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232.0000 Family Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link; Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 1: 62 (1809), nom. cons.
27 genera, ca. 1300 spp.
Species listed in database: 1325; hybrids: 4
= Diclidantheraceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 195 (1858), nom. cons.
= Moutabeaceae Pfeiff.; Nomencl. Bot. [Pfeiffer] 2: 364 (1873)
= Xanthophyllaceae Gagnep. ex Reveal & Hoogland; Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia, Sér. 4, 12: 206 (1990)
232.0404 Genus Hebecarpa (Chodat) J.R.Abbott; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5(1): 134 (2011)
Distribution: SW-USA, Mexico. Many more names still listed under Polygala s. str. will need transfer into Hebecarpa after careful revision.
Species listed in database: 20
species :
Hebecarpa americana (Mill.) J.R.I.Wood & S.Beck; Revista Soc. Boliv. Bot. 7(1): 40 (2013)
Distribution: Mexico (Hidalgo, Morelos, Oaxaca, Queretaro, Veracruz); Costa Rica; Hispaniola; Martinique; St. Lucia; Colombia; Venezuela (Aragua, Barinas, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Venezuela Distrito Federal, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre); Ecuador; Peru
79 MEX 80 COS 81 HIS MAR STL 82 CLM VEN 83 ECU PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala americana Mill.; Gard. Dict., ed. 8: no. 7 (1768)
= Polygala antillensis Chodat; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 31(2): 38 (1893)
= Polygala calvipes Schltdl.; Linnaea 14: 160 (1840)
= Polygala clavipes Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. [Walpers] 4: 648 (1848)
= Polygala nemorosa Willd. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 372 (1841), nomen
species :
Hebecarpa barbeyana (Chodat) J.R.Abbott; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5(1): 134 (2011)
Name: Blue milkwort (EN)
Distribution: USA (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Zacatecas)
76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala barbeyana Chodat; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 31(2): 16 (1893)
= Polygala intricata S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 26 (1916)
= Polygala longa S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 29 (1916)
= Polygala racemosa S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 28 (1916)
= Polygala reducta S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 25 (1916)
= Polygala scopulorum Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 364 (1917)
= Polygala tenuiloba S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 36 (1916)
= Polygala zacatecana S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 26 (1916)
species :
Hebecarpa buxifolia (Kunth) J.R.Abbott & J.F.B.Pastore; Kew Bull. 70(39): 1-8 (2015)
Distribution: Mexico (Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Nuevo Leon, Queretaro, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala buxifolia Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 5: 407 (1824)
= Polygala cucullata Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 299 (1849)
= Polygala nutkana DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 1: 330 (1824)
= Polygala ovalifolia DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 1: 331 (1824)
species :
Hebecarpa caracasana (Kunth) J.R.Abbott & J.F.B.Pastore; Kew Bull. 70(39): 4 (2015)
Distribution: Ecuador
83 ECU
Synonyms: hidden
= Badiera caracasana (Kunth) C.H.Perss.; Fl. Ecuador 65: 10 (2000)
= Polygala americana f. viridula Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 48 (1891)
= Polygala americana var. caracasana (Kunth) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 48 (1891)
= Polygala americana var. glabrescens Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 48 (1891)
= Polygala andreana Chodat; Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 121 (1895)
= Polygala caracasana Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 5: 407 (1824)
= Polygala columbica Chodat; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 31(2): 29 (1893)
= Polygala durandii Chodat ex T.Durand & Pittier; Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 30: (1891 publ. 1892) 300, et in Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 31(2): 27 (1893)
= Polygala durandii var. crassifolia Chodat; Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 30(1): 301 (1891 publ. 1892)
= Polygala retifera S.F.Blake; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 527 (1924)
= Polygala tovariensis Chodat; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 31(2): 32 (1893)
species :
Hebecarpa costaricensis (Chodat) J.R.Abbott & J.F.B.Pastore; Kew Bull. 70(39): 4 (2015)
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Veracruz); Honduras; Costa Rica; etc.
79 MEX 80 COS HON
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala americana var. hebecarpa (DC.) A.W.Benn.; J. Bot. 17: 139 (1879)
= Polygala consobrina S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 48 (1916)
= Polygala costaricensis Chodat ex T.Durand & Pittier; Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 30: (1891 publ. 1892) 298, et in Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 31(2): 30 (1893)
= Polygala guatemalensis A.W.Benn.; J. Bot. 33: 108 (1895)
= Polygala guatemalensis Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 60: 454 (1913), non A. W. Benn.
= Polygala hayesii S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 48 (1916)
= Polygala hebecarpa DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 1: 330 (1824)
= Polygala isotricha S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 53 (1916)
= Polygala platycarpa var. stricta Chodat; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 31(2, 2): 27 (1893)
= Polygala sanctae-luciae Chodat; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 31(2): 36 (1893)
species :
Hebecarpa hebantha (Benth.) J.R.Abbott & J.F.B.Pastore; Kew Bull. 70(39): 4 (2015)
Distribution: Honduras
80 HON
Remarks: known only from type
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala hebantha Benth.; Bot. Voy. Sulphur [Bentham] 67 (1844)
species :
Hebecarpa macradenia (A.Gray) J.R.Abbott; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5(1): 134 (2011)
Name: Glandleaf milkwort (EN)
Distribution: USA (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Nuevo Leon, Queretaro, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Zacatecas)
76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala glandulosopilosa Chodat; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52(Beibl. 115): 72 (1914)
= Polygala macradenia A.Gray; Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3(5) (Pl. Wright. 1): 39 (1852)
= Polygala macradenia var. glandulosopilosa (Chodat) S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 56 (1916)
species :
Hebecarpa myrtilloides (Willd.) J.R.Abbott & J.F.B.Pastore; Kew Bull. 70(39): 5 (2015)
Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Ciudad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacán, Nuevo Leon, Queretaro, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala myrtilloides Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3(2): 889 (1802)
species :
Hebecarpa obscura (Benth.) J.R.Abbott; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5(1): 134 (2011)
Name: Velvetseed milkwort (EN)
Distribution: USA (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas); Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas)
76 USA 77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala brachyanthema S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 33 (1916)
= Polygala laeta Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 366 (1917)
= Polygala neomexicana Wooton & Standl.; Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 144 (1913)
= Polygala obscura Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 58 (1840)
= Polygala obscura var. euryptera S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 31, pl. 1, fig. 19 (1916)
= Polygala obscura var. macrophylla Chodat; Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 58: 148 (1916 publ. 1917)
= Polygala orthotricha S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 31 (1916)
= Polygala piliophora S.F.Blake; N. Amer. Fl. [Britton et al., eds.] 25: 320 (1924)
= Polygala puberula A.Gray; Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3(5): 40 (1852)
= Polygala pubescens Schltdl.; Linnaea 14: 160 (1840), nom. illeg.
= Polygala strigulosa Schltdl.; Linnaea 14: 160 (1840)
= Polygala vagans Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 365 (1917)
species :
Hebecarpa ovata (Poir.) M.Mota & J.F.B.Pastore; Phytotaxa 649(1): 131 (2024)
Distribution: Nicaragua; Hispaniola (Dominican Republic, Haiti); Ecuador; Peru; N-Brazil (Roraima, Pará, Amazonas, Tocantins); WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás); NE-Brazil (Piauí, Maranhao, Paraíba, Bahia)
80 NIC 81 HIS 83 ECU PER 84 BRA
Synonyms: hidden
= Asemeia ovata (Poir.) J.F.B.Pastore & J.R.Abbott; Kew Bull. 67(4): 809 (2012)
= Polygala decumbens A.W.Benn.; Fl. Bras. [Martius] 13(3): 15 (1874)
= Polygala martiana var. decumbens (A.W.Benn.) A.C.A.Aguiar, Marques & K.Yamam.; Revista Brasil. Bioci. 6(1): 89 (2008)
= Polygala martiana var. piauhiensis (Chodat) A.C.A.Aguiar, Marques & K.Yamam.; Revista Brasil. Bioci. 6(1): 90 (2008)
= Polygala mollis f. ramosa Chodat; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 31(2, 2): 71 (1893)
= Polygala nicaraguensis Chodat; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 31(2): 54 (1893)
= Polygala ovata Poir.; Encycl. [J.Lamarck et al.] 5: 498 (1804)
= Polygala peduncularis A.Rich.; Hist. Phys. Cuba, Pl. Vasc. 106 (1841), nom. illeg.
= Polygala piauhiensis Chodat; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 31(2): 60 (1893)
= Polygala translucida Chodat; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52(Beibl. 115): 77 (1914)
= Polygala violacea Vahl; Symb. Bot. [Vahl] 2: 79 (1791), nom. illeg., non Aubl. 1775
= Polygala violacea var. robusta Chodat; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 31(2, 2): 59 (1893)
species :
Hebecarpa ovatifolia (A.Gray) J.R.Abbott; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5(1): 134 (2011)
Name: Eggleaf milkwort (EN)
Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas)
77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala ovatifolia A.Gray; Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3(5): 39 (1852)
species :
Hebecarpa palmeri (S.Watson) J.R.Abbott; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5(1): 134 (2011)
Name: Palmer´s milkwort (EN)
Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Coahuila)
77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala palmeri S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 17: 325 (1881 publ. 1882)
species :
Hebecarpa platycarpa (Benth.) J.R.Abbott & J.F.B.Pastore; Kew Bull. 70(39): 5 (2015)
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Tabasco); Honduras
79 MEX 80 HON
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala platycarpa Benth.; Pl. Hartw. [Bentham] 113 (1843)
species :
Hebecarpa punctata (Humb. ex Schult.) J.R.Abbott & J.F.B.Pastore; Kew Bull. 70(3)-39: 5 (2015)
Name: Glandular milkwort (EN)
Distribution: USA (Texas); Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas)
77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Hebecarpa greggii (S.Watson) J.R.Abbott; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5(1): 134 (2011)
= Polygala glandulosa Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 5: 404 (1824)
= Polygala greggii S.Watson; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 17: 325 (1881 publ. 1882)
= Polygala phoenicistes S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 55 (1916)
species :
Hebecarpa rectipilis (S.F.Blake) J.R.Abbott; J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5(1): 134 (2011)
Name: New Mexico milkwort (EN)
Distribution: USA (New Mexico); Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Zacatecas)
77 USA 79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala rectipilis S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 27 (1916)
species :
Hebecarpa rivinifolia (Kunth) J.R.Abbott & J.F.B.Pastore; Kew Bull. 70(39): 1-8 (2015)
Distribution: Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Colima, Durango, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico State, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Queretaro, Sinaloa, Veracruz, Zacatecas); Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Peru
79 MEX 80 COS GUA HON NIC PAN 83 PER
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala albowiana Chodat; Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 123 (1895)
= Polygala jaliscana S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 44 (1916)
= Polygala rivinifolia Chodat; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 31(2): 24 (1893)
= Polygala rivinifolia Kunth; Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 5: 409 (1824)
= Polygala sinaloensis L.Riley; Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1923: 108 (1923)
species :
Hebecarpa robinsonii (S.F.Blake) J.R.Abbott & J.F.B.Pastore; Kew Bull. 70(39): 1-8 (2015)
Distribution: Mexico (Jalisco)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala puberula var. ovalis B.L.Rob. & Greenm.; Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 29: 382 (1894)
= Polygala robinsonii S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 20 (1916)
species :
Hebecarpa rossychaveziae J.R.I.Wood & S.Beck; Revista Soc. Boliv. Bot. 7(1): 40 (2013)
Distribution: Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Potosí, Santa Cruz, Tarija)
83 BOL
species :
Hebecarpa tehuacana (Brandegee) J.R.Abbott & J.F.B.Pastore; Kew Bull. 70(39): 6 (2015)
Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca, Puebla)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala tehuacana Brandegee; Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4: 273 (1912)
species :
Hebecarpa velutina (C.Presl) J.R.Abbott & J.F.B.Pastore; Kew Bull. 70(39): 6 (2015)
Distribution: Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Oaxaca)
79 MEX
Synonyms: hidden
= Polygala velutina C.Presl; Reliq. Haenk. 2: 100 (1831)
= Polygala pavonii Chodat; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 31(2, 2): 14 (1893)
= Polygala serpens S.F.Blake; Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 21 (1916)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 26.03 (March 30th, 2026)

Covering 359,184 accepted species,
8,882 hybrids, 47,737 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,007,635 synonyms,
in total 1,423,438* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life