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221.0000 Family Onagraceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 317 (1789), nom. cons.
20 genera, ca. 750 spp., of them about 50 hybrids/microspecies in Oenothera. Phylogeny: Maurin et al. 2021
Species listed in database: 695; hybrids: 172
= Circaeaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 232 (1820)
= Epilobiaceae Vent.; Tabl. Règn. Vég. 3: 307 (1799)
= Fuchsiaceae Lilja; Skånes Fl., ed. 2: 846, 980 (1870)
= Isnardiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 348 (1820)
= Jussiaeaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 350 (1820)
= Lopeziaceae Lilja; Skånes Fl., ed. 2: 980 (1870)
= Oenotheraceae C.C.Robin; Voy. Int. Louisiane 3: 490 (1807)
= Oenotheraceae D.L.Fu; Amer. J. Agric. Forest. 12(5): 352 (2024), nom. illeg.
221.2706 Genus Gayophytum A.Juss.; Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 25: 18, t. 4 (1832)
Distribution: W-USA, Baja California, 2 Argentina and Chile
Species listed in database: 9
species :
Gayophytum decipiens F.H.Lewis & Szweyk.; Brittonia 16: 368 (1964)
Name: Deceptive groundsmoke
Distribution: USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington State, Wyoming)
73 USA 76 USA
species :
Gayophytum diffusum Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 1: 513 (1840)
subspecies :
subsp. diffusum
Name: Spreading groundsmoke
Distribution: USA (California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington State, Wyoming); Mexico (Baja California Norte)
73 USA 76 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Oenothera albescens S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 8: 597 (1873)
= Oenothera diffusa Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 1: 513 (1840)
= Oenothera gayophytum f. diffusa (Torr. & A.Gray) H.Lév.; Monogr. Oenothera [Léveillé] 169 (1905)
= Oenothera purpurea Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 310 (1849), nom. illeg.
subspecies :
subsp. parviflorum Lewis & Szweyk.; Brittonia 16: 386 (1964)
Name: Spreading groundsmoke
Distribution: Canada (British Columbia); USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington State, Wyoming)
71 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 76 USA 77 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Gayophytum diffusum var. strictipes (Hook.) Dorn; Vasc. Pl. Wyoming 298 (1988)
= Gayophytum helleri subsp. erosulatum (Jeps.) A.E.Murray; Kalmia 12: 20 (1982)
= Gayophytum helleri var. erosulatum Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 689 (1925)
= Gayophytum intermedium Rydb.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 569 (1904)
= Gayophytum lasiospermum Greene; Pittonia 2: 164 (1891)
= Gayophytum lasiospermum var. hoffmannii Munz; Amer. J. Bot. 19: 774 (1932)
= Gayophytum nuttallii var. abramsii Munz; Amer. J. Bot. 19: 772 (1932)
= Gayophytum nuttallii var. intermedium (Rydb.) Munz; Amer. J. Bot. 19: 772 (1932)
= Gayophytum ramosissimum var. strictipes Hook.; London J. Bot. 6: 224 (1847)
= Oenothera gayophytum f. lasiosperma (Greene) H.Lév.; Monogr. Oenothera [Léveillé] 169 (1905)
species :
Gayophytum eriospermum Coville; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 4: 103 (1893)
Name: Coville´s groundsmoke
Distribution: USA (California: SW-Sierra Nevada, Greenhorn Mts.)
76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Gayophytum lasiospermum var. eriospermum (Coville) Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 689 (1925)
species :
Gayophytum heterozygum F.H.Lewis & Szweyk.; Brittonia 16: 377 (1964)
Name: Zigzag groundsmoke
Distribution: USA (California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington State)
73 USA 76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Gayophytum diffusum var. villosum Munz; Amer. J. Bot. 19: 773 (1932)
species :
Gayophytum humile Juss.; Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 25: 18 (1832)
Name: Dwarf groundsmoke (EN), Quinchamalí [Chile]
Distribution: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia); USA (California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington State, Wyoming); Argentina (Mendoza); Chile (Atacama, Coquimbo, Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins, Maule)
71 CDN 73 USA 76 USA 85 ARG CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Gaura humilis (A.Juss.) D.Dietr.; Syn. Pl. [Dietrich] 2: 1297 (1840)
= Gayophytum densifolium Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 84: 629 (1893)
= Gayophytum humile var. densifolium (Phil.) Reiche; Anales Univ. Chile 98: 484 (1897)
= Gayophytum humile var. gracile Reiche; Anales Univ. Chile 98: 484 (1897)
= Gayophytum humile var. robustum (Phil.) Reiche; Anales Univ. Chile 98: 484 (1897)
= Gayophytum minutum Phil.; Linnaea 28: 687 (1856)
= Gayophytum nuttallii Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 1: 514 (1840)
= Gayophytum pumilum S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 18: 193 (1883)
= Oenothera gayophytum f. densifolia (Phil.) H.Lév.; Monogr. Oenothera [Léveillé] 169 (1905)
= Oenothera gayophytum H.Lév.; Monogr. Oenothera [Léveillé] 168 (1905), nom. superfl.
= Oenothera gayophytum proles philippiana H.Lév.; Monogr. Oenothera [Léveillé] 169 (1905)
= Oenothera gayophytum var. minuta (Phil.) H.Lév.; Revista Chilena Hist. Nat. 14: 190 (1910)
species :
Gayophytum micranthum (C.Presl) Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Misc. 3: 311 (1833)
Distribution: Argentina (Chubut, Mendoza, Neuquen, Santa Cruz, San Juan, San Luis); Chile (Antofagasta, Atacama, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago, O´Higgins, Maule)
85 ARG CLE
Synonyms: hidden
= Camissonia paradoxa (Spach) Reiche; Anales Univ. Chile 98: 482 (1897)
= Gayophytum gracile Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 84: 628 (1893)
= Gayophytum humile var. gracile (Phil.) Reiche; Anales Univ. Chile 98: 484 (1897)
= Gayophytum robustum Phil.; Anales Univ. Chile 84: 628 (1893)
= Holostigma paradoxum Spach; Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 4: 334 (1835)
= Oenothera gayophytum f. robusta (Phil.) H.Lév.; Monogr. Oenothera [Léveillé] 169 (1905)
= Oenothera gracilis (Phil.) H.Lév.; Monogr. Oenothera [Léveillé] 167 (1905)
= Oenothera micrantha C.Presl; Reliq. Haenk. 2: 31 (1831)
= Sphaerostigma paradoxum (Spach) Gay; Fl. Chil. [Gay] 2: 329 (1846)
species :
Gayophytum oligospermum F.H.Lewis & Szweyk.; Brittonia 16: 375 (1964)
Name: Pinegrove groundsmoke
Distribution: USA (California: Los Angeles Co., Riverside Co., San Bernardino Co., San Diego Co.)
76 USA
species :
Gayophytum racemosum Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 1: 514 (1840)
Name: Blackfoot groundsmoke
Distribution: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia); USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington State, Wyoming)
71 CDN 73 USA 74 USA 76 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Gayophytum caesium Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 1: 514 (1840)
= Gayophytum helleri Rydb.; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40: 65 (1913)
= Gayophytum helleri var. glabrum Munz; Amer. J. Bot. 19: 777 (1932)
= Gayophytum humile var. hirtellum Munz; Amer. J. Bot. 19: 778 (1932)
= Gayophytum racemosum var. caesium (Torr. & A.Gray) Munz; Amer. J. Bot. 19: 776 (1932)
= Gayophytum ramosissimum var. pygmeum Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 689 (1925)
= Oenothera caesia Nutt.; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 1: 514 (1840)
= Oenothera gayophytum f. caesia (Torr. & A.Gray) H.Lév.; Monogr. Oenothera [Léveillé] 169 (1905)
= Oenothera racemosa Nutt.; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 1: 514 (1840)
species :
Gayophytum ramosissimum Torr. & A.Gray; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 1: 513 (1840)
Name: Pinyon groundsmoke
Distribution: Canada (British Columbia); USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington State, Wyoming)
71 CDN 73 USA 76 USA 77 USA
Synonyms: hidden
= Gayophytum ramosissimum var. deflexum Hook.; London J. Bot. 6: 224 (1847)
= Gayophytum ramosissimum var. obtusum Jeps.; Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 688 (1925)
= Oenothera gayophytum f. ramosissima (Torr. & A.Gray) H.Lév.; Monogr. Oenothera [Léveillé] 169 (1905)
= Oenothera ramosissima Nutt.; Fl. N. Amer. [Torrey & A.Gray] 1: 513 (1840)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.07 (July 26th, 2025)

Covering 356,930 accepted species,
8,788 hybrids, 48,065 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,003,736 synonyms,
in total 1,417,519* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

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