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493.0000 Family Gentianaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 141 (1789), nom. cons.
95 genera, ca. 1850 spp.
Species listed in database: 1866; hybrids: 24
= Chironiaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin Aneb. Rostl. 1(104-114): 1, 36 (1823)
= Coutoubeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 168 (1820)
= Obolariaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 427 (1820)
= Potaliaceae Mart.; Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. [Martius] 2: 89, 91, 133 (1827)
= Saccifoliaceae Maguire & Pires; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 29: 242 (1978)
493.0527 Genus Frasera Walter; Fl. Carol. [Walter] 87 (1788)
Distribution: North America. The genus probably needs inclusion in a combined Swertia s. l. (as a section), but the combinations are not available yet.
Species listed in database: 15
= Ellisia Garden; Corr. Linnaeus [J.E. Smith] 1: 295 (1821)
= Leucocraspedum Rydb.; Fl. Rocky Mts. 665 (1917)
= Tessaranthium Kellogg; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2: 142 (1862)
species :
Frasera ackermaniae C.C.Newb. & Goodrich; W. N. Amer. Naturalist 70(3): 415 (2010)
Name: Ackerman´s frasera (EN)
Distribution: USA (Utah: Uintah Co.)
73 USA 76 USA
species :
Frasera albicaulis Douglas ex Griseb.; Gen. Sp. Gent. 330 (1838)
Name: Whitestem frasera (EN)
Distribution: USA (Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington State)
73 USA 76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Frasera albicaulis f. alba H.St.John; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 41: 196 (1928)
= Frasera nitida var. albicaulis (Douglas ex Griseb.) Card; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 18: 269, pl. 14, fig. 9 (1931)
= Frasera pahutensis Reveal; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 98(2): 107 (1971)
= Leucocraspedum albicaule (Douglas ex Griseb.) Rydb.; Fl. Rocky Mts. 665 (1917)
= Swertia albicaulis (Griseb.) Douglas ex Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 430 (1891)
= Swertia albicaulis f. alba (H.St.John) H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 17 (1941)
= Swertia bethelii H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 22 (1941)
= Swertia californica H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 20 (1941)
= Swertia watsonii H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 21 (1941)
variant :
var. columbiana (H.St.John) C.L.Hitchc.; Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N. W. [C.L.Hitchcock et al.] 4: 60 (1959)
Distribution: USA (Oregon, Washington State)
73 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Frasera nitida var. albida Suksd.; Werdenda 1: 30 (1927)
= Swertia albicaulis var. columbiana (H.St.John) J.S.Pringle; Phytologia 41: 142 (1979)
= Swertia columbiana f. albida (Suksd.) H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 24 (1941)
= Swertia columbiana H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 22 (1941)
variant :
var. cusickii (A.Gray) C.L.Hitchc.; Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N. W. [C.L.Hitchcock et al.] 4: 60 (1959)
Name: Cusick´s frasera
Distribution: USA (W-Idaho, E-Oregon)
73 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Frasera caerulea Mulford; Bot. Gaz. 19: 118 (1894)
= Frasera cusickii A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 310 (1887)
= Frasera nitida var. cusickii (A.Gray) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.; Bot. Gaz. 61: 33 (1916)
= Leucocraspedum coeruleum (Mulford) Rydb.; Fl. Rocky Mts. 666 (1917)
= Swertia albicaulis var. cusickii (A.Gray) J.S.Pringle; Phytologia 41: 142 (1979)
= Swertia cusickii (A.Gray) H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 25 (1941)
= Swertia lassenica H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 25 (1941)
= Swertia nitida subsp. cusickii (A.Gray) Abrams; Ill. Fl. Pacific States 3: 363 (1951)
variant :
var. idahoensis (H.St.John) C.L.Hitchc.; Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N. W. [C.L.Hitchcock et al.] 4: 60 (1959)
Name: Idaho frasera (EN)
Distribution: USA (Idaho: Adams Co., Oregon: Wallowa Mts.)
73 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Swertia idahoensis H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 24 (1941)
= Swertia albicaulis var. idahoensis (H.St.John) J.S.Pringle; Phytologia 41(3): 142 (1979)
variant :
var. modocensis (H.St.John) Holmgren; Intermount. Fl. [Cronquist et al.] 4: 22 (1984)
Name: Modoc frasera (EN)
Distribution: USA (California, Nevada, Oregon)
73 USA 76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Swertia albicaulis var. modocensis (H.St.John) T.N.Ho; Pl. Diversity Resources 35(3): 387 (2013)
= Swertia modocensis H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 18 (1941)
= Swertia modocensis var. adglabra H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 19 (1941)
= Swertia pahutensis (Reveal) J.S.Pringle; Phytologia 41(3): 142 (1979)
= Swertia shastaensis H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 19 (1941)
= Swertia sierrae H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 16 (1941)
variant :
var. nitida (Benth.) C.L.Hitchc.; Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N. W. [C.L.Hitchcock et al.] 4: 60 (1959)
Distribution: USA (California, Oregon)
73 USA 76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Frasera albicaulis subsp. nitida (Benth.) D.M.Post
= Frasera nitida Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 322 (1840)
= Swertia albicaulis var. nitida (Benth.) Jeps.; Fl. Calif. [Jepson] 3: 94 (1939)
= Swertia eastwoodiae H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 27 (1941)
= Swertia nitida (Benth.) Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 766 (1925)
species :
Frasera albomarginata S.Watson; Botany (Fortieth Parallel) 280 (1871)
Name: Desert frasera (EN)
Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah)
73 USA 76 USA 77 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Leucocraspedum albomarginatum (S.Watson) Rydb.; Fl. Rocky Mts. 665 (1917)
= Swertia albomarginata (S.Watson) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 431 (1891)
variant :
var. induta (Tidestr.) Card; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 18: 275 (1931)
Distribution: USA (California: San Bernardino Co., S-Nevada: Charleston Mts.)
76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Frasera induta Tidestr.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 36: 183 (1923)
species :
Frasera caroliniensis Walter; Fl. Carol. [Walter] 88 (1788)
Name: American columbo (EN)
Distribution: Canada (Ontario); USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, ?+Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee)
72 CDN 74 USA 75 USA 78 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Frasera officinalis Barton; Fl. Virgin. [Barton] 49 (1812)
= Frasera verticillata Raf.; Med. Fl. 1: 196 (1828)
= Frasera walteri Michx.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Michaux] 1: 97 (1803)
= Swertia caroliniensis (Walter) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 430 (1891)
= Swertia caroliniensis (Walter) Zuev; Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 75(9): 1303 (1990), isonym
= Swertia caroliniensis Baill. ex Gilg; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 88 (1895)
= Swertia frasera Sm.; Cycl. [A.Rees] 34: no. 3 (1816)
species :
Frasera coloradensis (C.M.Rogers) D.M.Post; Bot. Gaz. 120: 3 (1958)
Name: Colorado frasera (EN)
Distribution: USA (SE-Colorado, W-Oklahoma)
73 USA 74 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Swertia coloradensis C.M.Rogers; Madroño 10: 108 (1949)
species :
Frasera fastigiata (Pursh) A.Heller; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 312 (1897)
Name: Clustered green gentian (EN)
Distribution: USA (Idaho, Washington State)
73 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Frasera thyrsiflora Hook.; Hooker´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 288 (1851)
= Swertia fastigiata Pursh; Fl. Amer. Sept. [Pursh] 1: 101 (1813)
species :
Frasera gypsicola (Barneby) D.M.Post; Bot. Gaz. 120: 3 (1958)
Name: Sunnyside frasera (EN)
Distribution: USA (Nevada, Utah)
76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Swertia gypsicola Barneby; Leafl. W. Bot. 3: 155 (1942)
species :
Frasera montana Mulford; Bot. Gaz. 19: 119 (1894)
Name: White frasera (EN)
Distribution: USA (W-Idaho)
73 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Leucocraspedum montanum Rydb.; Fl. Rocky Mts. 665 (1917)
= Swertia montana (Mulford) H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 16 (1941)
species :
Frasera neglecta H.M.Hall; Bot. Gaz. 31: 388 (1901)
Name: Pine frasera (EN)
Distribution: USA (S-California: San Bernardino Mts., San Emigdio Mts., San Gabriel Mts.)
76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Swertia neglecta (Hall) Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 766 (1925)
species :
Frasera paniculata Torr.; Pacif. Railr. Rep. 4(5, no. 4), Bot. [Whipple]: 126 (1857)
Name: Tufted frasera (EN)
Distribution: USA (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah)
73 USA 76 USA 77 USA
Remarks: not in Nevada
Synonyms: hidden
= Frasera utahensis M.E.Jones; Zoë 2: 13 (1891)
= Leucocraspedum utahense (M.E.Jones) Rydb.; Fl. Rocky Mts. 665 (1917)
= Swertia bigelowii Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 431 (1891)
= Swertia utahensis (M.E.Jones) H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 12 (1941)
species :
Frasera parryi Torr.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 156 (1859)
Name: Parry´s frasera (EN)
Distribution: USA (California); Mexico (Baja California Sur)
76 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Swertia parryi (Torr.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 430 (1891)
species :
Frasera puberulenta Davidson; Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 11: 77 (1912)
Name: Inyo frasera (EN)
Distribution: USA (California: Inyo Co., Mono Co., Nevada: Mineral Co., Esmeralda Co.)
73 USA 76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Swertia puberulenta (Davidson) Jeps.; Fl. Calif. [Jepson] 3: 95 (1939)
= Swertia albomarginata subsp. purpusii (Jeps.) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 12: 25 (1982)
= Swertia albomarginata var. purpusii Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 767 (1925)
species :
Frasera speciosa Douglas ex Griseb.; Fl. Bor.-Amer. [Hooker] 2: 66, t. 153 (1837)
Name: Elkweed, Giant frasera (EN)
Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington State, Wyoming); Mexico (Nuevo León, Tamaulipas)
73 USA 74 USA 76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Frasera ampla Greene; Pittonia 4: 186 (1900)
= Frasera angustifolia (Rydb.) Rydb.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 149 (1906)
= Frasera macrophylla Greene; Pittonia 4: 186 (1900)
= Frasera scabra (M.E.Jones) Rydb.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 149 (1906)
= Frasera speciosa var. angustifolia Rydb.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 632 (1905)
= Frasera speciosa var. scabra M.E.Jones; Zoë 4: 277 (1893)
= Frasera speciosa var. stenosepala Rydb.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 632 (1905)
= Frasera stenosepala (Rydb.) Rydb.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 149 (1906)
= Frasera venosa Greene; Pittonia 4: 185 (1900)
= Swertia radiata (Kellogg) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 430 (1891)
= Swertia radiata var. macrophylla (Greene) H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 11 (1941)
= Swertia radiata var. maderensis Henrickson; Sida 17(1): 83 (1996)
= Tessaranthium angustifolium (Rydb.) Rydb.; Fl. Rocky Mts. 666 (1917)
= Tessaranthium macrophyllum (Greene) Rydb.; Fl. Rocky Mts. 666 (1917)
= Tessaranthium radiatum Kellogg; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2: 144 (1863)
= Tessaranthium scabrum (M.E.Jones) Rydb.; Fl. Rocky Mts. 666 (1917)
= Tessaranthium speciosum (Douglas ex Hook.) Rydb.; Fl. Rocky Mts. 666 (1917)
= Tessaranthium stenosepalum (Rydb.) Rydb.; Fl. Rocky Mts. 666 (1917)
species :
Frasera tubulosa Coville; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 7: 71 (1892)
Name: Kern frasera (EN)
Distribution: USA (California: Inyo Co., Tulare Co.)
76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Swertia tubulosa (Coville) Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 767 (1925)
species :
Frasera umpquaensis M.Peck & Applegate; Madroño 6: 12 (1941)
Name: Umpqua frasera (EN)
Distribution: USA (California, Oregon)
73 USA 76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Swertia umpquaensis (Peck & Applegate) H.St.John; Amer. Midl. Naturalist 26: 14 (1941)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.02 (Feb. 1st, 2026)

Covering 358,774 accepted species,
8,847 hybrids, 48,003 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,006,442 synonyms,
in total 1,422,066* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life