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495.0000 Family Apocynaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 143 (1789), nom. cons.
372 genera, ca. 6500 spp. According to modern authors and PCR Asclepiadaceae is only a subfamily of Apocynaceae.
Species listed in database: 6701; hybrids: 10
= Asclepiadaceae Borkh.; Bot. Wörterb. 1: 31 (1797), nom. cons.
= Carissaceae Bertol; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 23: 212 (1891)
= Cerberaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 119 (1820)
= Cynanchaceae G.Mey.; Chloris Han. 245, 251 (1836)
= Ophioxylaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 24 (1835)
= Pacouriaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Periplocaceae Schltr.; Nachtr. Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee [Schumann & Lauterbach] 351 (1905), nom. cons.
= Plumeriaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat. 70 (1834)
= Stapeliaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat. 70 (1834)
= Vincaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 299 (1818)
= Willughbeaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 256 (1858)
495.6622 Genus Funastrum E.Fourn.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 6, 14: 388 (1882)
Distribution: Tropical America
Species listed in database: 23
= Cystostemma E.Fourn.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(4): 204 (1885)
= Ceramanthus Malme; Ark. Bot. 4(14): 2 (1905) (non Hassk. 1844)
= Philibertella Vail; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 305 (1897) (non Kunth 1819)
species :
Funastrum angustissimum (Andersson) E.Fourn.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 6, 14: 388 (1882)
Distribution: Galapagos
83 GAL
Synonyms: hidden
= Asclepias angustissima Andersson; Galapagos Veg. 196 (1854)
= Sarcostemma angustissimum (Andersson) R.W.Holm; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37: 535 (1950)
species :
Funastrum antillanum A.Álvarez; Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Autón. México, Bot. 67(2): 331 (1996), as ´antillana´
Distribution: Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Puerto Rico
81 CUB HIS PUE
species :
Funastrum arenarium (Decne. ex Benth.) Liede; Syst. Bot. 21(1): 43 (1996)
Distribution: Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Sarcostemma arenarium Benth.; Bot. Voy. Sulphur [Bentham] 34 (1845)
species :
Funastrum bilobum (Hook. & Arn.) J.F.Macbr.; Contr. Gray Herb. 49: 51 (1917)
Distribution: Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan); Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia (Antioquia, Magdalena); Venezuela (Merida, Miranda)
79 MEX 80 BLZ COS ELS GUA HON NIC PAN 82 CLM VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Funastrum bilobum Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23: 1172 (1924)
= Funastrum fendleri (A.Gray) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 285 (1914)
= Philibertella filipes Rusby; Descr. S. Amer. Pl. 94 (1920)
= Philibertia biloba (Hook. & Arn.) A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 21: 395 (1886)
= Philibertia fendleri A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 21: 395 (1886)
= Sarcostemma bellum Standl. & L.O.Williams; Ceiba 1: 90 (1950)
= Sarcostemma bilobum Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beechey Voy. 438 (1841)
= Sarcostemma bilobum subsp. filipes (Rusby) Dugand; Caldasia 9: 454 (1966)
species :
Funastrum clausum (Jacq.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 283 (1914)
Name: White twinevine
Distribution: India [c]; USA (Florida, Texas); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Colima, Durango, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas); Guatemala; Belize; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Bahamas; Cuba; Cayman Isl.; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Navassa Isl.; Virgin Isl. [I] (St. Croix [I], St. Thomas [I]); Grenadines; Grenada; Barbados; Trinidad; Colombia (Antioquia, Arauca, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Sucre, Tolima, Valle); Isla Margarita; Venezuela (Amazonas, Aragua, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Lara, Merida, Tachira, Trujillo, Zulia); Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana; Ecuador; Peru; Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Roraima, Amapa, Pará, Amazonas, Tocantins, Acre); NE-Brazil (Maranhao, Piauí, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia, Alagoas); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás, Brasilia Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro); S-Brazil (Paraná); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Central, Cordillera, Paraguari, Pres. Hayes); Uruguay (Artigas); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe)
40 ind 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX 80 BLZ COS GUA HON NIC PAN 81 BAH BBD CAY CUB GRE HIS JAM NAV STV TRT VEN vir 82 CLM FRG GUY SUR VEN 83 BOL ECU PER 84 BRA 85 ARG PAR URU
Synonyms: hidden
= Apocynum proliferum Sessé & Moc.; Naturaleza (Mexico City), Ser. 2, 1(App.): 42 (1888)
= Asclepias alba Cav.; Icon. [Cavanilles] 4: 5 (1797), nom. illeg.
= Asclepias clausa Jacq.; Enum. Syst. Pl. 17 (1760)
= Asclepias filiformis Jacq.; Enum. Syst. Pl. 17 (1760)
= Asclepias jacquiniana F.Dietr.; Neu. Nachtr. Vollst. Lex. Gärtn. 1: 411 (1825), nom. superfl.
= Asclepias linearifolia Pav. ex Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 539 (1844)
= Asclepias scandens Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 19 (1768)
= Asclepias vicinalis Mart.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(4): 235 (1885), nom. inval.
= Asclepias viminalis Sw.; Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. [O.P.Swartz] 53 (1788)
= Asclepias volubilis Dombey ex Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 539 (1844), nom. inval.
= Ceramanthus bonariensis (Hook. & Arn.) Malme; Pl. Hassl., Add. 1 (1917) (nomen)
= Ceramanthus riparius (Decne.) Malme ex Hassl.; Trab. Mus. Farmacol. 21: 96 (1909)
= Cynanchum album Pers.; Syn. Pl. [Persoon] 1: 274 (1805)
= Cynanchum clausum (Jacq.) Jacq.; Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist. 87 (1763)
= Cynanchum filiforme (Jacq.) Jacq.; Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist. 86 (1763)
= Cynanchum filliforme (Jacq.) L.f.; Suppl. Pl. [Linnaeus f.] 169 (1782)
= Cynanchum leucanthum Jacq. ex J.F.Gmel.; Syst. Nat., ed. 13bis: 442 (1791)
= Cynanchum mexicanum Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4: 380 (1913)
= Cynanchum verticillare Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 2: 237 (1786)
= Funastrum apiculatum (Decne.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 283 (1914)
= Funastrum barbatum (Mart. ex E.Fourn.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 283 (1914)
= Funastrum bonariense (Hook. & Arn.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 283 (1914)
= Funastrum crassifolium (Decne.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 284 (1914)
= Funastrum cumanense (Kunth) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 284 (1914)
= Funastrum cuspidatum (E.Fourn.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 284 (1914)
= Funastrum dombeyanum (Decne.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 284 (1914)
= Funastrum filiforme (Jacq.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 285 (1914)
= Funastrum fragile Rusby; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 7: 332 (1927)
= Funastrum gardneri (E.Fourn.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 285 (1914)
= Funastrum glaziovii (K.Schum.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 285 (1914)
= Funastrum lanceolatum Rusby; Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 7: 332 (1927)
= Funastrum lasianthum (Schltr.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 286 (1914)
= Funastrum pallidum (E.Fourn.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 286 (1914)
= Funastrum palmeri (A.Gray) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 286 (1914)
= Funastrum pedunculatum (E.Fourn.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 286 (1914)
= Funastrum pubescens (Kunth) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 286 (1914)
= Funastrum riparium (Decne.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 287 (1914)
= Funastrum schottii (E.Fourn.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 287 (1914)
= Funastrum seibertii Woodson; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: 199 (1937)
= Gonolobus albus (Cav.) Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 2: 815 (1812)
= Gonolobus filiformis (Jacq.) Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 6: 65 (1820)
= Philibertella clausa (K.Schum.) Vail; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 306 (1897)
= Philibertella crassifolia (Decne.) Vail; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 306 (1897)
= Philibertella cumanensis (Kunth) Vail; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 306 (1897)
= Philibertella lasiantha Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 607 (1906)
= Philibertella pallida (E.Fourn.) Schltdl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 607 (1906)
= Philibertella palmeri Vail; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 306 (1897)
= Philibertella pedunculata (E.Fourn.) Schltdl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 607 (1906)
= Philibertella riparia (Decne.) Stuntz; Invent. Seeds U.S.D.A. Bur. Pl. Industr. No. 31: 87 (1914)
= Philibertia bonariensis (Hook. & Arn.) Malme; Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., n. s. 34(7): 23 (1900)
= Philibertia clausa (Jacq.) Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 229 (1895)
= Philibertia crassifolia (Decne.) Hemsl.; Biol. Centr.-Amer., Bot. 2: 318 (1882)
= Philibertia cumanensis (Kunth) Hemsl.; Biol. Centr.-Amer., Bot. 2: 318 (1882)
= Philibertia cuspidata (E.Fourn.) Malme; Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., n. s. 34(7): 24 (1900)
= Philibertia gardneri (E.Fourn.) K.Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 229 (1895)
= Philibertia palmeri A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 21: 394 (1886)
= Philibertia riparia (Decne.) Malme; Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 3: 63 (1903)
= Philibertia viminalis (Sw.) A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 12: 64 (1877)
= Sarcostemma apiculatum Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 539 (1844)
= Sarcostemma barbatum Mart. ex E.Fourn.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(4): 235 (1885)
= Sarcostemma bifidum E.Fourn.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(4): 235 (1885)
= Sarcostemma bonariense Hook. & Arn.; J. Bot. [Hooker] 1: 296 (1834)
= Sarcostemma brownii G.Mey.; Prim. Fl. Esseq. 139 (1818)
= Sarcostemma clausum (Jacq.) Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 6: 114 (1820)
= Sarcostemma crassifolium Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 540 (1844)
= Sarcostemma cumanense Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 3: 195 (1818)
= Sarcostemma cuspidatum E.Fourn.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(4): 233 (1885)
= Sarcostemma dombeyanum Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 539 (1844)
= Sarcostemma dombeyanum var. linearifolia Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 539 (1844)
= Sarcostemma gardneri E.Fourn.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(4): 233 (1885)
= Sarcostemma glaziovii K.Schum.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25(Beibl. 60): 19 (1898)
= Sarcostemma jacquinii Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 542 (1844), nom. nov.
= Sarcostemma lineare Spreng.; Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. [Sprengel] 3: 35 (1822)
= Sarcostemma pallidum E.Fourn.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(4): 235 (1885)
= Sarcostemma pedunculatum E.Fourn.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(4): 235 (1885)
= Sarcostemma pubescens Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 3: 194 (1818)
= Sarcostemma riparium Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 540 (1844)
= Sarcostemma schottii E.Fourn.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(4): 234 (1885)
= Sarcostemma swartzianum Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 6: 115 (1820)
= Schizoglossum filiforme (Jacq.) Druce; Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1916: 645 (1917)
= Schottia viminalis (Sw.) J.Jacq.; Ecl. Pl. Rar. 1: 8 (1811)
species :
Funastrum crispum (Benth.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 284 (1914)
Name: Wavyleaf twinevine
Distribution: USA (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Baja California Norte, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Durango, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas)
73 USA 74 USA 76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Philibertella crispa (Benth.) Vail; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 306 (1897)
= Philibertia crispa (Benth.) Hemsl.; Biol. Centr.-Amer., Bot. 2: 318 (1882)
= Philibertia undulata (Torr.) A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 12: 65 (1877)
= Sarcostemma crispum Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 291 (1840)
= Sarcostemma lobatum Waterf.; Rhodora 51: 58 (1949)
= Sarcostemma undulatum Torr.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 161 (1859)
species :
Funastrum cynanchoides (Decne.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 284 (1914)
Name: Fringed twinevine
Distribution: USA (Arkansas, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas)
74 USA 76 USA 77 USA 78 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Apocynum platyanthum Salzm. ex A.DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 594 (1844)
= Funastrum cynanchoides var. subtruncatum (B.L.Rob. & Fernald) J.F.Macbr.; Contr. Gray Herb. 49: 51 (1917)
= Gonolobus viridiflorus Torr.; Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2: 219 (1827), nom. illeg.
= Philibertella cynanchoides (Decne.) Vail; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 307 (1897)
= Philibertia cynanchoides (Decne.) A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 12: 64 (1877)
= Philibertia cynanchoides var. subtruncata B.L.Rob. & Fernald; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 30: 119 (1894)
= Philibertia viridiflora Britton & Rusby; Trans. New York Acad. Sci. 7: 11 (1887)
= Sarcostemma cynanchoides Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 540 (1844)
= Sarcostemma texanum Engelm. ex Torr.; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 160 (1859)
species :
Funastrum elegans (Decne.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 284 (1914)
Distribution: Mexico (Aguascalientes, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacán, Morelos, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Apocynum angustifolium Sessé & Moc.; Naturaleza (Mexico City), Ser. 2, 1(App.): 42 (1888)
= Apocynum imbricatum Sessé & Moc.; Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 71 (1894)
= Apocynum mexicanum Sessé & Moc.; Naturaleza (Mexico City), Ser. 2, 1(App.): 42 (1888)
= Funastrum bicolor (Decne.) J.F.Macbr.; Contr. Gray Herb. 49: 50 (1917)
= Funastrum luridum (Kunze) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 286 (1914)
= Gonolobus eriopetalus Moric. ex Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 541 (1844)
= Philibertella elegans (Decne.) Vail; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 310 (1897)
= Philibertia bicolor (Decne.) A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 21: 395 (1886)
= Philibertia elegans (Decne.) A.Gray; Syn. Fl. N. Amer., ed. 2, 2(1): 87 (1886) in obs., et Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 21: 395 (1886), isonym
= Philibertia elegans (Decne.) Hemsl.; Biol. Centr.-Amer., Bot. 2: 318 (1882)
= Philibertia lurida (Kunze) Hemsl.; Biol. Centr.-Amer., Bot. 2: 319 (1881)
= Sarcostemma bicolor Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 541 (1844)
= Sarcostemma elegans Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 541 (1844)
= Sarcostemma luridum Kunze; Linnaea 20: 26 (1847)
species :
Funastrum flavum (Decne.) Malme; Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, Sér. 2, 3: 269 (1911)
Distribution: S-Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); Uruguay (Canelones, Cerro Largo, Montevideo, San Jose); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Misiones, Santa Fe)
84 BRA 85 ARG URU
Synonyms: hidden
= Ceramanthus flavus (Decne.) Malme; Ark. Bot. 4(14): 3 (1905)
= Cystostemma umbellatum E.Fourn.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 6(4): 204 (1885)
= Funastrum longifolium (Arechav.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 286 (1914)
= Pentagonium flavum (Meyen) Schauer; Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1): 364 (1843)
= Philibertia flava Meyen; Observ. Bot. [Meyen] 1: 466 (1834)
= Philibertia longifolia Arechav.; Anales Mus. Nac. Montevideo 7 (Fl. Uruguay. IV): 87 (1909)
= Philibertia stellaris Griseb.; Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24: 284 (1879)
= Sarcostemma flavum (Meyen) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 540 (1844)
species :
Funastrum glaucum (Kunth) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 285 (1915)
Distribution: Panama; Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Casanare, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Norte de Santander, Santander, Sucre, Tolima); Venezuela (Apure, Aragua, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Miranda, Nueva Esparta, Sucre, Yaracuy, Zulia)
80 PAN 82 CLM VEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Funastrum ovalifolium (Rusby) Killip; J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21: 351 (1931)
= Philibertella ovalifolia Rusby; Descr. S. Amer. Pl. 94 (1920)
= Sarcostemma glaucum Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] (quarto ed.) 3: 194 (1818 publ. 1819)
species :
Funastrum gracile (Decne.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 285 (1914)
Distribution: Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Potosí, Santa Cruz, Tarija); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay); Argentina (Catamarca, Chaco, Cordoba, Formosa, Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Tucuman)
83 BOL 85 ARG PAR
Synonyms: hidden
= Amphistelma exsertum Griseb.; Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24: 229 (1879)
= Ceramanthus gracilis (Decne.) Malme; Ark. Bot. 4(14): 4 (1905)
= Philibertia exserta (Griseb.) Schltr.; Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 200 (1898)
= Sarcostemma carpophylloides Morong; Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 7: 165 (1893)
= Sarcostemma gracile Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 539 (1844)
species :
Funastrum heterophyllum (Engelm. ex Torr.) Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23: 1170 (1924)
Name: Hartweg´s twinevine
Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas, Utah); Mexico (Baja California Sur, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Nayarit, Queretaro, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas)
76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Funastrum cynanchoides subsp. heterophyllum (Engelm. ex Torr.) Kartesz; Synth. N. Amer. Fl., nomencl. innov. no. 12 (1999)
= Funastrum cynanchoides var. hartwegii (R.W.Holm) Krings; Sida 19: 137 (2000)
= Funastrum hartwegii Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 285 (1914), nom. superfl.
= Funastrum lineare (A.Gray) J.F.Macbr.; Contr. Gray Herb. 49: 50 (1917)
= Funastrum lineare var. heterophyllum (Engelm. ex Torr.) J.F.Macbr.; Contr. Gray Herb. 49: 50 (1917)
= Philibertella hartwegii Vail; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 308 (1897), nom. superfl.
= Philibertella hartwegii var. heterophylla (Engelm. ex Torr.) Vail; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 308 (1897), nom. superfl.
= Philibertella heterophylla (Engelm. ex Torr.) Cockerell; Bot. Gaz. 25: 279 (1898)
= Philibertia heterophylla (Engelm. ex Torr.) Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 770 (1925)
= Philibertia linearis A.Gray; Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2(1): 88 (1878)
= Philibertia linearis var. heterophylla (Engelm. ex Torr.) A.Gray; Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2(1): 88 (1878)
= Philibertia linearis var. hirtella (A.Gray) A.Gray; Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2(1): 88 (1878)
= Sarcostemma cynanchoides subsp. hartwegii R.W.Holm; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37: 530 (1950)
= Sarcostemma cynanchoides var. hartwegii (R.W.Holm) Shinners; Sida 1: 361 (1964)
= Sarcostemma heterophyllum Engelm. ex Torr.; Pacif. Railr. Rep. 5(2, no. 7), Bot. [Williamson & Abbot] 362 (1857)
= Sarcostemma heterophyllum var. hirtellum A.Gray; Bot. California [W.H.Brewer] 1: 478 (1876)
= Sarcostemma lineare Decne.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 25 (1840), nom. illeg.
species :
Funastrum hirtellum (A.Gray ex Brewer & S.Watson) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 286 (1914)
Name: Hairy milkweed
Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, Nevada); Mexico (Baja California Norte)
76 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Philibertella hirtella (A.Gray ex Brewer & S.Watson) Vail; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 309 (1897)
= Philibertia hirtellum (A.Gray ex Brewer & S.Watson) Parish; Muhlenbergia 3: 126 (1907)
= Sarcostemma heterophyllum var. hirtellum A.Gray ex W.H.Brewer & S.Watson
= Sarcostemma hirtellum (A.Gray ex Brewer & S.Watson) R.W.Holm; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37: 532 (1950)
species :
Funastrum lindenianum (Decne.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 286 (1914)
Distribution: Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, Yucatan); Guatemala; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica
79 MEX 80 COS ELS GUA HON NIC
Synonyms: hidden
= Funastrum dumetorum (Brandegee) Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23: 1172 (1924)
= Funastrum ervendbergii (A.Gray) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 285 (1914)
= Funastrum reflexum (Pittier) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 287 (1914)
= Philibertia dumetorum Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4: 380 (1913)
= Philibertia ervendbergii A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 21: 395 (1886)
= Philibertia lindeniana (Decne.) Hemsl.; Biol. Centr.-Amer., Bot. 2: 318 (1882)
= Philibertia reflexa Pittier; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 13: 96 (1910)
= Sarcostemma bilobum subsp. lindenianum (Decne.) R.W.Holm; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37: 519 (1950)
= Sarcostemma lindenianum Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 541 (1844)
species :
Funastrum odoratum (Hemsl.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 286 (1914)
Distribution: Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Nayarit, Oaxaca); Guatemala; El Salvador; Nicaragua
79 MEX 80 ELS GUA NIC
Synonyms: hidden
= Philibertia odorata Hemsl.; Biol. Centr.-Amer., Bot. 2: 319 (1882)
= Sarcostemma odoratum (Hemsl.) R.W.Holm; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37: 520 (1950)
species :
Funastrum pannosum (Decne.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 286 (1914)
Distribution: Mexico (Aguascalientes, Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Zacatecas)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Funastrum pavonii (Hemsl.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 286 (1914)
= Funastrum rotundifolium (Decne.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 287 (1914)
= Funastrum tomentellum (Brandegee) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 287 (1914)
= Philibertia pannosa (Decne.) Hemsl.; Biol. Centr.-Amer., Bot. 2: 320 (1882)
= Philibertia pavonii Hemsl.; Biol. Centr.-Amer., Bot. 2: 319 (1881)
= Philibertia rotundifolia (Decne.) Hemsl.; Biol. Centr.-Amer., Bot. 2: 320 (1881)
= Philibertia tomentella Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4: 90 (1910)
= Sarcostemma pannosum Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 540 (1844)
= Sarcostemma rotundifolium Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 540 (1844)
= Sarcostemma tomentellum (Brandegee) Woodson; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 28: 217 (1941)
species :
Funastrum refractum (Donn.Sm.) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 287 (1914)
Distribution: Guatemala
80 GUA
Synonyms: hidden
= Philibertia refracta Donn.Sm.; Bot. Gaz. 18: 207 (1893)
= Sarcostemma refractum (Donn.Sm.) L.O.Williams; Fieldiana, Bot. 32: 59 (1968)
species :
Funastrum rupicola Goyder; Kew Bull. 63(2): 331 (2008)
Distribution: Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz.)
83 BOL
species :
Funastrum saganii M.G.Chávez, Lozada-Pérez & L.O.Alvarado; Acta Bot. Brasil. 35(3): 468 (2021)
Distribution: Mexico (Veracruz)
79 MEX
species :
Funastrum suffrutescens E.Fourn.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 6, 14: 389 (1882)
Distribution: Colombia (Cauca)
82 CLM
species :
Funastrum torreyi (A.Gray) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 287 (1914)
Name: Soft twinevine
Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas)
77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Funastrum vesciculare Woodson; Amer. J. Bot. 22: 687 (1935)
= Philibertella torreyi (A.Gray) Vail; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 309 (1897)
= Philibertia torreyi A.Gray; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 12: 64 (1877)
= Sarcostemma torreyi (A.Gray) Woodson; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 28: 217 (1941)
species :
Funastrum trichopetalum (Silveira) Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 287 (1914)
Distribution: SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais)
84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Sarcostemma trichopetalum Silveira; Fl. Serr. Min. 18 (1908)
species :
Funastrum utahense (Engelm.) Liede & Meve; Nordic J. Bot. 22(5): 589 (2002)
Name: Utah swallow-wort
Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah)
76 USA
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Astephanus utahense Engelm.; Amer. Naturalist 9: 349 (1875)
= Cynanchum utahense (Engelm.) Woodson; Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 28: 215 (1941)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.06 (June 15th, 2025)

Covering 356,645 accepted species,
8,788 hybrids, 48,065 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,003,237 synonyms,
in total 1,416,735* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life