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463.0000 Family Araliaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 217 (1789), nom. cons.
44 genera, ca. 1700 spp: 150 Indomalesia, 350 Polynesia/Australia, 150 tropical America. Inclusion of Hydrocotyloideae (formerly Apiaceae) confirmed by molecular phylogeny.
Species listed in database: 1697; hybrids: 7
= Botryodendraceae J.Agardh; Theoria Syst. Pl. 231 (1858)
= Hederaceae Giseke; Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl. 519 (1792)
= Hydrocotylaceae Bercht. & J.Presl; Prír. Rostlin 258 (1820), nom. cons.
463.2401 Genus Hedera L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 202 (1753)
Distribution: Palearctic, mostly Europe and Macaronesia. Taxonomy very complicated, with many garden forms and conflicting species concept
Species listed in database: 16; hybrids: 4
= Helix Mitch.; Diss. Bot. Zool. 46 (1769)
= Psedera Neck.; Elem. Bot. [Necker] 1: 158 (1790)
species :
Hedera algeriensis Rantonnet ex C.Morren; Belgique Hort. 3: 173 (1853)
Name: Algerian Ivy (EN)
Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I]); Ireland [I] (Ireland [I]); Algeria; Tunisia
10 grb ire 20 ALG TUN
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera algeriensis unranked variegata Paul; Gard. Chron. 1867: 926 (1867)
= Hedera algeriensis Hibberd; Fl. World Gard. Guide 7: 57 (1864), nom. illeg.
= Hedera algeriensis var. variegata (Paul) Paul; Gard. Chron. 1867: 1215 (1867)
= Hedera canariensis f. variegata (Paul) Verhaeghe; Taxonomania 11: 14 (2004)
= Hedera canariensis var. variegata (Paul) Schulze-Menz; Gentes Herbarum 6: 128 (1942)
= Hedera grandifolia var. variegata (Paul) Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 28 (1872)
species :
Hedera azorica Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 164 (1890)
Distribution: Azores
21 AZO
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera canariensis var. azorica (Carrière) Gand.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 46: 254 (1900)
= Hedera helix var. azorica (Gand.) P.Silva & Q.G.P.Silva; Agron. Lusit. 16(1): 47 (1974)
species :
Hedera canariensis Willd.; Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 2: 171 (1808)
Name: Kanaren-Efeu (DE); Yedra canaria (ES)
Distribution: France [I]; ?Morocco; Azores (Santa Maria Isl., Sao Miguel Isl., Terceira, Sao Jorge, Pico, Faial, Flores Isl., Corvo Isl.); Madeira (Madeira Isl.); Canary Isl. (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma); Turkey [I]; Chatham Isl. [I]; USA [I] (California [I]); Colombia [I]
12 fra 21 AZO CNY MDR 34 tur 51 ctm 76 usa 82 clm
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera canariensis var. arborescens Hibberd; Fl. World Gard. Guide 7: 57 (1864)
= Hedera canariensis var. aureomaculata Paul; Gard. Chron. 1867: 1215 (1867)
= Hedera canariensis var. latifolia-maculata Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 20 (1868)
= Hedera canariensis var. marginomaculata Lawr.; Gentes Herbarum 6: 128 (1942)
= Hedera canariensis var. striata Lawr.; Gentes Herbarum 6: 128 (1942)
= Hedera canariensis var. viridis (Hibberd) Lawr.; Gentes Herbarum 6: 127 (1942)
= Hedera grandifolia Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 96 (1872)
= Hedera grandifolia var. pallida Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 98 (1872)
= Hedera grandifolia var. viridis Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 98 (1872)
= Hedera helix subsp. canariensis (Willd.) Cout.; Fl. Portugal [Coutinho] 428 (1913)
= Hedera helix var. canariensis (Willd.) DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 261 (1830)
= Hedera scotica A.Chev.; Monde Pl. 34: 42, pro syn. (1933)
= Hedera sevillana Sprenger; Gartenwelt 7: 244 (1903)
= Hedera viridis (Hibberd) G.Nicholson; Gard. Kew 1(Polypet.): 243 (1895)
species :
Hedera colchica (K.Koch) K.Koch; Wochenschr. Gärtnerei Pflanzenk. 2: 74 (1859)
Name: Kolchischer Efeu (DE), Persian Ivy (EN)
Distribution: England [I] (England [I], Wales [I], Isle of Man [I], Scotland [I]); Ireland [I] (Northern Ireland [I]); Germany [I]; France [I]; Crimea; Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia); USA [I] (Arizona [I], North Carolina [I], South Carolina [I])
10 grb ire 11 ger 12 fra 14 KRY 33 GEO NCS 34 TUR 76 usa 78 usa
Remarks: widely cultivated and frequently semi-wild
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera acuta G.Nicholson; Gard. Kew 1(Polypet.): 243 (1895)
= Hedera amurensis Hibberd ex Lawr. & Schulze-Menz; Gentes Herbarum 6: 123 (1942)
= Hedera caucasica Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 164 (1890)
= Hedera colchica f. arborescens (Paul) Rehder; Bibl. Cult. Trees 490 (1949)
= Hedera colchica f. dentata (Hibberd) Hibberd; J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 12: 395 (1890)
= Hedera colchica f. dentatovariegata (A.E.Schulze) Geerinck; Taxonomaniac 10: 9 (2003)
= Hedera colchica f. dentatovariegata (A.E.Schulze) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland (2009), isonym
= Hedera colchica f. flavovariegata P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 3: 518 (249) (2009)
= Hedera colchica var. arborescens Paul; Gard. Chron. 1867: 1215 (1867)
= Hedera colchica var. dentata (Hibberd) Lawr.; Gentes Herbarum 6: 124 (1942)
= Hedera colchica var. dentatovariegata A.E.Schulze; Gentes Herbarum 6: 124 (1942)
= Hedera colchica var. rhombifolia (Rupr. ex Regel) Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 2: 1091 (1872)
= Hedera colchica var. variegata Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 20 (1868)
= Hedera cordifolia Hibberd; Fl. World 7: 57 (1864)
= Hedera coriacea Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 105 (1872)
= Hedera coriacea var. dentata Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 106 (1872)
= Hedera dentata (Hibberd) Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 162 (1890)
= Hedera helix var. colchica K.Koch; Linnaea 16: 365 (1842)
= Hedera helix var. dentata (Hibberd) G.Nicholson; Ill. Dict. Gard. 2: 121 (1885)
= Hedera helix var. roegneriana (Hibberd) G.Nicholson; Ill. Dict. Gard. 2: 121 (1885)
= Hedera rhombifolia Rupr. ex Regel; Gartenflora 1860: 372 (1860)
= Hedera roegneriana Boiss.; Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 2: 1091 (1872), nom. inval.
= Hedera roegneriana Hibberd; Fl. World 1: 138 (1858)
= Hedera roegneriana var. arborea Hibberd; Fl. World 7: 57 (1864)
species :
Hedera crebrescens M.Bényei-Himmer & M.Höhn; Stud. Bot. Hung. 48(2): 230 (2017)
Distribution: Germany; Hungary; etc.
11 GER HUN
species :
Hedera helix L.; Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 202 (1753)
subspecies :
subsp. helix
Name: Gewöhnlicher Efeu (DE); Common Ivy (EN); Yedra comun (ES); Hiedra (ES)
Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Outer Hebrides, Orkney Isl., Shetland Isl., Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Denmark; Norway; Sweden; Netherlands; Belgium; Luxembourg; Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen); Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Poland; Czech Republic; Slovakia; Hungary; Portugal; Spain; Andorra; Baleares; France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey, Sark); Monaco [c]; Corsica; Sardinia; Italy; Sicily; Malta; San Marino; Slovenia; Croatia; Bosnia & Hercegovina; Montenegro; Serbia; Kosovo; North Macedonia; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; European Turkey; Greece (widespread); Crete [I]; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Belarus; C-European Russia; European Russia; Ukraine; Morocco [I]; Canary Isl. (Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma); Turkmenistan; East Aegaean Isl. [I] (widespread, incl. Rhodos [I]); Turkey (N-Anatolia, NE-Anatolia, NW-Anatolia: Bithynia, S-Anatolia, SSW-Anatolia, W-Anatolia, WN-Anatolia); Iraq (NE-Iraq); Iran (N-Iran, Iranian Aserbaijan); Cyprus (C-Mountains, E-Cyprus, N-Cyprus); Lebanon (C-Lebanon, coastal W-Lebanon); Syria (coastal W-Syria, W-Syrian Mountains); Israel (N-Israel); Jordania (S-Jordania); Saudi Arabia (Asir); Myanmar [I]; Java [I]; Australia [I]; New Zealand [I]; Chatham Isl. [I]; Hawaii [I] (Kauai [I], Oahu [I], East Maui [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); Canada [I] (British Columbia [I]); USA [I] (Alabama [I], Arkansas [I], Arizona [I], California [I], District of Columbia [I], Delaware [I], Florida [I], Georgia [I], Idaho [I], Illinois [I], Indiana [I], Kentucky [I], Louisiana [I], Massachusetts [I], Maryland [I], Michigan [I], Missouri [I], Mississippi [I], North Carolina [I], New Jersey [I], New York [I], Ohio [I], Oregon [I], Pennsylvania [I], South Carolina [I], Tennessee [I], Texas [I], Utah [I], Virginia [I], Washington State [I], West Virginia [I]); Mexico [I]; Honduras [I]; Colombia [I]; Ecuador [I]; Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]; Argentina [I]; Chile [I] (Biobío [I], Araucanía [I], Los Rios [I], Los Lagos [I])
10 DEN GRB IRE NOR SWE 11 AUT BGM CZE GER HUN LIE LUX NET POL SLO SWI 12 ADO BAL CIS COR FRA mco POR SAR SPA 13 ALB BIH BUL CRO GRC ITA KOS kri MLT MNT NMA ROM SIC SLV SMA SRB TUE 14 BLR EST LAT LIT RUS UKR 20 mor 21 CNY 32 TKM 34 CYP eai IRN IRQ ISR JOR LEB SYR TUR 35 SAU 41 mya 42 jaw 50 aus 51 ctm nzl 63 haw 71 cdn 73 usa 74 usa 75 usa 76 usa 77 usa 78 usa 79 mex 80 hon 82 clm 83 bol ecu per 85 arg cle
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera arborea (Baumg.) Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 164 (1890), nom. illeg.
= Hedera arborea unranked aurea Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 164 (1890)
= Hedera arborea unranked intermedia Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 164 (1890)
= Hedera arborea unranked microphylla Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 164 (1890)
= Hedera arborea Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 164 (1890), nom. illeg.
= Hedera arborea Garsault; Fig. Pl. Med. t. 85 (1764), Descr. Pl. Anim. 62 (1767), Thell. in Bull. Herb. Boissier, Sér. 2, 8: 784 (1908)
= Hedera arborea Röhl.; 182 (1812), nom. inval.
= Hedera arborea var. variegata Hibberd; Fl. World 1: 138 (1858)
= Hedera aurantiaca (Hibberd) Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 164 (1890)
= Hedera aurantiaca unranked fructu-rubro Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 163 (1890)
= Hedera baccifera G.Nicholson; Gard. Kew 1(Polypet.): 243 (1895)
= Hedera burgalensis Sennen; Bol. Soc. Iber. Ci. Nat. 27: 143 (1928)
= Hedera chrysophylla (Hibberd) Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 163 (1890), isonym
= Hedera chrysophylla (Hibberd) G.W.Johnson; J. Hort. Cottage Gard., n. s. 31: 67 (1876)
= Hedera combwoodiana Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 162 (1890)
= Hedera communis Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 491 (1821)
= Hedera communis var. sterilis Gray; Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 491 (1821)
= Hedera conglomerata (G.Nicholson) Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 163 (1890)
= Hedera cordata Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 164 (1890)
= Hedera cordifolia G.Nicholson; Gard. Kew 1(Polypet.): 247 (1895)
= Hedera digitata G.Nicholson; Hand-list Trees & Shrubs Arb. 1: 245 (1894)
= Hedera digitata Paul; Gard. Chron. 1867: 926 (1867)
= Hedera diversifolia Stokes; Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 456 (1812)
= Hedera donerailensis K.Koch; Dendrologie 1: 680 (1869)
= Hedera donerailensis Paul; Gard. Chron. 1867: 926 (1867), nomen
= Hedera elegantissima G.Nicholson; Gard. Kew 1(Polypet.): 247 (1895)
= Hedera floribunda Sennen; Bol. Soc. Iber. Ci. Nat. 27: 143 (1928), nom. illeg.
= Hedera glimii G.Nicholson; Gard. Kew 1(Polypet.): 249 (1895)
= Hedera gracilis (Hibberd) Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 163 (1890)
= Hedera grandifolia G.Nicholson; Gard. Kew 1(Polypet.): 243 (1895)
= Hedera helix f. arborea (Baumg.) Schelle; Handb. Laubholzben. [Beissner et al.] 363 (1903)
= Hedera helix f. arborescens (Lodd. ex Loudon) C.K.Schneid.; Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. [C.K.Schneider] 2: 422 (1909)
= Hedera helix f. argenteovariegata Schelle; Handb. Laubholzben. [Beissner et al.] 363 (1903)
= Hedera helix f. aureovariegata (Weston) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 3: 518 (2009), isonym
= Hedera helix f. aureovariegata (Weston) Schelle; Handb. Laubholzben. [Beissner et al.] 363 (1903)
= Hedera helix f. baltica (Rehder) Rehder; Bibl. Cult. Trees 488 (1949)
= Hedera helix f. cavendishii (Paul) Tobler; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 1927: 21 (1927)
= Hedera helix f. conglomerata (G.Nicholson) Tobler; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 38: 21 (1927)
= Hedera helix f. cullisii Tobler; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 1927: 22 (1927)
= Hedera helix f. deltoidea (Hibberd) Tobler; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 38: 22 (1927)
= Hedera helix f. digitata (Bosse) Tobler; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 38: 23 (1927)
= Hedera helix f. discolor (Hibberd) Tobler; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 1927: 23 (1927)
= Hedera helix f. glymii (Paul) Tobler; Hedera 128 (1912)
= Hedera helix f. irica P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 3: 518 (2009)
= Hedera helix f. lobatomajor (G.H.M.Lawr.) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland (2009)
= Hedera helix f. marmorata (G.Nicholson) Tobler; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 1927: 29 (1927)
= Hedera helix f. minima (Hibberd) Tobler; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 1927: 29 (1927)
= Hedera helix f. pedata (Hibberd) Tobler; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 38: 33 (1927)
= Hedera helix subvar. prostrata Coss. & Germ.; Fl. Descr. Anal. Paris, éd. 2: 279 (1861)
= Hedera helix var. arborea Baumg.; Fl. Lips. 132 (1790)
= Hedera helix var. arborea Krock.; Fl. Siles. [Krocker] 1: 365 (1787)
= Hedera helix var. arborescens Lodd. ex Loudon; Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 2: 1000 (1838)
= Hedera helix var. arborescens-albolutea Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 19 (1868)
= Hedera helix var. argenteovariegata Weston; Bot. Univ. 1: 123 (1770)
= Hedera helix var. aurantiaca Hibberd; Fl. World 7: 71 (1864)
= Hedera helix var. aurea Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 96 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. aurea Jacob-Makoy; Nursery Cat. (L. Jacob-Makoy & Co.) 114: 84 (1870)
= Hedera helix var. aureovariegata Weston; Bot. Univ. 1: 123 (1770)
= Hedera helix var. baltica Rehder; Stand. Cycl. Hort. 3: 1438 (1915)
= Hedera helix var. cavendishii Paul; Gard. Chron. 1867: 1215 (1867)
= Hedera helix var. chrysophylla Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 85 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. conglomerata G.Nicholson; Ill. Dict. Gard. 2: 121 (1885)
= Hedera helix var. corrugata Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 90 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. crenata Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 19 (1868)
= Hedera helix var. crenata Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 74 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. dealbata Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 81 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. deltoidea Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 71 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. digitata Bosse; Vollst. Handb. Bl.-gärtn., ed. 2, 2: 220 (1841)
= Hedera helix var. digitata-nova Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 19 (1868)
= Hedera helix var. discolor Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 82 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. donerailensis G.Nicholson; Ill. Dict. Gard. 2: 121 (1885)
= Hedera helix var. donerailensis-minor Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 19 (1868)
= Hedera helix var. erecta A.E.Schulze; Gentes Herbarum 6: 164 (1942)
= Hedera helix var. europaea Voss; Vilm. Blumengärtn. ed. 3 [Siebert & Voss], 1: 407 (1894)
= Hedera helix var. glymii Paul; Gard. Chron. 1867: 1215 (1867)
= Hedera helix var. gracilis Hibberd; Fl. World 7: 58 (1864)
= Hedera helix var. helvetica Lawr.; Gentes Herbarum 6: 166 (1942)
= Hedera helix var. hodgensii Moore & More; Contr. Cybele Hibern. 135 (1866)
= Hedera helix var. humifusa Dierb.; Mag. Pharm. 10: 221 (1825)
= Hedera helix var. humirepens Krock.; Fl. Siles. [Krocker] 1: 365 (1787)
= Hedera helix var. leucocarpa Seem.; J. Bot. 2: 306 (1864)
= Hedera helix var. lobatomajor G.H.M.Lawr.; Gentes Herbarum 6: 143 (1942)
= Hedera helix var. lucida Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 68 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. luteola Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 93 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. major Krock.; Fl. Siles. [Krocker] 1: 365 (1787)
= Hedera helix var. marginata-argentea Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 18 (1868)
= Hedera helix var. marginata-canescens Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 18 (1868)
= Hedera helix var. marginata-cullisii Hibberd; Fl. World 7: 71 (1864)
= Hedera helix var. marginata-elegans Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 18 (1868)
= Hedera helix var. marginata-elegantissima Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 18 (1868)
= Hedera helix var. marginata-major Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 18 (1868)
= Hedera helix var. marginata-pulchella Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 18 (1868)
= Hedera helix var. marginata-robusta Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 18 (1868)
= Hedera helix var. marginata-rubra Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 78 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. marmorata G.Nicholson; Ill. Dict. Gard. 2: 921 (1885)
= Hedera helix var. meagheri A.E.Schulze; Gentes Herbarum 6: 153 (1942)
= Hedera helix var. melanocarpa Seem.; J. Bot. 2: 306 (1864)
= Hedera helix var. minima Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 76 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. minor-donerailensis Hibberd; Fl. World 7: 58 (1864), nom. subnud.
= Hedera helix var. minor-marmorata Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 18 (1868)
= Hedera helix var. palmata (Paul) Paul; Gard. Chron. 1867: 1215 (1867)
= Hedera helix var. palmata-aurea Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 19 (1868)
= Hedera helix var. palmatoaurea Hibberd; Fl. World 7: 71 (1864)
= Hedera helix var. pedata Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 76 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. pennsylvanica Hibberd; Fl. World 7: 58 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. pensylvanica Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 19 (1868)
= Hedera helix var. poetica Krock.; Fl. Siles. [Krocker] 1: 365 (1787)
= Hedera helix var. scutifolia Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 71 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. silvestris Dierb.; Mag. Pharm. 10: 221 (1825)
= Hedera helix var. sublutea Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 93 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. succinata Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 86 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. sulphurea Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 83 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. tortuosa Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 67 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. tricolor Rehder; Stand. Cycl. Hort. 3: 1438 (1915)
= Hedera helix var. triloba Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 72 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. variegata (Hibberd) G.Nicholson; Ill. Dict. Gard. 2: 122 (1882)
= Hedera helix var. walthamensis (Paul) Paul; Gard. Chron. 1867: 1215 (1867)
= Hedera humi-repens (Röhl.) Röhl.; Deutschl. Fl. [Röhling], ed. 2, Phanerog. Gew.: 2: 182 (1812)
= Hedera latifolia G.Nicholson; Hand-list Trees & Shrubs Arb. 1: 247 (1894), nom. inval.
= Hedera lobata Gilib.; Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 134 (1782), opus utique oppr.
= Hedera lobata-major G.W.Johnson; J. Hort. Cottage Gard., n. s. 31: 67 (1876)
= Hedera marginata Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 21 (1868), nomen
= Hedera marginata G.Nicholson; Hand-list Trees & Shrubs Arb. 1: 247 (1894)
= Hedera marginata-argentea Paul; Gard. Chron. 1867: 926 (1867)
= Hedera marginata-grandis G.W.Johnson; J. Hort. Cottage Gard., n. s. 31: 67 (1876)
= Hedera marginata-major (Ed.Otto) G.W.Johnson; J. Hort. Cottage Gard., n. s. 31: 67 (1876)
= Hedera marginata-rubra (Hibberd) G.W.Johnson; J. Hort. Cottage Gard., n. s. 31: 67 (1876)
= Hedera minor G.Nicholson; Hand-list Trees & Shrubs Arb. 1: 245 (1894)
= Hedera minor-marmorata Paul; Gard. Chron. 1867: 926 (1867)
= Hedera palmata (Paul) Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 163 (1890)
= Hedera pedata (Hibberd) G.W.Johnson; J. Hort. Cottage Gard., n. s. 31: 67 (1876)
= Hedera pennsylvanica G.Nicholson; Gard. Kew 1(Polypet.): 245 (1895)
= Hedera poetica Röhl.; 182 (1812), nom. inval.
= Hedera purpurea Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 163 (1890)
= Hedera roegneriana Bosse; Vollst. Handb. Bl.-gärtn., ed. 3, 2: 331 (1860)
= Hedera sublutea (Hibberd) G.W.Johnson; J. Hort. Cottage Gard., n. s. 31: 67 (1876)
= Hedera walthamensis Paul; Gard. Chron. 1867: 926 (1867)
= Hedera willsiana G.Nicholson; Gard. Kew 1(Polypet.): 247 (1895)
form :
f. poetarum (Nicotra) McAll. & A.Rutherf.; Plantsman 15(2): 118 (1993)
Distribution: France [I]; Italy [I]; Sicily [I]; European Turkey; Greece [I]; Georgia [Caucasus]; Turkey; Iran; Cyprus
12 fra 13 grc ita sic TUE 33 GEO 34 CYP IRN TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera chrysocarpa Walsh; Trans. Hort. Soc. London 6: 42 (1825)
= Hedera helix proles chrysocarpa (Walsh) Rouy & E.G.Camus; Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 7: 405 (1901)
= Hedera helix subsp. chrysocarpa (Walsh) Arcang.; Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 305 (1882)
= Hedera helix subsp. poetarum (Nicotra) Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 319 (1879)
= Hedera helix subsp. poetarum Nyman; Consp. Fl. Eur. 319 (1879)
= Hedera helix var. arborescens-baccata-lutea Ed.Otto; Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 24: 19 (1868)
= Hedera helix var. chrysocarpa Ten.; Osserv. Fl. Virgil. 12 (1826)
= Hedera helix var. poetarum Nicotra; Prodr. Fl. Messan. 2: 242 (1883)
= Hedera helix var. poetica Weston; Bot. Univ. 1: 123 (1770)
= Hedera poetarum Bertol.; Prael. Rei Herb. 78 (1827) (nom. illeg.)
= Hedera poetica Salisb.; Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 143 (1796), nom. illeg.
subspecies :
subsp. caucasigena (Pojark.) Takht. & Mulk.; Fl. Armen. 6: 251 (1973)
Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey; Lebanon; Syria; Israel; Palestine
33 ARM AZE GEO NCS 34 ISR LEB PAL SYR TUR
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera caucasigena Pojark.; Fl. URSS [Komarov et al., eds.] 16: 587 (1950)
subspecies :
subsp. leucoclina Cayet, Coulomb & Grégoire; Carnets Bot. 108: 31 (2022)
Distribution: France
12 FRA
subspecies :
subsp. pavonii Cayet, Coulomb & Grégoire; Carnets Bot. 108: 31 (2022)
Distribution: France
12 FRA
subspecies :
subsp. rhizomatifera McAll.; Plantsman 15(2): 118 (1993)
Distribution: S-Portugal; E- & S-Spain
12 POR SPA
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera rhizomatifera (McAll.) Jury; Willdenowia 34(2): 352 (2004)
species :
Hedera hibernica (G.Kirchn.) Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 163 (1890)
Name: Irischer Efeu (DE), Atlantic Ivy (EN)
Distribution: England (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland [I], Orkney Isl. [I], Isles of Scilly); Ireland (Ireland, Northern Ireland); Netherlands; Belgium; Germany [I]; Portugal; Spain; France; Channel Isl. (Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey, Sark); USA [I] (North Carolina [I], South Carolina [I])
10 GRB IRE 11 BGM ger NET 12 CIS FRA POR SPA 78 usa
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera canariensis var. maculata (Hibberd) Hibberd; J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 12: 394 (1890)
= Hedera grandifolia var. maculata Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 98 (1872)
= Hedera helix f. hibernica (G.Kirchn.) P.D.Sell; Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland (2009)
= Hedera helix f. maculata (Hibberd) Tobler; Hedera 139 (1912)
= Hedera helix subsp. hibernica (Poit.) D.C.McClint.; Suppl. Wild Fl. Guernsey 23 (1987)
= Hedera helix var. hibernica (Poit.) G.Kirchn.; Arbor. Muscav. [Petzold & Kirchner] 419 (1864)
= Hedera helix var. maculata (Hibberd) Rehder; Stand. Cycl. Hort. 2: 716 (1900)
= Hedera hibernica unranked aureomarginata Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 163 (1890)
= Hedera hibernica unranked marginata Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 163 (1890)
= Hedera hibernica var. maculata (Hibberd) Bean; Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isles 1: 609 (1914)
= Hedera vegeta G.Nicholson; Gard. Kew 1(Polypet.): 243 (1895)
= Hedera vitifolia G.Nicholson; Gard. Kew 1(Polypet.): 245 (1895)
species :
Hedera iberica (McAll.) Ackerf. & J.Wen; Adansonia, Sér. 3, 24(2): 208 (2002)
Distribution: Portugal; SW-Spain; Morocco
12 POR SPA 20 MOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera maderensis subsp. iberica McAll.; Plantsman 15(2): 124 (1993)
species :
Hedera maderensis K.Koch ex A.Rutherf.; Plantsman 15(2): 120 (1993)
Distribution: Madeira (Madeira Isl.)
21 MDR
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera maderensis K.Koch; Verh. Vereins Beförd. Gartenbaues Königl. Preuss. Staaten 24: XIV (1855), nomen
= Hedera maderensis var. variegata J.H.Veitch; Garden (London, 1871-1927) 18: 17 (1880), species not validly publ.
species :
Hedera maroccana McAll.; Plantsman 15(2): 126 (1993)
Distribution: Morocco; Algeria
20 ALG MOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera helix subsp. maroccana (McAll.) Fennane; Trav. Inst. Sci. Univ. Mohammed V, Sér. Bot. 37: 52 (2005)
species :
Hedera nepalensis K.Koch; Hort. Dendrol. 284 (1853)
Distribution: Afghanistan (Kunar / Nuristan); Pakistan (Kurram, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Murree); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra, Manipur, Mizoram, West Bengal); Myanmar (Kachin); Thailand; Laos
34 AFG 40 BHU IND NEP PAK 41 LAO MYA THA
Synonyms: hidden
= Cissus wallichiana Turcz.; Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31(1): 416 (1858)
= Hedera cinerea (Hibberd) Bean; Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isles 608 (1912)
= Hedera helix var. chrysocarpa DC.; Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 4: 261 (1830), nom. illeg.
= Hedera helix var. cinerea Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 71 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. himalaica Hibberd; Fl. World 7: 57 (1864)
= Hedera himalaica (Hibberd) Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 164 (1890)
= Hedera himalaica Tobler; Gatt. Hedera 67, f. 31-38 (1912)
species :
Hedera pastuchovii Woronow ex Woronow; Fl. Kavkaza [Grossheim] 3: 108 (1932), et Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 216 (1933), descr.
subspecies :
subsp. pastuchovii
Distribution: Northern Caucasus; Georgia [Caucasus]; Azerbaijan; NW-Iran
33 AZE GEO NCS 34 IRN
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera pastuchovii Woronow ex Grossh.; Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 43(2): 19 (1926), nomen
subspecies :
subsp. cypria (McAll.) Hand; Willdenowia 34(2): 437 (2004)
Distribution: Cyprus
34 CYP
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera cypria McAll.; Plantsman 15(2): 116 (1993)
species :
Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Bean; Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isles 1: 609 (1914)
Distribution: South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.
38 JAP KOR NNS
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera helix f. rhombea Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 13 (1863)
= Hedera helix var. japonica Lavallée; Énum. Arbres 126 (1877)
= Hedera helix var. rhombea Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 13 (1863)
= Hedera helix var. submarginata Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 80 (1872)
= Hedera japonica f. variegata (Paul) Nakai; J. Arnold Arbor. 5: 26 (1924)
= Hedera japonica unranked foliis-argenteis Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 162 (1890)
= Hedera japonica unranked foliis-variegatis Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 164 (1890)
= Hedera japonica Paul; Gard. Chron. 1867: 1215 (1867), nom. illeg.
= Hedera japonica Tobler; Gattung Hedera 84 (1912)
= Hedera japonica var. variegata Paul; Gard. Chron. 1867: 1215 (1867)
= Hedera pedunculata Nakai; J. Arnold Arbor. 5: 25 (1924)
= Hedera rhombea unranked foliis-variegatis Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 164 (1890)
= Hedera rhombea var. variegata (Paul) A.E.Schulze; Gentes Herbarum 6: 131 (1942)
= Hedera rhomboidea G.W.Johnson; J. Hort. Cottage Gard., n. s. 31: 67 (1876)
= Hedera rhomboidea unranked obovata Hend. & Andr.Hend.; Gard. Chron. 1870: 446 (1870)
= Hedera submarginata (Hibberd) Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 163 (1890)
= Hedera tobleri Nakai; Fl. Sylv. Kor. 16: 42 (1927)
variant :
var. formosana (Nakai) H.L.Li; Woody Fl. Taiwan 669, f. 276 (1963)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera formosana Nakai; J. Arnold Arbor. 5(1): 25 (1924)
species :
Hedera sinensis (Tobler) Hand.-Mazz.; Symb. Sin. 7: 693 (1933)
Distribution: China (Anhui, Fujian, S-Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S-Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, S-Yunnan, Zhejiang); Tibet; Nepal; Laos; Vietnam
36 CHI TIB 40 NEP 41 LAO VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera himalaica var. sinensis Tobler; Gatt. Hedera 79, f. 39-42 (1912)
= Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis (Tobler) Rehder; J. Arnold Arbor. 4(4): 250 (1923)
= Hedera potaninii Pojark.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 14: 261, f. 3 (1951)
= Hedera robusta Pojark.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 14: 258, f. 1 (1951)
= Hedera shensiensis Pojark.; Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 14: 261, f. 3 (1951)
variant :
var. leucotricha Grushv. & Skvortsova; Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 22: 174 (1985)
Distribution: China (Yunnan); Laos; Vietnam
36 CHI 41 LAO VIE
species :
Hedera siyuanwukouensis S.S.Ying; New Taxa New Names 5: 96 (2022)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Hedera taurica (Hibberd) Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 163 (1890)
Distribution: Crimea
14 KRY
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera angularis (Hibberd) G.W.Johnson; J. Hort. Cottage Gard., n. s. 31: 67 (1876), nom. illeg.
= Hedera contracta (Hibberd) Carrière; Rev. Hort. (Paris) 62: 163 (1890)
= Hedera helix f. sagittifolia (Hibberd) Tobler; Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 1927: 32 (1927)
= Hedera helix var. angularis Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 74 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. contracta Hibberd; Ivy Monogr. 70 (1872)
= Hedera helix var. sagittifolia Hibberd; Fl. World 7: 58 (1864)
= Hedera helix var. taurica Hibberd; Fl. World 7: 58 (1864)
= Hedera poetarum var. taurica (Hibberd) Tobler; Hedera 42 (1912)
= Hedera sagittifolia (Hibberd) Paul; Gard. Chron. 1867: 926 (1867)
species :
Hedera ×cazorlensis R.H.Marshall & McAll.; New J. Bot. 7(1): 6 (2017)
Distribution: Spain
12 SPA
species :
Hedera ×nessensis R.H.Marshall & McAll.; New J. Bot. 7(1): 7 (2017)
Distribution: Great Britain
10 GRB
species :
Hedera ×sepulcralis R.H.Marshall & McAll.; New J. Bot. 7(1): 6 (2017)
Distribution: Great Britain
10 GRB
species :
Hedera ×soroksarensis M.Bényei-Himmer & M.Höhn; Hedera 401 (2017)
Distribution: Hungary; etc.
11 HUN
Remarks: Hedera helix x H. hibernica
Synonyms: hidden
= Hedera ×schmidtii M.Bényei-Himmer; Stud. Bot. Hung. 48: 245 (2017)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 25.04 (April 17th, 2025)

Covering 356,375 accepted species,
8,782 hybrids, 48,090 accepted infraspecific taxa and 1,002,897 synonyms,
in total 1,416,144* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,209 pictures of 15,787 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life