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452.0000 Family Asteraceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 55 (1822)
1620 genera, ca. 29.000 spp. (35.000 spp. incl. microspecies). Systematics taken mostly from Funk et al. (2009, 2020) and Zuntini et al. (2024). Barnadesioideae (so far treated as most basal member of Asteraceae) might be a separate family, more related to Calyceraceae.
Species listed in database: 35445; hybrids: 684
= Acarnaceae Link; (1829)
= Ambrosiaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820), nom. cons.
= Anthemidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Aposeridaceae Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 106 (1838)
= Arctotaceae Bessey; Univ. Stud. Nebraska 14: 107 (1914)
= Arctotidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Artemisiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 48 (1820)
= Athanasiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 56 (1820)
= Calendulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Carduaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Carlinaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Centaureaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Cichoriaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 168 (1789), nom. cons.
= Cnicaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 297 (1818)
= Compositae Giseke; Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl. 538 (1792), nom. cons.
= Coreopsidaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 768 (1829)
= Cynaraceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 926, 931, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Echinopaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Eupatoriaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 253 (1820)
= Gnaphaliaceae Link ex F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 46 (1830)
= Grindeliaceae Rchb. ex A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 330 (1907)
= Heleniaceae Raf.; Cincinnati Lit. Gaz. 2: 28 (1824)
= Helianthaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Helichrysaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 712 (1829)
= Inulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Ivaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 1: 31 (1837)
= Lactucaceae Drude; Handb. Bot. 3(2): 369 (1886)
= Lapsanaceae Martinov; (1820)
= Madiaceae A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 332 (1907)
= Matricariaceae Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 400 (1845)
= Mutisiaceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 934, 935, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Nassauviaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 290 (1836)
= Partheniaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 816 (1829)
= Perdiciaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 728 (1829)
= Picridaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 482 (1820)
= Santolinaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 560 (1820)
= Senecionaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Serratulaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 577 (1820)
= Tanacetaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Tussilagaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Přir. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Vernoniaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 296 (1836)
= Xanthiaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Xeranthemaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 498 (1843)
452.4331 Genus Gazania Gaertn.; Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 451, t. 173 (1791)
Distribution: S-trop. and South Africa
Species listed in database: 19
= Gazaniopsis C.Huber; Nursery Cat. (Huber) 1880(Oct.): 4 (1880)
= Melanchrysum Cass.; Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 12 (1817)
= Meridiana Hill; Veg. Syst. 2: 121 (1761), nom. rej.
= Moehnia Neck.; Elem. Bot. [Necker] 1: 9 (1790), nom. inval.
= Mussinia Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3: 2263 (1803)
species :
Gazania caespitosa Bolus; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 393 (1881)
Distribution: South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
species :
Gazania ciliaris DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 513 (1838)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
species :
Gazania heterochaeta DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 511 (1838)
Distribution: Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)
27 NAM SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Gazania humilis E.Mey. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 513 (1838)
= Meridiana heterochaeta (DC.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
species :
Gazania jurineifolia DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 511 (1838)
subspecies :
subsp. jurineifolia
Distribution: South Africa (Free State, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Gazania nivea Less.; Syn. Gen. Compos. 49 (1832)
= Meridiana jurineifolia (DC.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
subspecies :
subsp. scabra (DC.) Roessler; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 3: 392 (1959)
Distribution: Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)
27 NAM SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Gazania pinnata var. scabra (DC.) Harv.
= Gazania scabra DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 509 (1838)
= Gazania venusta G.Taylor; J. Bot. 68: 49 (1930)
species :
Gazania krebsiana Less.; Syn. Gen. Compos. 44 (1832)
subspecies :
subsp. krebsiana
Distribution: Zambia; South Africa (Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho
26 ZAM 27 LES SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Gazania lineariloba DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 512 (1838)
= Gazania mucronata DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 513 (1838)
= Gazania oxyloba DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 513 (1838)
= Gazania varians DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 513 (1838)
= Meridiana krebsiana (Less.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
= Meridiana lineariloba (DC.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
= Meridiana mucronata (DC.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
= Meridiana oxyloba (DC.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
subspecies :
subsp. arctotoides (Less.) Roessler; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 3: 405 (1959)
Distribution: Angola; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Mpulamanga, Free State, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)
26 ANG 27 BOT SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Gazania arctotoides Less.; Syn. Gen. Compos. 48 (1832)
= Gazania leptophylla DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 512 (1838)
= Gazania longifolia Less.; Syn. Gen. Compos. 48 (1832)
= Gazania pavonia var. zeyheri Harv.
= Gazania rogersii S.Moore; J. Bot. 56: 8 (1918)
= Meridiana arctotoides (Less.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
= Meridiana leptophylla (DC.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
= Meridiana longifolia (Less.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
subspecies :
subsp. serrulata (DC.) Roessler; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 3: 408 (1959)
Distribution: Angola; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, North-West Prov., Gauteng, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]
26 ANG MOZ ZIM 27 BOT LES SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Gazania bracteata N.E.Br.; Gard. Chron., Ser. 3, 15: 620 (1894)
= Gazania canescens Harv.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 478 (1865)
= Gazania montana Spreng.; Gartenflora 442, et in Bull. Soc. Tosc. Ort. 1902, 44 (1899)
= Gazania munroi E.Phillips; Fl. Pl. South Africa 17: t. 659 (1937)
= Gazania pygmaea Sond.; Linnaea 23: 69 (1850)
= Gazania schinzii O.Hoffm.; Bull. Herb. Boissier 2: 215 (1894)
= Gazania serrulata DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 512 (1838)
= Meridiana canescens (Harv.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
= Meridiana pygmaea (Sond.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
= Meridiana serrulata (DC.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
species :
Gazania lanata Magee & Boatwr.; S. African J. Bot. 77(1): 87 (2011)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
species :
Gazania leiopoda (DC.) Roessler; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 3: 388 (1959)
Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Gazania pinnata var. leiopoda DC.
species :
Gazania lichtensteinii Less.; Syn. Gen. Compos. 50 (1832)
Distribution: Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)
27 NAM SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Gazania araneosa DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 512 (1838)
= Meridiana lichtensteinii (Less.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
= Mussinia pusilla Licht. ex Less.; Syn. Gen. Compos. 50 (1832)
species :
Gazania linearis (Thunb.) Druce; Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 624 (1916 publ. 1917)
Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; South Korea [I]; Australia [I] (South Australia [I]); New Zealand [I]; USA [I] (California [I], New Mexico [I]); Mexico [I]
27 LES SAF 38 kor 50 aus 51 nzl 76 usa 77 usa 79 mex
Synonyms: hidden
= Gazania kraussii Sch.Bip.; Flora 27: 777 (1844)
= Gazania longiscapa DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 513 (1838)
= Gazania multijuga DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 509 (1838)
= Gazania pinnata var. multijuga (DC.) Harv.
= Gazania stenophylla Anon.; Gard. Chron., n. s. 20: 77 (1883)
= Gazania subulata R.Br.; Hort. Kew., ed. 2 [W.T.Aiton] 5: 140 (1813)
= Gazaniopsis stenophylla C.Huber; Nursery Cat. (Huber) 1880(Oct.): 4 (1880)
= Gorteria linearis Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 162 (1800)
= Meridiana kraussii (Sch.Bip.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
= Meridiana linearis (Thunb.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
= Meridiana longiscapa (DC.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
= Mussinia linearis (Thunb.) Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3: 2263 (1803)
variant :
var. ovalis (Harv.) Roessler; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 3: 380 (1959)
Distribution: Ethiopia [I]; South Africa (E-Cape Prov.)
24 eth 27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Gazania longiscapa var. ovalis Harv.
= Gazania pottsii L.Bolus; Ann. Bolus Herb. 4: 15 (1925)
species :
Gazania maritima Levyns; J. S. African Bot. 8: 260 (1942)
Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
species :
Gazania othonnites (Thunb.) Less.; Syn. Gen. Compos. 45 (1832)
Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Gazania intrusa E.Mey. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 511 (1838)
= Gorteria othonnites Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 163 (1800)
= Meridiana othonnites (Thunb.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
= Mussinia othonna (Thunb.) Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3: 2264 (1803)
species :
Gazania pectinata (Thunb.) Hartw.; Hortus Carlsruh. 126 (1825)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov.); Colombia [c]
27 SAF 82 clm
Synonyms: hidden
= Arctotis aspleniifolia Burm.f.; Fl. Ind. [N.L.Burman] Prodr. Fl. Cap. 28 (1768)
= Arnica coronopifolia L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 885 (1753), nom. rej.
= Gazania coronopifolia (L.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 511 (1838)
= Gazania grandis DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 509 (1838)
= Gazania pectinata (Thunb.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 607 (1826)
= Gazania pinnata (Lam.) Less.; Syn. Gen. Compos. 43 (1832)
= Gazania pinnata var. grandis (DC.) Harv.
= Gazania pinnata var. speciosa (Willd.) Harv.
= Gazania speciosa Less.; Syn. Gen. Compos. 42 (1832)
= Gorteria incisa Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 162 (1800)
= Gorteria lyrato-pinnatifida Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 2: 819 (1812)
= Gorteria pectinata Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 162 (1800)
= Gorteria pinnata Lam.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 3: 1 (1786)
= Gorteria speciosa Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.], Suppl. 2: 818 (1812)
= Melanchrysum spinulosum Cass.; Dict. Sci. Nat. [F.Cuvier], éd. 2, 29: 443 (1823)
= Meridiana pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
= Mussinia incisa (Thunb.) Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3: 2264 (1803)
= Mussinia pinnata (Less.) Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3: 2265 (1803)
= Mussinia speciosa (Less.) Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3: 2264 (1803)
species :
Gazania rigens (L.) Gaertn.; Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 451 (1791)
Distribution: Germany [I]; Portugal [I]; Spain [I]; Gibraltar [I]; Baleares [I] (Mallorca [I], Menorca [I]); France [I]; Monaco [c]; Channel Isl. [I]; Corsica [I]; Sardinia [I]; Sicily [I]; Bosnia & Hercegovina [I]; Morocco [c]; Tunisia [c]; Azores [I] (Sao Miguel Isl. [I], Terceira [I], Pico [I], Faial [I], Flores Isl. [I]); South Africa (known only in cultivation); South Korea [I]; Australia [I] (South Australia [I], Western Australia [I], New South Wales [I], Queensland [I], Victoria [I], Tasmania [I]); New Zealand [I]; Chatham Isl. [I]; Mexico [I]; Honduras [c]; Bolivia [I]; Argentina [I]
11 ger 12 bal cis cor fra gib mco por sar spa 13 bih sic 20 mor tun 21 azo 27 SAF 38 kor 50 aus 51 ctm nzl 79 mex 80 hon 83 bol 85 arg
Synonyms: hidden
= Arctotis ludwigii Kniph.; Bot. Orig. 6: t. [10] (1759), nom. utique rej.
= Gazania heterophylla (Willd.) Bosse; Vollst. Handb. Bl.-gärtn. 2: 514 (1829)
= Gazania rigens (L.) Moench; Methodus [Moench], Suppl. 209 (1794)
= Gazania splendens Lem.; Ill. Hort. 7: 235 (1860)
= Gorteria heterophylla Willd.; Hort. Berol. [Willdenow] 2: t. 98 (1812)
= Gorteria personata Hill; Veg. Syst. 2: 81 (1761)
= Gorteria rigens (L.) L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus], ed. 2: 1284 (1763)
= Gorteria rigida Banks ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 522 (1838)
= Gorteria spectabilis Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 207 (1796)
= Melanchrysum rigens (L.) Cass.; Dict. Sci. Nat. [F.Cuvier], éd. 2, 29: 442 (1823)
= Meridiana ringens (L.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 352 (1891)
= Meridiana splendens (Lem.) Kuntze
= Meridiana tesselata Hill; Hort. Kew. [Hill] 26 (1768)
= Othonna rigens L.; Pl. Rar. Afr. 24 (1760)
variant :
var. leucolaena (DC.) Roessler; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 3: 371 (1959)
Distribution: South Africa (W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Gazania leucolaena DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 509 (1838)
= Gazania uniflora var. leucolaena (DC.) Harv.; Fl. Cap. [Harvey & auct. succ.] 3: 472 (1865)
variant :
var. uniflora (L.f.) Roessler; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 3: 373 (1959)
Distribution: Mozambique; South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]
26 MOZ 27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Gazania uniflora (L.f.) Sims; Bot. Mag. t. 2270 (1821)
= Gorteria uniflora L.f.; Suppl. Pl. [Linnaeus f.] 382 (1782)
= Meridiana uniflora (L.f.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
= Mussinia uniflora (L.f.) Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3: 2263 (1803)
species :
Gazania rigida (Burm.f.) Roessler; Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 3: 397 (1959)
Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Arctotis rigida Burm.f.; Fl. Ind. [N.L.Burman] Prodr. Fl. Cap. 28 (1768)
= Gazania hirtella DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 511 (1838)
= Gazania pavonia (Andrews) R.Br.; Hort. Kew., ed. 2 [W.T.Aiton] 5: 140 (1813)
= Gazania pavonia var. hirtella (DC.) Harv.
= Gazania pinnata DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 509 (1838)
= Gorteria pavonia Andrews; Bot. Repos. 8: t. 523 (1808)
= Gorteria rigens Thunb.; Fl. Cap. [Thunberg], ed. 2: 698 (1823)
= Melanchrysum pavonium Cass. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 510 (1838)
= Meridiana pavonia (Cass. ex DC.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
species :
Gazania schenckii O.Hoffm. ex Schinz; Bull. Herb. Boissier 2: 216 (1894)
Distribution: Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)
27 NAM SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Gazania aculeata Muschl. ex Dinter
= Gazania suffruticosa Muschl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 120 (1911)
species :
Gazania serrata DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 510 (1838)
Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Gazania pinnata var. serrata (DC.) Harv.
species :
Gazania splendidissima Mucina, Magee & Boatwr.; S. African J. Bot. 77(1): 89 (2011)
Distribution: South Africa (N-Cape Prov.)
27 SAF
species :
Gazania tenuifolia Less.; Syn. Gen. Compos. 50 (1832)
Distribution: Namibia; South Africa (N-Cape Prov., W-Cape Prov.)
27 NAM SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Meridiana tenuifolia (Less.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 353 (1891)
species :
Gazania thermalis Dinter; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 308 (1921)
Distribution: Namibia
27 NAM
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.03 (March 30th, 2026)

Covering 359,184 accepted species,
8,882 hybrids, 47,737 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,007,635 synonyms,
in total 1,423,438* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life