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452.0000 Family Asteraceae Dumort.; Commentat. Bot. [Dumortier] 55 (1822)
1620 genera, ca. 29.000 spp. (35.000 spp. incl. microspecies). Systematics taken mostly from Funk et al. (2009, 2020) and Zuntini et al. (2024). Barnadesioideae (so far treated as most basal member of Asteraceae) might be a separate family, more related to Calyceraceae.
Species listed in database: 35263; hybrids: 678
= Acarnaceae Link; (1829)
= Ambrosiaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820), nom. cons.
= Anthemidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Aposeridaceae Raf.; New Fl. [Rafinesque] 4: 106 (1838)
= Arctotaceae Bessey; Univ. Stud. Nebraska 14: 107 (1914)
= Arctotidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Artemisiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 48 (1820)
= Athanasiaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 56 (1820)
= Calendulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Carduaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Carlinaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Centaureaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Cichoriaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 168 (1789), nom. cons.
= Cnicaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 297 (1818)
= Compositae Giseke; Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl. 538 (1792), nom. cons.
= Coreopsidaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 768 (1829)
= Cynaraceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 926, 931, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Echinopaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 255 (1820)
= Eupatoriaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 253 (1820)
= Gnaphaliaceae Link ex F.Rudolphi; Syst. Orb. Veg. 46 (1830)
= Grindeliaceae Rchb. ex A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 330 (1907)
= Heleniaceae Raf.; Cincinnati Lit. Gaz. 2: 28 (1824)
= Helianthaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Helichrysaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 712 (1829)
= Inulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Ivaceae Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 1: 31 (1837)
= Lactucaceae Drude; Handb. Bot. 3(2): 369 (1886)
= Lapsanaceae Martinov; (1820)
= Madiaceae A.Heller; Muhlenbergia 2: 332 (1907)
= Matricariaceae Voigt; Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 400 (1845)
= Mutisiaceae Burnett; Outlines Bot. [Burnett] 934, 935, 1094, 1111 (1835)
= Nassauviaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 290 (1836)
= Partheniaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 816 (1829)
= Perdiciaceae Link; Handbuch [Link] 1: 728 (1829)
= Picridaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 482 (1820)
= Santolinaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 560 (1820)
= Senecionaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Serratulaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 577 (1820)
= Tanacetaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Tussilagaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 254 (1820)
= Vernoniaceae Burmeist.; Handb. Naturgesch. 296 (1836)
= Xanthiaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 298 (1818)
= Xeranthemaceae Döll; Rhein. Fl. [Döll] 498 (1843)
452.4661 Genus Gymnanthemum Cass.; Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 10 (1817)
Distribution: Old World tropics
Species listed in database: 34
= Decaneurum DC.; Arch. Bot. (Paris) 2: 516 (1833), nom. illeg.
= Plectreca Raf.; Fl. Tellur. 4: 119 (1836)
= Bracheilema R.Br.; Voy. Abyss. [Salt] App. 65 (1814), nomen
= Keringa Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 144 (1838)
species :
Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 2: 948 (1843)
Name: River Bitter-tea
Distribution: Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; ?Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; São Tomé; Annobon Isl.; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; N-Chad (Tibesti); Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]; Yemen (W-Yemen); Martinique [I]; Bolivia (Santa Cruz); N-Brazil (Acre); NE-Brazil (Bahia); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul); SE-Brazil (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro)
22 BEN BKN GUI IVO LBR MLI NGA SIE TOG 23 ANN BIO CAF CMN CON GAB SAO ZAI 24 CHA ERI ETH SSU SUD 25 KEN TAN 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF SWZ 35 YEM 81 mar 83 BOL 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Bracheilema paniculatum R.Br.; Voy. Abyss. [Salt], App. 665 (1814)
= Cacalia amygdalina (Delile) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 969 (1891)
= Cheliusia abyssinica Sch.Bip.; Flora 24(1. Intell.): 26 (1841), nomen, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 80
= Decaneurum amygdalinum (Delile) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 5: 68 (1836)
= Gymnanthemum abyssinicum Sch.Bip. ex Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 2: 948 (1843)
= Keringa amygdalina (Delile) Raf.; Sylva Tellur. 144 (1838)
= Vernonanthura condensata (Baker) H.Rob.; Phytologia 73(2): 69 (1992)
= Vernonia adenosticta Fenzl ex Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 6: 98 (1847)
= Vernonia amygdalina Delile; Cent. Pl. Afr. Voy. Méroé 41 (1826)
= Vernonia bahiensis Toledo; Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo, n. s. form. maior 1: 52 (1939)
= Vernonia condensata Baker; J. Bot. 13: 202 (1875)
= Vernonia eritreana Klatt; Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 826 (1896)
= Vernonia giorgii De Wild.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 5: 92 (1915)
= Vernonia randii S.Moore; J. Bot. 37: 369 (1899)
= Vernonia sylvestris Glaz.; Mém. Soc. Bot. France 3: 373 (1909), nom. inval.
= Vernonia vogeliana Benth.; Niger Fl. [W.J.Hooker] 427 (1849)
= Vernonia weisseana Muschl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 91 (1911)
species :
Gymnanthemum andrangovalense (Humbert) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 240 (1999)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Vernonia andrangovalensis Humbert; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 13: 311 (1949)
species :
Gymnanthemum antanalus (Humbert) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 240 (1999)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Vernonia antanala Humbert; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 13: 314 (1949), et 15: 361 (1959), descr. emend.
= Vernonia antanala var. mangorensis Humbert; (1948)
species :
Gymnanthemum appendiculatum (Less.) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 240 (1999)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Cacalia appendiculata (Less.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 969 (1891)
= Vernonia appendiculata Less.; Linnaea 6: 636 (1831)
= Vernonia macrophylla Bojer ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 5: 27 (1836)
species :
Gymnanthemum auriculiferum (Hiern) Isawumi; Compositae Newslett. 46: 40 (2008)
Distribution: Nigeria; Cameroon; Congo [Brazzaville]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; Burundi; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola
22 NGA 23 BUR CMN CON RWA ZAI 24 ETH 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG
Synonyms: hidden
= Vernonia auriculifera Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 539 (1898)
= Vernonia laurentii De Wild.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 5: 94 (1915)
= Vernonia uniflora Hutch. & Dalziel; Fl. W. Trop. Afr. [Hutchinson & Dalziel] 2: 166, in clavi, 169 (1931)
species :
Gymnanthemum baronii (Baker) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 240 (1999)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Cacalia baronii (Baker) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 969 (1891)
= Vernonia baronii Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 20: 173 (1884)
= Vernonia campenoni Drake; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 46: 241 (1899)
species :
Gymnanthemum bellinghamii (S.Moore) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 240 (1999)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Tanzania; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
23 ZAI 25 TAN 26 MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Vernonia bellinghamii S.Moore; J. Bot. 38: 155 (1900)
= Vernonia elisabethvilleana De Wild.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 208 (1914)
= Vernonia fraterna N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1921: 295 (1921)
= Vernonia goetzeana O.Hoffm.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 503 (1900)
species :
Gymnanthemum bolleanum Steetz; Naturw. Reise Mossambique [Peters] 336 (1864)
Distribution: Cape Verde Isl. (Ilha de Sao Nicolau)
21 CVI
Synonyms: hidden
= Vernonia caboverdeana Lobin; Courier Forschungsinst. Senckenberg 81: 117 (1986) (nom. nov.)
species :
Gymnanthemum capense (A.Spreng.) J.C.Manning & Swelank.; S. African J. Bot. 102: 92 (2015)
Distribution: South Africa (Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, W-Cape Prov., E-Cape Prov.); Lesotho; Eswatini [Swaziland]
27 LES SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Cacalia mespilifolia (Less.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 970 (1891)
= Eupatorium capense A.Spreng.; Tent. Suppl. 22 (1828)
= Gymnanthemum mespilifolium (Less.) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 242 (1999)
= Vernonia mespilifolia Less.; Linnaea 6: 641 (1831), nom. illeg.
species :
Gymnanthemum chapelieri (Drake) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 240 (1999)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Vernonia chapelieri Drake; Hist. Phys. Madagascar [Grandidier], Atlas, t. 469 (1897), et Bull. Soc. Bot. France 46: 234 (1899)
species :
Gymnanthemum corymbosum (Thunb.) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 241 (1999)
Distribution: Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]
26 MOZ 27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Staehelina corymbosa Thunb.; Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: 143 (1800)
= Vernonia neocorymbosa Hilliard; Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 32(3): 385 (1973), nom. nov.
= Vernonia tigna Klatt; Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 829 (1896)
species :
Gymnanthemum coursii (Humbert) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 241 (1999)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Vernonia coursii Humbert; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 13: 310 (1949)
species :
Gymnanthemum crataegifolium (Hutch.) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 241 (1999)
Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal, E-Cape Prov.); Eswatini [Swaziland]
27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Vernonia crataegifolia Hutch.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 330 (1912)
= Vernonia mespilifolia var. subcanescens DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 5: 29 (1836)
= Vernonia pseudocorymbosa Thell.; Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 68: 440 (1923)
species :
Gymnanthemum dissolutum (Baker) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 241 (1999)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Cacalia dissoluta (Baker) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 970 (1891)
= Cacalia sparsiflora (Baker) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 971 (1891)
= Vernonia capreifolia Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 22: 487 (1887)
= Vernonia dissoluta Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 20: 174 (1884)
= Vernonia sparsiflora Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 20: 172 (1884)
species :
Gymnanthemum exsertiflorum (Baker) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 241 (1999)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
23 ZAI 25 TAN 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Vernonia exsertiflora Baker; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1898: 147 (1898)
= Vernonia exsertiflora var. tenuicalyx G.V.Pope; Kew Bull. 43(2): 279 (1988)
= Vernonia kreismannii Welw. ex Hiern; Cat. Afr. Pl. [Hiern] 1: 517 (1898)
= Vernonia sphaerocalyx O.Hoffm.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30: 423 (1901)
species :
Gymnanthemum exsertum (Baker) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 241 (1999)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Vernonia exserta Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 22: 488 (1887)
= Vernonia lantziana Drake; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 46: 233 1899 publ. (1900)
= Vernonia trichodesma Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 325 (1890)
species :
Gymnanthemum extensum (Wall. ex DC.) Steetz; Naturw. Reise Mossambique [Peters] 337 (1864)
Distribution: China (Yunnan, Guizhou); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Sikkim, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Chin, Kachin, Sagaing, Shan); N-Thailand
36 CHI 40 BAN BHU IND NEP 41 MYA THA
Synonyms: hidden
= Cacalia extensa (Wall. ex DC.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 970 (1891)
= Conyza extensa Wall.; Numer. List [Wallich] no. 3016 (1831), nomen
= Eupatorium rufum Spreng. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 5: 33 (1836)
= Gymnanthemum cylindriceps (C.B.Clarke) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 241 (1999)
= Vernonia cylindriceps C.B.Clarke; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 35 (1889)
= Vernonia extensa Wall. ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 5: 33 (1836)
= Vernonia subarborea Vaniot; Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 12(160): 126 (1903)
species :
Gymnanthemum fimbrilliferum (Less.) Cass.; Dict. Sci. Nat. [F.Cuvier], éd. 2, 20: 109 (1827)
Distribution: La Réunion
29 REU
Synonyms: hidden
= Decaneurum fimbrilliferum (Less.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 5: 68 (1836)
= Eupatorium coriaceum Vahl; Symb. Bot. [Vahl] 3: 94 (1794)
= Vernonia fimbrillifera Less.; Linnaea 4: 313 (1829)
species :
Gymnanthemum glaberrimum (Welw. ex O.Hoffm.) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 241 (1999)
Distribution: Guinea; Sierra Leone; Mali; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; S-Chad; ?South Sudan; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
22 BEN GHA GUI IVO MLI NGA SIE TOG 23 CAF CMN CON GAB ZAI 24 CHA 25 TAN 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Vernonia glaberrima Welw. ex O.Hoffm.; Bol. Soc. Brot. 13: 15 (1896)
= Vernonia hensii Klatt; Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 828 (1896)
= Vernonia mashonica N.E.Br.; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1906: 108 (1906)
species :
Gymnanthemum humblotii (Drake) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 242 (1999)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Vernonia beforonensis Humbert; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 13: 320 (1949)
= Vernonia humblotii Drake; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 46: 235 (1899)
= Vernonia humblotii var. angustibracteata Humbert
species :
Gymnanthemum koekemoerae H.Rob. & V.A.Funk; PhytoKeys 36: 61 (2014)
Distribution: South Africa (Northern Prov.)
27 SAF
species :
Gymnanthemum louvelii (Humbert) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 242 (1999)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Vernonia louvelii Humbert; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 15: 247 (1958)
species :
Gymnanthemum myrianthum (Hook.f.) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 242 (1999)
Name: Blue Bitter-tea
Distribution: Guinea; Sierra Leone; Ivory Coast; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Eswatini [Swaziland]
22 GUI IVO SIE 23 BIO CMN ZAI 24 ETH SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Cacalia myriantha (Hook.f.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 970 (1891)
= Vernonia ampla O.Hoffm.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30: 423 (1901)
= Vernonia chiarugii Pic.Serm.; Miss. Stud. Lago Tana 7: Ricerche Bot., Pt. 1, 155 (1951)
= Vernonia cylindrica A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 374 (1848)
= Vernonia lujae De Wild.; Pl. Nov. Horti Then. 2: 119 (1910)
= Vernonia myriantha Hook.f.; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 198 (1864)
= Vernonia myriantha var. ampla (O.Hoffm.) Isawumi; Advances Compos. Syst. 101 (1995)
= Vernonia myriantha var. subuligera (O.Hoffm.) Isawumi; Advances Compos. Syst. 102 (1995)
= Vernonia myrianthoides Muschl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 84 (1911)
= Vernonia oliveriana Pic.Serm.; Webbia 7: 345 (1950), nom. illeg. superfl. for V. podocoma Sch. Bip. ex Vatke
= Vernonia podocoma Sch.Bip. ex Schweinf. & Asch.; Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. [Schweinfurth] 287 (1867), nomen, et Oliv. & Hiern in Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 296 (1877)
= Vernonia stipulacea Klatt; Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 457 (1896)
= Vernonia subuligera O.Hoffm.; Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C 403 (1895)
= Vernonia uhligii Muschl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 79 (1911)
species :
Gymnanthemum pectiniforme (DC.) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 242 (1999)
Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka
40 IND SRL
Synonyms: hidden
= Cacalia pectiniformis (DC.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 970 (1891)
= Lysistemma pectiniforme (DC.) Steetz; Naturw. Reise Mossambique [Peters] 343 (1863)
= Vernonia pectiniformis DC.; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 6 (1834)
= Vernonia pectiniformis subsp. puncticulata (DC.) Grierson; Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci. 10: 45 (1972)
= Vernonia puncticulata DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 7(1): 264 (1838)
species :
Gymnanthemum pectorale (Baker) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 242 (1999)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Vernonia pectoralis Baker; J. Bot. 20: 139 (1882)
= Vernonia pectoralis var. delphinensis Humbert
species :
Gymnanthemum pleistanthum (Humbert) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 242 (1999)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Vernonia secundifolia var. pleistantha Humbert; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 94: 380 (1947)
species :
Gymnanthemum rueppellii (Sch.Bip. ex Walp.) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 242 (1999)
Distribution: Ethiopia; Eritrea
24 ERI ETH
Synonyms: hidden
= Cacalia francavillana (Oliv. & Hiern) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 970 (1891)
= Vernonia francavillana Oliv. & Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 296 (1877)
= Vernonia podocoma var. glabrata Fiori; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 47: 43 (1940)
= Vernonia rueppellii Sch.Bip. ex Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 2: 946 (1847)
species :
Gymnanthemum sahyadricum Balan & Robi; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 57: 314 (2020)
Distribution: India (Kerala)
40 IND
species :
Gymnanthemum secundifolium (Bojer ex DC.) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112: 243 (1999)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Cacalia quadrifolia (Baker) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 971 (1891)
= Cacalia secundifolia (Bojer ex DC.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 971 (1891)
= Strobocalyx secundifolia (Bojer ex DC.) Sch.Bip.; Jahresber. Pollichia 18-19: 171 (1861)
= Vernonia quadriflora Baker; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 20: 173 (1884)
= Vernonia secundifolia Bojer ex DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 5: 22 (1836)
= Vernonia secundifolia var. dolicholepis Humbert; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 94: 380 (1947)
= Vernonia secundifolia var. pleiantha Humbert; (1947)
species :
Gymnanthemum subcrassulescens (Humbert) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 243 (1999)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Vernonia subcrassulescens Humbert; Notul. Syst. (Paris) 13: 309 (1949)
species :
Gymnanthemum theophrastifolium (Schweinf. ex Oliv. & Hiern) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 243 (1999)
Distribution: Togo; ?Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Zambia
22 NGA TOG 23 CAF CMN RWA ZAI 24 ETH SSU SUD 25 KEN UGA 26 ZAM
Synonyms: hidden
= Cacalia theophrastifolia (Schweinf. ex Oliv. & Hiern) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 971 (1891)
= Monosis theophrastifolia (Schweinf. ex Oliv. & Hiern) C.Jeffrey; Mansfeld´s Encycl. 4: 2048 (6: 2826) (2001)
= Vernonia macrophylla Chiov.; Ann. Bot. (Rome) 9: 70 (1911)
= Vernonia seretii De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., Sér. 5, 2(2): 207 (1907)
= Vernonia theophrastifolia Schweinf. ex Oliv. & Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 294 (1877)
variant :
var. richardianum (Kuntze) Isawumi; Compositae Newslett. 46: 41 (2008)
Distribution: Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia
24 ETH SSU SUD
Synonyms: hidden
= Cacalia richardiana Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 967 (1891), nom. nov. for V. myriocephala A. Rich.
= Vernonia myriocephala A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 374 (1848)
= Vernonia richardiana (Kuntze) Pic.Serm.; Webbia 7: 340 (1950)
= Vernonia theophrastifolia var. richardiana (Kuntze) Isawumi; Advances Compos. Syst. 103 (1995)
species :
Gymnanthemum thomsonianum (Oliv. & Hiern) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 243 (1999)
Distribution: Guinea; Cameroon; Gabon; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; ?Sudan; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique
22 GUI 23 BUR CMN GAB RWA ZAI 24 ETH SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM
Synonyms: hidden
= Cacalia livingstoniana (Oliv. & Hiern) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 970 (1891)
= Cacalia thomsoniana (Oliv. & Hiern) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 971 (1891)
= Vernonia cruda Klatt; Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 456 (1896)
= Vernonia densecapitulata De Wild.; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 5: 92 (1915)
= Vernonia livingstoniana Oliv. & Hiern; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 295 (1877)
= Vernonia pobeguinii Aubrév.; Fl. Forest. Soudano-Guin. 487 (1950), sine descr. lat.
= Vernonia thomsoniana Oliv. & Hiern ex Oliv.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 29: 91 (1873)
species :
Gymnanthemum triflorum (Bremek.) H.Rob.; Phytologia 87(2): 80 (2005)
Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga)
27 SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Vernonia triflora Bremek.; Ann. Transvaal Mus. 15: 262 (1933)
species :
Gymnanthemum urticifolium (A.Rich.) H.Rob.; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112(1): 243 (1999)
Distribution: D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Ethiopia; Kenya
23 ZAI 24 ETH 25 KEN
Synonyms: hidden
= Cacalia urticifolia (A.Rich.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 971 (1891)
= Vernonia antinoriana Avetta; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 21: 348 (1889), in Annuar. Ist. Bot. Roma 6: 55, t. 3, fig. 1-3 (1895)
= Vernonia flagellaris Vatke; Linnaea 39: 479 (1875)
= Vernonia mellifera Muschl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 90 (1911)
= Vernonia urticifolia A.Rich.; Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 378 (1848)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.07 (July 26th, 2025)

Covering 356,930 accepted species,
8,788 hybrids, 48,065 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,003,736 synonyms,
in total 1,417,519* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life