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452.0000 Family Asteraceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 55 (1822)
1620 genera, ca. 29.000 spp. (35.000 spp. incl. microspecies). Systematics taken mostly from Funk et al. (2009, 2020) and Zuntini et al. (2024). Barnadesioideae (so far treated as most basal member of Asteraceae) might be a separate family, more related to Calyceraceae.
Species listed in database: 35209; hybrids: 676
= Acarnaceae Link; (1829)
= Ambrosiaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820), nom. cons.
= Anthemidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Aposeridaceae Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 106 (1838)
= Arctotaceae Bessey; Univ. Stud. Nebraska 14: 107 (1914)
= Arctotidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Artemisiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 48 (1820)
= Athanasiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 56 (1820)
= Calendulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Carduaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Carlinaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Centaureaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Cichoriaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 168 (1789), nom. cons.
= Cnicaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 297 (1818)
= Compositae Giseke; Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl. 538 (1792), nom. cons.
= Coreopsidaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 768 (1829)
= Cynaraceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 926, 931, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Echinopaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Eupatoriaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 253 (1820)
= Gnaphaliaceae Link ex F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 46 (1830)
= Grindeliaceae Rchb. ex A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 330 (1907)
= Heleniaceae Raf.; Cincinnati Lit. Gaz. 2: 28 (1824)
= Helianthaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Helichrysaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 712 (1829)
= Inulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Ivaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 1: 31 (1837)
= Lactucaceae Drude; Handb. Bot. 3(2): 369 (1886)
= Lapsanaceae Martinov; (1820)
= Madiaceae A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 332 (1907)
= Matricariaceae Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 400 (1845)
= Mutisiaceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 934, 935, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Nassauviaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 290 (1836)
= Partheniaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 816 (1829)
= Perdiciaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 728 (1829)
= Picridaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 482 (1820)
= Santolinaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 560 (1820)
= Senecionaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Serratulaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 577 (1820)
= Tanacetaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Tussilagaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Vernoniaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 296 (1836)
= Xanthiaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Xeranthemaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 498 (1843)
452.6101 Genus Garuleum Cass.; Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 172 (1819), et in Dict. Sci. Nat. [F.Cuvier] 18: 162 (1820)
Distribution: South Africa
Species listed in database: 7
species :
Garuleum bipinnatum (Thunb.) Less.; Syn. Gen. Compos. 194 (1832)
Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Dimorphotheca multifida DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 73 (1838)
= Osteospermum bipinnatum Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 167 (1800)
= Pluchea bipinnata (Thunb.) Baill.; Hist. Pl. [Baillon] 8: 300 (1882)
species :
Garuleum latifolium Harv.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 92 (1865)
Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Osteospermum calendulaceum Harv.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 440 (1865)
species :
Garuleum pinnatifidum (Thunb.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 5: 309 (1836)
Distribution: South Africa (Free State, N-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Chrysanthemoides caerulea (Jacq.) Moench; Methodus [Moench] 584 (1794)
= Dimorphotheca viscosa (Cass.) Druce; Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 620 (1916 publ. 1917)
= Garuleum coeruleum (Jacq.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 236 (1841)
= Garuleum viscosum Cass.; Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 172 (1819), et in Dict. Sci. Nat. [F.Cuvier] 18: 163
= Osteospermum caeruleum Jacq.; Collectanea [Jacquin] 1: 78 (1786)
= Osteospermum pinnatifidum (Thunb.) L´Hér.; Stirp. Nov. 11 (1786)
species :
Garuleum schinzii O.Hoffm. ex Schinz; Bull. Herb. Boissier 1: 74 (1893)
subspecies :
subsp. schinzii
Distribution: Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)
27 NAM SAF
subspecies :
subsp. crinitum (Dinter) Merxm.; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 2: 34 (1954)
Distribution: Namibia
27 NAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Garuleum crinitum Dinter; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 30: 184 (1932)
species :
Garuleum sonchifolium (DC.) Norl.; Stud. Calenduleae 1: 425, indice (1943)
Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Osteospermum sonchifolium DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 465 (1838)
species :
Garuleum tanacetifolium (MacOwan) Norl.; Stud. Calenduleae 1: 425, indice (1943)
Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Osteospermum tanacetifolium MacOwan ex Oliv.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 19: t. 1839 (1889)
species :
Garuleum woodii Schinz; Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 440 (1895)
Distribution: South Africa (Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal); Lesotho
27 LES SAF
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World


Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]


With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life