495.0000
Family
Apocynaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 143 (1789), nom. cons.
372 genera, ca. 6500 spp. According to modern authors and PCR Asclepiadaceae is only a subfamily of Apocynaceae.
Species listed in database: 6680; hybrids: 9
= Asclepiadaceae Borkh.; Bot. Wörterb. 1: 31 (1797), nom. cons.
= Carissaceae Bertol; Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 23: 212 (1891)
= Cerberaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 119 (1820)
= Cynanchaceae G.Mey.; Chloris Han. 245, 251 (1836)
= Ophioxylaceae Mart.; Consp. Regn. Veg. [Martius] 24 (1835)
= Pacouriaceae Martinov; Tekhno-Bot. Slovar 447 (1820)
= Periplocaceae Schltr.; Nachtr. Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee [Schumann & Lauterbach] 351 (1905), nom. cons.
= Plumeriaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat. 70 (1834)
= Stapeliaceae Horan.; Prim. Lin. Syst. Nat. 70 (1834)
= Vincaceae Vest; Anleit. Stud. Bot. 273, 299 (1818)
= Willughbeaceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 256 (1858)
495.6233
Genus
Gymnema R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 461 (1810)
Distribution: Tropical Asia to S-China, Madagascar, South Africa and N-Australia
Species listed in database: 53
= Conocalpis Bojer ex Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 621 (1844)
= Endotropis Endl.; Gen. Pl. [Endlicher] 591 (1838), nom. illeg.
= Bidaria (Endl.) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 623 (1844)
= Pseudosarcolobus Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 77 (1912)
species :
Gymnema acuminatum
Wall.; Tent. Fl. Napal. 50 (1826)
Distribution: India (Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Rakhine, Shan, Taninthayi); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Langkawi Isl., Melaka)
40 BAN IND 41 CBD MYA THA VIE 42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Asclepias acuminata (Wall.) Roxb.; Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: 55 (1832), nom. illeg.
= Cynanchum acuminatum Buch.-Ham. ex Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 622 (1844), nom. inval.
= Marsdenia acuminata (Wall.) I.M.Turner; Asian J. Trop. Biol. 1: 25 (1995), nom. illeg.
= Marsdenia wallichii Karthik. & V.S.Kumar; Phytotaxa 475(4): 296 (2020), nom. nov.
variant :
var. glabrum
M.A.Rahman & Wilcock; Blumea 34(1): 100 (1989)
Distribution: Bangladesh; Myanmar
40 BAN 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia acuminata var. glabra (M.A.Rahman & Wilcock) I.M.Turner; Asian J. Trop. Biol. 1(2): 25 (1995)
= Marsdenia wallichii var. glabrum (M.A.Rahman & Wilcock) V.S.Kumar & Karthik.; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 45(1-4): 18 (2021)
species :
Gymnema albidum
Decne.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 9: 278 (1888)
Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isl. (Timor)
42 LSI
Synonyms: hidden
= Tylophora albida (Decne.) Zipp. ex Span.; Linnaea 15: 324 (1841)
species :
Gymnema albiflorum
Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 85 (1912)
Distribution: N-Vietnam
41 VIE
species :
Gymnema barbatum
(Collett & Hemsl.) Kerr; Fl. Siam 3: 1. 20 (1951)
Distribution: Myanmar (Magway, Mandalay); Thailand; Vietnam
41 MYA THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia barbata Collett & Hemsl.; J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 28: 87 (1891)
= Pseudosarcolobus barbatus (Collett & Hemsl.) Rodda; Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 52(1): 18 (2024)
= Pseudosarcolobus villosus Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 77 (1912)
species :
Gymnema calycinum
Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 540 (1915)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)
42 PHI
species :
Gymnema chalmersii
Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40(Beibl. 92): 17 (1908)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
Remarks: doubtful species, type lost
species :
Gymnema cumingii
Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 541 (1915)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)
42 PHI
species :
Gymnema cuspidatum
(Thunb.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 420 (1891)
Distribution: India (Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra); Sri Lanka
40 IND SRL
Conservation Status: IUCN I
Synonyms: hidden
= Bidaria celsicola H.Huber; Revis. Handb. Fl. Ceylon [Dassanayake] 1(1) 48 (1973), nom. nov.
= Bidaria cuspidata (Thunb.) H.Huber; Revis. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1(1): 47 (1973)
= Bidaria pergularioides Thwaites; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 198 (1859)
= Cynanchum cuspidatum Thunb.; Obs. Cynanch. 6 (1821)
= Gymnema cuspidatum (Thunb.) M.R.Almeida; Fl. Maharashtra 3A: 244 (2001), isonym
= Gymnema cuspidatum Schum.; Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] IV, 2: 284 (1895)
= Gymnema pergularioides (Thwaites) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 32 (1883)
= Gymnema pergularioides var. gardneri Thwaites ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 32 (1883)
= Gymnema pergularioides Wight & Gardner ex Thwaites; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 128 (1859)
= Marsdenia cuspidata (Thunb.) Karthik. & V.S.Kumar; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 45(1-4): 17 (2021)
variant :
var. stenolobum
(Hook.f.) Trimen; Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3: 155 (1895)
Distribution: Sri Lanka
40 SRL
Conservation Status: IUCN I
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnema stenolobum Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 32 (1883)
= Bidaria cuspidata var. stenoloba (Hook.f.) H.Huber; Revis. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1(1): 47 (1973)
species :
Gymnema decaisneanum
Wight; Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] t. 1271 (1848)
Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Myanmar (Kachin, Sagaing)
40 IND 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnema hirsutum var. decaisneanum (Wight) Haines; Forest Fl. Chota Nagpur 436 (1910)
= Gymnema hirsutum Wight & Arn.; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 44 (1834), nom. illeg.
= Gymnema mohanramii Karthik. & Moorthy; Fl. Pl. India 171 (2009), nom. nov.
= Gymnema mohanramii var. decaisneanum (Wight) Karthik. & Moorthy; Fl. Pl. India 171 (2009)
= Gymnema sylvestre var. decaisneanum (Wight) Thwaites; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 197 (1860)
= Marsdenia decaisneana (Wight) Karthik. & V.S.Kumar; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 45(1-4): 17 (2021)
species :
Gymnema dissitiflorum
Ridl.; J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 61: 29 (1912)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia (only known from type, Tapah, Perak)
42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia dissitiflora (Ridl.) P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 693 (1995)
species :
Gymnema elegans
Wight & Arn.; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 46 (1834)
Distribution: India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
40 IND
Conservation Status: IUCN I
Synonyms: hidden
= Bidaria elegans (Wight & Arn.) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 623 (1838)
= Marsdenia elegans (Wight & Arn.) Karthik. & V.S.Kumar; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 45(1-4): 17 (2021)
species :
Gymnema erectum
(F.Muell.) P.I.Forst.; Austrobaileya 11: 3 (2021)
Distribution: Australia (Kimberley region, Western Australia, and N-Northern Territory)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Bidaria erecta F.Muell.; Trans. & Proc. Philos. Inst. Victoria 3: 59 (1859), non Marsdenia erecta R. Br.
= Marsdenia angustata P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 793 (1995), nom. nov.
species :
Gymnema foetidum
Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 6: 133 (1941)
Distribution: China (Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Bidaria foetida (Tsiang) P.T.Li; J. S. China Agric. Univ. 12(3): 39 (1991)
= Bidaria foetida var. mairei (Tsiang) P.T.Li; J. S. China Agric. Univ. 12(3): 40 (1991)
= Gymnema foetidum var. mairei Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 6: 134 (1941)
species :
Gymnema geminatum
R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 462 (1810)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia geminata (R.Br.) P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 805 (1995)
species :
Gymnema glabrum
Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 45 (1834)
Distribution: Bangladesh; Myanmar (Kayin, Mandalay)
40 BAN 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia ianturneri V.S.Kumar & Karthik.; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 45(1-4): 17 (2021), nom. nov.
species :
Gymnema graniticola
(P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.; Austrobaileya 11: 3 (2021)
Distribution: Australia (Western Australia)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia graniticola P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 791 (1995)
species :
Gymnema griffithii
Craib; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 416 (1911)
Distribution: Myanmar (Kachin, Sagaing); Thailand
41 MYA THA
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia craibii V.S.Kumar & Karthik.; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 45(1-4): 16 (2021), nom. nov.
species :
Gymnema hainanense
Tsiang; Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10: 37 (1965)
Distribution: China (Hainan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Bidaria hainanensis (Tsiang) P.T.Li; J. S. China Agric. Univ. 12(3): 39 (1991)
species :
Gymnema hamatum
(P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.; Austrobaileya 11: 3 (2021)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia hamata P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 808 (1995)
species :
Gymnema hirtum
Ridl.; J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 61: 29 (1912)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia (only known from type, Semangkok Pass, Selangor)
42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia hirta (Ridl.) P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 693 (1995)
species :
Gymnema indicum
(M.A.Rahman & Wilcock) Karthik. & Moorthy; Fl. Pl. India 170 (2009)
Distribution: India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Bidaria indica M.A.Rahman & Wilcock; Blumea 34(1): 99 (1989), nom. nov.
= Bidaria montana var. pubiflora (Hook.f.) A.P.Jagtap & N.P.Singh; Biovigyanam 16(1): 62 (1990)
= Gymnema montanum var. beddomei Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 32 (1883)
= Gymnema montanum var. pubiflorum Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 32 (1883)
= Marsdenia indica (M.A.Rahman & Wilcock) Karthik. & V.S.Kumar; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 45(1-4): 17 (2021)
species :
Gymnema inodorum
(Lour.) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 551 (1844)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan); Nepal; India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (South Andaman Isl., Little Andaman Isl.); Myanmar (Bago, Sagaing, Taninthayi); Thailand; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Perak); Borneo; Palawan; Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao)
36 CHI 40 BAN IND NEP 41 AND MYA THA VIE 42 BOR MLY PHI PLW
Synonyms: hidden
= Aganosma inodora Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 166 (1790)
= Asclepias tingens Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 21 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 53 (1824), et Pl. Coromandel 3: 34 (1815)
= Asclepias tingens Roxb.; Pl. Coromandel 3: 34 (1815)
= Bidaria inodora (Lour.) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 624 (1844)
= Bidaria pubiflora Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 497 (1857)
= Bidaria syringifolia (Decne.) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 623 (1844)
= Bidaria tingens (Roxb.) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 623 (1844)
= Cynanchum inodorum Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 166 (1790)
= Gymnema pubiflora (Miq.) Hook. ex Koord.-Schum.; Syst. Verz. [Koorders-Schumann] 1(1): 2 (1912)
= Gymnema syringifolium (Decne.) Boerl.; Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. [Boerlage] 2: 437 (1899)
= Gymnema syringifolium (Decne.) Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 86 (1912), isonym
= Gymnema tingens (Roxb.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 844 (1824)
= Gymnema tingens var. cordifolium Wight & Arn.; Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 2(3): 7, t. 593 (1842)
= Marsdenia inodora (Lour.) Karthik. & V.S.Kumar; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 45(1-4): 17 (2021)
= Marsdenia ovalifolia (Wight & Arn.) Karthik. & V.S.Kumar; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 45(1-4): 18 (2021)
= Marsdenia syringifolia Decne.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 9: 275 (1838)
= Marsdenia tingens (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8: 692 (1995)
= Parsonsia inodora (Lour.) M.R.Almeida & S.M.Almeida; J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 90(3): 428 (1993 publ. 1994)
= Pergularia syringifolia Zipp. ex Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 624 (1844), nomen
species :
Gymnema javanicum
Koord.; Syst. Verz. [Koorders-Schumann] 1: Fam. 248, 2 (1911)
Distribution: Java
42 JAW
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia vajanicum P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 696 (1995), nom. nov.
species :
Gymnema lacei
Craib; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 191 (1911)
Distribution: Myanmar (Kachin, Sagaing)
41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Bidaria lacei (Craib) M.A.Rahman & Wilcock; Blumea 34(1): 100 (1989)
= Marsdenia lacei (Craib) V.S.Kumar & Karthik.; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 45(1-4): 17 (2021)
species :
Gymnema lactiferum
(L.) R.Br.; Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 33 (1809)
Distribution: India (Assam, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka; Myanmar (Taninthayi); peninsular Malaysia (Penang, Perak, Melaka)
40 IND SRL 41 MYA 42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Asclepias lactifera L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 216 (1753)
= Gymnema lactiferum (L.) R.Br. ex Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 6: 57 (1820)
= Gymnema lactiferum var. khasianum Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 31 (1883)
= Gymnema lactiferum var. nitens (Blume) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 31 (1883)
= Gymnema lactiferum var. thwaitesii Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 31. 1883
= Gymnema lactiferum var. walkeri Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 31 (1883)
= Gymnema malayanum Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 56 (1854)
= Gymnema nitens Blume; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 149 (1850)
= Gymnema zeylanicum Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 622 (1844)
= Marsdenia lactifera (L.) I.M.Turner; Asian J. Trop. Biol. 1(2): 25 (1995)
= Marsdenia lactifera var. thwaitesii (Hook.f.) I.M.Turner; Asian J. Trop. Biol. 1(2): 26 (1995)
species :
Gymnema latifolium
Wall. ex Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 45 (1834)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, S-Yunnan); India (Assam, Goa, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu); Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (North Andaman Isl., Middle Andaman Isl., South Andaman Isl., Little Andaman Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl., North Nicobar Isl., Central Nicobar Isl., Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar (Bago, Mon); Thailand; Vietnam
36 CHI 40 BAN IND 41 AND MYA NCB THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Bidaria khandalensis (Santapau) A.P.Jagtap & N.P.Singh; Biovigyanam 16(1): 62 (1990)
= Bidaria latifolia (Wall. ex Wight) P.T.Li; J. S. China Agric. Univ. 12(3): 39 (1991)
= Gymnema khandalense Santapau; Kew Bull. [4]: 486 (1948 publ. 1949)
= Gymnema kollimalayanum A.Ramach. & M.B.Viswan.; Adansonia, Sér. 3, 31(2): 408 (2009)
= Marsdenia wightii Karthik. & V.S.Kumar; Phytotaxa 475(4): 296 (2020), nom. nov.
species :
Gymnema littorale
Blume; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 149 (1850)
Distribution: Java
42 JAW
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia littoralis (Blume) P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 693 (1995)
species :
Gymnema longipedicellatum
(P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.; Austrobaileya 11: 3 (2021)
Distribution: Australia (Queensland)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia longipedicellata P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 814 (1995)
species :
Gymnema longiretinaculatum
Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 6: 136 (1941)
Distribution: China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Bidaria longiretinaculata (Tsiang) P.T.Li; J. S. China Agric. Univ. 12(3): 40 (1991)
species :
Gymnema lushaiense
M.A.Rahman & Wilcock; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 13(1): 181 (1989)
Distribution: NE-India (Assam, Mizoram)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia lushaiensis (M.A.Rahman & Wilcock) Karthik. & V.S.Kumar; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 45(1-4): 18 (2021)
species :
Gymnema macranthum
Hook.f.; Hooker´s Icon. Pl. 15: t. 1436 (1883)
Distribution: India (Sikkim, West Bengal, ?Arunachal Pradesh)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia hookeri Karthik. & V.S.Kumar; Phytotaxa 475(4): 296 (2020), nom. nov.
species :
Gymnema macrothyrsa
Warb.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 3: 308 (1907)
Distribution: Sulawesi
42 SUL
species :
Gymnema maingayi
Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 31 (1883)
Distribution: Thailand; peninsular Malaysia (Melaka)
41 THA 42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia forsteri I.M.Turner; Asian J. Trop. Biol. 1(2): 25 (1995), nom. nov.
species :
Gymnema mariae
Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 540 (1915)
Distribution: Philippines (Mindanao)
42 PHI
species :
Gymnema molle
Wall. ex Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 45 (1834)
Distribution: Bangladesh; Myanmar (Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing)
40 BAN 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia lakshminarasimhanii V.S.Kumar & Karthik.; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 45(1-4): 17 (2021), nom. nov.
species :
Gymnema montanum
(Roxb.) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 31 (1883)
Distribution: India (Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Asclepias montana Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 85 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Roxburgh] 2: 45 (1832)
= Bidaria elegans Dalzell & A.Gibson; Bombay Fl. [Dalzell & Gibson] 151 (1861), nom. illeg.
= Bidaria montana (Roxb.) M.A.Rahman & Wilcock; Blumea 34(1): 99 (1989)
= Gymnema tingens var. ovalifolium Wight & Arn.; Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 2(3): 7, t. 592 (1842)
= Periploca montana (Roxb.) Rottler ex Wight; Contr. Bot. India [Wight] 45 (1834)
species :
Gymnema muelleri
Benth.; Fl. Austral. [Bentham] 4: 343 (1868)
Distribution: Australia (Northern Territory, N-Queensland)
50 AUS
Conservation Status: IUCN R
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia muelleri (Benth.) P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 812 (1995)
species :
Gymnema pachyglossum
Schltr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 1(Suppl.): 295 (1906)
Distribution: Palawan; Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro); Moluccas (Sula Arch.)
42 MOL PHI PLW
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia pachyglossa (Schltr.) P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 694 (1995)
species :
Gymnema phuquocense
T.B.Tran & T.H.Bui; PhytoKeys 251: 204 (2025)
Distribution: Vietnam
41 VIE
species :
Gymnema piperi
Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 539 (1915)
Distribution: Philippines (Mindanao)
42 PHI
species :
Gymnema pleiadenium
F.Muell.; Fragm. [Mueller] 11: 77 (1879)
Distribution: Australia (Kimberley region, Western Australia, E-Queensland, NE-New South Wales)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnema dunnii (Maiden & Betche) P.I.Forst.; Austrobaileya 2(4): 401 (1987)
= Marsdenia pleiadenia (F.Muell.) P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 804 (1995)
= Marsdenia rostrata var. dunnii Maiden & Betche; Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 31: 736 (1906)
species :
Gymnema recurvifolium
Zipp. ex Blume; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 150 (1850)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Gongronema recurvifolium (Zipp. ex Blume) Walp.; Ann. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 3: 62 (1852)
= Hoya recurvifolia Zipp. ex Blume; Mus. Bot. 1: 150 (1850), pro syn.
species :
Gymnema rivulare
Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50: 141 (1913)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia rivularis (Schltr.) P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 813 (1995)
species :
Gymnema rotundatum
Thwaites; Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 197 (1859)
Distribution: Sri Lanka
40 SRL
Conservation Status: IUCN I
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia sylvestris var. rotundatum (Thwaites) V.S.Kumar & Karthik.; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 45(1-4): 18 (2021)
species :
Gymnema schlechterianum
Warb.; Fragm. Fl. Philipp. [Perkins] 1: 123 (1904)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)
42 PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnema lignosum Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 10: 3571 (1938), pro syn.
species :
Gymnema spirei
Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 81 (1912)
Distribution: Laos
41 LAO
species :
Gymnema stramineum
(P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.; Austrobaileya 11: 4 (2021)
Distribution: Australia (NE-Queensland)
50 AUS
Conservation Status: Known only from the type locality
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia straminea P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 816 (1995)
species :
Gymnema suborbiculare
K.Schum.; Nachtr. Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee [Schumann & Lauterbach] 354 (1905)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia suborbicularis (K.Schum.) P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 806 (1995)
species :
Gymnema sylvestre
(Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm.; Cycl. [A.Rees] 17: no. 4 (1811)
Distribution: Mauritania; Senegal; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Mali; Burkina Faso; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; SW-Chad; South Sudan; Ethiopia; W-Tanzania; N-Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Namibia (incl. Caprivi Strip); Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Madagascar; China (Fujian, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)
22 BEN BKN GHA GNB GUI IVO MLI MTN NGA SEN TOG 23 BUR CAF CMN CON RWA ZAI 24 CHA ETH SSU 25 TAN 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF 29 MDG 36 CHI 38 NNS TAI 40 BAN IND SRL 41 CBD LAO VIE 42 MLY NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Apocynum alterniflorum Lour.; Fl. Cochinch. 1 168 (1790)
= Asclepias geminata Roxb.; Hort. Bengal. 20 (1814), nomen, Fl. Ind. [Carey & Wallich ed.] 2: 45 (1824)
= Conocalpis umbellata Bojer ex Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 621 (1844)
= Cynanchum senegalense Sieber ex Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 621 (1844), nom. inval.
= Cynanchum subvolubile Schumach. & Thonn.; Beskr. Guin. Pl. [Schumacher] 150 (1827)
= Gymnema affine Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 622 (1844)
= Gymnema alterniflorum (Lour.) Merr.; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 24(2): 318 (1935)
= Gymnema formosanum Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 3: 307 (1907)
= Gymnema humile Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 621 (1844)
= Gymnema melicida Edgew.; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 21: 174 (1852)
= Gymnema mkenii Harv.; Gen. S. Afr. Pl., ed. 2: 239 (1868), nomen
= Gymnema parvifolium Wall.; Tent. Fl. Napal. 50 (1826)
= Gymnema rufescens Decne.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 9: 277 (1838)
= Gymnema subvolubile (Schumach. & Thonn.) Decne.; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 2, 9: 277 (1838)
= Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 6: 57 (1820), isonym
= Gymnema sylvestre var. affine (Decne.) Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 2: 197 (1934)
= Gymnema sylvestre var. ceylanicum Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India [J.D.Hooker] 4: 29 (1883)
= Gymnema sylvestre var. chinense Benth.; Hooker´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 5: 54 (1853)
= Gymnema thorelii Costantin; Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H.Lecomte et al.] 4: 84 (1912)
= Marsdenia sylvestris (Retz.) P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 694 (1995)
= Periploca sylvestris Retz.; Observ. Bot. [Retzius] 2: 15 (1781)
= Periploca tenuifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.; Syst. Veg., ed. 15bis [Roemer & Schultes] 6: 129 (1820), nom. illeg.
= Strophanthus alterniflorus (Lour.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 638 (1824)
species :
Gymnema tricholepis
Schltr.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40(Beibl. 92): 17 (1908)
Distribution: New Guinea (Papua New Guinea); Australia (Cape York Peninsula, Queensland); New Caledonia (incl. Île des Pins, Lifou, Ouvea)
42 NWG 50 AUS 60 NWC
Synonyms: hidden
= Gymnema sylvestre var. lanceolatum Guillaumin; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 74: 929 (1928)
= Marsdenia tricholepis (Schltr.) P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 811 (1995)
species :
Gymnema trinerve
R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 462 (1810)
Distribution: Australia (Kimberley region, Western Australia, and N-Northern Territory)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Marsdenia trinervis (R.Br.) P.I.Forst.; Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5): 794 (1995)
= Bidaria trinervis (R.Br.) Decne.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 8: 624 (1844)
species :
Gymnema uncarioides
Schltr.; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 541 (1915)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)
42 PHI
species :
Gymnema yunnanense
Tsiang; Sunyatsenia 6: 131 (1941)
Distribution: China (SW-Guangxi, S-Yunnan)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Bidaria yunnanensis (Tsiang) P.T.Li; J. S. China Agric. Univ. 12(3): 39 (1991)
= Marsdenia banglayunnanensis V.S.Kumar & Karthik.; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 45(1-4): 16 (2021), nom. nov.
