NIC
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus sphaerosperma var. mesoamericana L.A.Johnst. & M.C.Johnst.; Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 20: 64 (1978)
species :
Frangula goudotiana (Triana & Planch.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 276 (1949)
Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Cundinamarca, La Guajira, Magdalena, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Santander); Venezuela (Bolívar, Tachira)
82 CLM VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Frangula atroviridis (Rusby) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 277 (1949)
= Frangula chimantensis (Steyerm. & Maguire) A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 451 (2013)
= Rhamnus atroviridis Rusby; Descr. S. Amer. Pl. 54 (1920)
= Rhamnus chimantensis Steyerm. & Maguire; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 17: no. 1, 451 (1967)
= Rhamnus goudotiana Triana & Planch.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 5, 16: 379 (1872)
species :
Frangula grandiflora A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 456 (2013)
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas); Honduras
79 MEX 80 HON
species :
Frangula grandifolia (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Grubov; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 14: 643 (1949)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Transcaucasus; Iran (N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan)
33 NCS 34 IRN
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus alpina Pall.; Fl. Ross. [Pallas] 2: 23 (1815), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus grandifolia Fisch. & C.A.Mey.; Enum. Pl. Talysch [Hohenacker] 99 (1837)
species :
Frangula granulosa (Ruiz & Pav.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 273 (1949)
Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Bolívar, Caquetá, Cauca, Chocó, Huila, Nariño, Valle); Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (La Paz)
82 CLM 83 BOL ECU PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceanothus granulosus Ruiz & Pav.; Fl. Peruv. [Ruiz & Pavon] 3: 5, t. 228 (1802)
= Colubrina granulosa (Ruiz & Pav.) Brongn.; Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 10: 369 (1827)
= Frangula riojae (Perkins) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 275 (1949)
= Rhamnus granulosa (Ruiz & Pav.) Weberb. ex M.Johnst.; Brittonia 23: 50 (1971)
= Rhamnus granulosa Weberb.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] III, 1: 410 (1895), as ´granulosus´
= Rhamnus riojae Perkins; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 465 (1911)
species :
Frangula henryi (C.K.Schneid.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 266 (1949)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan); Tibet; Myanmar; Vietnam
36 CHI TIB 41 MYA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus henryi C.K.Schneid.; Pl. Wilson. [Sargent] 2: 244 (1914)
= Rhamnella laui Chun; nomen
= Rhamnus grisea Merr.; J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 49 (1938)
= Frangula grisea (Merr.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 267 (1949)
species :
Frangula hintonii (M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.) A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 458 (2013)
Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, México State, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, Zacatecas)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus hintonii M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.; Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 20: 42 (1978)
species :
Frangula inconspicua A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 458 (2013)
Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca)
79 MEX
species :
Frangula lindeniana (Triana) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 277 (1949)
Distribution: Colombia (La Guajira); Venezuela (Carabobo, Trujillo)
82 CLM VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus lindeniana Triana & Planch.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 5, 16: 379 (1872)
species :
Frangula longipedicellata A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 460 (2013), nom. nov.
Distribution: Dominican Republic; Haiti; Puerto Rico
81 HIS PUE
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus sphaerosperma var. longipes M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.; Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 20: 62 (1978)
= Rhamnus sphaerosperma subsp. longipes (M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.) Kartesz & Gandhi; Phytologia 76(6): 450 (1994)
species :
Frangula longipes (Merr. & Chun) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 266 (1949)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, SE-Yunnan); Vietnam
36 CHI 41 VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus longipes Merr. & Chun; Sunyatsenia 2: 272 (1935), et Acta Phytotax. Sin. 7: 62 (1958), descr. ampl.
species :
Frangula longistyla (C.B.Wolf) A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 460 (2013)
Distribution: Mexico (Hidalgo, México State, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus longistyla C.B.Wolf; Monogr. Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard., Bot. Ser. 1: 113 (1938)
species :
Frangula macrocarpa (Standl.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 279 (1949)
Distribution: Mexico (Jalisco, Michoacán, San Luis Potosi)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus macrocarpa Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23: 727 (1923)
species :
Frangula marahuacensis (Steyerm. & Maguire) A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 460 (2013)
Distribution: Venezuela (Amazonas: Cerro Marahuaka, Cerro Sipapo)
82 VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus marahuacensis Steyerm. & Maguire; Acta Bot. Venez. 14(3): 22 (1984)
= Rhamnus sipapoensis Steyerm.; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: 1066 (1988)
species :
Frangula mcvaughii (L.A.Johnst. & M.C.Johnst.) A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 461 (2013)
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus mcvaughii L.A.Johnst. & M.C.Johnst.; Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 20: 50 (1978)
species :
Frangula microphylla (Schult.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 272 (1949)
Distribution: Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México State, Michoacán, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Zacatecas)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Frangula stenophylla (Standl.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 272 (1949)
= Rhamnus microphylla Humb. & Bonpl. ex Roem. & Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 295 (1819)
= Rhamnus stenophylla Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23: 726 (1923)
species :
Frangula mucronata (Schltdl.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 278 (1949)
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México State, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Guatemala; El Salvador
79 MEX 80 ELS GUA
Synonyms: hidden
= Frangula nelsonii (Rose) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 278 (1949)
= Frangula obliqua (Rose) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 278 (1949)
= Rhamnus mucronata Schltdl.; Linnaea 15: 465 (1841)
= Rhamnus nelsonii Rose; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 8: 50 (1903)
= Rhamnus obliqua Rose; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 8: 51 (1903)
species :
Frangula neblinensis (Maguire & Steyerm.) A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 461 (2013)
Distribution: Venezuela (Amazonas: Sa. de la Neblina)
82 VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus microreticulata Maguire & Steyerm.
= Rhamnus neblinensis Maguire & Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 51: 119 (1989)
= Rhamnus psilocarpa Maguire & Steyerm.; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 51: 119 (1989)
species :
Frangula obovata (Kearney & Peebles) G.L.Nesom & Sawyer; Phytologia 91(2): 302 (2009)
Name: Obovate buckthorn
Distribution: USA (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas, Utah)
73 USA 76 USA 77 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Frangula betulifolia subsp. obovata (Kearney & Peebles) Kartesz & Gandhi; Phytologia 76(6): 448 (1994)
= Rhamnus betulifolia var. obovata Kearney & Peebles; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 29: 486 (1939)
species :
Frangula oreodendron (L.O.Williams) A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 461 (2013)
Distribution: Costa Rica; Panama
80 COS PAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus oreodendron L.O.Williams; Fieldiana, Bot. 29: 547 (1963)
species :
Frangula palmeri (S.Watson) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 279 (1949)
Distribution: Mexico (Jalisco, México State, Michoacán, Nayarit)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus palmeri S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 403 (1887)
species :
Frangula paruensis Aymard; Harvard Pap. Bot. 24(1): 1, figs. 1-2 (2019), nom. nov.
Distribution: Venezuela (Amazonas)
82 VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus longipes Steyerm.; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75(3): 1066 (1988) [non Merr. & Chun 1935]
species :
Frangula pedunculata F.K.Mey.; Haussknechtia Beih. 15: 102 (fig. 18) (2011)
Distribution: Albania
13 ALB
Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unverified
species :
Frangula pendula A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 462 (2013)
Distribution: Costa Rica; Panama
80 COS PAN
species :
Frangula pinetorum (Standl.) Grubov; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 8: 279 (1949)
Distribution: Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus pinetorum Standl.; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 22, no. 1: 40 (1940)
species :
Frangula polymorpha Reissek; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(1): 91 (1861)
Name: Lanza morón, negrillo.
Distribution: Nicaragua; Panama; Venezuela (Anzoategui, Aragua, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Sucre, Tachira); Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz)
80 NIC PAN 82 VEN 83 BOL ECU PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Frangula atagualpae Grubov; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 12: 125 (1950)
= Frangula boliviana (Rusby) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 275 (1949)
= Frangula peruviana Grubov; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 12: 124 (1950)
= Frangula polymorpha var. pubescens Reissek; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(1): 91, tab. 29, fig. 2 (1861)
= Rhamnus boliviana Rusby; Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 3: 315 (1893)
= Rhamnus iguanea Vell.; Fl. Flumin. 96 (1829), nom. illeg., non Jacq.
= Rhamnus jelskii Szyszyl.; Diss. Cl. Math.-Phys. Acad. Litt. Cracov. 29: 224 (1895) (Diagn. Pl. Nov. Peru.)
= Rhamnus polymorpha (Reissek) Weberb.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] III, 5: 410 (1895) (polymorphus)
= Rhamnus sphaerosperma var. polymorpha (Reissek) M.C.Johnst.; Taxon 33(1): 124 (1984)
= Rhamnus sphaerosperma var. pubescens M.C.Johnst.; Brittonia 23: 51 (1971)
species :
Frangula pringlei (Rose) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 280 (1949)
Distribution: Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz); Guatemala
79 MEX 80 GUA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus pringlei Rose; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 8: 51 (1903)
species :
Frangula pubescens (Ruiz & Pav.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 273 (1949)
Distribution: Panama; Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Caldas, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Norte de Santander, Risaralda, Santander, Valle); Ecuador; Peru; WC-Brazil (Goiás, Brasilia Distrito Federal); NE-Brazil (Bahia); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo); S-Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina); Paraguay (Alto Paraná, Caaguazu, Canindeyu, Central); Argentina (Jujuy, Misiones, Salta, Tucuman)
80 PAN 82 CLM 83 ECU PER 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceanothus pubescens Ruiz & Pav.; Fl. Peruv. [Ruiz & Pavon] 3: 6, t. 228 (1802)
= Colubrina pubescens (Ruiz & Pav.) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 2: 36 (1832)
= Frangula chrysophylla Reissek; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(1): 91 (1861)
= Frangula citrifolia (Rusby) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 276 (1949)
= Rhamnus chrysophylla (Reissek) Weberb.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] III, 5: 410 (1893)
= Rhamnus citrifolia Rusby; Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 4: 340 (1907)
= Rhamnus pubescens (Ruiz & Pav.) Triana & Planch.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 5, 16: 379 (1872), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus pubescens var. chrysophylla (Reissek) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 120 (1891)
= Rhamnus sphaerosperma var. pubescens (Reissek) M.C.Johnst.; Brittonia 23(1): 51 (1971)
species :
Frangula purshiana (DC.) J.G.Cooper; Pacif. Railr. Rep. 12: 29, 57 (1860)
subspecies :
subsp. purshiana
Name: Cascara buckthorn
Distribution: New Zealand [I]; Canada (British Columbia); USA (California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington State)
51 nzl 71 CDN 73 USA 76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Cardiolepis obtusa Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 28 (1838)
= Rhamnus alnifolia Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. [Pursh] 1: 166 (1813), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus purshiana (Pursh) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 25 (1825)
= Rhamnus purshiana var. hirtella Schelle; Handb. Laubholzben. [Beissner et al.] 326 (1903)
subspecies :
subsp. annonifolia (Greene) Sawyer & S.W.Edwards; Madroño 54(2): 173 (2007)
Distribution: W-USA
76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Frangula anonifolia (Greene) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 267 (1949)
= Rhamnus annonifolia Greene; Pittonia 3: 16 (1896)
= Rhamnus purshiana var. annonifolia (Greene) Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 614 (1925)
subspecies :
subsp. ultramafica Sawyer & S.W.Edwards; Madroño 54(2): 172 (2007)
Distribution: USA (California: Plumas Co.)
76 USA
species :
Frangula rhododendriphylla (Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou) H.Yu, H.G.Ye & N.H.Xia; J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 16(4): 368 (2008)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, W-Guangdong)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus rhododendriphylla Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou; Bull. Bot. Lab. N. E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 5: 75 (1979)
species :
Frangula rubra (Greene) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 271 (1949)
subspecies :
subsp. rubra
Name: Red buckthorn
Distribution: USA (California, Nevada)
76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Frangula viridula (Jeps.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 270 (1949)
= Rhamnus californica var. rubra (Greene) Trel.; Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 5: 367 (1889)
= Rhamnus californica var. viridula Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 615 (1925)
= Rhamnus rubra Greene; Pittonia 1: 68, 160 (1887)
subspecies :
subsp. modocensis (C.B.Wolf) Kartesz & Gandhi; Phytologia 76(6): 449 (1994)
Name: Modoc buckthorn
Distribution: USA (California)
76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus rubra subsp. modocensis C.B.Wolf; Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard. Monogr., Bot. Ser. 1: 89, fig. 35 (1938)
= Rhamnus rubra var. modocensis (C.B.Wolf) McMinn; Man. Calif. Shrubs 327 (1939)
subspecies :
subsp. nevadensis (A.Nelson) Kartesz & Gandhi; Phytologia 76(6): 449 (1994)
Name: Nevada buckthorn
Distribution: USA (Nevada)
76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus rubra subsp. nevadensis (A.Nelson) C.B.Wolf; Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard. Monogr., Bot. Ser. 1: 86 (1938)
= Rhamnus nevadensis A.Nelson; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 18: 174 (1905)
subspecies :
subsp. obtusissima (Greene) Kartesz & Gandhi; Phytologia 76(6): 449 (1994)
Name: Obtuse buckthorn
Distribution: USA (California, Nevada)
76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus californica var. obtusissima (Greene) Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 615 (1925)
= Rhamnus obtusissima Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 64 (1904)
= Rhamnus rubra subsp. obtusissima (Greene) C.B.Wolf; Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard. Monogr., Bot. Ser. 1: 88 (1938)
= Rhamnus rubra var. obtusissima (Greene) Jeps.; Fl. Calif. [Jepson] 2: 459 (1936)
subspecies :
subsp. yosemitana (C.B.Wolf) Kartesz & Gandhi; Phytologia 76(6): 449 (1994)
Name: Yosemite buckthorn
Distribution: USA (California)
76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus rubra subsp. yosemitana C.B.Wolf; Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard. Monogr., Bot. Ser. 1: 90, fig. 36, 37 (1938)
= Rhamnus rubra var. yosemitana (C.B.Wolf) McMinn; Man. Calif. Shrubs 327 (1939)
species :
Frangula rupestris (Scop.) Schur; Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 142 (1866)
Name: Felsen-Kreuzdorn
Distribution: Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Bulgaria; Greece (mountains of mainland, Evvoia, Thasos)
13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS MNT NMA SLV SRB
Synonyms: hidden
= Frangula wulfenii (Hoppe) Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 488 (1831)
= Rhamnus albanica Pénzes; Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Nat. Hung. 57: 171 (1965)
= Rhamnus nicolae Simonk.; Növenyt. Közlem. 6: 47 (1907)
= Rhamnus pumila var. wulfenii DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 25 (1825)
= Rhamnus pumila Wulfen; Collectanea [Jacquin] 2: 141 (1789), nom. illeg.
= Rhamnus rumeliacea Friv.; Flora 18: 332 (1835)
= Rhamnus rupestris Scop.; Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 164 (1771)
= Rhamnus wulfenii Hoppe; Flora 6: 173 (1823)
= Rhamnus wulfenii Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 768 (1824), nom. illeg.
species :
Frangula scopulorum (M.E.Jones) A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 466 (2013)
Distribution: Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Sinaloa, Sonora)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus scopulorum (M.E.Jones) C.B.Wolf; Monogr. Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard., Bot. Ser. 1: 122 (1938)
= Rhamnus serrata var. scopulorum M.E.Jones; Contr. W. Bot. 12: 6 (1908)
species :
Frangula sphaerosperma (Sw.) Kartesz & Gandhi; Phytologia 76(6): 450 (1994)
Name: West Indian Buckthorn
Distribution: Cuba; Jamaica
81 CUB JAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceanothus sphaerocarpus DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 2: 30 (1825), nom. superfl.
= Frangula nervosa Grubov; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 12: 124 (1950)
= Frangula polymorpha var. glabra Reissek; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(1): 91 (1861)
= Frangula polymorpha var. latifolia Chodat & Hassl.; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 3: 542 (1903)
= Frangula polymorpha var. tomentosa Reissek; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 11(1): 91 (1861)
= Frangula sphaerocarpa (DC.) Griseb.; Fl. Brit. W. I. [Grisebach] 99 (1859)
= Rhamnus jelskii Zahlbr.; Diss. Cl. Math.-Phys. Acad. Litt. Cracov. 29: 223 (1895) (Diagn. Pl. Nov. Peru.)
= Rhamnus polymorpha f. sylvatica Loefgr. ex Dusén; Arq. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro 13: 53 (1903), nomen
= Rhamnus polymorpha var. glabra (Reissek) Dusén; Arq. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro 13: 53 (1903)
= Rhamnus pubescens var. glabrescens Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 120 (1891)
= Rhamnus pubescens var. grandifolia Perkins; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 465 (1911)
= Rhamnus sectipetala Mart.; Herb. Fl. Bras. [Martius] 1085 (1842), nomen
= Rhamnus sphaerosperma Sw.; Prodr. [O.P.Swartz] 50 (1788)
= Scutia sphaerosperma (Sw.) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 2: 34 (1832)
species :
Frangula surotatensis (Gentry) A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 466 (2013)
Distribution: Mexico (Sinaloa)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus surotatensis Gentry; Brittonia 6: 321 (1948)
species :
Frangula ulei (Pilg.) Grubov; Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 274 (1949)
Distribution: Venezuela (Bolívar); Guyana (Roraima); N-Brazil (Roraima)
82 GUY VEN 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus ulei Pilg.; Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 313 (1915)
species :
Frangula wendtii (Ishiki) A.Pool; Novon 22(4): 466 (2013)
Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca, Chiapas)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus wendtii Ishiki; Novon 5(2): 167 (1995)
species :
Frangula ×blumeri (Greene) Kartesz & Gandhi; Phytologia 76(6): 448 (1994)
Distribution: USA (Arizona)
76 USA
Remarks: F. betulifolia x F. californica ssp. ursina
Synonyms: hidden
= Rhamnus ×blumeri Greene; Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 266 (1912)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life